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THE ROAD to Immunotherapy When He Injects Bacteria Directly Into Inoperable Tumors IMMUNOTHERAPY to Stimulate an Immune Response That ▶ Tumor- 1956 Fights the Cancer

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THE ROAD to Immunotherapy When He Injects Bacteria Directly Into Inoperable Tumors IMMUNOTHERAPY to Stimulate an Immune Response That ▶ Tumor- 1956 Fights the Cancer 1890 ▶ Dr. Coley creates the first THE ROAD TO immunotherapy when he injects bacteria directly into inoperable tumors IMMUNOTHERAPY to stimulate an immune response that ▶ Tumor- 1956 fights the cancer. specific cell antigens are discovered. Dendritic cells are identified as HISTORY OF 1973 ▶ IMMUNOTHERAPY ▶ Bacillus Calmette- antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Guerin (BCG) is first 1978 Immunotherapy is a cancer treat- studied as a possible ment more than 100 years in the mak- treatment. 1984 ▶ Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer ing, beginning most notably with Dr. ▶ Interleukin-2 (IL-2) (formerly SBT) is founded. William B. Coley, who worked with is discovered. Results from IL-2 and lymphokine activated killer patients and other doctors to study 1985 ▶ how cancer tumors reacted to bac- ▶ The Extramural cell (LAK) therapy in various tumors are first reported. terial infections. He treated people IL-2/LAK Working Group ▶ Adoptive T-cell transfers are studied as a possible is formed with funding 1986 cancer treatment. with inoperable tumors by injecting from the National Cancer a combination of bacteria, which Institute to confirm results became known as Coley’s Toxins, of the high-dose IL-2/LAK 1988 ▶ First results for tumor-infiltrating directly into their tumors. His results cell regimen in the treatment of lymphocytes (TILs) therapy are reported. showed that this kind of treatment melanoma and renal cell cancer. shrank the tumors and sometimes ▶ Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) is approved to treat hairy cell even cured the patient. He believed BCG is approved for leukemia and follicular lymphoma. ▶ that the body’s increased response 1990 bladder cancer. to the bacteria also helped fight off 1991 ▶ First treatment with the cancer. genetically modified TIL. In the modern era, Dr. Donald ▶ Sargramostim (Leukine), a granulocyte macrophage-colony Morton was an early proponent of stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is approved ▶ High-dose IL-2 immunotherapy, particularly cancer to boost white blood cell counts. 1992 is approved to vaccines. His work with bacillus treat metastatic Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) is approved for Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for melanoma ▶ 1996 kidney cancer. led to the use — and eventual ap- the adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma. proval — of BCG for bladder cancer, the first successful immunotherapy ▶ IL-2 is approved to treat ▶ Denileukin diftitox against a human tumor. metastatic melanoma. 1998 1999 (Ontak), a fusion of IL-2 This timeline describes progress and diphtheria toxin, in the development of immunother- ▶ The first therapeutic cancer is approved to treat apy agents. These agents work by vaccine, sipuleucel-T (PROVENGE), 2010 certain lymphomas. altering the immune system, either is approved for advanced prostate ▶ Ipilimumab (Yervoy) is by stimulating the production of cancer. 2011 approved to treat advanced lymphocytes (a type of white blood melanoma. cell) or antibodies (special proteins) ▶ Several clinical studies of ▶ Peginterferon alfa-2b or by overcoming the ability of can- T-cell checkpoint inhibitors 2012 (Sylatron) is approved for cer cells to “hide” from the immune targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 adjuvant therapy of selected system and not be recognized as a demonstrate therapeutic activity patients with melanoma. foreign invader. (Some immunothera- in many types of cancers. The first phase III trial of oncolytic pies are monoclonal antibodies, but ▶ Aldesleukin (Proleukin), ▶ 2013 virus immunotherapy shows improve- they should not be confused with a human recombinant interleukin-2 product, is ment in the long-term response rate in monoclonal antibodies that directly patients with melanoma. attack cancer cells, a type of treat- approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma ▶ The combination of agents targeting ment known as targeted therapy.) and metastatic CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoints shows melanoma. activity against melanoma. 2014 ▶ Nivolumab (Opdivo), a PD-1 inhibitor, is approved for advanced melanoma. ▶ Elotuzumab (Empliciti), a SLAMF7-directed 2015 immunostimulatory antibody, is approved ▶ Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is the first PD-1 for multiple myeloma. inhibitor approved for advanced melanoma. ▶ The first biosimilar product, filgrastim-sndz (Zarxio), is approved to treat severe chronic neutropenia. ▶ Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) is the first PD-L1 inhibitor approved for previously treated locally advanced or Nivolumab (Opdivo) is the first checkpoint ▶ 2016 metastatic urothelial carcinoma (a type of bladder inhibitor approved for lung cancer and advanced cancer) and for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. non-small cell lung cancer. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is approved to ▶ Nivolumab (Opdivo), a PD-1 inhibitor, is approved for treat metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that ▶ classical Hodgkin lymphoma. has progressed after other treatments and with tumors that express a protein called PD-L1. ▶ Nivolumab (Opdivo), is approved for recurrent or meta- static squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic), a ▶ with disease progression. genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy is approved for the local treatment of ▶ Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is the first checkpoint unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous inhibitor approved as a first-line treatment for metastatic and nodal lesions in patients with melanoma. non-small cell lung cancer. ▶ Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is approved for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer with PatientResource.com disease progression. 7.
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