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CaladeniaListing Statement prolata for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

white fingers

T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T

Image by Bob and Penny Tyson

Scientific name: Caladenia prolata D.L.Jones, Austral. Orchid Res. 2: 30 (1991) Common name: white fingers (Wapstra et al. 2005) Group: vascular , , family Name history: Petalochilus prolata Status: Threatened Protection Act 1995 : endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 : Not listed Distribution: Endemic status: Not endemic to Tasmanian NRM Region: North

Figure 1. Distribution of Caladenia prolata within Plate 1. Caladenia prolata from Tasmania, showing NRM regions (images by Bob and Penny Tyson)

1 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY On mainland , the flowering period of Caladenia prolata belongs to one of the small- Caladenia prolata is October to November and flowered sections of the Caladenia , the Tasmanian collections are from late sometimes included in the genus Petalochilus October to mid November (Wapstra et al. (Jones et al. 2001). This group of Caladenia 2008). species is distinguished morphologically from The response of species of Caladenia to fire other sections by the labellum calli being varies but most species respond vigorously to separate from each other (not on a plate-like high intensity fires during the preceding structure) and usually arranged in two rows. summer (Jones et al. 1999). The precise The heads of individual calli are enlarged and response of Caladenia prolata to fire is unknown the basal calli are larger than and usually of a but its habitat is generally considered to be fire- different colour to the other labellum calli. The prone. However, Caladenia prolata may be labellum and are usually ornamented intolerant of high fire frequency and high with prominent red transverse bars, although intensity fire because of its microhabitat these are not well marked in Caladenia sylvicola preferences (i.e. grows in thin soil and detritus (Jones et al. 2001). on boulders in open forest). grow singly or in loose groups. Flowering plants usually have a single narrow Description hairy dark green basal , a thin wiry hairy Plants are 12 to 24 cm tall, making Caladenia stem (although in Caladenia prolata the prolata one of the taller small-flowered Caladenia leaf is relatively longer and the scape species in Tasmania. The scape is relatively moderately stouter than in other species in the thick and sparsely hairy. The leaf is linear, dark section) and 1 to 5 that are usually green with a red base, sparsely hairy, and is 12 white or pink. The perianth segments are all of to 20 cm long and 3 to 4.5 mm wide. The a similar size although the dorsal can be is 1 or 2 flowered, and the flowers shorter in some species. The dorsal sepal is are on long swollen ovaries (even in bud). erect or recurved away from the column and Flowers are 15 mm across. The flowers are dull labellum. The lateral and project white internally, and greenish with red bands forward or spread like the fingers of a hand. and densely hairy externally. The labellum is The labellum is hinged and 3-lobed with erect pink with narrow dark red transverse bars, a lateral lobes and a projecting or recurved mid- pale yellow mid-lobe, yellow basal calli, and lobe that is ornamented with short marginal white main calli. The dorsal (upper) sepal is teeth. The calli are stalked and clubbed, often narrowly oblanceolate, incurved, and 11 to 14 with yellow to orange heads and usually mm long and 2.5 to 3.5 mm wide. The lateral arranged in two rows, sometimes four in some (lowermost) sepals are narrowly lanceolate, species (Jones 2006). slightly divergent, and 11 to 14 mm long and 3 All Caladenia species are and die back to 3.5 mm wide. The petals are narrowly after flowering to small subterranean tubers lanceolate, spreading or slightly incurved, and enclosed by a fibrous sheath or tunic. The basal 10 to 13 mm long and 3 to 3.5 mm wide. The leaf appears above ground in late autumn or labellum is broadly ovate, and 5 to 6 mm long early winter following rains. The larger- and 5.5 to 6.5 mm wide. The lateral lobes are flowered species in the Petalochilus group of erect and embrace the column, and have 2 to 3 species are pollinated by small native bees and pairs of calli on the extreme distal margin near the smaller-flowers species are mostly self- the base of the mid-lobe. The mid-lobe projects pollinating, sometimes without opening (Jones forward and has 3 to 6 pairs of marginal calli. 2006). Caladenia prolata is one of the smaller- The lamina calli are in 2 rows and extend to the flowered species and is self-pollinating, with base of the mid-lobe. The column is greenish some flowers self-pollinating without opening with red bars, and 5.5 to 6.5 mm long and 2.5 (Jones et al. 1999). mm wide.

2 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

[description from Jones 1991, Jones et al. 1999, It is probable that the subpopulations of Jones 2006] Caladenia prolata on the eastern islands represent the southern limit of the Confusing species species’ distribution and that it was never Caladenia prolata is a member of the Caladenia widespread and/or common in the Furneaux carnea complex (Jones 1991) but is distinctive Group. and easily recognised because of its relatively POPULATION ESTIMATE tall habit with proportionately long and small, dull greenish-white, heavily glandular The total population of Caladenia prolata is flowers on unusually long ovaries that are long probably less than 250 mature individuals as all and prominently swollen even when in bud. sites are represented by very low numbers Caladenia prolata is similar in many of its features (Table 1). to Caladenia vulgaris and Caladenia atrochila but Since the formal recognition of Caladenia prolata both these species are smaller, lack the in Tasmania in 1999 (Jones 1999), based on the distinctive elongate ovaries, are less glandular collection of the species in Strzelecki National and differ in floral colouration. Park in 1998, two confirmed subpopulations have been discovered (in 2004), both from Deal DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Island. Although it is possible that more Caladenia prolata occurs in Victoria (west and subpopulations of Caladenia prolata exist, given southwest), South Australia and northeast its apparent specific habitat requirements, the Tasmania. Within Tasmania it known from a attention its broader potential habitat has Flinders Island and Deal Island in eastern Bass received in terms of targeted survey effort (e.g. Strait (Figure 1). by naturalists on the Bass Strait islands), and On Flinders Island Caladenia prolata is restricted the distinctiveness of the species, detection of to the surface of granite boulders and seems to further subpopulations is likely to be a chance be absent from nearby ground (but this may be event. For example, while the botany of Deal due to extensive ground disturbance by feral Island and nearby islands has been described pigs). On Deal Island the species has been (e.g. Harris and Davis 1995, Kirkpatrick 1995), recorded from the slopes of two gully systems large parts of the islands remain unexplored dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (with botanically and additional localised sparse Eucalyptus nitida ) and a Poa labillardierei subpopulations of several threatened species and light bracken understorey (Plate 2). are likely to be serendipitously discovered. However, it seems unlikely that subpopulations of Caladenia prolata large enough to influence its conservation status will be discovered in the future.

RESERVATION STATUS Caladenia prolata occurs in and National Park.

CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT Caladenia prolata was listed in 2001 as endangered on schedules of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 . It meets criterion D as the total population is likely to Plate 2. Habitat of Caladenia prolata on Deal Island number fewer than 250 mature individuals. (image by Bob and Penny Tyson)

3 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

Table 1. Population summary for Caladenia prolata within Tasmania

Subpopulation Tenure NRM 1:25000 Year first Area Number Region * Mapsheet (last) seen occupied of mature (ha) plants 1 Strzelecki Peaks, Strzelecki National North Loccotta 2001 0.0001 c. 10 Flinders Island Park (1998) 0.0001 1 2 Deal Island Kent Group North Deal Island 2004 c. 0.5–1 10s to low (Bay south of Winter National Park 100s Cove) 3 Deal Island Kent Group North Deal Island 2004 c. 0.2 c. 50 (Squally Cove) National Park * NRM region = Natural Resource Management region

THREATS, LIMITING FACTORS AND weed management activities, if undertaken MANAGEMENT ISSUES without taking into account the presence of Caladenia prolata is known from highly localised threatened species, also has the potential to sites, and in consequence is at risk of extinction deleteriously affect localised subpopulations of through stochastic events. The small size of delicate herbs. Sites of Caladenia prolata (on Deal subpopulations may lead to inbreeding Island) are presently free from invasive weeds. problems, possibly in combination with Inappropriate disturbance regime: The insufficient maintenance of populations of subpopulation on the Strzelecki Peaks is pollinating insects and associated mycorrhizal potentially subject to extensive ground fungi. disturbance by feral pigs. Anecdotal evidence Inappropriate fire regime: The ecological indicates that the subpopulation is presently requirements of Caladenia prolata , especially in restricted to the surface of outcropping granite relation to the frequency, timing and intensity but absent from open ground under shrubs. On of fires, is largely unknown but it may be mainland Australia Caladenia prolata occurs on adversely affected by frequent high intensity the ground, which indicates that ground fires that affect the litter and soil conditions. disturbance by feral pigs may have already Known sites are subject to infrequent wildfires limited the extent and abundance of the (usually deliberately lit). Fire management on subpopulation of Caladenia prolata on Strzelecki the eastern Bass Strait islands known to support Peaks, and possibly elsewhere on Flinders Caladenia prolata (or potential habitat elsewhere Island. on other islands) is likely to be focused on Localised inadvertent disturbance by visitors to preventing widespread wildfires. The potential the subpopulation on Strzelecki Peaks is impact of controlled burns (e.g. autumn fuel possible and is known to have occurred in the reduction burns), should they be undertaken, past. The boulder supporting Caladenia prolata on subpopulations of Caladenia prolata is has been disturbed by a fire lit at its base and by unknown. The combination of fire events and people scrambling over it, disturbing the other risk factors (e.g. increased grazing delicate layer of lithophytic plants. pressure and weed invasion after fire) probably The subpopulations on Deal Island are presents a greater risk than the actual fire event relatively secure from inadvertent disturbance, itself. although it is noted that a recently established Weed invasion: Deal Island has several walking track to Squally Cove passes through locations supporting potentially invasive weeds the gully supporting Caladenia prolata . However, (Parks & Wildlife Service 2005) and these have the presence of the track itself probably the potential to spread to sites supporting presents little risk to the subpopulation, Caladenia prolata . In the first instance, weeds provided that track maintenance activities take may out-compete more delicate orchids and appropriate account of the species. locally eliminate subpopulations. However,

4 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

Climate change: Changes in the rainfall during the predicted flowering period (late pattern may lead to the habitat becoming October to mid November); unsuitable for the species and associated • incorporate the management requirements pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. of Caladenia prolata into updated Stochastic events: While stochastic events are management plans for the Kent Group by definition unpredictable, in this case, such National Park and any associated action events are most likely to be associated with plans such as fire and weed management events such as unintended fires (e.g. arson, plans. lightning strikes). The sites supporting Caladenia prolata are infrequently visited by people and BIBLIOGRAPHY deliberate or inadvertent (e.g. for the purpose Harris, S. & Davis, G. (1995). The vegetation of identification) picking of flowers is a low, and flora of Deal Island, Kent Group. Papers but genuine, risk to a species with low and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania population numbers at highly localised sites. 129: 43–51. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Jones, D.L. (1991). New taxa of Australian Orchidaceae. Australian Orchid Research 2: 1– What has been done? 208. Jones, D.L. (1999). Notes on Tasmanian No sites within gazetted reserves are actively Orchidaceae including the description of managed to maintain and/or enhance the two new species of Thelymitra J.R.&G.Forst. habitat for the species. There is a management The Orchadian 12(11): 517–519. plan for Kent Group National Park but it does not make any specific recommendations on Jones, D. (2006). A Complete Guide to Native relation to Caladenia prolata , which is not noted Orchids of Australia including the Island in the table of threatened species present in the Territories . New Holland Publishers reserve (Parks & Wildlife Service 2005). (Australia), . Jones, D., Wapstra, H., Tonelli, P. & Harris, S. Caladenia prolata is included in the Flora Recovery (1999). The Orchids of Tasmania . Melbourne Plan: Threatened Tasmanian Orchids 2006–2010 University Press, Carlton South, Victoria. (Threatened Species Section 2006). Jones, D.L., Clements, M.A., Sharma, I.K. & Management objectives Mackenzie, A.M. (2001). A new classification of Caladenia R.Br. What is needed? (Orchidaceae). The Orchadian 13(9): 389–419. Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1995). The vegetation of The main objective for the management of Dover and Erith Islands, Kent Group, Bass Caladenia prolata is to ensure that there is no Strait. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society decline in the known subpopulations. of Tasmania 129: 25–330. The following general guidelines may improve Parks and Wildlife Service (2005). Kent Group the opportunities for detecting further National Park (Terrestrial Portion) Management subpopulations: Plan 2005 . Parks and Wildlife Service, • undertake additional surveys of the Department of Tourism, Parks, Heritage subpopulations to determine their precise and the Arts, Hobart extent and condition. Such information is Threatened Species Unit (2006). Flora Recovery important to developing an appropriate Plan: Threatened Tasmanian Orchids 2006–2010 . management strategy for each of the sites. Department of Primary Industries and Surveys on Deal Island could be Water, Hobart. undertaken by volunteer lighthouse Wapstra, H., Wapstra, A., Wapstra, M. & keepers; Gilfedder, L. (2005). The Little Book of • undertake surveys for the species in Common Names for Tasmanian Plants . potential habitat in the Furneaux Group Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart. 5 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers)

Wapstra, M., Roberts, N., Wapstra, H. & Wapstra, A. (2008). Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists . Self-published by the authors (April 2008 version). Prepared under the provisions of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Approved by the Secretary and published in May 2013. Cite as: Threatened Species Section (2013). Listing Statement for Caladenia prolata (white fingers). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania. View: www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au/threatenedspecieslists Contact details: Threatened Species Section, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7001. Ph (03) 6233 6556; fax (03) 6233 3477. Permit: It is an offence to collect, disturb, damage or destroy this species unless under permit.

6 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment