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Mekelle University Mekelle University Evaluation of estrous respose and fertility in ewes with and with out flushing and mated to Begait rams under tradional management in Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia by Shambel Gdey A Thesis Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Livestock Production and Pastoral Development Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Science College of Dry land Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Ethiopia Major advisor: Kahsa Tadele Gebre (Ph.D) Co–advisor: Yaynshet Tesfay (Ph.D) June, 2017 Mekelle, Ethiopia i MEKELLE UNIVERSITY Evaluation of estrus response and fertility in ewes with and with out flushing and mated to Begait rams under traditional management in Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia By Shambel Gdey A Thesis Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Livestock Production and Pastoral Development Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Science College of Dry land Agriculture and Natural Resources, MekelleUniversity, Ethiopia Main Advisor: kahsa Tadele Gebre (Ph.D) Co-advisor: Yayneshet Tesfay (Ph.D) June, 2017 i Declaration I, Shambel Gdey Bru here by present for consideration by the Animal Rangelands and Wildlife Sciences Department within the College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources at Mekelle University, my dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters in Evaluation of estrus response and fertility in ewes with and with out flushing and mated to Begait rams under traditional management I sincerely declare that this thesis is the product of my own efforts. No other person has published a similar study which I might have copied, and at no stage will this be published without my consent and that of the = Animal Rangelands and Wildlife Sciences = Department. Name of the student Shambel Gdey Signature & date ____________________ Thesis Approval Name of main advisor: Kahsa Tadel (PhD ) Signature & date______________ Name of co-advisor: Yaynshet Tesfay (PhD) Signature & date ______________ Name of internal examiner: Tikabo G/mariam (A.Prof) Signature & date______________ Name of external examiner: zelaalem Tesfay (PhD) Signature & date_____________ Name of PG coordinator: Gebremedhin Beyene (MSc) Signature & date _____________ Name of Department head:Mebrahtom Nigusse (MSc) Signature & date _____________ Name of College CRCS:Mehammed Tilahun (MSc) Signature & date _____________ ii Acknowledgments . First and foremost, I would like to extend my heart-felt thanks to the Almighty God for providing me with the opportunity of joining this program and for enabling me to conduct this Study. I convey my deepest thanks to my main advisor Kahsa Tadele Gebre (PhD, Assistance Professor) for giving me constructive pieces of advice and guidance starting from the proposal and write-up of the thesis. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr.Yayneshet Tesfay for his constructive and genuine comments and advices and guidance starting from the proposal writing to the completion of the research work. My heartfelt thank goes to the International Livestock Research Institution- LIVES project of Ethiopia for jointly sponsoring to my Msc. Study. I am gratefully to the staff of Mekelle University and department of Animal Rangelands and Wildlife Sciences for administrativeand logistic support during my study. My thanks also go to the OoARD and all livestock experts, development agents. My several friends, colleagues and family, too many to list here, were behind my effort and God bless you all! . iii Dedication This work is dedicated to my late father, Ato Gdey Bru and to my beloved family. iv BIOGRAPHY The author was born on May 17,1975 E.C in Gulomekada woreda, Eastern Tigray,Ethiopia. He completed high school education at zalembesa secondary school in 1991E.C.in 1996,joined Jimma Universsity college of agriculture and veterinary medicen and completed BSc in Animal Production and Health in 1998 E.C. he was employed in 1999 by Beauro of agirultural and rural developments and works as woreda livestock expert for three years in Degua Temben , expert of early warning for two year in Ganta Afeshum worada, expert of livestock production for five year in Gant Afeshum woreda.in 2006E.C,he joined Mekelle University College of Dry land Agriculture and Natural Resources,Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Science post graduate studies for his Msc.degree of summer program in livestockproduction and pastoral development. v Table of Contents Declaration................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments . .................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... iv Abbreviation and Symbols ........................................................................................................................ ix Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ xi Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter one: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Back grounds and justifications .................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Objectives of the study ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3.2. Specific objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Research questions ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.5.Hypothesis of the study ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Significance of the study ................................................................................................................... 6 1.7. Structure of the thesis ......................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter two: Literature reviews ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Sheep production in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1. 1.Sheep production system in Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 8 2.1. 2. Sheep breed in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Socio - economic importance of sheep ............................................................................................ 10 2.3. Production and reproduction performance of sheep ........................................................................ 11 2.3.1.Puberty ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2. Performance of local sheep ....................................................................................................... 12 2.4. Opportunities and challenges of sheep production .......................................................................... 14 2.4.1. Opportunities to enhance sheep production .............................................................................. 14 2.4.2. Challenges to enhance sheep production .................................................................................. 16 2.5. Reproductive technologies to enhance reproductive performance .................................................. 19 vi 2.5.1. Estrus cycle in sheep ................................................................................................................ 19 2.5.2. Methods of estrus synchronization on sheep ............................................................................ 20 2.5.3. Effectiveness of estrous synchronization on sheep reproduction .............................................. 24 Chapter three: Materials and methods ................................................................................................... 26 3.1. Study area description ................................................................................................................. 26 3.1.1. Ganta-Afeshum Woreda .........................................................................................................
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