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The Adventures of Love in the Social Sciences: Social Representations, Psychometric Evaluations and Cognitive Influences of Passionate Love

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The Adventures of Love in the Social Sciences: Social Representations, Psychometric Evaluations and Cognitive Influences of Passionate Love The adventures of love in the social sciences : social representations, psychometric evaluations and cognitive influences of passionate love Cyrille Feybesse To cite this version: Cyrille Feybesse. The adventures of love in the social sciences : social representations, psychometric evaluations and cognitive influences of passionate love. Psychology. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. English. NNT : 2015USPCB199. tel-01886995 HAL Id: tel-01886995 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01886995 Submitted on 3 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES INSTITUT DE PSYCHOLOGIE HENRI PIERON Ecole Doctorale 261 « Cognition, Comportements, Conduites Humaines » THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES Discipline : Psychologie Mention : Psychologie Sociale et Différentielle Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale: menaces et société (LPS) Laboratoire Adaptations Travail Individu (Lati) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Cyrille FEYBESSE Le 26 Novembre 2015 The adventures of love in the social sciences: social representations, psychometric evaluations and cognitive influences of passionate love. JURY G. COUDIN – MCF-HDR – Directrice de Thèse T. LUBART – Professeur à l’Université Paris Descartes – Co-directeur de Thèse I. OLRY-LOUIS – Professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre - Rapporteur E. HATFIELD – Professeur à l’University of Hawai’i - Rapporteur The adventures of love in the social sciences: social representations, psychometric evaluations and cognitive influences of passionate love. Abstract The main goal of this thesis is to explore the romantic feelings of passionate love widely defined as a “state of longing with another”. This construct is generally considered to be a universal experience strongly associated with sexual arousal and capable of having a strong effect in emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimensions. The main goal of this project is to provide further evidence about the contention that although subjective experiences of passionate love are culturally and contextually determinate, people all over the world present the same symptoms of passionate love with the same intensity when they consider being in love. Plus, the influences of passionate love on cognitive processes were tested in other studies. A total of 1000 college students participated in 4 different studies. The Passionate Love Scale (PLS) was administrated on Brazilian and French subjects in order to explore their evaluation of passionate love through cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. The social representations of these same groups about passionate love were explored with a structural analysis of word associations. Cognitive processes were tested through one study about the relationship between passionate love and sensory experience and another one about the effect of passionate love in creative productions. The results found with the PLS indicated the same psychometric properties in France and in Brazil. In both cases, the factorial analysis indicated one stronger dimension with high internal consistencies. Subjects in love seemed to love with equal passion in both cultures but gender differences were found in Brazil. The analysis of the word association revealed contextual, cultural and gender differences. Passionate love had a positive effect in low cognitive processes (physical attraction and sensory experience) but no effect in high cognitive tasks (divergent and convergent thinking). The results of these different studies are presented and discussed in the light of cross-cultural, neuropsychological and evolutionary perspectives on romantic love. Passionate love might be experienced in a number of ways but its manifestation is universally the same. It is concluded that passionate love might be mainly a biological phenomenon with minor cultural variations directed to insure reproductive success in our species. Keywords: Passionate Love, Romantic Relationships, Cross-Cultural Analysis, Creativity 2 Les aventures de l’amour dans les sciences sociales: représentations sociales, évaluations psychométriques et influences cognitives de l’amour passionnel Résumé Le but principal de cette thèse est d’explorer le sentiment d’amour passionnel dans les relations romantiques. L’amour passionnel est définit comme « un état de désir intense à d’union avec un autre ». Ce construit est généralement considéré comme une expérience universelle fortement associée à l’attraction sexuelle et possédant un impact considérable sur les dimensions émotionnelles, cognitives et comportementales. Le but principal de cette thèse était d’apporter de nouveaux éléments montrant que les expériences subjectives de l’amour passionnel sont culturellement et contextuellement déterminées et qu’il existe néanmoins une certaine universalité des cognitions et comportements lorsque les personnes déclarent être amoureuses. De plus, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’amour passionnel sur les processus cognitifs. Au total, 1000 étudiants ont participé à 4 études différentes. Des sujets français et brésiliens ont répondu à l’Echelle d’Amour Passionnel (PLS) dans le but d’étudier leurs sentiments d’amour passionnel sur la base des composantes cognitive, émotionnelle et comportementale. Les représentations sociales de l’amour passionnel de ces mêmes groupes ont été explorées à partir d’analyses structurelles d’associations de mots. Les processus cognitifs de l’amour passionnel ont été testés dans une étude sur la relation entre l’amour passionnel et les expériences sensorielles et une étude sur l’effet de l’amour passionnel sur les productions créatives. Les résultats obtenus avec la PLS ont montré les mêmes propriétés psychométriques en France et au Brésil. Dans les deux cas, l’analyse factorielle a révélé une composante principale avec des consistances internes élevées. Les sujets qui ont déclaré être amoureux ont semblé aimer avec le même niveau de passion dans les deux cultures mais des différences de genre ont été retrouvées au Brésil. L’analyse des associations de mots a indiqué des différences contextuelles, culturelles et de genre. En ce qui concerne les processus cognitifs, l’amour passionnel a un effet positif sur l’attraction physique et l’expérience sensorielle mais nous n’avons pas trouvé de relation entre l’amour passionnel et la créativité (pensées divergentes et convergentes). Les résultats de ces différentes études sont présentés et discutés en s’appuyant sur les perspectives interculturelle, neuropsychologique et évolutionniste de l’amour romantique. L’amour passionnel peut être vécu de plusieurs façons mais ses manifestations sont universelles. Nous concluons que l’amour passionnel est principalement un phénomène biologique qui peut être influencé par la culture, assurant des reproductions réussies de notre espèce. Mos-clés : amour passionnel, relations romantiques, analyses interculturelles, créativité 3 Contents Introduction__________________________________________________________6 Chapter 1: Passionate love in the scientific literature…………………………………..…….9 1.1) Definition of passionate love 10 1,2) The symptoms of passionate love 14 1,3) The link between love and sexual desire 17 1,4) Passionate love: how long does it last and when does it begin 20 1.5) The course of passionate love: from infatuation to companionate love 22 1.6) The relationship of passionate love with emotions and other variables 27 1.7) The biology of love 31 1.8) Conclusion 34 Chapter 2: Measuring love and passionate love……..………………………………………37 2.1) Measuring love in the scientific literature 38 2.2) The Love Attitude Scale 41 2.3) The Triangular Love Scale 47 2.4) The Passionate love Scale 54 2.5) Other important measures 61 2.6) Measuring passionate love with love scales 63 2.7) Conclusion 66 Chapter 3: Cross-cultural perspective on romantic love……………………………………67 3.1) A brief historical perspective on love 70 3.2) Cross-cultural differences in feelings of romantic love 74 3.3) Views on the universality of romantic love 77 3.4) Romantic relationships in Brazil and in France 82 3.5) Measuring love around the world 87 3.6) Conclusion 91 Chapter 4: Concepts and methods to explore passionate love………………………….94 4.1) Social representations 96 4.2) Prototype analysis of love 99 4.3) Relationship between love and creativity 103 4.4) Evolutionary psychology and sensory experience 108 Study 1: Psychometric analyses of the Passionate Love Scale in Brazil and in France….115 1) Introduction 115 2) Measuring love in Brazil 2,1) Introduction 117 2.2) Methods 120 2.3) Results 123 2.4) Discussion 130 2.5) Conclusion 133 4 3) French adaptation and validation of the Passionate Love Scale 134 3.1) Introduction 135 3.2) Methods 140 3.3) Results 143 3.4) Discussion 147 3.5) Conclusion 149 4) Main conclusion 150 Study 2: French and Brazilian students’ social representation of passionate love……..151 1) Introduction 152 2) French and Brazilian students’ social representation of passionate love 155 3) French students social representation of passionate
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