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Go-'i. k)CZ,.r;:'-n.C ' AW - / ~v.P.Y'l 500 S W - Co'r"lfuw-,d.,""..:> of l~ (.c...-~e. +- o~+e . - ·- ·------ ,.....9:e:- .... iG2~ ,t\c=-.rs ~~ 'i-8 - ~e:i~e - zooo w/ 2--000 .:s.~ou.:,~l\:l '<"'T..c..i or c.o..~2ov-ie~ Thursday, June 12, 201410:14:04 AM Eastern Daylight Time Subject: RE: An additional request Re: Hammond Files Date: Tuesday, June 10, 2014 5:29:19 PM Eastern Daylight Time From: Elizabeth Loucks To: Foster, David CC: Tom Chase Hi David, This afternoon I double checked Bruce Hammond's files in the basement and then I rummaged through 7 storage boxes of Tom's files in the closet. I think I found the information you want in a box on the bottom of the stack. There are groupings of Site Check forms from 2002 for the MV Moraine. I put the folders that might be relevant in a box and left it in Tom's office for you to retrieve. Liz From: Foster, David [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Sunday, June 01, 2014 7:07 AM To: Elizabeth Loucks Cc: Tom Chase Subject: An additional request Re: Hammond Files Liz When you have time it would be great if youwould look for additional files for the MV mapping project. Reading these materials over closely it is clear that the box you found covers one-half of that effort-the air photo analysis and GIS work on the outwash plain. In that contract it indicates that there would be a second contract for the moraine in order to complete coverage of the entire island (and since we have a map covering the entire island I gather that they went ahead with that). Finding that would be useful because in the report for the contract the Umass folks who did the work describe their questions and levels of certainty with identification of the various vegetation types. That was based on field checking that they did. So, there may be another box or set of files. Thanks, David David R. Foster 978.724.3302 Director, Harvard Forest, Harvard University 324 N. Main Street Petersham, MA 01366 From: Thanks - Will be interesting to see how those next steps take shape. Best, David David R. Foster 978.724.3302 Director, Harvard Forest, Harvard University Page 1 of3 324 N. Main Street Petersham, MA 01366 From: tchase David, Thanks, but drop off the files at your convenience. I'd LOVE to nuke the white pines, for exactly the same reasons. I hope that DCR will finally finish a management plan, with a new manager on board. TC Sent from my iPhone On May 31, 2014, at 7:02 AM, "Foster, David" Liz and Tom When I heard that Liz was going to be out Thursday I decided to go for a hike myself and then enjoyed the two days completely forgot to drop off the box. My apologies. Unless you need it, in which case my daughter can drop it by next week, I'll hang onto it as Im heading off-island Monday early and will drop it by when I'm back out in a couple of weeks. I did find the mapping details useful and we got our vegetation plots sorted out according to the TNC map units so Im making progress with my quest. From the looks of the smoke and signs near the airport I gather the burn went well. I walked quite a lot in the region south form the Smith parking area and wondered whether there had ever been any thought of selectively removing the white pines that are seeding across the Edgartown-WT road from the plantations. My expectation is that over time white pine will take over increasingly larger areas of oak and pitch pine forest across the island and yet in many areas like the north end of Pohogonot its control would be pretty straightforward. Thanks for your help. Best, David David R. Foster 978.724.3302 Director, Harvard Forest, Harvard University 324 N. Main Street Petersham, MA 01366 From: OK, thanks and good luck. Page 2 of3 David R. Foster 978.724.3302 Director, Harvard Forest, Harvard University 324 N. Main Street Petersham, MA 01366 ·-···-·····-·------From: Liz Loucks Ok. I'll be out of the office this morning and possibly all day as dcr called me yesterday about helping on a potential rx fire on the state forest today I'd things dry out enough after yesterday's light rain. Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Smartphone ------Original message------ From: "Foster, David" Date:05/29/2014 8:15 AM (GMT-05:00) To: Elizabeth Loucks ,Tom Chase Subject: Hammond Files Liz and Tom Thanks for digging out those file yesterday. I went through them and they are largely centered on the actual air photo interpretation undertaken by Umass. These do include ground-truthing notes by Janice Stone and others as well all of the individual hand-drawn overlays by the photo interpretors. But these are all based on structure and gross characteristics and have nothing that mentions any species whatsoever and do no include any field sheets for vegetation. The whole thing is a bit mystifying as there are a number of forest types on the Vineyard that don't occur on Nantucket and it isn't clear how such fine vegetation distinctions could be made without field checking. I'll return the box today and would gladly look at anything else that you might find or want to pass along. Best, David David R. Foster 978.724.3302 Director, Harvard Forest, Harvard University Page 3 of3 \ - ~ 'v\. '<'<') Ii\--.. Ct'!"'"" '-'\ ~CA \ s.cc 0 (; i\· C - '[ TNC ~ . l C':' '1::(''C'':i '\("'{\ v. '\ t I('. T,vc N"' h- c' ,1" [ .• !Ve t C '•( ( ! ~ '/ '(, ,S, id - ~c hon, i ·-. Ci : C~!s._ ~ c:J 01 (Yi C, P I 01 0 '(:. 1\-,, "( ,-_A (~ '--""' .\ \ c, 1,,~, C "' t e"t;..,,L) ., \J,.l C..J::;, c-1;- ·s;- b ~·" Tr-,c '1 JJ.c.v-·;_Oo/ t:.cr::7 1-:::,c,i.r:. C o f L. o m ,,vi c,1/1 r ht..::. C o r 0 So +-cv-ircd) <(;/,. '!.. \ H..c.i_v-c"f.·l"h( 'ooc:..\c du.IV ( C.c..cl.o v, l,.,~(/..>:O:;, ,.., , i r::i DRAFT - 1 - "'7"' ? /v--ci lrc, tJ , '" ~ +c.-e;..,Yl._,..·1- Photo Interpretation of Plant Communities on the Moraine of Martha's Vineyard, MA }'J\0 - )-,(,f- 2 cJO ··;:.. 1 Project Outline Scope: This project involves the development of a digitized map of the vegetation communities on the moraine landscape of Martha's Vineyard. The project will be undertaken by The Nature Conservancy's Islands Program (TNC) with technical assistance from the Natural Resources Assessment Group at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (NRAG). The specific elements of this project and the organization with primary responsibility are as follows: 1. This project will encompass the entire section of the island that is defined geologically as a glacial moraine. This area encompasses approximately 27,000 (?) acres and is depicted on the attached map. 2. The natural community classification system will be collaboratively developed by TNC and NRAG. TNC will create a preliminary list of community types suspected to occur on the island based on TNC's Nantucket vegetation mapping project, the MA NHESP's Priority Community List and TNC's National Vegetation Classification System. Through preliminary interpretation of several photos and a field visit, NRAG will advise TNC on which natural community types have distinct aerial photo signatures and whether any new natural community types need to be defined. 3. TNC will cross-check the vegetation classification system for this project to the other classification systems described above. · 4. Wetlands will be classified based on delineations previously done by J. Stone for the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Wetland Conservancy Program. 1.z.., !c~'-' 5. The photo interpretation will be conducted by NRAG using 1: 12,000 color infrared photos from March -April 1993. Interpretation will be done using positive transparencies where available, with communities delineated on clear acetate overlays. The linework on the acetate overlays will be drawn with a thin (0. 00 I-mm) black pen. All polygons will be closed. All label coding should not touch any linework. CIR photo overlap boundaries will be drawn on each overlay. Minimum mapping unit will be one acre. Concentrations of vernal pools will be mapped to 0.25 acre. NRAG will highlight for further field-checking any areas where the community classification or the photo signatures are unclear. 6. NRAG will provide TNC with the first 3 overlays for review. TNC will provide NRAG with comments on any necessary adjustments in the photo interpretation methodology before NRAG proceeds with the project. ZO"d 7. TNC will conduct field checks, and NRAG subsequently will make any necessary edits to the draft mylar acetates as well as recommend to TNC any further changes to the classification system. 8. TNC will create a digital GIS coverage with complete polygon label coding. This may require additional work by an outside contractor specialized in ZTS and digitizing of spatial information. 9. Draft digital map review will be conducted by TNC. NRAG will provide advise on problems associated with the interpretation of the aerial photographs 10. The following milestones shall apply to this project: • NRAG will commence the photo-interpretation work within 1 month of assignment of a account number by the UMass Accounting Department. • Within 2.5 months of commencement of the project, NRAG will provide TNC with draft mylars depicting natural communities map for the Martha's Vineyard moraine with a list of questions that require further fieldchecking. • Within five months of project commencement, TNC will complete the field checking. • One month after receiving the final field comments from TNC, NRAG wi11 deliver the edited vegetation communities mylars and final field n_()_tes to TNC. /'/______~ 11. TNC will pay the University ofMassachusett~~~-?~r their work on the above listed tasks. 7 '1 \ 2 £0"d dL17=£o TO-TT-Ln[' DATE: / /ft O I __.:.. / FAX TO: 'OM Crt-A. WE ARE TRANSMITTING 3 PAGES INCLUDING THIS COVER PAGE. PLEASE CALL 413-545-9Gi:>'2- IF YOU DO NOT RECEIVE ALL PAGES OR IF TRANSMISSION QUALITY IS POOR. 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'¼:"'""C-"t'~,::r"'.JO,.. \1 H¢ t-\f)'i ){Q'(l•h:1~~ ~ ~ C\~«~ rWf-rt? - 1512: a.c - 9' -i.,...... -1,1,e.,e Sc,-.rfit \i-.-. ~ RQ.-Y&, Se-r · L"?, E.T. :;.c 0'(""\.v&-\cYI Li,::\- - ~~G- - '<"'G4-<.re. II) MA~\ r>, c7~.:i:.e -a.w~lr-c:,il("fO~ 8 ' 0 :jC 2'!70.;, 1 \ en Stff{\\"rJM-~ r'4-'r!i'\.l \(%(V ~ a.-\\.J.. ~\c.a. 'e-e2w ·r.::..4-\.i k ee..r lout-\/ ' h~r,ls ::\:-o-,kjwo1 .. , 'r tAV)Wt;;J-S l=~e( i'\.ei¼ - ?l"itc 2voS' wA- r- Literature on Land Use Legacies in Vegetation Broader Context - Why do we care about land use legacies and ecological history? Chazdon, R. L. 2008. Beyond Deforestation: Restoring Forests and Ecosystem Services on Degraded Lands. Science 320:1458-1460. Short perspective paper that looks at reforestation in a global context and discusses some of the complications in attempting to restore forest ecosystem structure, functions, and services in secondary forests. Particular focuses on how much assistance may be required for restoration depending on the system, context, and history. Foster, D., F. Swanson, J. Aber, I. Burke, N. Brokaw, D. Tilman, and A. Knapp. 2003. The Importance of Land-Use Legacies to Ecology and Conservation. BioScience 53:77. Makes the case that past human land-use leaves a surprisingly persistent mark on ecosystems that ecologists and conservationists cannot ignore. Draws on a wide range of examples from the LTER network and beyond, which collectively lay a foundation for trying to understand the likely long term effects of current and past land use in the future. One of the conceptual foundation papers of the land use legacy literature. Jackson, S. T., and R. J. Hobbs. 2009. Ecological Restoration in the Light of Ecological History. Science 325:567-569. Another perspective on restoration, this one emphasizing the importance of historical and paleo ecology in setting restoration targets. In spite of the fact that ecosystems are rarely stable (i.e. moving targets), ecological history is useful in answering questions about which historic ecosystems provide viable targets and which drivers of global-change require that alternative ecosystems be considered. Swetnam, T. W., C. D. Allen, and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied Historical Ecology: Using the Past to M_anage for the Future. Ecological Applications 9:1189-1206. A primer of historical ecology and its applications in management. Examples from the U.S. southwest, but within a broader conceptual context. States a primary aim of historical ecology as finding the ecological and evolutionary limits of communities and ecosystems that should guide and constrain management action. Review, Synthesis, and Theory-What do we know about vegetation recovery from past land use? Bowen, M. E., C. A. McAlpine, A. P. N. House, and G. C. Smith. 2007. Regrowth forests on abandoned 9-gricultural land: A review of their habitat values for recovering forest fauna. Biological Conservation 140:273-296. Forest recovery from a critter perspective. Global review that sums up findings on multi-scale structural and functional attributes of post-agricultural forests necessary for fauna I recovery. Outlines research questions needing further attention. Cramer, V., R. Hobbs, and R. Standish. 2008. What's new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23:104-112. Lays out a conceptual framework for our understanding of post-agricultural succession, drawing on a wide range of literature. Discusses the role of abiotic and biotic stress, community assembly processes, and land use intensity in determining post-abandonment successional trajectories. Flinn, K. M., and M. Vellend. 2005. Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3:243-250. Review of land-use legacies among herbaceous forest understory communities in Europe and North America. Emphasizes the role of population and community-level processes, species life-history traits, and dispersal versus recruitment limitation in recolonization. Interesting perspective from below the canopy. Hermy, M., and K. Verheyen. 2007. Legacies of the past in the present-day forest biodiversity: a review of past land-use effects on forest plant species composition and diversity. Ecological Research 22:361-371. Quirky paper, similar to Flinn and Veland 2005, but with more of an emphasis on the mechanisms behind recolonization. Focuses on the traits of species associated with ancient (i.e. old-growth, primary) forests and on the question of recruitment versus dispersal limitation, concluding that spatial dispersal limitation is usually more limiting. Olden, J. D. 2006. Biotic homogenization: a new research agenda for conservation biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 33:2027-2039. A review of the current state of knowledge of biotic homogenization, its causes, and its importance for conservation. Discusses knowledge gaps requiring better understanding of mechanisms, consequences, environmental determinants, community properties, and spatial scale and extent. Conceptually oriented. See also Olden & Rooney 2006 Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:113- 120, for a more methodologically-oriented paper about quantifying biotic homogenization with further discussion of definitions and some good references. Vellend, M., K. Verheyen, K. M. Flinn, H. Jacquemyn, A. Kolb, H. Van Calster, G. Peterken, B. J. Graae, J. Bellemare, 0. Hannay, J. Brunet, M. Wulf, F. Gerhardt, and M. Hermy. 2007. Homogenization of forest plant communities and weakening of species-environment relationships via agricultural land use. Journal of EcologY. 95:565-573. Really neat meta-analysis of studies comparing ancient and modern forest beta diversity, finding modern forest understory communities to be more homogenous, with weaker species-environment relations than those in ancient forests. This study really sets a good standard for these sorts of questions, and has a nice, concise discussion and a number of potentially useful references. Significant/Interesting Regional Studies Tropical Chazdon, R. L. 2003. Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6:51-71. Review of interactions between land use legacies and natural disturbances in tropical forests. The 'Legacies of human impact' section is particularly good and relevant. Colon, S. M., and A. E. Lugo. 2006. Recovery of a Subtropical Dry Forest After Abandonment of Different Land Uses. Biotropica 38:354-364. A landscape-scale comparison study of Puerto Rican forests with different land use histories. Found substantial recovery after 45 years in a number of attributes, but compositional differences persisted. Grau, H. R., T. M. Aide, J. K. Zimmerman, J. R. Thomlinson, E. Helmer, and X. Zou. 2003. The Ecological Consequences of Socioeconomic and Land-Use Changes in Postagriculture Puerto Rico. Bioscience 53:1159. A Puerto Rican analogue to Foster et al.'s work in New England on land abandonment and subsequent forest recovery. Puts the Puerto Rican case study in a wider tropical forest context. Norden, N., R. L. Chazdon, A. Chao, Y.-H. Jiang, and B. Vflchez-Alvarado. 2009. Resilience of tropical rain forests: tree community reassembly in secondary forests. Ecology Letters 12:385-394. Study testing niche versus neutral theories of forest community assembly in post-agricultural succession in Costa Rica using long-term sapling and seedling data. Evidence favored the niche based equilibrium model. Good integration of both theory and conservation implications. European Baeten, L., M. Hermy, S. Van Daele, and K. Verheyen. 2010. Unexpected understorey community development after 30 years in ancient and post-agricultural forests. Journal of Ecology 98:1447- 1453. Examines the independent effects of long term land-use history and recent chronic environmental change by resurveying ancient and post-agricultural forest understories in Belgium. Found that while all communities changed over the course ofthree decades, with reduced diversity and altered relative composition, land use history effects persisted and were stronger. Thus, the trajectory of post-agricultural community development does not appear to be converging with ancient forest composition. Interesting discussion of extinction debt and colonization credit and other concepts of post-agricultural community development. Dupouey, J. L., E. Dambrine, J. D. Laffite, and C. Moares. 2002. Irreversible impact of past land use on forest soils and biodiversity. Ecology 83:2978-2984. Finds differentiation in plant communities and soil properties based on intensity of Roman-era land use at a site in France, suggesting that land-use legacies may be irreversible on historical time scales. See also Dam brine et al. 2007 Ecology 88:1430-1439 for a similar study finding Roman-era impacts on patterns of biodiversity at broader scales and Plue et al. 2008 Landscape Ecology 23:673-688 for a study finding evidence of vegetation homogenization and soil alteration-induced seed bank effects at Roman occupied sites. Peterken, G. F., and M. Game. 1984. Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in the woodlands of central Lincolnshire. Journal of Ecology:155-182. This is the classic, granddaddy paper looking at land use legacies in Europe by comparison of ancient and modern forests. A bit long-winded, it still has some interesting findings and insights relating to (re)colonization, island biogeography, fragmentation, community assembly, and dispersal versus recruitment limitation. Smart, S. M., I<. Thompson, R. H. Marrs, M. G. Le Due, L. C. Maskell, and L. G. Firbank. 2006. Biotic homogenization and changes in species diversity across human-modified ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273:2659-2665. A study using fine-grained, broad scale vegetation survey data collected during a period of land use change in Britain to test assumptions about biotic homogenization. Found a positive association between a diversity, habitat similarity, and trait variance, suggesting the ascendance of successful traits among a small number of community-specific specialists. Interesting application and discussion of biotic homogenization concepts, with a good dose of theory. Eastern North American (additional papers worth consideration) Flinn, K. M., M. Ve I lend, and P. L. Marks. 2005. Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32:439-452. Study on the feedbacks between past land use and the physical environment, asking whether differences in soil and topography between farmed and unfarmed forest patches reflect land use preferences or land use effects. Land use decisions do appear to be influence by physical factors, yet primary and secondary forests had substantial overlap in soil properties, suggesting that patterns of plant distribution in forests of varying history are more strongly influenced by dispersal processes than environmental alteration. Fuller, J. L., D.R. Foster, Jason S. Mclachlan, and N. Drake. 1998. Impact of Human Activity on RegionaJ Forest Composition and Dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems 1:76-95. This study is already cited in our paper but deserves more attention, as it provides some really important context for what we look at. Namely, that forests in central New England were changing and homogenizing prior to European settlement in response to climate, natives, and other disturbances. Insightful discussion and a lot of good references to the wider literature on North American vegetation change. Larsen, C. P. S., B. J. l Rhemtulla, J. M., D. J. Mladenoff, and M. I<. Clayton. 2009. Legacies of historical land use on regiona). forest composition and structure in Wisconsin, USA (mid-1800s-1930s-2000s). Ecological Applications 19:1061-1078. Assesses the trajectory of deforestation and forest recovery in WI. Suggests that forest recovery in the north may stall due to certain taxa lagging in their recovery. In the south it is the absence of the historical disturbance regime (fire) that has stalled recovery. Also finds evidence of homogenization, particularly in central WI, which is biophysically more like the north, but has land use history more similar to the south. See also Schulte et al. 2007 Landscape Ecology 22:1089-1103, which we already cite, but is probably the closest mid-west analogue to our study (i.e. region-scale) so is probably worth another look. Both have good, integrative discussions. Rooney, T. P., S. M. Wiegman, D. A. Rogers, and D. M. Waller. 2004. Biotic Impoverishment and Homogenization in Unfragmented Forest Understory Communities. Conservation Biology 18:787-798. Cited already for methodology, but not content. Fifty-year resurvey of intact forest understories under different management/protection in northern WI, looking at community change among different functional groups. While regional diversity was maintained, site-level diversity decreased due to the replacement of native specialists with generalists and exotics, also leading to homogenization. Deer pressure is a likely cause. Discusses conservation implications. 0 K 1 :;.s , '() ""-, A· d.6 e..6...... ;, ~\\ ~~t.,~t>-~J 06, ,·. r 5+<-u.cc .\-v..-.c..s. •·· · EI("") C::; 'M::, Cl o-f "e,.covc.',"''1 - vav-,'c...\io ..... w/ \oc.,c,'ti~....-,."" ~ ~ (Y)e'("'h~ - 1"? /:: U'<"":'>F>.:,\ "'Pe!C1A\1e,.v t~,·n~.S. = e'X'(!:rl,-,e, !., SetN~ '<0-0Q I f.i"•-rc, %,1 '>Cl'l:--\ 'n ~ I \~ ' .0 \ i; (" 0-:pen \o..'("')d ~ e<,:i""'r"h }OAI;;1,S-' 2S, '""~-~;; OJ,,'10" S..; i et. -r 'O?-S. ~· $, ti, C C;,J:..":.~t!,, i C:> n , :,,;;,,c; e~.s,,~b\\.:.,\:."o\ c'¼'lc;;;;\\ "'Bio k.a? Vt' tr,;;;,,, t'\ \fC "1--,o div.:: 'f' s,;:~:1 j ?!("o t'ec 1-for,,, vs. \6, 'f>t: s f-J ok""'- +- 10 - cCo l~~o c+ck Need. ~ ~ ~ '1. ~~ C.\ ea.<..r c;,V' 7 T ~c::u:5.e. w ~-dt.:=:. I L T "=SI... «',O - N ~ i ,(\e.s., t-,\\( ~5 t) P,.\['i 6 \ 7o fl U,'7o eJo A,vJ 5-)'-j -1'-{ C.S~ r-;-~ ~,s;...\-.--01$ ~ ~~ ~-,t ~ ~{;A -b -t-~'<1::'C::l:-UU ~ C!~e! Wf w ~c,,rtf,$,:\,,.. ' Forests & Conservation - Ideas - 2014 -1--e,e:)7 $-, «i«iziil'\ ,. ·1 ('(}ii'::;¾" co_ c,\Q$" ;;, Forest · / 100,re:;.--\ 1 v,10..----::'-n.'1 tl Dominant cover today-throughout pre-history; most intact part of the landscape. Undervalued and underappreciated; not hot spot; not heavily disturbed diverse areas. Low diversity; studies emphasize rich forest. I How did forest recover so fast and heavily seeded trees spread so quickly? Mechanisms? e: Generalities? Use for restoration? Barren plain, no forest, scraggly woodlands to forest. e;, Not old field white pine. Few dispersers-squirrels'are',few. Passenger pigeons? Jays? \"\fC or- p /fch p/r;e ·.,." __ _ Ho - Ancient woods even-aged; former woodlot; oldest trees; sprout clumps-similar age. 3 Ho - Vast majority early 20th century as t farms, j forest, j coal. Where are stools? :: w\-\e'<'C. i.s. ~n :S"'"'"'J evfi;,i- Clues to land-use history - sprouts, stools, growth forms; size; understory; invasives; artifacts; blow down; fire. Tree forms- legacies of past; moldering relics; transient forms. Quansoo, Menemsha Hills, Spring Point,- magical trees- surrounded taller, straight. Cedar Tree Neck- Sassafras contorted. Wasque Pines - wind and salt shaped. Naushon Beech-tiny to immense; contour-fit oak and beech. Uproots - branches new stems confined to few species- Red Maple, beech not oak, pine - so more prevalent on Naushon Forest types - Beech; oak-Huckleberry; oak-Huckleberry with scrub oak; pitch pine-oak. Forests -history, inertia, trajectory, future; interact with environmental change; What was pre-settlement forest and how was it changing? How has 400 years of history altered this? What is modern trajectory and what will change this in the future? General mesophication of forest since 1900. Spp increase that were common in the past. Associated wildlife dynamics. Where did fields come from? When Thomas Mayhew arrived-woodlands or open fields ringed with houses? historical reality- regardless of ancient roots, over the last 350 years open lands have been maintained, expanded, shaped and conditioned by colonial agriculture - cutting., clearing, mowing, plowing, burning and grazing. Assumption - memory or history as far back as one can reconstruct it is the way it was for a longtime - or forever. Rare species - to first knowledge of abundance - generally 19th century. Assume because it was there it is native and more abundant. Species on banged up, disbursed bed sites, eroding bluffs - but bluffs are time transgressive, continually moving so rare species are moving. Into former woodland. 1 Beech- status. Was it more abundant? Future increase? Constraints on it - fire, hurricanes. Factors favoring it- grazing and browsing (~-once something established it is difficult to remove. Tendency to perpetuate. Pines - fluke of e.g. disturbance versus seed source allows to establish. Will grow for i:A 200 years, producing seeds many years and scattering it, likely to perpetuate. Intro - MCSF tree blows down or horse path through the plain; couple hundreds of yards away pine tree casts seeds that lodge on tom edge of sedge tuft and take root. One hundred and fifty years later the pines stand in a row. Today, mowing along the fire lines is yielding the same impact - pines rooted along the margins. c:§.~riti~al ~istincti~n- gradations ?f_i11:pact (soil distur~ance) and ongmaT spectes-removal. Ehmmate native flora. Inertia m its removal, declme and replacement. Inertia in its recovery and re-establishment. Insertion of new flora. Competition. Change soil conditions, biota, genetics. \__ ~ 0'3 de~ - l,,,c\t-e>.-.,,, / c\~ ~e \ct.!)V\J e:;;Ji f"e.J/. ~nm Peee I if"':j - C,A\c;;,,r,,-_J,,;!ft's,:,1'-U ~~Successional cedars, Secondary woods, Successional pine, Open oak, Open oak m younger forest, Sprout woods, Hurricane trees, Stools. Gaylusaccia clones in open pastures. Pine distribution - what explains this? Notes for Conservation Identify MVLB to highlight using records Peaked Hill Reservation 3-11-2002 132.5 acres, 91 owned. Will plant Atlantic White Cedar - "Reintroduction: [sic] to Martha's Vineyard. Pennywise - Only Land Bank property with scrub oak bottom. Lowest part of Pennywise on Tar Kiln Path - grass due to colder and disturbed. Baldwin, H. I. 1928. The Trees of Nantucket. Josiah Sturgis - 1847, 1852, 1853 -pine plantations. Sturgis and Gardiner Pine Lands on current State plantations. t- H. D. Thoreau 12-28-54. Capt. Gardiner at Siasconset-planting pines on trac}ts to 300 acres - Pitch and some Norway, from Cape and France (P. sylvestris), couldn't get white pine. Freeman 1807 Skunk, muskrat, mink, mice, moles, rabbits, others - no deer, fox, squirrels. 2 Swift & Cleaveland 1903. 1823 -Reconsidered to except hunting of heath hen; $5 fine for Heath Hen - split with poor and complainant. 1842 - Law for preservation of grouse or heath hen be suspended in Tisbury to allow inhabitants to kill, take or sell from December 1-10 - without dogs. November 14, 1842- Warrant to prevent illegal hunting and shooters of heath hen first ten days in December. Committee of vigilance to see that non-residents don't trespass on town rights to shoot heath hens the first 10 days in December. Printed in New Bedford Mercury and Weekly Register. Ancient Woodlands 1872 - W Chop - 1st proposed development "lands mostly covered with forest trees"; 1969- SGF sold 32-ac along Indian Hill Road up both sides of Christiantown Road ... Land known as "Harry Peakes Wood Lot" "In early days each householder found it essential to have his own wood lot to supply him with winter fuel. Similarly, the Indians required wood lots, and much of the Indian Hill area was so classified. The nearby land now belonging to Amos J. Amaral, for example, was once all Indian wood lots." VG 12-12-1969 Peculiar things we do in the MV Woods Clear understory for ticks Plant non-natives - Rhododendrons, conifers etc - state forest, wind breaks, diversity, screening, to stop use of trails Savannas Fire grazing 3 Wendy Breiby. 2004. The Mature Woodlands of Martha's Vineyard, Naushon, Nantucket and Tuckernuck Islands, Massachusetts. Honor's Thesis, University of Massachusetts. Amherst. Confusion between primary and old-growth woodlands and in definitions of ancient vs mature woodlands. But chose sites across W Moraine that were continuous woodlands in 1848, 1938, and 1993 and had bigger, older trees. Those without too much evidence of human history, mound and pit topo, late successional, structural diversity, varying ages= ancient and those with sprout and more open grown trees, signs of disturbance= mature. Discussion focus on the unique characteristics ofthe woodlands and whether "these woodlands can be defined as eastern primary or old growth forest." No reference to MCSF paper or any others by Motzkin or Foster, which clarify these issues and indicate that MCSF is all primary. Cite Cogbill on Wachusett Mt. Does talk of "coppice stools". Seven large mature patches within least fragmented and rel. undeveloped areas of moraine (except Spring Point) form Menemsha to Cedar tree Neck. Harris, Kloss, Ganz, Seven Gates Corp, Woods and Polly Hill. Bird data. Three veg plots per bird plot, plus Cruz-all plot; ages at breast height; core woody debris (future report); soils Talks about an additional publication that will get at management objectives, land-use history and recommendations. Near Whiting Hill one "ancient" site had old fence and a stonewall so likely sheep corralled. In "mature" evidence of "coppiced" trees (sic - she takes any sprouting to indicate coppicing, which is a land use and management approach not just cutting) and a few possible "wolf" trees. So, many sites are primary and some may be OG - need more land use history to clarify. Naushon - lowest diversity- 6.2 spp per plot average vs 12.7-19.8, due to beech. MV ancient had greatest but Whiting Hill had plots with >50 (I!~-elv, due to pla:1tirig ~y-s~-~I~!)- Tuckernuck high due to open woods. Naushon distinct with most of canopy in subcanopy - dense beech (extreme dominant oak). .~ ."_, __.,,...... _,, '· -.. "••- OI d est Median tree agf{::.:160+ T~pelo on MV Mature; 178+ Hickory)n MV Ancient; 181+ beech in Naushon; 165-;Black 0~ on Tickernuck; 151+ Black O;kin Coskata Woods on ACK. Oldest large diameter trees - 87 .6 cm 246+ White Oak in MV Mature; 71.1 cm - 243+ Ted Oak at Seven ----·~.--' ,.,_,_,._,_.,_,..,.,.... ,_.,,.._.,...,.,,_.._..,_,... -·--·--" -- _, Gates; 41.9 cm - 222+ Naushon; 21.6 cm - 200+ Black Oak Tuckernuck; 34.4 cm -128+ yrs Black Oak - Coskata. Tries to compare with DEM definition - component >than 50% of maximum longevity of spp. All forests were uneven aged; majority of trees in smaller sizes. Similar BA-19-24 m2/ha. Much regeneration. Greatest diversity of regen at MV ancient and mature - not as isolated, wetlands near by. Platitudes on management. Want to write for landowners and get landowners together to talk about conservation and management. Need work on strategy and ecology and to preserve these Bird lists of spp. ?\!V, ~~cient'« •·. Bircll $p~ieS · 0-,enbird 0.7 ·EiskmT~ee .. 0.6 Catbird Blacli--capped:Cinck~e 0.5. Ulhite-breas:ted :futhatth 0.5 R~d.-eyed Viretl 0.5 .. Do..ny V.foodpecl.er 0.3 Ufo64 'I'hnish. 0.3 Hairy Woodpecker o·) Cai.yiina'\vi~ .. ijj Common Yello,;,.rt:hroat 0.1 •Pnirie ·vtai-b1er ······o.t Scarlet Tananger v:ei;,cy·