DOCSLIB.ORG

UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Bundesgrenzschutz: Re-civilizing Security in Postwar West Germany, 1950-1977 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hr297n8 Author Livingstone, David Michael Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Bundesgrenzschutz: Re-civilizing Security in Postwar West Germany, 1950-1977 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by David Michael Livingstone Committee in charge: Professor Frank Biess, Chair Professor Richard Biernacki Professor Deborah Hertz Professor Rebecca Plant Professor Ulrike Strasser 2018 Copyright David Michael Livingstone, 2018 All rights reserved. Signature Page The Dissertation of David Michael Livingstone is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on Microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2018 iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my Grandmother, Maria, “Oma Bitzel” Commerçon and my Mother, Helga Livingstone (née Commerçon) – two strong women whose stories of life in postwar West Germany inspired me to be a historian. iv Epigraph Democracy cannot be imposed on any nation from the outside. Each society must search for its own path, and no path is perfect. Barack Obama v Table of Contents Signature Page ............................................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .................................................................................................................................................... iv Epigraph ........................................................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... ix Vita ............................................................................................................................................................. xiv Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................................................ xv Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Foundations ............................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2: Expansion .................................................................................................................................. 67 Chapter 3: West Germany’s Shield ........................................................................................................... 118 Chapter 4: Recruitment and Hiring in the Bundesgrenzschutz ................................................................. 161 Chapter 5: Training, Education, And Professional Ethics in the BGS ...................................................... 226 Chapter 6: Border Policemen as Military Combatants ............................................................................. 282 Chapter 7: Internal Security in the Post-Adenauer Era ............................................................................. 336 Conclusion: Re-civilizing Security ........................................................................................................... 399 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 418 vi List of Abbreviations BePo: Bereitschaftspolizei BGS: Bundesgrenzschutz BRD: Federal Republic of Germany DDR: German Democratic Republic EDC: European Defense Community FRG: Federal Republic of Germany GdP: Gewerkschaft der deutsche Polizei GDR: German Democratic Republic GSG: Grenzschutz Gruppen GSK: Grenzschutzkommando GSOD: Grenzschutz Ordnungsdienst HICOG: Allied High Commission for Germany ÖTV: Öffentliche Dienste, Transport und Verkehr PGA: Personalgutachterausschuss RAF: Rote Armee Faktion RSHA: Reichssicherheitshauptamt SiPo: Sicherheitspolizei VoPo: Volkspolizei Zoll: Zollgrenschutz vii List of Figures Figure 1.1 Free German Youth propaganda poster, 1951. ......................................................................... 34 Figure 2.2 “Parallel” by George Butterworth, 1950 .................................................................................. 41 Figure 3.3 Truman with Acheson and McCloy, 23 January 1950 ............................................................. 45 Figure 2.1 Adenauer inspects BGS troops, Die Parole 11, (28 May 1961) ............................................... 70 Figure 4.1 BGS Swimming and Lifesaving Team, 1962 .......................................................................... 178 Figure 4.2 BGS recruitment poster BArch-K B106/16992 ...................................................................... 187 Figure 4.3 Photo of armed summer camp student from Stern magazine .................................................. 213 Figure 4.4 Photo of mock execution from Stern magazine ....................................................................... 216 Figure 5.1 Political cartoon, Die Parole 13, no. 8 (15 August 1963) ........................................................ 272 Figure 6.1 Mortar practice, Die Parole 9, no. 3 (15 March 1959) ............................................................ 282 Figure 6.2 Border policemen destroying bunkers, BArch-K B106/17074 ............................................... 320 Figure 6.3 “Saladin” light armored vehicle, BArch-MA DVW1/25771b ................................................. 327 Figure 6.4 GDR map of BGS positions, BA-MA DVW1/25771b ........................................................... 329 Figure 6.5 BGS grenade training, author’s private collection .................................................................. 330 Figure 6.6 BGS helping flood victims, Die Parole 12, no. 3 (15 March 1962) ........................................ 335 Figure 7.1 BGS at Adenauer’s Funeral, BArch-MA, N848-47 ................................................................ 336 Figure 7.2 Interior Minister Werner Maihofer greets Ulrich Wegener and GSG 9 in Bonn, 1977, BArch- K B122/16347 ........................................................................................................................................... 398 viii Acknowledgements The process of writing a dissertation is often described as a solitary endeavor. But during the seven years it has taken me to research, write, and revise this dissertation, I have benefited from an entire community of friends, colleagues, and family members without whose generous support I could never have succeeded. I would first like to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their advice and encouragement over the many wonderful years I was fortunate to spend at UC San Diego. I am especially grateful to my Advisor, Frank Biess, who took a chance on an unconventional graduate student pursuing a Ph.D. while still serving as a career police officer with the Simi Valley Police Department. It was Frank who first suggested the German Police as a possible dissertation topic. When I began my coursework, I was a Lieutenant managing the Special Operations Bureau and was initially reluctant to focus on a field that had consumed over half of my adult life. I soon realized, however, that in studying the German Police, I learned more about my own profession and its role in the modern democratic process. Over the last two years, policing and democracy have been at the forefront of public debate with the tragic events in Ferguson, Dallas, and Baton Rouge. The analytical and writing skills that I gained under Frank’s mentorship helped me to become a better strategic thinker and this was critical in my development as a law enforcement manager. In March 2017, I was appointed to the rank of Chief of Police – an accomplishment that Frank’s mentorship and academic training prepared me for. I would also like to thank Professor Uli Strasser for her willingness to step in and serve on my committee because of an unplanned change in my final year. There are also many people I have met in the professional academic community that helped me along the way. When I decided to focus on German policing, I had the opportunity to discuss some of my preliminary ideas with Richard Bessel. Richard graciously took time away from his busy schedule to speak with me at length about the historiography and potential avenues for further work in the policing ix field. I also owe a great deal of gratitude to Adam Seipp who I met after attending a panel session at the 2011 Society of Military Conference. It was from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Generate PDF of This Page
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/for-the-media/statements/4245,Statement-on-the-crimes-committed-by-the-Ger man-Reich-in-occupied-Poland-and-on-.html 2021-09-28, 09:34 12.06.2020 Statement on the crimes committed by the German Reich in occupied Poland and on the false information appearing in public Public dissemination of counter-factual information on the number of Jews killed by Polish people outside the ghettos between 1942–1945, alongside with false generalisations regarding the perpetrators of those crimes is an increasingly frequent phenomenon. A large proportion of such information is supported in a dishonest way by the authority of Simon Datner – one of the initiators of Holocaust studies. In a manner far from scientific scrupulousness, certain numeric data on Jews murdered outside the ghettos is attributed to his works, whereas in reality he never included such data in them. Furthermore, Datner – like any responsible researcher – understood perfectly well that the territory of the Polish lands, both within the ghettos organised by the Germans and outside those ghettos, was under German occupation and was subjected to the absolute terror of the German Reich. Therefore, Datner did not treat the areas under German occupation outside the ghettos as places where the Polish population could act freely. Quite the opposite – as someone who experienced this period personally, he understood the realities of German occupation perfectly well, and described them with due sensitivity. In the often-cited article “Nazi crimes against ghetto escapees”, S. Datner wrote: “In one of the studies, I estimated the number of surviving Jews, saved primarily thanks to the help of the Polish population, at around 100,000 people.
    [Show full text]
  • Steven H. Newton KURSK the GERMAN VIEW
    TRANSLATED, EDITED, AND ANNOTATED WITH NEW MATERIAL BY Steven H. Newton KURSK THE GERMAN VIEW Eyewitness Reports of Operation Citadel by the German Commanders Translated, edited, and annotated by Steven H. Newton DA CAPO PRESS A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright © 2002 by Steven H. Newton All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Designed by Brent Wilcox Cataloging-in-Publication data for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-306-81150-2 Published by Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group http://www.dacapopress.com Da Capo Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (617) 252-5298. 12345678 9—05 04 03 02 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi PART 1 Strategic Analysis of Operation Citadel Eyewitness Accounts by German Commanders 1 Operation Citadel Overview by General of Infantry Theodor Busse APPENDIX 1A German Military Intelligence and Soviet Strength, July 1943 27 Armeeabteilung Kempf 29 by Colonel General Erhard Raus APPENDIX 2A Order of Battle: Corps Raus (Special Employment), 2 March 1943 58 APPENDIX
    [Show full text]
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 Contents
    Annual Report 2019 Contents 4 Foreword 93 Report of the Supervisory Board 6 Executive Board 102 Consolidated Financial Statements 103 Consolidated Statement of 8 The Axel Springer share Financial Position 10 Combined Management Report 105 Consolidated Income Statement 106 Consolidated Statement of 13 Fundamentals of the Axel Springer Group Comprehensive Income 24 Economic Report 107 Consolidated Statement of 44 Economic Position of Axel Springer SE Cash Flows 48 Report on risks and opportunities 108 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 60 Forecast Report 109 Consolidated Segment Report 71 Disclosures and explanatory report on the Executive Board pursuant to takeover law 110 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 77 Corporate Governance Report 180 Responsibility Statement 181 Independent Auditor’s Report 187 Boards 2 Group Key Figures in € millions Change yoy 2019 2018 Group Revenues – 2.2 % 3,112.1 3,180.7 Digital revenue share1) 73.3 % 70.6 % 2) EBITDA, adjusted – 14.5 % 630.6 737.9 EBITDA margin, adjusted2) 20.3 % 23.2 % 2) EBIT, adjusted – 21.5 % 414.5 527.9 EBIT margin, adjusted 2) 13.3 % 16.6 % Net income – 35.4 % 134.6 208.4 2) Net income, adjusted – 21.5 % 263.7 335.7 Segments Revenues Classifieds Media 0.1 % 1,213.8 1,212.5 News Media – 4.4 % 1,430.9 1,496.2 Marketing Media 0.8 % 421.5 418.3 Services/Holding – 14.4 % 46.0 53.7 EBITDA, adjusted2) Classifieds Media – 3.8 % 468.4 487.2 News Media – 39.3 % 138.5 228.2 Marketing Media 20.3 % 107.8 89.6 Services/Holding − – 84.1 – 67.0 EBIT, adjusted2) Classifieds Media – 7.1 % 377.9 406.7 News Media – 54.4 % 72.1 158.2 Marketing Media 26.1 % 83.3 66.0 Services/Holding − – 118.6 – 103.0 Liquidity and financial position 2) Free cash flow (FCF) – 38.1 % 214.6 346.9 2) 3) FCF excl.
    [Show full text]
  • BEWERBERBINDUNGSPORTAL Milorgber CIR CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM
    CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM BEWERBERBINDUNGSPORTAL MilOrgBer CIR CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM GLIEDERUNG Konzeption Innere Führung Vorgesetztenverordnung Dienstgrade und Dienstgradgruppen Befehl und Gehorsam Anzugordnung für die Soldatinnen und Soldaten der Bundeswehr Leben in der militärischen Gemeinschaft CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM INNERE FÜHRUNG Was ist die Innere Führung? Zentrale Unternehmensphilosophie Einordnung der Bundeswehr in den freiheitlich demokratischen Rechtsstaat Art 1 Abs. 1 GG Im Einklang mit einsatzfähigen Streitkräften Verbindlichkeit (Führen, Ausbilden, Erziehen) CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM INNERE FÜHRUNG Herleitung 1945 Kapitulation Deutsches Reich Entmilitarisierung, Besatzungszonen 1949 BRD und DDR Vorzeichen des Kalten Krieges Debatte über Wiederbewaffnung der BRD Himmeroder Denkschrift 1950 Überlegungen über Beitrag der BRD zur westeuropäischen Verteidigung Organisation, Ausstattung/ Ausrüstung, Ausbildung, Inneres Gefüge CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM DIE GRÜNDERVÄTER General Wolf General General Johann Graf Graf von Baudissin Ulrich de Maizière von Kielmannsegg „Wer Menschenwürde verteidigt, muss Menschen würdig behandeln“ CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM INNERE FÜHRUNG Herausforderungen Integration der SK in die Gesellschaft Ein echtung der BRD in ein hkollektives Sicherheitssystem Vereinbarkeit von militärischen Prinzipien (Befehl und Gehorsam) mit freiheitlichem Menschenbild und demokratischer Verfassung CYBER- UND INFORMATIONSRAUM INNERE FÜHRUNG Ergebnis 12. November 1955 Geburtsstunde der Bundeswehr Freiwilliger
    [Show full text]
  • Winona Daily News Winona City Newspapers
    Winona State University OpenRiver Winona Daily News Winona City Newspapers 2-24-1969 Winona Daily News Winona Daily News Follow this and additional works at: https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews Recommended Citation Winona Daily News, "Winona Daily News" (1969). Winona Daily News. 843. https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews/843 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Winona City Newspapers at OpenRiver. It has been accepted for inclusion in Winona Daily News by an authorized administrator of OpenRiver. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Continued Cloudy Read By More WifrY Occasional Than 90,000 Snow, Drizzle People Every Day Surgery on Ike Said Successful' PROMISES 70 CONSULT EUROPEAN ALLIES Reported 'Resting Nixon: Will Talk With Soviets Comfortably as BRUSSELS (AP) - President;.concern to the Atlantic allies: because we recognize that the mined to listen with a new at- Nixon had discussed with Bel- Can Be Expected' Nixon told America's European the new dispute , between the chances for successful negotia- tentiveness to its NATO part- gian officials the latest chill in WASHINGTON (AP) - For- Earlier thus morning a team allies today that he later will British and French govern- tions depend on our unity." ners," he declared, "not only British-French relations, he re- mer President Dwight D. Eisen- of Army doctors had pro- "enter into negotiations with the ments, and the possibility of an He went on- because they have a right to be plied: "I don't have any infor- nounced the 2 hour, 20 minute Soviet Union on a wide range ef East-West confrontation in Ber- ea ut b se we want nation on that." ' hower is "resting as comfortably "I realize that this course has * fd j ffBdl as can be expected," Walter operation fo>r removal of an in- issues," and he promised to con- lin.
    [Show full text]
  • Im Visier – Ausgabe 13 – Frühjahr 2020
    AUSGABE 13 I FRÜHJAHR 2020 ARBEITGEBER BUNDESWEHR IM VISIER Sonderseiten: Bundeswehr im Corona-Einsatz Bestnoten für die Führungskräfteausbildung IM GESPRÄCH MIT PROF. DR. PETER-ANDRÉ ALT Präsident der Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) STUDIEREN BEI DER BUNDESWEHR 3 AUSBILDUNG MIT WEITBLICK INHALT Die aktuelle Corona-Pandemie zeigt, wie sehr das Aufgabenspektrum der Bundeswehr einem ständi- 03 –– STUDIUM IN DER OFFIZIERAUSBILDUNG gen Wandel unterworfen ist. Die Soldatinnen und Soldaten sind nicht nur an Auslandseinsätzen in multi- nationalen Verbänden beteiligt. Sie unterstützen in 06 –– IMPULSGEBER FÜR DIE TRUPPE Friedens- und Aufklärungsmissionen, in der Terroris- Die Universitäten der Bundeswehr Hamburg musbekämpfung – und auch bei Katastrophen. Bei und München der Bekämpfung der Auswirkungen des Corona- Virus arbeitet die Bundeswehr, unter anderem mit SPEZIAL CORONA: ihrem hochqualifizierten Sanitätsdienst und seinen 08 –– angeschlossenen Forschungsinstituten, eng mit den UNTERSTÜTZUNG DURCH DIE BUNDESWEHR zivilen Behörden und Hilfsorganisationen zusam- men; im Rahmen der Amtshilfe wurden dazu 15.000 STUDIUM IN DER OFFIZIERAUSBILDUNG 10 –– HOCHSCHULE – QUO VADIS? Soldatinnen und Soldaten abgestellt. Die Unter- stützungsleistungen reichen von der Erhöhung der Im Interview: Prof. Dr. Merith Niehuss und Prof. Dr. Klaus Beckmann, Präsidenten der Universitäten Kapazitäten im Sanitätsdienst über die Rückführung „ÜBERZEUGENDES KONZEPT“ von Bundesbürgerinnen und -bürgern aus dem Aus- der Bundeswehr München und Hamburg land, Logistik- und Transporthilfen,
    [Show full text]
  • Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J
    University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-2017 A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J. Sfekas Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons, International Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Sfekas, Stephen J. (2017) "A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol46/iss3/4 This Peer Reviewed Articles is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COURT PURE AND UNSULLIED: JUSTICE IN THE JUSTICE TRIAL AT NUREMBERG* Hon. Stephen J. Sfekas** Therefore, O Citizens, I bid ye bow In awe to this command, Let no man live Uncurbed by law nor curbed by tyranny . Thus I ordain it now, a [] court Pure and unsullied . .1 I. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the common understanding was that the Nazi regime had been maintained by a combination of instruments of terror, such as the Gestapo, the SS, and concentration camps, combined with a sophisticated propaganda campaign.2 Modern historiography, however, has revealed the
    [Show full text]
  • Central Europe
    Central Europe West Germany FOREIGN POLICY AND STATUS OF BERLIN OUBJECTS discussed during British Premier Harold Wilson's offi- cial visit to Bonn from March 7 to 9 included the maintenance of the British Rhine Army in Germany, the continuation of German currency aid for the United Kingdom, and a new approach to German reunification. When East German authorities tried to interfere with the meeting of the Bundestag in Berlin on April 7 by disrupting traffic to and from the former capital, the Western Allies protested sharply. In his opening speech Eugen Gerstenmaier, president of the Bundestag, emphasized the right of the Fed- eral parliament to meet in West Berlin and denied that the session was an act of provocation. During the Easter holidays 300,000 West Berliners were permitted to visit relatives in the Eastern zone of the divided city. About a million Berliners crossed the Berlin Wall and spent Christmas with their relatives, after the renewal of an agreement in November. Queen Elizabeth II of England and her consort the Duke of Edinburgh made an official visit to West Germany and West Berlin in May, and were cheered by the population. Attempts by Foreign Minister Gerhard Schroder to bring about an improvement in relations with the United Kingdom during this visit were viewed skeptically by Franz-Josef Strauss, chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU), representing the pro-French wing of the coalition. French President Charles de Gaulle's talks with Chancellor Ludwig Erhard in Bonn in June were described as "positive," but did not lead to an agree- ment on a conference to discuss the reorganization of the Common Market and other matters pertaining to the European community.
    [Show full text]
  • Kevin John Crichton Phd Thesis
    'PREPARING FOR GOVERNMENT?' : WILHELM FRICK AS THURINGIA'S NAZI MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR AND OF EDUCATION, 23 JANUARY 1930 - 1 APRIL 1931 Kevin John Crichton A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2002 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13816 This item is protected by original copyright “Preparing for Government?” Wilhelm Frick as Thuringia’s Nazi Minister of the Interior and of Education, 23 January 1930 - 1 April 1931 Submitted. for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews, 2001 by Kevin John Crichton BA(Wales), MA (Lancaster) Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) (c) 2001 KJ. Crichton ProQuest Number: 10170694 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10170694 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author’. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 CONTENTS Abstract Declaration Acknowledgements Abbreviations Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Background 33 Chapter Three: Frick as Interior Minister I 85 Chapter Four: Frick as Interior Ministie II 124 Chapter Five: Frickas Education Miannsti^r' 200 Chapter Six: Frick a.s Coalition Minister 268 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 317 Appendix Bibliography 332.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Nazism and Militarism
    EJ-SOCIAL, European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN: 2736-5522 The Rise of Nazism and Militarism Anping Yang 1 Abstract — The essay discusses the rise of Nazism and II. ECONOMIC RECESSION IN PREWAR GERMANY AND Militarism during interwar Germany and Japan. It compares JAPAN the similarities and differences that existed in the social, economic, and political environment of the two countries. The As is often the case, economic uncertainty drives social and essay approaches the topic by analyzing the cause and effect of political moods. Economic bases determine the distribution economic depression, social upheaval, and unique political of social divisions, that is to say, people are divided into propaganda. The paper intends to provide information about groups due to their different positions and relations by means circumstances when extremism revives, and thus to avoid of production. As a result, recessions and depression often similar conditions in the future. serve as the chief cause of cycles of upheaval, instability, and political change. For this reason, in order to understand the Index Terms — Economic Depression; Militarism; Nazism; World War. differences between the rise of extreme ideologies in both countries it is necessary to begin by looking at their respective I. INTRODUCTION economic histories. Germany and Japan’s dependence on foreign investments created economically fragile conditions, On November 21, 1945, twenty-two Nazi military and contributing to their inability to respond to external financial political leaders were investigated in the Nuremberg Trials in shocks, and inducing government bankruptcy and recession. Germany. Twenty-four major war criminals and seven The primary cause, somehow, was the misguided measures organizations were accused of war crimes by the tribunal, and taken by the government based on inaccurate predictions ten defendants were executed after the adjudication.
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverzeichnis
    Literaturverzeichnis Jürgen Peter Schmied Sebastian Haffner Eine Biographie 683 Seiten, Gebunden ISBN: 978-3-406-60585-7 © Verlag C.H.Beck oHG, München Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis I. Quellen A Ungedruckte Quellen 1. Akten Archiv der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. Matrikelbuch, Rektorat, 600/116. Jur. Fak., Bd. 309. BBC Written Archive Centre, Reading. RCont 1, Sebastian Haffner File 1. Bundesarchiv. Personalakte Raimund Pretzel, R 3001, 71184. Personalakte Raimund Pretzel, ehemals BDC, RKK 2101, Box 0963, File 09. Bundesbehörde für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin. ZA, MfS – HA IX/11. AF Pressemappe. ZA, MfS – HA IX/11. AF Z I, Bd. 3. ZA, MfS – HA IX/11. AF N-II, Bd. 1, Bd. 2. ZA, MfS – F 16/HVA. ZA, MfS – F 22/HVA. National Archives, Kew. FO 371/24424 FO 371/26554 FO 371/106085 HO 334/219 INF 1/119 KV 2/1129 KV 2/1130 PREM 11/3357 Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin. B 8, Bd. 1498. B 11, Bd. 1019. 2 2. Nachlässe NL Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus, Rhöndorf. NL Raymond Aron École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris. Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron. NL David Astor Privatbesitz. NL Margret Boveri Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Handschriftenabteilung. NL Willy Brandt Archiv der sozialen Demokratie. Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung, Bonn. NL Eugen Brehm Institut für Zeitgeschichte, München. NL William Clark Bodleian Library, Oxford. Department of Special Col- lections and Western Manuscripts. NL Arthur Creech Jones Rhodes House Library, Oxford. NL Isaac Deutscher International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. NL Sebastian Haffner Bundesarchiv.
    [Show full text]