La Battaglia Dell'arte Per L'arte Solo Testo

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La Battaglia Dell'arte Per L'arte Solo Testo Corso di Laurea in Storia delle Arti e Conservazione dei Beni Artistici Classe LM-89 (Storia dell’Arte) Tesi di Laurea La Battaglia dell’Arte per l’Arte. Il British Museum e il Greek and Roman Antiquities Department durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale: il salvataggio della Collezione Greca. Relatore: Ch. Prof. Maria Chiara Piva Correlatore : Ch. Prof. Luigi Sperti Laureanda : Maria Luigina Esposto Matricola 845611 Anno Accademico 2017/ 2018 2 “A colui che è stato, è e per sempre sarà la mia luce: il mio grandissimo Papà.” I love you always “Never give up, even if it seems hopeless ” (Bernard Ashmole ) “Fai della tua vita un sogno, e di un sogno, una realtà.” (Antoine De Saint-Exupéry) 3 Indice Ringraziamenti p. 5 Elenco Abbreviazioni p. 6 Introduzione p. 7 Parte I 1 Il British Museum e il Greek and Roman Antiquities Department p. 9 1.1 La collezione di Antichità greche negli anni Trenta del Novecento p. 18 1.2 Preparativi di guerra p. 32 1.3 Operazione Forsdyke p. 42 1.4 L’evacuazione della Greek and Roman Collection p.48 1.4 a Aldwich Tube Station: la metropolitana al servizio dell’Arte p.54 1.4 b Boughton House: una Country House reale per il British Museum p.58 1.4 c Westwood Quarry: una cava di funghi come deposito per l’Arte p.65 1.5 Art versus War: le esposizioni del periodo bellico p. 69 1.6 Un Museo sotto assedio: la sorte del British Museum durante il Blitz p. 71 Parte II 2 The American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas p. 77 2.1 Un reparto di Intelligence al servizio dell’Arte: The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section p. 83 2.2 The British Committee for the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, Archives and other Material in enemy hands p. 86 Parte III 3 Denys Eyre Lankester Haynes: A Keeper and an Antiquities Officer p. 88 3.1 Denys e la Seconda Guerra Mondiale p. 90 3.2 Denys e la Libia p. 92 3.3 Il ritorno al British Museum p. 94 3.4 Denys e la sfida della Duveen Gallery p. 95 3.5 Monday, 12 th June 1962 p. 113 3.6 Denys e le nuove Gallerie del Greek and Roman Antiquities Department p. 117 4 Parte IV 4 Il British Museum e il Greek and Roman Antiquities Department dopo la Guerra p. 124 4.1 Riedificazione e riorganizzazione p. 125 4.2 Il Greek and Roman Antiquities Department dopo il conflitto Mondiale p. 131 4.3 Show time: le prime riesposizioni del dopo Guerra p. 134 4.4 Il ritorno dei Tesori della Greek and Roman Collection p. 136 Conclusioni p. 155 Bibliografia p. 157 Sitografia p. 160 Appendice I p. 161 Appendice II p. 168 5 Ringraziamenti In questi mesi grazie alla preparazione di questa tesi ho potuto incontrare e conoscere tante persone che mi hanno ascoltato, aiutato, dato suggerimenti, incoraggiato e con cui ho anche potuto confrontare le mie opinioni e le mie perplessità. Probabilmente non riuscirò ad elencare tutti coloro con cui ho condiviso anche solo pochi minuti, e se qualcuno non verrrà menzionato sappia che non è per ingratitudine o dimenticanza, è solo che siete tanti e sono veramente contenta di essere entrata in contatto con ognuno di voi perché non mi aspettavo tanta disponibilità, comprensione, pazienza, e soprattutto amicizia. L’ordine con cui vi elenco non è per importanza, tranne che per la prima persona che menziono. A colui che guarda sempre giù e non mi abbandona mai il mio grandissimo Papà Pietro. A Denys e Sybille, per avermi raccontato le vostre avventure, per avermi dato la possibilità di imparare e di capire molte cose, e a te Sybille per avermi raccontato serenamente what it was like to live in Germany during wartime. You are a treasure, both of you. A Elena e Carmen, le mie migliori amiche di una vita, spero che almeno questa tesi la leggerete e a Diyan, a friend who encouraged me along the way. A tutto lo staff del Greek and Roman Antiquities Department del British Museum, inclusi tutti i Curators, ma soprattutto a Charo you are a Roman star in a Greek heaven; a David e Charles per avermi aiutato, consigliato e sopportato per tutta un’estate. A Francesca e Lynn del Central Archive del British, per avermi messo a disposizione tutte le scatole di documenti della WWII anche quelle più polverose. A tutto lo staff della V&A Library e del V&A Archives. Il primo giorno che sono entrata in quella biblioteca è stato un disastro poi è diventata una seconda casa per tanti tanti mesi, nonostante il freddo sia d’estate che d’inverno. A Robert del Templer Study Centre del National Army Museum of London per aver cercato between thusand of names. Alla Professoressa Piva per la sua pazienza, disponibilità e per non avermi abbandonato nonostante tutti i disastri che ho combinato; e al Professor Sperti per non avermi dimenticato. A Sarah, Ewen e Stephen, i mostri sacri del Corpus Christie College of Oxford, per avermi messo in contatto con Sybille. Ad Emily e Kate della London Transport Museum Library, per avermi inviato book recommendation and other helpful information about my Aldwich Tube Station. A Carey della National Portrait Gallery Archive per avermi aiutato all’ultimo minuto a trovare un’informazione cercata per mesi e mesi negli archivi di tutti i musei londinesi. A tutto lo staff della Tate Britain Library & Archives; del Natural History Museum Archives e dell’Imperial War Museum Archives per avermi aiutato a rintracciare relevant material and answered all my questions. Grazie a tutti veramente di cuore for being just extraordinary. 6 Abbreviazioni ACLS: American Council of Learned Societies AM: Air Ministry ARP Committee: Air Raid Precaution Committee BL: British Library BM: British Museum BMA: British Museum Central Archive BMP: British Museum Press CM: Coins and Medals Department GRA, GR: Greek and Roman Antiquities Department HMSO: His Majesty’s Stationary Office LPTB: London Passenger Transport Board MFA&A: The Monument, Fine Arts, and Archives Section. MOW: Ministry of Works MOWB: Ministry of Works and Buildings PRO: Public Record Office TNA: The National Archives V&A: Victoria and Albert Museum WO: War Office 7 Introduzione L’arte, la storia, e la guerra hanno sempre corso su binari paralleli influenzandosi a vicenda, però nel XX secolo il connubio arte-guerra è diventato più stringente, più intimo, e il titolo scelto per questa relazione racchiude tutti e tre questi soggetti. Con il presente progetto si è cercato di ripercorrere un momento particolare della vita di uno dei musei più importanti e conosciuti al mondo, il British Museum di Londra, e di uno dei suoi principali dipartimenti: il Greek and Roman Antiquities Department. In confronto ai molti colleghi che scelgono di esaminare il medesimo Dipartimento, la mia attenzione non si è indirizzata verso l’approfondimento di un singolo reperto oppure di una collezione, bensì su di un determinato periodo storico del XX secolo che ha coinciso con l’evento della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di provare a ricostruire ed analizzare le operazioni svolte per mettere in salvo la collezione greca dai pericoli della guerra e nello specifico dai bombardamenti aerei condotti dalla temibile Luftwaffe. A differenza di quanto si può pensare, l’arco di tempo che è stato necessario esaminare non si è limitato agli anni che vanno dal 1939 al 1945, ossia gli anni del conflitto, bensì dal 1933 anno in cui si iniziarono a programmare le operazioni di salvataggio, fino al 1969 anno dell’apertura delle nuove gallerie del Greek and Roman Antiqities Department. Si è deciso di iniziare questo studio con la storia della formazione della collezione di antichità greco-romana, e di come si presentava il Department alla fine degli anni Trenta prima dello scoppio della guerra, per poi passare ad esplorare nello specifico le azioni intraprese dal Museo e dal Governo inglese per proteggere i reperti che venivano debitamente definiti come tesori nazionali. Sono state indagate le diverse fasi di progettazione dell’evacuazione dal luglio 1933, data del primo incontro dei direttori dei musei londinesi con i rappresentanti governativi, ad agosto 1939, quando avvenne il trasferimento dei beni nei vari luoghi utilizzati come depositi segreti; si è posto uno sguardo sulla vita museale durante le ostilità; ed infine è stata considerata la sorte del Museo nel corso degli attacchi del famoso Blitz e negli anni seguenti, e i danni da essi arrecati. La seconda parte è stata dedicata all’analisi della The American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas, e del The British Committee for the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, Archives, and other Material in Enemy Hands, ossia le due commissioni internazionali, la prima americana la seconda inglese, che con le loro attività hanno cercato di proteggere e di salvare il patrimonio archeologico e storico-artistico del Vecchio Continente e non solo. In questa sede non si è analizzata la fase della restituzione dei beni artistici confiscati illegalmente perché la Gran Bretagna non venne interessata dai saccheggi perpretati delle forze naziste. Si è invece posta l’attenzione sulla The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section e sugli Antiquities Officers, oggi comunemente chiamati Monuments Men, non solo per la loro connessione con le sopra citate organizzazioni, ma soprattutto perché un capitolo del presente lavoro è stato dedicato alla figura di Mr. Denys Haynes, che oltre ad essere stato uno degli Assistant Keeper, e poi Keeper, del Greek and Roman Antiquities Department, fu anche un Antiquities Officer per il Nord Africa.
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