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Caladenia Sylvicola (Forest Fingers) Caladenia Sylvicola

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Caladenia Sylvicola (Forest Fingers) Caladenia Sylvicola Listing Statement for Caladenia sylvicola (forest fingers) Caladenia sylvicola forest fingers T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T Image by Hans & Annie Wapstra Scientific name: Caladenia sylvicola D.L.Jones, Austral. Orchid. Res. 3: 40 (1998) Common Name: forest fingers (Wapstra et al. 2005) Group: vascular plant, monocotyledon, family Orchidaceae Name History: Recent taxonomic revisions re-classified many Caladenia species as Petalochilus (including Caladenia sylvicola) but this has not gained wide acceptance. Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: Critically Endangered Distribution: Endemic status: Endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian NRM Region: South Figure 1. The distribution of Caladenia sylvicola Plate 1. Caladenia sylvicola (Image by Hans & Annie Wapstra) 1 Threatened Species Section - Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Caladenia sylvicola (forest fingers) IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY days either side of 1 November (Wapstra et al. Caladenia sylvicola belongs to one of the small- 2008). flowered sections of the genus Caladenia, sometimes included in the genus Petalochilus The response of species of Caladenia to fire (Jones et al. 2001). This group of Caladenia varies but most species respond vigorously to species is distinguished morphologically from high intensity fires during the preceding other sections by the labellum calli being summer (Jones et al. 1999). However, Caladenia separate from each other (not on a plate-like sylvicola is probably sensitive to fire because it structure) and usually arranged in two rows. has not been detected since a relatively intense The heads of individual calli are enlarged and fire swept through its habitat, removing much the basal calli are larger than and usually of a of the litter layer and well-developed humus different colour to the other labellum calli. The layer. labellum and column are usually ornamented Description with prominent red transverse bars, although these are absent in Caladenia sylvicola (Jones et al. Caladenia sylvicola plants are 10 to 16 cm tall with 2001). a very slender wiry, sparsely hairy stalk bearing a single flower. The leaf is sparsely hairy, and is Plants grow singly or in loose groups. 10 to 15 cm long and 2 mm wide. Flowers are Flowering plants have a single narrow hairy 17 to 22 mm across. They are white internally dark green basal leaf, a thin wiry hairy flower and greenish externally. The dorsal (upper) stem and 1 to 5 flowers that are usually white sepal is narrowly obovate, erect to slightly or pink. The perianth segments are all of a incurved, and 9 to 11 mm long and 1.8 mm similar size although the dorsal sepal can be wide. The lateral (lowermost) sepals are shorter in some species. The dorsal sepal is narrowly oblanceolate, porrect to drooping and erect or recurved away from the column and slightly divergent, and 9.5 to 11.5 mm long and labellum. The lateral sepals and petals project 2.5 to 2.8 mm wide. The petals are narrowly forward or spread like the fingers of a hand. obovate, widely spreading to drooping, and The labellum is hinged and 3-lobed with erect 10.5 to 11.5 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. The lateral lobes and a projecting or recurved labellum is ovate, and 5.5 to 6.5 mm long and midlobe that is ornamented with short marginal 6.5 to 7 mm wide. The labellum is almost teeth. The calli are stalked and clubbed, often wholly white but the apex and calli are yellow to with yellow to orange heads and usually orange. The lateral lobes are erect and embrace arranged on 2 rows, sometimes 4 in some the column. They are entire and the mid-lobe is species (Jones 2006). narrowly ovate-triangular with 3 to 5 pairs of marginal calli that are up to 0.8 mm long. The All Caladenia species are deciduous and die back lamina calli are in 2 rows and extend to the base after flowering to small subterranean tubers of the mid-lobe. The column is green and enclosed by a fibrous sheath or tunic. The basal white, and 5 to 6.5 mm long and 3 mm wide. leaf appears above ground in late autumn or early winter following rains. The larger- [description from Jones 1998, Jones et al. 1999, flowered species in the Petalochilus group of Jones 2006] species are pollinated by small native bees and Confusing Species the smaller-flowers species are mostly self- pollinating, sometimes without opening (Jones White forms of Caladenia carnea and Caladenia 2006). Caladenia sylvicola is one of the smaller- fuscata could be mistaken for Caladenia sylvicola at flowered species but its method of pollination first glance but the combination of the small is not known. white flowers with narrow perianth segments, small labellum with angular lateral lobes and the While Caladenia sylvicola has not been observed yellow to orange labellum apex and calli are for many years, its flowering time is well known distinctive. from several precise observations and is a few 2 Threatened Species Section - Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Caladenia sylvicola (forest fingers) DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT the distinctiveness of the species, detection of Caladenia sylvicola is endemic to Tasmania. It is further subpopulations is likely to be a chance known only from the site of first collection (in event. However, even if new subpopulations 1992) and a small colony in the same vicinity are discovered, the conservation status of the discovered 2 years later (Table 1, Figure 1). species would likely remain unchanged. The first site is located in well-drained gravelly loam overlying mudstone in heathy/shrubby Eucalyptus tenuiramis forest on a highly insolated hillside at about 240 m elevation (Plate 2). The small additional colony occurs at a slightly lower elevation (160 m) on a moist, sheltered slope (on a similar substrate), growing among leaf litter and dense shrubs in tall open dry sclerophyll forest dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua (Jones et al. 1999). Open eucalypt forests in southeastern Tasmania have been extensively surveyed by orchid specialists and enthusiasts as they are Plate 2. Habitat of Caladenia sylvicola at Huon Road widely recognised as “hotspots”. Indeed, the (upper side of road on ridge) wider Huon Road area (including sites such as (Image by Mark Wapstra) nearby Knocklofty and Waterworks) have been long searched in the hope of re-discovering POPULATION ESTIMATE species such as Corunastylis nudiscapa, which occurs at approximately the site of first Caladenia sylvicola is extremely restricted, known discovery of Caladenia sylvicola. It is likely that from 2 sites approximately 500 m apart (Table Caladenia sylvicola has quite specific habitat 1), with the total population estimated in 1997 requirements, at least at the micro-habitat scale at less than 20 mature individuals. The species (e.g. leaf litter and soil characters), although has not been sighted since 1997 despite regular potential habitat (dry open eucalypt forest on searches in the vicinity of known sites and in mudstone-derived soils) are widespread in the other suitable habitat. vicinity of the known sites and the wider Hobart area. RESERVATION STATUS Although it is possible that more Caladenia sylvicola does not occur in any gazetted subpopulations of Caladenia sylvicola exist, given reserves, although it is present wholly on land its apparent specific habitat requirements, the managed by Hobart City Council as part of its attention its broader potential habitat has bushland reserve network. received in terms of targeted survey effort, and Table 1. Population summary for Caladenia sylvicola. Sub- Site Tenure NRM 1:25000 Year last Area Number population Region * Mapsheet seen* occupied of mature (sighted) (ha) plants 1.1 Huon Road Hobart City South Taroona 1992 0.0001 1 Council Bushland Reserve 1.2 Ridgeway Hobart City South Taroona (1992) 0.005 12-15 Park Council Bushland (1994) (Waterworks) Reserve (1996) 1997 NRM region = Natural Resource Management region. * searched for regularly in subsequent years 3 Threatened Species Section - Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Caladenia sylvicola (forest fingers) CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT proximity to urban areas and are therefore at Caladenia sylvicola was listed in 1995 as risk from human activities. Both sites are close endangered on schedules of the Tasmanian to walking and vehicle tracks used for reserve Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. It meets management activities, recreational bushwalking criterion D because there are fewer than 250 and mountain bike riding. Even accidental mature individuals and its range is severely trampling by walkers (and dogs) is a risk to restricted (it occupies less than 1 hectare, and it individual plants. The site on the lower slopes is occurs in only 1 subpopulation, represented by located about 3 m from a walking track and 2 sites close together). may be threatened by track management activities. Any such management activities also have the potential to introduce woody weeds to THREATS, LIMITING FACTORS & MANAGEMENT ISSUES the area, which may make the understorey unsuitable for Caladenia sylvicola. Caladenia sylvicola occurs in highly localised sites within one of Hobart’s most accessible Climate change: Changes in the rainfall recreational bushland reserves. Because of its pattern may lead to the habitat becoming localised distribution, stochastic events can lead unsuitable for the species and associated to extinction. In addition, the small population pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. size may lead to inbreeding problems possibly Stochastic events: While stochastic events are in combination with insufficient maintenance by definition unpredictable, in this case, such of populations of pollinating insects and events are most likely to be associated with associated mycorrhizal fungi.
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