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Improved Sustainable Power Supply for Dagahabur and Kebridahar

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Improved Sustainable Power Supply for Dagahabur and Kebridahar Bizuayehu Tesfaye I Reykjavík Energy Graduate School of Sustainable Systems (REYST) combines the expertise of its partners: Reykjavík Energy, Reykjavík University and the University of Iceland. Objectives of REYST: Promote education and research in sustainable energy earth sciences REYST is an international graduate programme open for students holding BSc degrees in Improved Sustainable Power Supply engineering, earth sciences or business. for Dagahabur and Kebridahar Town REYST offers graduate level education with emphasis on practicality, innovation and Supply Power Sustainable mproved of Somalia Region in Ethiopia interdisciplinary thinking. REYST reports contain the master’s theses of REYST graduates who earn their degrees from the University of Iceland and Reykjavík University. Bizuayehu Tesfaye REYKJAVIK ENERGY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF REY SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS ST r epo rt 05-2011 REYST report 05-2011 ABSTRACT The oil price volatility, growing concerns of global warming, and depleting oil/gas reserves have made it inevitable to seek energy from renewable energy resources. Many nations are embarking on introduction of clean/ renewable energy for displacement of oil-produced energy. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV)–Wind/batter hybrid power generation system technology is an emerging energy option since it promises great deal of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. Ethiopia is developing country and as of 2009 the total population size estimated 84.9 million inhabitants. From the total population size, current figures indicated that only about 33% of the population is estimated to have access to electricity and the per capita energy consumption is 40.59kWh, which is the lowest in the world. Degehabur and Keberdahar towns are located Somalia region in Ethiopia and total population size is estimated 125,000. They could have access to electricity from conventional diesel generator and power supplied are only limited to six to eight hours per day. Somalia region of being enriched with higher level of solar radiation as well as a second class wind speeds are a prospective candidate for deployment of solar PV /wind hybrid systems. The aim of this study was to investigate alternative power supply options to replace the existing diesel-only power system for remotely located towns detached from the main electricity grid in Ethiopia with a hybrid PV–wind–battery power systems to meet energy consumption of commercial and residential building (with total annual electrical energy demand of 3,291,920 kWh) consumers. The monthly average daily solar global radiation for Kebridehar and Degehabur towns ranges from 5.5 to 7.03 kWh/m2/day and monthly average wind speed varies from 4.2 to 8.2 m/s. Two power supply options were identified. The first option was a hybrid (standalone Solar/wind/battery) system and the second option was to construct new transmission line from nearest substation to selected towns. The HOMER simulation program developed by the NREL has been used as the design tool for both options. From First option, the simulation results indicated that for a hybrid system composed of solar/wind/battery and battery storage of 48 h of autonomy has been selected. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kWh) from the above hybrid system was found 0.422 $/kWh and 0.441$/kWh for Kebri Dehar for Degehabur town respectively. But the diesel-only option in the existing arrangement, levelized cost of energy for Kebri Dehar and Degehabur are $0.564/kWh and $0.543/kWh respectively and if diesel remains at $1.0/liter. The costs of energy (COEs) of hybrid system would be lower than the COE of a diesel-only system. Though the optimum system configuration changes under different diesel price assumptions, the hybrid system remains most economically feasible solution than the existing arrangements (diesel-only), under all scenarios considered so the selected hybrid energy system with 100% renewable energy contribution eliminating the need for conventional diesel generator. The grid extension of energy cost for Kebri Dehar and Degehabur are 1.172 and 0.869 $/kWh for Kebri Dehar and Degehabur towns respectively. The grid connected option according to the given circumstances was found to be not economical feasible solution the power supplied for the two towns. Main Report Final Master Thesis Acknowledgements Primarily, I would like to give glory to God and the Virgin Mary without which the completion of this thesis would have been unthinkable. Next, I would like to thank Reykjavik Energy Graduate School of Sustainable Systems, REYST for offering me the scholarship to do my MSc study at this prestigious University. My deepest heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisors Assistant professor Kristinn Sigurjónsson for his generosity and kindness throughout the lifespan of my thesis work. The thesis would not have been accomplished without his readiness to help; his willingness for series of intensive discussions which brought about more valuable suggestions; and his supports are highly appreciated in this regard. I would like to extend my appreciation to The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to offer me free Homer optimization software to completion of this thesis. I dedicate my thesis to my beloved parent; to my mother Etenesh Worku and to my wife; Helina Tesfaye, my sources of inspiration and strength, who have dedicated their years supporting my study, that make me feel loved, proud and fortunate. Last but not least, I would like to thank some Ethiopian community live in Iceland, my friends and my classmate who stood always by my side. Main Report Final Master Thesis LIST OF NOMENCLATURE Ʉ௠௣ǡௌ்஼ The maximum power point efficiency under standard test conditions [%] ߙ௣ The temperature coefficient of power [%/°C] ܶ௖ǡௌ்஼ The cell temperature under standard test conditions [25°C] ܻ௉௏ The rated capacity of the PV array, meaning its power output under standard test conditions [kW] ݂௉௏ The PV derating factor [%] 2 ܩҧ் The solar radiation incident on the PV array in the current time step [kW/m ] 2 ܩҧ்ǡௌ்஼ The incident radiation at standard test conditions [1 kW/m ] ߙ௣ The temperature coefficient of power [%/°C] ܶ௖ PV cell temperature in the current time step [°C] ܶ௖ǡௌ்஼ The PV cell temperature under standard test conditions [25 °C] ܶ௖ǡேை஼் The nominal operating cell temperature [°C] ܶ௔ǡேை஼் The ambient temperature at which the NOCT is defined [20°C] 2 ܩ்ǡேை஼் The solar radiation at which the NOCT is defined [0.8 kW/m ] ߬ The solar transmittance of any cover over the PV array [%] ߙ The solar absorptance of the PV array [%] 2 ܩ் The solar radiation striking the PV array [kW/m ] Ʉ௖ The electrical conversion efficiency of the PV array [%] 2 ܩ் The coefficient of heat transfer to the surroundings [kW/m °C] ܶ௖ The PV cell temperature [°C] ܶ௔ The ambient temperature [°C] ܰ௕௔௧௧ Number of batteries in the battery bank ܸ௡௢௠ Nominal voltage of a single battery [V] ܳ௡௢௠ Nominal capacity of a single battery [Ah] ݍ௠௜௡ Minimum state of charge of the battery bank [%] ܮ௣௥௜௠ǡ௔௩௘ Average primary load [kWh/d] ܣ௕௔௧௧ The battery bank autonomy [°] ߠݖ The zenith angle ߠThe angle of incidence [°] Main Report Final Master Thesis ߛThe azimuth of the surface [°] [°] ׎The latitude ߜThe solar declination [°] ߱The hour angle [°] 2 Gon The extraterrestrial normal radiation [kW/m ] 2 Gsc The solar constant [1.367 kW/m ] ݊ The day of the year [a number between 1 and 365] 2 Go The extraterrestrial horizontal radiation [kW/m ] 2 Gon The extraterrestrial normal radiation [kW/m ]: 2 ܩതത௢ത The extraterrestrial horizontal radiation averaged over the time step [kW/m ] ߱ଵ The hour angle at the beginning of the time step [°] ߱ଶ The hour angle at the end of the time step [°] ܩҧ The global horizontal radiation on the earth's surface averaged over the time step [kW/m2] 2 ܩതത௢ത The extraterrestrial horizontal radiation averaged over the time step [kW/m ] 2 ܩҧb The beam radiation [kW/m ] 2 ܩҧd The diffuse radiation [kW/m ] ߚ The slope of the surface [°] ߩ௚ The ground reflectance, which is also, called the albedo [%] Ʉ௠௣ The efficiency of the PV array at its maximum power point [%] B Lapse rate [0.00650 K/m] z Altitude [m] R Gas constant [287 J/kgK] ܶ௢ Standard temperature [288.16 K] g gravitational acceleration [9.81 m/s2] ܲ௢ Standard pressure [101,325 Pa] ܼ௛௨௕ Hub height of the wind turbine [m] ܼ௔௡௘௠ The anemometer height [m] ܸெ௉ The most frequent wind speed ܸெெ௔௫ா The wind speed which carries the maximum amount of wind energy ܼ௢ The surface roughness length [m] [ݒሺܼ௛௨௕ሻ Wind speed at the hub height of the wind turbine [m/s Main Report Final Master Thesis ln (..) The natural logarithm ȡ The air density in kg/m3and is given as ȡ = 1.225 kg/m3. d Diurnal pattern strength (a number between 0 and 1) f hour of peak wind speed (an integer between 1 and 24) ത Mean wind speed of each month ܤோ The required battery bank capacity in (Ah) ܤ஼ The capacity of the selected battery in (Ah) ܤ௉ The number of batteries that needs to be in parallel. ܸே The DC system voltage (Volt) ܸ஻ The battery voltage (Volt) ܤௌ The number of battery that needs to be in series ܤோ The required battery bank capacity in (Ah) ܤ஼ The capacity of the selected battery in (Ah) ܤ௉ The number of batteries that needs to be in parallel. ܳ௟௜௙௘௧௜௠௘ The lifetime throughput of a single battery ܳ௧௛௥௣௧ The annual throughput (the total amount of energy that cycle through The battery bank in one year) ܴ௕௔௧௧ǡ௙ The float life of the battery (the maximum life regardless of throughput).
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