The Mythology of the Outcast in the Portuguese Poems of J

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The Mythology of the Outcast in the Portuguese Poems of J UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS “O ENGEITADO” – THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE OUTCAST IN THE PORTUGUESE POEMS OF J. SLAUERHOFF: FADO, SAUDADE, LISBON, MACAU AND CAMÕES IN THE POETRY OF J. SLAUERHOFF NOUT VAN DEN NESTE TESE DE MESTRADO ORIENTADO PELA PROFESSORA FERNANDA GIL COSTA CO-ORIENTADO PELA DOUTORA PATRICIA REGINA ESTEVES DO COUTO MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS COMPARATISTAS 2013 Há uma música do povo, Nem sei dizer se é um fado Que ouvindo-a há um ritmo novo No ser que tenho guardado... Ouvindo-a sou quem seria Se desejar fosse ser... É uma simples melodia Das que se aprendem a viver... E ouço-a embalado e sozinho... É isso mesmo que eu quis ... Perdi a fé e o caminho... Quem não fui é que é feliz. Mas é tão consoladora A vaga e triste canção ... Que a minha alma já não chora Nem eu tenho coração ... Sou uma emoção estrangeira, Um erro de sonho ido... Canto de qualquer maneira E acabo com um sentido! (Fernando Pessoa) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS RESUMO ...................................................................................................................... v SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND SAUDADES ....................................................... xiii TRANSLATIONS, QUOTATIONS AND CONVENTIONAL SIGNS ................... xvi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 PART I: THE SEAS OF SLAUERHOFF ...................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION: JAN JACOB SLAUERHOFF (1898-1936) ........................ 11 2. RESTLESSNESS IN THE OEUVRE OF SLAUERHOFF ................................ 14 2.1. POETRY ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2. SHORT STORIES ....................................................................................... 15 2.3. NOVELS ...................................................................................................... 16 2.4. OTHER WORKS: ONE PLAY AND TRAVEL WRITINGS .................... 18 3. SLAUERHOFF’S CONNECTION TO PORTUGUESE CULTURE ................ 19 3.1. SLAUERHOFF’S TRAVELS TO PORTUGAL AND MACAU ............... 19 3.2. SLAUERHOFF’S LITERARY CONNECTION WITH PORTUGAL: CAMÕES AND CAMOËS ..................................................................................... 24 4. THE RECEPTION OF SLAUERHOFF AND HIS WORK ............................... 26 4.1. SLAUERHOFF’S CURRENT POPULARITY IN THE NETHERLANDS …………………………………………………………………………….. 26 4.2. ARTICLES, ACADEMIC STUDIES, TRAVELOGUES ........................... 27 4.3. INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION .............................................................. 29 4.4. SLAUERHOFF AND CEES NOOTEBOOM ............................................. 30 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 33 ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................................................................... 36 PART II: FADO, THE SONG OF THE OUTCAST ..................................................... 40 1. INTRODUCTION: FADO MYTHOLOGY AND MYTHEMES ...................... 41 2. THE OUTCAST IN FADO MYTHEMES ......................................................... 46 2.1. OUTCASTS IN THE POETRY OF SLAUERHOFF .................................. 46 2.2. ANTÓNIO MENANO REIMAGINED AS AN OUTCAST ...................... 49 2.3. THE FADOS ADAPTED BY SLAUERHOFF ........................................... 53 iii 2.4. “O ENGEITADO”: THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE OUTCAST ................ 63 2.5. FADO AS A PLACE OF REFUGE ............................................................. 67 3. CRISTINA BRANCO’S O DESOBRIDOR: UNCONVENTIONAL FADO ..... 72 3.1. ABOUT CRISTINA BRANCO AND THE NETHERLANDS .................. 72 3.2. ABOUT CRISTINA BRANCO CANTA SLAUERHOFF (2000) AND O DESCOBRIDOR (2002) .......................................................................................... 75 3.3. IN THE SLIPSTREAM OF CRISTINA BRANCO CANTA SLAUERHOFF AND O DESCOBRIDOR: NYNKE LAVERMAN AND BLØF ........................... 79 4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 84 ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................................................................... 86 PART III: SAUDADE: THE FORBIDDEN PAST ....................................................... 92 1. INTRODUCTION: SAUDADE CATEGORISATION ...................................... 93 2. REFLECTIVE SAUDADE: THE IMPOSSIBLE ISLAND ............................... 99 3. RESTORATIVE SAUDADE: MYTHOLOGISING CULTURAL MEMORY 106 .................................................................................................................................. 106 3.1. SLAUERHOFF’S PERCEPTION OF PORTUGAL ................................. 106 3.2. PLACES OF MEMORY: MACAU AND LISBON .................................. 111 3.3. RE-WRITING CAMÕES: THE FAILURE OF CULTURAL ....................... MEMORY…………….. ............................................................................ 116 4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 124 ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………………………....129 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 132 SOURCES CITED ....................................................................................................... 141 ADDENDA…………………………………………………………………………...157 iv RESUMO “O ENGEITADO” – THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE OUTCAST IN THE PORTUGUESE POEMS OF J. SLAUERHOFF: FADO, SAUDADE, LISBON, MACAU AND CAMÕES IN THE POETRY OF J. SLAUERHOFF (“O ENGEITADO” - A MITOLOGIA DO OUTCAST NOS POEMAS PORTUGUESES DE JAN SLAUERHOFF: FADO, SAUDADE, LISBOA, MACAU E CAMÕES NA OBRA POÉTICA DE SLAUERHOFF) NOUT VAN DEN NESTE Jan Jacob Slauerhoff (1898-1936) foi um dos principais escritores neerlandeses durante o período entre as duas guerras mundiais. A obra deste romancista e poeta proeminente continua a ser lida e estudada até ao presente dia. Slauerhoff nasceu em Leeuwarden, capital da província de Frísia, e formou-se em medicina em Amsterdão. Foi como médico de bordo que viajou pelo mundo fora e esteve diversas vezes em Portugal, principalmente em Lisboa. Também visitou Macau por duas vezes. O seu fascínio pela cultura portuguesa acabou por influenciar profundamente a sua obra. O número de poemas inspirados na cultura portuguesa é relativamente reduzido porém caracterizam a sua poética. No capítulo “Macao” da colectânea Oost Azië (Extremo Oriente, 1928) foram incluídos quatro poemas dedicados a Macau e um poema intitulado “Camoës”. Na mesma colectânea figura igualmente o poema “Portugeesch fort” (Fortaleza portuguesa). A colectânea Eldorado (1928) contem o poema “Regresso de Camoës”. De mesmo modo Een eerlijk zeemansgraf (Uma honrada v sepultura de marinheiro, 1936) e Al dwalend (Errante, 1947) incluem um poema sobre Camões e um poema irónico que em parte se refere à cultura portuguesa. A maior parte dos poemas de inspiração portuguesa, no entanto, podemos encontrar na colectânea Soleares (1933), no capítulo “Saudades” onde se fala de Lisboa, fado, saudade e do fadista António Menano. Há ainda dois poemas intitulados “Fado ” ou “Fado's” baseados em fados e adaptados para o neerlandês. O romance mais importante de Slauerhoff Het verboden rijk (O reino proibido, 1932) tem como um dos dois protagonistas Camoës. A personagem de Slauerhoff pouco tem a ver com a figura histórica do poeta. Camoës é a personificação da mundividência pessimista de Slauerhoff num romance em que causa e efeito são suspensos e onde as duas personagens principais, um radiotelegrafista anónimo do século XX e o poeta quinhentista, se sobrepõem num tempo e espaço outro. Camoës surge ainda como personagem principal em três poemas e aparece em 1935 pela última vez num conto em que os dois protagonista principais de Het verboden rijk se encontram novamente. A imagem de Slauerhoff do escritor histórico Camões terá sido provavelmente influenciada pelo livro de Reinhold Schneider Das Leiden des Camoës oder Untergang und Vollendung der portugiesischen Macht (1930) que Slauerhoff recenseou num artigo de jornal. Outras fontes que ele tinha a disposição são o artigo da autoria de José Maria Rodrigues “Luís de Camões. A sua vida e obra” (1930), uma edição portuguesa comentada de Os Lusíadas e uma tradução francesa. Slauerhoff gostava de ouvir fados cantados por Maria Alice e António Menano. Traduziu igualmente O crime do Padre Amaro de Eça de Queiroz. Possuía também o livro fortemente nacionalista Porque me orgulho de ser português (1926) do seu amigo vi Albino Forjaz de Sampaio que recenseou. Por sua vez Sampaio incluiu duas fotografias de Slauerhoff na História da literatura portuguesa ilustrada: Volume II (1930). Recentemente, o fascínio de Slauerhoff pela cultura portuguesa levou à tradução de onze poemas para o português, cantados como fados por Cristina Branco no álbum O descobridor: Cristina Branco canta Slauerhoff (2002). Na primeira parte da minha dissertação analiso a obra de Slauerhoff, os seus contactos com Portugal e a recepção da sua obra dentro do contexto do desassossego interior do autor e dos seus problemas de saúde. A sua poesia, romances, contos e outras obras estão imbuídos de metáforas e imagens exóticas, influenciadas pela sua fascinação por
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