BOJNO POLJE ETIOPIJA David Orlović Jedna Od Rijetkih Preostalih Afričkih Država, Carevina Afrike Kojeg Nije Kolonizirala Neka Strana Sila

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BOJNO POLJE ETIOPIJA David Orlović Jedna Od Rijetkih Preostalih Afričkih Država, Carevina Afrike Kojeg Nije Kolonizirala Neka Strana Sila BOJNO POLJE ETIOPIJA David Orlović Jedna od rijetkih preostalih afričkih država, carevina Afrike kojeg nije kolonizirala neka strana sila. Etiopija Etiopija, postala je u razdoblju između dva svjetska rata je bila monarhija sa dugom tradicijom na čijem čelu se metom kolonijalnih ekspanzionističkih ciljeva fašističke od 1930. godine nalazio negus (car) Haile Selassie, a Italije. Koristeći superiornije naoružanje, Italija ju je u još 1923. pošlo joj je za rukom postati članicom Lige krvavome ratu tijekom 1935. i 1936. godine porazila i naroda. okupirala. Danas poprilično zaboravljeni - rat i okupacija Italija je od kraja XIX. st. imala interesa u tom područ- koja je uslijedila, bili su označeni masovnim ubojstvima i ju. Tada je zauzela Eritreju, obalni pojas uz Crveno more, ratnim zločinima širokih razmjera. sa lukama Asseb i Massawa. Italija je ovu koloniju uspostavila prvenstveno Godine 1922. u Italiji kralj Viktor radi prestiža, odnosno da uđe u „klub“ Emanuel III. dao je mladome fašistič- vodećih europskih sila koje su već kom pokretu i njegovom vođi Benitu posjedovale kolonije. Uskoro se uvi- Mussoliniju mandat za sastavljanje djelo da bi na štetu susjedne Etiopije vlade. Narednih godina Mussolini je Italija mogla proširiti svoje kolonijalne nizom dekreta i zakona učvrstio svoju posjede na obalama Crvenog mora. vlast te zabranom političke oporbe Taj prvi pokušaj osvajanja Etiopije uspostavio jednostranački totalitarni završio je ponižavajućim porazom u režim. Zaslugu za brzo jačanje fašisti bici kod Adowe (Adue) 1896. godine, duguju geopolitičkome stanju nakon jedinim porazom jedne europske sile Prvog svjetskog rata, u kojem je Italiji tijekom glavnoga vala kolonizacije za priključenje na stranu Antante Afrike. Svejedno, Italija je narednih Smjerovi napada, glavne bitke i zauzeća tajnim Londonskim ugovorom bila gradova tijekom Etiopskoga rata desetljeća nastavila Etiopiju smatrati obećana aneksija velikih područja na zonom svojeg utjecaja, neistraženom istočnoj obali Jadranskog mora. Kako to obećanje nije ali i bogatom sirovinama i rudama. Uz to, okružila ju je bilo u cijelosti ispunjeno, u Italiji se javlja nezadovoljstvo sa dvije strane: sa sjevera, iz Eritreje, i istoka, iz Tali- novonastalom situacijom, koja će biti nazivana „osa- janske Somalije. Također, 1911. Italija je ušla i u Libiju kaćenom pobjedom“ (vittoria mutilata).1 Ubrzo nakon u ratu protiv Osmanskog carstva, a njezinu je okupaciju dolaska na vlast, Benito Mussolini već postojeću želju za dovršila 1931., brutalnom represijom pobune lokalnoga teritorijalnim širenjem pojačava retorikom tipičnom za to- stanovništva. talitarne režime. Kako je njegov pokret (kasnije stranka) Dakle, sada je glavni motiv koji je Italiju nagnao na povezivala talijanski nacionalizam i tekovine antičkoga novo ratovanje u Africi bio ponovno prestižne, ali i ideo- rimskoga carstva, Mussolini je odlučno svoju vanjsku po- loške naravi. Kako je fašizam imao imperijalne sklonosti litiku usmjeravao ka osnutku novoga, moćnoga rimskog obnove slave i teritorija nekadašnjeg Rimskog carstva, carstva, te je smatrao cijelo Sredozemlje zonom talijan- i kako je Etiopija bila u stvari carstvo, osvajanjem iste skih interesa, upravo u duhu tradicije rimskog carstva. Mussolini je Italiji mogao dati „imperij“. Trebala se vlasti- Kao i Rimljani, nazivao ga je Mare Nostro, prema la- tome stanovništvu svijetu predstaviti navodna nadmoć tinskom Mare Nostrum, odnosno „Naše More“. Osim fašističke ideologije, te je bilo potrebno iskupiti Italiju od širenja na europskom teritoriju, Italija je mogla zapo- ponižavajućeg poraza kod Adowe, koja je do tada ostala četi svoje podizanje „novoga rimskog carstva“ širenjem ukorijenjena u talijanskoj kolektivnoj psihi. Ne treba za- svojih već postojećih kolonija na Rogu Afrike. nemariti i činjenicu da su jednoj diktaturi potrebni stalni uspjesi kako bi se sačuvala naklonost stanovništva, Etiopija - cilj ekspanzije odnosno ubrzao proces fašistizacije društva. Uz argu- mente ekonomske naravi koje je vlada nametala Talijani- Drevna afrička država Etiopija (ili Abesinija, kako je ma, bilo je i moralnih - kako će tobože Talijani „civilizirati“ tada bila nazivana) bila je tridesetih godina XX. stolje- barbarske Etiopljane. U tome se kontekstu spominjao i ća najbolji kandidat za širenje tog zamišljenog carstva. argument ukidanja ropstva (Farrell, 2008: 288). Većina afričkog kontinenta nalazila se pod vlašću drugih kolonijalnih sila, pa je bilo kakav pokušaj zauzimanja Prema ratu nečijih kolonija mogao izazvati rat na koji Italija nije bila spremna. Etiopija je, uz Liberiju, bila posljednji dio Unatoč potpisivanju ugovora o međusobnome prija- teljstvu između Italije i Etiopije 2. kolovoza 1928., fašisti 1 U Londonu su od austro-ugarskih područja Italiji bila obećana nastavljaju sa svojim subverzivnim planovima u rušenju slijedeća područja: Trento i Trst, južni Tirol, Istra, te veći dio Dalmacije. Sporazumom u Rapallu između Kraljevine Italije i SHS iz Haile Selassiea i rasparčavanju njegova carstva (Del 1921. Italiji je pripao sav teritorij zapadno od Rijeke, neki kvarnerski Boca, 2010: 77-78). Već 1932., smatrajući kako taj spo- otoci, Zadar, te otoci Lastovo i Palagruža. Tim je dobitcima pridodana razum „nije polučio nikakvoga pozitivnog ploda“, sastav- i Rijeka 1924. Veliko područje Dalmacije koje joj je bilo obećano, ljen je tzv. „Izvještaj o Etiopiji“ (Relazione sull’Etiopia), Italija nije dobila (Povijest 16, 2007: 61). 69 ESSEHIST OSIJEK 2012. koji predlaže kolonijalno širenje u Etiopiji. Mussolini sfere pojedinih europskih zemalja. Također, ne smijemo svojim generalima nakon izdavanja ovoga dokumen- zaboraviti da su sve europske kolonijalne sile uglav- ta naređuje provođenje priprema za nom putem vojne agresije došle do vojno osvajanje Etiopije. Glavni akter svojih afričkih posjeda.Mussolinijeva u budućem ratu trebao je imati tada u se diplomatska inicijativa poklopila s šezdesetim godinama starosti general tajnim pripremama za invaziju koji su Emilio de Bono, fašist dalla prima ora trajali kroz cijelu 1935. godinu (Farrell, i kvadrumvir2, što bi dozvolilo tom ratu 2008: 291). On je bio siguran da Liga da bude pravi fašistički vojni pohod i naroda, kojom su dominirale Velika prikaz moći. Britanija i Francuska, neće djelovati Italiji je još samo bio potreban u slučaju talijanskog napada na Etio- povod za invaziju. Incident kod mjesta piju, kao što uostalom to nije učinila Wal Wal na neoznačenoj graničnoj u slučaju neobjavljenog rata kojeg Glavni talijanski zapovjednik Pietro Badoglio liniji između Etiopije i Talijanske So- u Etiopiji (desno, s dalekozorom) je 1931. pokrenuo Japan protiv Kine malije je bio dobrodošao. Riječ je o (Farrell, 2008: 291). mjestu u Ogadenskoj pustinji prepunim izvorima koje su koristili lokalni nomadi. Te su izvore zauzele tali- Naoružanje suprotstavljenih vojski janske jedinice, a Haile Selassie je ispravno istaknuo da su oni zapravo bili na etiopskom teritoriju. Sukob Pred etiopski rat, među dvije vojske postojao je veliki sa talijanskim snagama od tog trenutka postao je nei- disparitet. Talijani i njihovi kolonijalni vojnici askari- zbježan. I doista, do sukoba u kojem je stradalo preko ji (unovačeni domaći stanovnici Libije i Istočne Afrike) 100 ljudi je došlo 5. prosinca 1934. Incident je poslu- imali su na raspolaganju, osim pušaka, i mitraljeze i žio Mussoliniju da pojača anti-etiopsku propagandu u topništvo. Pomoć u napredovanju mogli su im pružiti Italiji i diplomatsku inicijativu izvan nje, te da odgovori motorizirane (celere) divizije sa svojim kamionima i oklo- veoma neugodnim ultimatumom etiopskom negusu, koji pnim automobilima Lancia 17 tip 2 , te oklopne divizije je uključivao novčanu odštetu i priznavanje talijanskog sa tanketama Fiat-Ansaldo. Dakako, tu je bilo i Kraljev- suvereniteta nad spornim područjem. U me- sko ratno zrakoplovstvo Italije (Regia aerona- đuvremenu, negus se požalio pri Ligi naroda, utica) sa lovcima tipa Ro.1 i bombarderima tražeći poštivanje njezinih načela. Etiopljani tipa Caproni Ca.101, sposobnima nositi teret su bili posebno ogorčeni činjenicom da se u bombi od ukupno 500 kg. Mračnu stranu tali- ovom slučaju Liga naroda nije držala svog janskog arsenala činilo je oružje za masovno načela da se napad na jednog člana smatra uništenje, koje je Ženevska konvencija iz napadom na sve članove Lige. Britanci su 1925., potpisanom i od Italije 1928. godine, neuspješno pokušali posredovati u prego- zabranila kao oružje prvog udara. Italija je u vorima. Francuzi su pak, u strahu da bi se svoje kolonije pred Etiopski rat poslala velike Italija mogla približiti Hitleru, sklopili niz spo- količine kemijskih sredstava: agresivno-za- razuma sa Mussolinijem kojima su zabranili gušljivi plin fozgen, suzavac, i plikavce (iperit, uvoz oružja u Etiopiju kroz svoju koloniju u arsin, levisit) (Del Boca, 2010: 93). Džibutiju. Štoviše, Francuzi su bili spremni S druge strane, etiopska vojska nije podržati pomicanje granica na Rogu Afrike u mogla odgovoriti napadima kemijskim korist Italije (Adejumobi, 2007: 72). Francusku Etiopski car Haile oružjem, nije posjedovala ratno zrakoplov- Selassie I. pozira s 3 i Italiju je približilo zajedničko protivljenje Hitle- neeksplodiranim stvo , oklopna vozila, a ono malo topova koje rovoj aneksiji Austrije. Do značajnog pomaka u talijanskim bombama je posjedovala datiralo je u većoj mjeri još s odnosima Italije i zapadnih saveznika dogodio kraja 19. stoljeća. Pretpostavlja se je 100,000 se na sastanku u talijanskome mjestu Stresi između 11. ljudi bilo moguće okupiti za potrebe obrane
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