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Aquacultural Suitability of Post-Larval Coral Reef Fish Patrick Durville1,2, Pierre Bosc3, René Galzin2, and Chantal Conand1

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Aquacultural Suitability of Post-Larval Coral Reef Fish Patrick Durville1,2, Pierre Bosc3, René Galzin2, and Chantal Conand1 18 SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #11 – April 2003 Pyle, R.L. 1993. Marine aquarium fish. p. 135–176. p. 391–420. In: P.F. Sale (ed). Coral reef fishes: In: A. Wright and L. Hill (eds). Nearshore Dynamics and diversity in a complex ecosys- marine resources of the South Pacific. Suva: tem. San Diego: Academic Press. Institute of Pacific Studies, Honiara: Forum Watson, M., Powers, S., Simpson, S. and Munro, Fisheries Agency, and Canada: International J.L. 2002. Low cost light traps for coral reef Centre for Ocean Development. fishery research and sustainable ornamental Sadovy, Y. 2002. Death in the live reef fish trades. fisheries. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 25:4–7. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin Wood, E. 2001. Collection of coral reef fish for 10:3–5. aquaria: Global trade, conservation issues and Sadovy, Y.J. and Vincent, A.C.J. 2002. Ecological management strategies. UK: Marine Conser- issues and the trades in live reef fishes. vation Society. 80 p. Aquacultural suitability of post-larval coral reef fish Patrick Durville1,2, Pierre Bosc3, René Galzin2, and Chantal Conand1 Introduction 1991). This is also similar for the milkfish, Chanos chanos, as Far Eastern fishers have been acquiring Previously, aquaculture mainly consisted of the specialised knowledge for more than a century intensive rearing of commercially valuable carniv- through capturing young specimens, which are orous species for the food market. Some high-yield then transferred to farming units (Smith 1981). In operations have proved harmful for the environ- Japan, juvenile amberjack, Seriola quinqueradiata, ment (Kautski et al. 1998) or of doubtful profitabil- caught in the open sea under floating seaweed ity (Naylor et al. 2000). In the future, the focus is masses, are used for subsequent rearing in cages likely to shift either to new species, such as herbi- (Kuronuma and Fukusho 1984). This method is still vores or detritus feeders, which occur lower down very widely used to supply production units. This the food chain, or to the development of new activ- kind of fishing is cheap and easy, but the harvests ities, such as fish production for recreational fish- vary from year to year and one poor season could ing, natural stock rehabilitation and the breeding of jeopardise a whole year’s output (Lequenne 1984). species for laboratories or aquaria. These potential prospects in marine resources are at present under- Recently, aquacultural experiments have also taken exploited, especially in tropical latitudes. Some place with coral reef fish caught in their natural small-scale farming activities represent, for the environment at the post-larvae stage (Dufour 2002; moment, only a small output in terms of tonnage, Durville 2002); that is, at their final stage of larval but they can nevertheless prove highly profitable. development, which, for most species, corresponds This, for example, is the case with ornamental fish to the stage when they migrate from the pelagic production, which can be a significant economic environment to the reef. These catches have been activity (Tauji 1996; Dufour 2002). made possible by the development of new tech- niques such as the crest net (Dufour 1992; Riclet Mastery of breeding techniques is not always nec- 1995) and light trap (Milicich 1992; Hendricks et al. essary and some aquacultural operations now use 2001). On Reunion Island, many specimens were young specimens caught at sea that are then trans- caught using these techniques during a study on ferred to farms (Deniel 1973; Rimmer 1998). In the the colonisation of the islands’ reef flats by fish Mediterranean, the Italians traditionally harvest post-larvae (Durville et al. 2002). Concurrently juvenile mullet, sea-bream and European seabass with that study, and in order to understand how in an area stretching from Turkey to Morocco, rear- well these coral reef fish might adapt to the ing them in the “valli” of the Adriatic (Barnabé requirements of fish farming at this particular stage 1. Université de La Reunion, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Marine, BP 7151, 15 avenue René Cassin, 97715 Saint-Denis Messag. 9, Reunion Island. Email: [email protected] 2. École Pratique des Hautes Études, ESA 8046 CNRS, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France 3. Association Réunionnaise pour le Développement de l’Aquaculture, ZI Les Sables, 97427 Etang-Salé, Reunion Island. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #11 – April 2003 19 of their development, a number of species were stantly replenished seawater (open circuit) was placed in captivity. directly pumped from the surrounding environ- ment at a rate of 5 to 10 renewals per day. A rudi- Materials and methods mentary filtering system using synthetic foam was installed. The water was constantly agitated by an Choice of species studied in captivity air supplier and diffuser. Natural light was used and did not exceed 500 lux. The bottoms of the The choice of species was guided by the results of tanks were partly siphoned off daily in order to the catches. Each time it was possible to catch more remove the bulk of the waste. The tanks were emp- than 30 specimens of the same species during a tied and cleaned every 28 days, after removing the given sampling period with the crest net, the fish fish. The high water renewal rate and the low were placed in the nursery tanks. This lower limit stocking density in the tanks were designed to cre- of 30 specimens was considered adequate to obtain ate an optimal environment for the fish. statistically valid results and corresponded to the number of fish liable to be caught over the same The feed had to meet many requirements, the most period and therefore theoretically of the same age. important of which were that the size of the pieces Twelve species representing eight different families should be suitable for the size of the fishes’ mouths were selected in this way (Table 1). and that the formula should cover the nutritional needs of the fish. Major research work has been car- The technical resources used in rearing ried out in recent years to develop artificial feeds for small specimens such as juvenile marine fish. The fish caught in this study were post-larval; that Whatever the food, whether natural or artificial, the is, specimens close to metamorphosis. At this stage requirements do not change greatly (Barnabé 1991): of development, they no longer have reserves and the fish need proteins, lipids, occasionally carbohy- feed in their immediate environment; their fins are drates, minerals, vitamins and growth factors formed and they swim actively (Leis and Trnski (Guillaume et al. 1999). Farmed specimens in this 1989). To rear them, we therefore chose conven- study, at the post-larval stage, were sufficiently tional techniques, similar to those used in intensive developed to accept artificial feeds (Barnabé 1988; hatchery rearing. The selected fish were placed in Foscarini 1988), but an acclimatisation stage called glass tanks with a net volume of 0.2 m3 (1.2 x 0.4 x “weaning” has proved necessary. During this transi- 0.5 m). The “load” at the beginning of the experi- tional phase of 7 to 10 days, which is not taken into ment, that is, the biomass in fresh weight per unit account in the growth data, fresh feeds based on liv- volume, varied from 2.5 to 1125 g m-3, depending ing nauplii of Artemia salinas and pieces of shrimp on the species. In order not to exceed a critical and fresh fish, readily absorbed and high in energy threshold, set at 1500 g m-3, the rearing of the big- (New 1986), were gradually replaced by an artificial ger specimens was done in rectangular polyester feed in the form of extruded pellets (Biomar brand), tanks of 2 m3 net volume (2 x 1 x 1.2 m). The con- specially formulated for young marine fish. Processing by dehydration and pressure at high temper- Ta b l e 1. Families, species, authors and adult diets (after Vivien 1973) of ature gives this feed better post-larvae captured from reef flats and studied in rearing digestibility and better tanks. Classification is based on taxonomy. assimilation. It is composed of proteins (52%), lipids (15%), ash (9%) and fibre Family Species Author Adult diet (1%), plus vitamins A (20,000 IU kg-1), D3 (2500 IU kg-1) Monodactylidae Monodactylus argenteus Linné 1758 Omnivorous and E (200 mg kg-1), and in Gerreidae Gerres acinaces Bleeker 1854 Carnivorous most cases covers the fishes’ Pomacentridae Stegastes nigricans Lacepède 1802 Omnivorous main food requirements. Pomacentridae Chromis viridis Cuvier 1830 Carnivorous Food was distributed by Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus Linné 1758 Carnivorous automatic dispensers on a Pomacentridae Chrysiptera glauca Cuvier 1830 Omnivorous non-stop basis over eight Labridae Stethojulis albovittata Bonnaterre 1788 Carnivorous hours, which improved feed- Scaridae Scarus sordidus Forsskål 1775 Herbivorous ing for the relatively undo- Mugilidae Valamugil cunnesius Valenciennes 1836 Omnivorous mesticated species whose Acanthuridae Zebrasoma desjardinii Bennet 1835 Herbivorous feeding behaviour is easily Acanthuridae Naso unicornis Forsskål 1775 Herbivorous disrupted. Also, the juvenile Balistidae Rhinecanthus aculeatus Linné 1758 Carnivorous fish, which have a very low absorption capacity and a 20 SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #11 – April 2003 rapid digestion, need constant feeding (Guillaume •Growth observed in captivity: At the beginning et al. 1999). of the rearing period (t0), after weaning, fish were individually weighed and measured in Inspection periods and monitoring of fish order to obtain their initial weight (fresh ungut- development ted weight, expressed in grams, called here W) and their initial length (standard length, The development period was seven periods of 28 expressed in mm, called here SL). Subsequently, days, thus a total of 196 days. In intensive aquacul- weights and lengths were measured every 28 ture, this period of approximately six months cor- days.
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