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The Syntax and Interpretation of Cleft Constructions

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The Syntax and Interpretation of Cleft Constructions View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography A CONSPIRACY THEORY FOR CLEFTS: THE SYNTAX AND INTERPRETATION OF CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS Aleksandra Myreine Wilhelmina Vercauteren Tese de Doutoramento em Linguística i Dezembro 2015 ii Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutora em Ciências da Linguagem, realizada sob a orientação científica de Maria Fernandes Homem de Sousa Lobo Gonçalves e de Liliane Haegeman Apoio financeiro do Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO11/ASP/258 e FWO13/ASP_H/258 iii iv DECLARAÇÕES Declaro que esta tese é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. O candidato, ____________________ Lisboa, .... de ............... de ............... Declaro que esta tese se encontra em condições de ser apreciado pelo júri a designar. As orientadoras, ____________________ Lisboa, .... de ............... de .............. v vi vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is impossible to keep track of all the people that have influenced me in one way or another in the past four years, so this will be a meagre attempt of thanking everyone that contributed directly or indirectly to this thesis. Without my supervisors, Maria and Liliane, I wouldn’t even have to write these acknowledgments, so they definitely deserve my first gratitude. Maria for sparking my interest in Generative Linguistics, for making me discover the wonderous world of European Portuguese and for always being available with her endless kindness and patience. Liliane for believing blindly that I was worth a shot, for channeling my enthousiasm and for teaching me how to do science. Both of them for the hours of discussion, the reading of papers and chapters, for forcing me to think further and for being the best supervisors I could have wished for. My official and non-official royal PhD buddies Ciro, Andrew and Oana. I thank Ciro for urging me to get lost in semantics, for reading painstakingly long chapters, for the kilometres of e-mails and hours of discussion of crazy ideas, for believing in me when I wanted to abandon linguistics and herd goats instead, and for providing an amazing soundtrack for my thoughts. I thank Andrew for helping me not to get lost in semantics, for providing me relevant data, for reading and commenting on chapters, and for making linguistics seem easy. I thank Oana for showing me the way in the semantics labyrinth, for the hours of discussion of papers and for simply being a rock. All of the colleagues and ex-colleagues of GIST: Lobke, Will, Anne, Rachel, Amélie, Karen (thank you for helping me out with the Dutch abstract!), Tijs, Liisa, Eric, Lieven, Lena, Dong-yi, Trang, Jaehoon, Metin, Andrew, Linda and Ciro. You were the perfect distraction during lunch break (and not only), the perfect guinea pigs for talks, and a reliable source of indications for relevant linguistic literature. And of course Tom, our own superhero. All of the colleagues, ex-colleagues and regular visitors of T3: Sandro, Raquel, Miguel, Beatriz, Joana Castaño, Joana Batalha, Mara, Ana, Claudia, Margarida Azevedo, Duane, Michaela, Stéphanie, Margarida Tomaz, Bruno, Carolina, and especially Oana and Radovan. You provided the perfect setting for writing a thesis. I promiss that I won’t bother you for judgments anymore (for now). Chocolate for everyone! viii The researchers of G4, João Costa in particular, for listening to my talks and giving me feedback. The many people that provided me a home these past few years. Pedro Rita and Andreia, Caracol and Bigodes, Ricardo and Teresa, Christian and Mariana, Wout, and Stijn. Being lost is great with you around. Tiago, mereces a tua própria alínea. És o melhor informante de sempre. Mas sobre tudo, és um porto seguro onde sempre pude descansar. The FWO and Belgian tax payers and lottery players for providing the necessary financial support. My family and friends for accompanying me through sun and rain. ix A CONSPIRACY THEORY FOR CLEFTS: THE SYNTAX AND INTERPRETATION OF CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS ALEKSANDRA MYREINE WILHELMINA VERCAUTEREN x The strangeness of words How the meaning keeps changing But somehow the beauty will find you (The forest awakes – St. Vincent) xi RESUMO PALAVRAS CHAVE: clivadas, interface sintaxe-discurso, Português Europeu O objetivo final deste estudo é contribuir para a discussão sobre qual a medida em que conceitos semânticos e discursivos estão sintaticamente codificados. Mais especificamente, investiga-se se existe alguma correlação consistente entre alguns aspetos interpretativos e sintáticos de quatro construções clivadas do Português Europeu, e como se deve dar conta teoricamente destas potenciais correlações. As clivadas consideradas são as clivadas canónicas, as pseudoclivadas, as clivadas de é que e as clivadas de SER. Sintaticamente podemos distinguir dois tipos: clivadas bioracionais (canónicas e pseudoclivadas) e clivadas mono-oracionais (clivadas de é que e de SER). Todas as estruturas têm um constituinte clivado focalizado que pode constituir tanto um foco informacional como um foco contrastivo, e uma oração clivada que introduz uma pressuposição existencial. Adicionalmente, o constituinte clivado identifica exaustivamente uma posição vazia na oração clivada. Adota-se a semântica alternativa para o foco (Rooth 1985), segundo a qual o foco entoacional contribui uniformemente um conjunto de alternativas na Forma Lógica. Regras pragmáticas operando neste conjunto dão origem a duas implicaturas que podem ser suspensas: pressuposição existencial e exaustividade. Dado que as clivadas de é que e as de SER têm a mesma interpretação que orações não-clivadas, conclui-se que a sua estrutura sintática particular não contribui para estas propriedades interpretativas. Em contrapartida, as clivadas bioracionais, que são orações copulativas especificacionais, têm uma presuposição existencial e uma interpretação exaustiva que não pode ser suspensa, tal como as orações especificacionais não-clivadas. Argumenta-se que isto se deve ao facto de o constituinte clivado identificar uma variável introduzida por uma descrição definida. Demonstra-se que a oração clivada, uma relativa em posição de complemento de um determinador definido nas clivadas canónicas e uma relativa livre nas pseudoclivadas, tem a mesma denotação que um DP definido, e portanto tem uma pressuposição existencial inerente. A interpretação exaustiva deve-se à relação identificacional entre o constituinte clivado e a descrição definida. Além disso, defende-se que em Português Europeu um traço de foco não desencadeia movimento-A’ para um FocP especializado. Os constituintes focalizados movem-se antes por razões independentes do foco. Isto é confirmado pelo facto de apenas o constituinte clivado xii das clivadas de é que ter propriedades de movimento A’, os outros parecem estar in situ . Propõe-se que o constituinte clivado das clivadas de é que é um tópico com um traço de foco que se move para um TopP. Esta análise dá conta da existência de restrições discursivas semelhantes para tópicos não focalizados e para o constituinte clivado das clivadas de é que . O traço quantificacional de foco arrastado pela topicalização dá origem a efeitos de intervenção, causando a não-recursividade do foco na periferia esquerda e a sua incompatibilidade com movimento de outros constituintes com traços quantificacionais. A análise prediz as restrições de encaixe observadas para as clivadas de é que . Finalmente, desenvolve-se uma análise sintática das clivadas de SER que aproxima estas estruturas das estruturas com partículas de foco. Propõe-se que a cópula é um operador sensível ao foco que é merged juntamente com o constituinte clivado. As restrições distribucionais da cópula devem-se a requisitos selecionais de núcleos. xiii SAMENVATTING KEYWORDS: gekloofde structure, syntax-discours interface, Europees Portugees Het hoofddoel van deze thesis is bij te dragen tot de discussie in welke mate semantische en discourse gerelateerde concepten relevant zijn voor de syntaxis. Meer bepaald wordt er onderzocht of er consistente correlaties zijn tussen de interpretatieve en syntactische eigenschappen van vier Europees Portugese gekloofde (cleft) structuren, en hoe deze potentiële correlaties theoretisch dienen te worden verklaard. De gekloofde structuren die bestudeerd worden zijn it -clefts, pseudoclefts, é que -clefts en SER-clefts. Op syntactisch vlak kan er een onderscheid worden gemaakt tussen gekloofde structuren die samengestelde zinnen zijn ( it -clefts en pseudoclefts), en gekloofde structuren die enkelvoudige zinnen zijn ( é que - clefts en SER-clefts). Alle gekloofde structuren hebben enerzijds een gefocaliseerd gekloofd zinsdeel dat zowel een informatiefocus als een contrastieve focus kan uitdrukken, en anderzijds een existentiële presuppositie. Bovendien identificeert het gekloofde zinsdeel een open positie in de presuppositie op exhaustieve wijze. Als verklaringsmodel voor focus wordt de alternatievensemantiek van Rooth (1985) aangenomen. Volgens deze semantiek zorgt intonationele focus altijd voor een set van alternatieven op het niveau van de interpretatie, ook Logische Vorm (LF) genoemd. Pragmatische regels die op deze set inwerken zorgen ervoor dat er twee implicaturen ontstaan die geannuleerd kunnen worden: een existentiële presuppositie en exhaustiviteit. Aangezien zowel é que -clefts als SER-clefts
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