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Die Nasionale Party Van Suid-Afrika Se Laaste Dekade As Regerende Party, 1984 – 1994

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Die Nasionale Party Van Suid-Afrika Se Laaste Dekade As Regerende Party, 1984 – 1994 DIE NASIONALE PARTY VAN SUID-AFRIKA SE LAASTE DEKADE AS REGERENDE PARTY, 1984 – 1994 J. M. AUCAMP DIE NASIONALE PARTY VAN SUID-AFRIKA SE LAASTE DEKADE AS REGERENDE PARTY, 1984 – 1994 JACOBUS MARTHINUS AUCAMP PROEFSKRIF VOORGELê TER VERVULLING VAN DIE VEREISTES VIR DIE GRAAD DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE IN DIE FAKULTEIT GEESTESWETENSKAPPE (DEPARTEMENT GESKIEDENIS) AAN DIE UNIVERSITEIT VAN DIE VRYSTAAT BLOEMFONTEIN PROMOTOR: PROF. PW COETZER MEDEPROMOTOR: PROF. JA DU PISANI BLOEMFONTEIN NOVEMBER 2010 i VERKLARING Ek verklaar dat die proefskrif wat hierby vir die graad Doctor Philosophiae aan die Universiteit van die Vrystaat deur my ingedien word, my selfstandige werk is en nie voorheen deur my vir ’n graad aan ’n ander universiteit / fakulteit ingedien is nie. Ek doen voorts afstand van die outeursreg op die proefskrif ten gunste van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. .................................................. ................................ J.M. AUCAMP DATUM ii DANKWOORD Graag betuig ek my opregte dank aan die volgende persone wat almal op die een of ander wyse gehelp het om hierdie studie te voltooi: • Prof. Hermann Giliomee wat, heel waarskynlik onwetend, die saadjie vir hierdie navorsing geplant het; • Wyle prof. Leo Barnard wat aangebied het om as promotor op te tree en my, tot sy dood toe, met aansteeklike entoesiasme aangemoedig het; • Prof. Pieter Coetzer, ’n mede-Stormberger uit die Molteno-kontrei, wat ingewillig het om as promotor oor te neem en met baie geduld en diplomasie ’n oudpolitikus wetenskaplik georiënteer het; • Prof Kobus du Pisani vir sy professionele advies, vriendelikheid en behulpsaamheid; • Alta Coetzer, wat met taalversorging gehelp het; • Rika Oosthuizen en Mitzi Cloete, vir die tik van die proefskrif en hulle eindelose geduld met al die veranderinge wat deurlopend aangebring is; • Esmé, my kinders, familie en vriende vir hulle liefde, aanmoediging en geloof dat ek sal “klaarmaak”; • My Hemelse Vader wat my deur die lewe, en ook met hierdie studie, ver bo verdienste begenadig het. DIE NASIONALE PARTY VAN SUID-AFRIKA SE LAASTE DEKADE AS REGERENDE PARTY, 1984 – 1994 INHOUDSOPGAWE VERKLARING i DANKWOORD ii INLEIDING 5 HOOFSTUK 1. AGTERGROND VAN DIE HOOFONDERHANDELAARS VIR DIE 1993-GRONDWET 35 1. DIE NASIONALE PARTY VAN SUID-AFRIKA : DIE NAAM 35 2. APARTHEID : DIE BENAMING 38 3. DIE ANC : VAN SAMEWERKING TOT KONFRONTASIE TOT ONDERHANDELING 40 4. POLITIEKE REGTE VIR SWARTES 51 HOOFSTUK 2. DIE NASIONALE PARTY – VOLKSBEWEGING EN HERVORMING 58 1. DIE JEUG TREE STERK NA VORE 58 2. DIE AFRIKANER BROEDERBOND (AB) 61 3. DIE ROL VAN GODSDIENS 63 4. AFRIKANER-SAKELUI GEE HERVORMING ‘N HUPSTOOT 68 5. REFERENDUMS BEPAAL DIE NP-KOERS 71 6. DIE AKKOMMODASIE VAN BRUIN, SWART EN INDIëR-MENSE IN SUID-AFRIKA – ‘N NUWE BEDELING 73 2 HOOFSTUK 3. UITDAGINGS WAARMEE DIE NASIONALE PARTY GEDURENDE DIE TAGTIGER- EN VROEë NEGENTIGERJARE GEKONFRONTEER IS 97 1. INLEIDING 97 2. DIE STIGTING VAN DIE KONSERWATIEWE PARTY (KP) 99 3. DIE UITVLOEISELS VAN DIE KP-STIGTING 102 4. ‘N NOODTOESTAND WEENS BINNELANDSE OPSTAND EN ONRUS 109 5. ALTERNATIEWE KUNSTENAARS MAAK STEM DIK 118 6. INTERNASIONALE DRUK VERGROOT 119 7. SPORTBOIKOTTE EN DIE GEVOLGE DAARVAN 126 8. SANKSIES SPAN DIE NET WYER 130 9. DIE BOTHA-REGERING SKOP VAS 133 10. GEWAPENDE STRYD NEIG NA ANARGIE 138 11. SUIDWES-AFRIKA / NAMIBIë 145 HOOFSTUK 4. DIE NASIONALE PARTY SE METAMORFOSE: LEIERS- EN KOERSVERANDERING (1982-1989) 150 1. RASDENKE EN RASSEPROBLEMATIEK UNIEK AAN SUID-AFRIKA? 152 2. ‘N KLEMVERSKUIWING, 1982 – 1988 158 3. PW BOTHA WORD SIEK 175 4. ‘N NUWE ERA – DE KLERK NEEM OOR 178 5. DE KLERK EN BOTHA KRUIS SWAARDE 191 6. DIE BREUK VERGROOT 207 7. DIE NP-WIELE ROL VOORT 217 8. DIE VERKIESING VAN 1989 236 3 HOOFSTUK 5. APARTHEIDSMAATREëLS TUIMEL (1989-1991) 245 1. DIE TOESPRAAK VAN 2 FEBRUARIE 1990 252 2. NIE-OORHEERSING EN MINDERHEIDSREGTE 264 3. DISKRIMINASIE / APARTHEID VERDWYN 282 3.1 Oop lidmaatskap van NP 282 3.2 Uitskakeling van diskriminasie (openbare geriewe) 286 3.3 Gelyke onderwys 294 3.4 Ander pilare van apartheid 297 HOOFSTUK 6. REAKSIE OP HERVORMING EN DIE PAD NA ‘N ONDERHANDELDE SKIKKING (1990-1993) 306 1. GLOEIENDE BUITELANDSE REAKSIE 306 2. TOENEMENDE REGSE EN LINKSE DRUK 308 3. ROOI LIGTE : DIE NP BEGIN STEUN VERLOOR 311 4. DIE REFERENDUM-UITSLAG VERRAS 326 5. ONDERHANDELINGE BEGIN 336 6. ‘N PROBLEMATIESE SITUASIE: DIE ANC BLY GEWELD PROPAGEER 342 7. KODESA I SKOP AF 346 8. KODESA II WORD ‘N KRISIS 352 9. DIE VEELPARTY-ONDERHANDELINGSFORUM KOM OP DREEF 362 10. DIE OORGANGSGRONDWET KOM TOT STAND 365 4 HOOFSTUK 7. DIE 1994-VERKIESING EN ONMIDDELLIKE GEVOLGE DAARVAN 381 1. DIE UITVOERENDE OORGANGSRAAD (UOR) KRY SY HAND OP DIE STUUR 381 2. DIE TUSSENTYDSE GRONDWET LUI DIE VERKIESING IN 383 3. ANC / SAKP-PERSPEKTIEF 388 4. DIE NP KRY SY TREKGOED GEREED 390 5. MENINGSPEILINGS 399 6. DIE FEDERALE KONGRES WIL DIE NP-VISIE VERWESENLIK 402 7. DIE NP-MANIFES 404 8. DIE VERKIESING 406 9. DIE UITSLAG VAN DIE VERKIESING 409 10. EVALUERING VAN DIE VERKIESING 412 10.1 Algemeen 412 10.2 Organisasie 412 10.3 Bemarking 413 10.4 Media 413 10.5 Finansies 414 10.6 Die grootste probleme in die verkiesing 414 11. DIE NP IN DIE REGERING VAN NASIONALE EENHEID (RNE) 415 12. VERGEEFSE POGINGS OM MAGSDELING IN DIE FINALE GRONDWET TE KRY 424 HOOFSTUK 8. SLOTPERSPEKTIEWE 436 BRONNELYS 459 OPSOMMING 499 ABSTRACT 502 5 INLEIDING Die oogmerke met hierdie studiestuk is om die kollig op die rol van die NP- regering gedurende die laaste termyn (1984-1994) te laat val. Hierdie termyn val in twee fases uiteen, naamlik die Botha-tydperk (1984-1989) en De Klerk-era (1989-1994). Aspekte wat belig sal word, is onder meer die binne- en buitelandse probleme waarmee die leiers gekonfronteer is, aanpassings wat gemaak moes word, linkse en regse politieke strominge, die hantering en volgehoue toepassing van die apartheidsbeleid, die situasie van ander bevolkingsgroepe, druk van individue en organisasies om verandering, die invloed van sport en sanksies op beleidsvorming, die gewapende stryd (formele en nie-formele kragdadige optrede teen die ANC en ander faksies), die tuimeling van apartheidsmaatreëls, onderhandelinge met die ANC en die uitvloeisels daarvan, asook die beweging na ‘n volle demokratiese verkiesing met al sy implikasies. ‘n Onderwerp soos hierdie met die kollig op die periode 1984 tot 1994 kan nie behoorlik begryp word, as daar ten aanvang nie ook kortliks oor die geskiedenis en hoofmomente van die Nasionale Party (NP) sedert sy stigting in 1914 besin word nie. Gevolglik word in die eerste deel van hier- die studie as aanloop bepaalde agtergrondinligting oor die party verskaf. Na die stigting van die Nasionale Party in 1914 – gedurende ‘n tydperk toe nasionalisme wêreldwyd hoogty gevier het – was die party in Suid-Afrika die voertuig van Afrikaner-nasionalisme. Toe die party weer 1 aan bewind gekom het tydens die 1948-verkiesing – in ‘n wêreld steeds gekenmerk deur imperialisme, rassisme en paternalisme – was die NP-beleid inder- 1 Van 1924 tot 1929 het die NP in ’n koalisie met die Arbeidersparty regeer. In 1929 het die NP met ‘n volstrekte meerderheid gewen en alleen regeer tot met die verkiesing in 1933. 6 daad openlik rassisties en paternalisties. Meer nog: Met die ontbinding van die Europese ryke gedurende die vyftiger- en sestigerjare, het die NP toenemend uit voeling geraak met die res van die wêreld. Die party het met groeiende desperaatheid onsuksesvol probeer om ‘n manier te vind om die sogenaamde reg van Afrikaners en wit Suid-Afrikaners tot self- beskikking in hul eie land in stand te hou, en wel op ‘n manier waardeur ander Suid-Afrikaners se ewe legitieme eise vir volle politieke regte ge- akkommodeer kon word. Gedurende die laat tagtigerjare ('n kernelement van hierdie studie), in ‘n tydperk gekenmerk deur die val van die Sowjet- unie en ‘n nuwe opbloei van politieke en ekonomiese vryhede, was die party genoodsaak om ‘n hervormingsproses te inisieer wat vryheid aan alle Suid-Afrikaners sou bring. 2 In hierdie navorsing sal aangetoon word dat die NP ook ‘n party van vernuwing en hervorming was. Vanaf 1924 tot 1929 het die NP, in koalisie met die Arbeidersparty, gelykberegtiging van Afrikaans en Engels in die staatsdiens ingevoer, ‘n eie vlag vir Suid-Afrika daargestel en Suid- Afrikaanse burgerskap ingevoer. In 1929 is ‘n volstrekte meerderheid behaal en is die pad van grondwetlike hervorming begin wat gelei het tot die soewereine onafhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika en die aanname van die Statuswette en is die Suid-Afrikaanse diplomatieke diens gestig. 3 Genl. JBM Hertzog, stigter van die NP, het aan bevolkingsverhoudinge wat erkenning aan die regte van swart gemeenskappe gegee het, gebou. Dit was die voorloper van die bekende naturellewetgewing van 1936. In 1961 is die republikeinse ideaal verwesenlik en ‘n beleidsraamwerk daargestel wat ongekende ekonomiese groei moontlik gemaak het. 2 FW de Klerk, The demise of the New National Party (artikel) van die FW de Klerk-stigting, www.fwdklerk.org.za, 15 Augustus 2004, p. 1. (Vergelyk D Welsh, The rise and fall of apart- heid , pp. 52-109.) 3 Jan J van Rooyen, Altyd nuut , p. 3. 7 Gedurende sy eerste fase het die tuislandbeleid vir ‘n oomblik die hoop op ‘n regverdige rassebedeling laat opvlam. Dit was egter geensins 'n haalbare beleid nie. Vandaar dat dit teen 1984 vir die NP duidelik was dat hy sou moes aanpas. Die geskiedenis van die NP word vanaf sy stigting deur twee baie duide- like pole gekenmerk, naamlik enersyds die blankes (veral die Afrikaners) se byna obsessiewe strewe na die handhawing van hulle identiteit en die gepaardgaande vrees vir oorheersing deur swart mense, en andersyds hulle opregte strewe na geregtigheid. Uiteindelik sou blyk dat hierdie onversoenbare strewes nie haalbaar was nie. Die dekade tussen 1984 en 1994 was inderdaad waarskynlik die mees kritieke tydperk, nie net in die geskiedenis van die Nasionale Party (NP) nie, maar ook in dié van Suid-Afrika.
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