DOCSLIB.ORG

U.S./H.K Relationship

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
U.S./H.K Relationship Hawaiian FOCUS ON History http://www.HawaiianKingdom.org The Relationship between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States of America by David Keanu Sai The United States of America was the first to rec- and undoubted right to travel and to reside in the ognize Hawaiian independence on December 19th, states of the two high contracting parties, subject to 1842. Seven years later on December 20th, a Treaty the same precaution a police which are practiced of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation was signed towards the subjects or citizens of the most favoured and ratified by both countries. The treaty came into nations…and each of the two contracting parties effect on August 24th, 1850. Since then, four con- engage that the citizens or subjects of the other resid- ventions were entered into concerning trade and ing in their respective States shall enjoy their proper- commerce, money orders and postal agreements. ty and personal security, in as full and ample manner The 1849 treaty provides the initial recognition of their own citizens or subjects, of the subjects or between the two states of the characteristics of its citizens of the most favoured nation, but subject sovereignty and equality. Professor Ian Brownlie, always to the laws and statutes of the two countries QC, an expert on public international law, states respectively.” (emphasis added). Article VIII, 1849 these characteristics to be (1) jurisdiction, prima Treaty. facie exclusive, over a territory and the permanent (3) The dependence of obligations arising from population living there; (2) a duty of non-interven- customary law and treaties on the consent of the tion in the area of exclu- obligor. The United States of sive jurisdiction of other (a) “Any citizen or subject of either party America was the first states; and (3) the depen- infringing the articles of this treaty shall be held to recognize Hawaiian dence of obligations aris- responsible for the same and the harmony and good ing from customary law correspondence between the two governments shall independence on and treaties on the consent not be interrupted thereby, each party engaging in no December 19th, 1842. of the obligor. way to protect the offender or sanction such viola- (1) Jurisdiction, prima tion.” Article XVI, 1849 Treaty. facie exclusive, over a territory and the permanent The Hawaiian Kingdom population living there. also had consular relations The Hawaiian (a) “There shall be perpetual peace and with the United States by Kingdom also had amity between the United States and the King of the having a diplomatic lega- consular relations Hawaiian Islands, his heirs and his successors.” tion at Washington, D.C., with the United States Article I, 1849 Treaty. and Consul-Generals in by having a (b) “…and each of the two contracting par- New York and San Diplomatic Legation at ties engage that the citizens or subjects of the other Francisco. The United Washington, D.C., and residing in their respective States shall enjoy their States, in turn, also had a property and personal security, in as full and ample diplomatic legation at Consul-Generals in manner of their own citizens or subjects, of the sub- Honolulu as well as a New York and San jects or citizens of the most favoured nation, but sub- Consul General. Francisco. ject always, to the laws and statutes of the two coun- On January 16, 1893, tries respectively.” Article VIII, 1849 Treaty. United States diplomatic and military personnel con- (2) A duty of non-intervention in the area of exclu- spired with a small group of individuals to overthrow sive jurisdiction of other states. the constitutional government of the Hawaiian (a) “The contracting parties engage, in Kingdom and prepared to provide for annexation of regard to the personal privileges, that the citizens of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States of the United States of America shall enjoy in the America, under a treaty of annexation submitted to dominion of His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian the United States Senate on February 15, 1893. Islands, and the subjects of his said Majesty in the Newly elected U.S. President Grover Cleveland, hav- United States of America, that they shall have free ing received notice that the cause of the so-called The Violation of International Law 2 revolution derived from intervention by U.S. diplo- correspondence dated October 18th, 1893, to newly matic and military personnel, withdrew the treaty of commissioned U.S. Minister Albert Willis, assigned annexation and appointed James H. Blount, as to the U.S. Legation in the Hawaiian Islands, Special Commissioner, to investigate the terms of the Secretary of State Gresham gave the following direc- so-called revolution and to report his findings. tive. On July 17, 1893, Special Commissioner James “On your arrival at Honolulu you will take advan- Blount reported accurately and fully upon the cir- tage of an early opportunity to inform the Queen of cumstances of the so-called revolution to U.S. this determination, making known to her the Secretary of State Walter Gresham. Secretary of President’s sincere regret that the reprehensible con- State Gresham then advised President Cleveland that duct of the American minister and the unauthorized “The provisional government was established by presence on land of a military force of the United the action of the American minister and the presence States obliged her to surrender her sovereignty, for of the troops landed from the Boston, and its contin- the time being, and rely on the justice of this ued existence is due to the belief of the Hawaiians Government to undo the flagrant wrong. that if they made an effort to overthrow it, they You will, however, at the same time inform the would encounter the armed forces of the United Queen that, when reinstated, the President expects States. that she will pursue a magnanimous course by granti- The Government of Hawaii surrendered its authori- ng full amnesty to all who participated in the move- ty under a threat of war, until such time only as the ment against her, including persons who are, or have Government of the United States, upon the facts been, officially or otherwise, connected with the being presented to it, should reinstate the constitu- Provisional Government, depriving them of no right tional sovereign, and the Provisional Government or privilege which they enjoyed before the so-called was created “to exist until terms of union with the revolution. All obligations created by the Provisional United States of America have been negotiated and Government in due course of administration should agreed upon.” A careful be assumed. "Can the United consideration of the fact Having secured the Queen’s agreement to pursue States consistently will, I think, convince you this wise and humane policy, which it is believed you insist that other that the treaty which was will speedily obtain, you will then advise the execu- withdrawn from the Senate tive of the Provisional Government and his ministers nations shall respect for further consideration of the President’s determination of the question the independence of should not be resubmitted which their action and that of the Queen devolved Hawaii while not for its action thereon. upon him, and that they are expected to promptly respecting it them- Should not the great relinquish to her constitutional authority.” selves? Our wrong done to a feeble but On December 20, 1893, U.S. Minister Albert Willis Government was the independent State by an notified Secretary of State Gresham of the Queen’s first to recognize the abuse of the authority of the acquiescence to the conditions of reinstatement dated independence of the United States be undone by December 18, 1893, which read, in part, Islands and it should restoring the legitimate “I, Lili’uokalani, in recognition of the high sense of be the last to acquire government? Anything justice which has actuated the President of the United short of that will not, I States, and desiring to put aside all feelings of per- sovereignty over them respectfully submit, satisfy sonal hatred or revenge and to do what is best for all by force and fraud." the demands of justice. the people of these Islands, both native and foreign U.S. Secretary of State Can the United States born, do hereby and herein solemnly and pledge Walter Gresham. consistently insist that other myself that, if reinstated as the constitutional sover- nations shall respect the eign of the Hawaiian Islands, that I will immediately independence of Hawaii while not respecting it them- proclaim and declare, unconditionally and without selves? Our Government was the first to recognize reservation, to every person who directly or indirect- the independence of the Islands and it should be the ly participated in the revolution of January 17, 1893, last to acquire sovereignty over them by force and a full pardon and amnesty for their offenses, with fraud.” restoration of all rights, privileges, and immunities From this advise the President deemed it proper not under the constitution and the laws which have been to resubmit the so-called treaty of annexation to the made in pursuance thereof, and that I will forbid and U.S. Senate and initiated certain steps to reinstate the prevent the adoption of any measures of proscription Hawaiian Kingdom government. In a diplomatic or punishment for what has been done in the past by Understanding the Situation 3 those setting up or supporting the Provisional representing the Hawaiian people, but all treaties Government.” made by those sovereigns with other and friendly For more political reasons than legal obligations, powers, and it is thereby in violation of international the United States fails to follow through in its com- law.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Congressional -Reoord-Senate.' 6689
    1898.· CONGRESSIONAL -REOORD-SENATE.' 6689 Also, a bill (H. R.10888) to authorize the raising of 40,000 colored SENATE. troops-to the Committee on Military Affairs. By Mr. ALDRICH: A bill (H. R. 10889) to punish offenses WEDNESDAY, July 6, 1898. against the elective franchise-to the Committee on Election of The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. President, Vice-President, and Representatives in Congress. Prayer by Rev. E. L. WATSON, of the city of Washington. By Mr. SKINNER: A bill (H. R. 10902) to provide for the On motion of Mr. WOLCOTT, and by unanimous consent, the authorization of a regiment of volunteer mounted infantry-to reading of the Journal of yesterday's proceedings was dispensed the Committee on Military Affairs. with. By Mr. BERRY: A joint resolution (H. Res. 293) tendering the REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. thanks of Congress to Commodore Schley, United States Navy, • and the officers and men under his command-to the Committee Mr. FAIRBANKS, from the Committee on Claims, to whom on Naval Affairs. was referred the bill (S. 1612) for the relief of the heirs of Henry By Mr. ROBERTSON of Louisiana: A memorial of the legisla­ Leef, deceased, owner of the bark Ma1·y Teresa, illegally seized ture of the State of Louisiana, concerning the improvement of by Alexander H. Tyler, consul of the United States at Bahia, Bayou Courtableau, in that State-to the Committee on Rivers Brazil, submitted an adverse report thereon, which was agreed and Harbors. to; and the bill was postponed indefinitely. Mr. CHILTON, from the Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERICA's ANNEXATION of HAWAII by BECKY L. BRUCE
    A LUSCIOUS FRUIT: AMERICA’S ANNEXATION OF HAWAII by BECKY L. BRUCE HOWARD JONES, COMMITTEE CHAIR JOSEPH A. FRY KARI FREDERICKSON LISA LIDQUIST-DORR STEVEN BUNKER A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2012 Copyright Becky L. Bruce 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This dissertation argues that the annexation of Hawaii was not the result of an aggressive move by the United States to gain coaling stations or foreign markets, nor was it a means of preempting other foreign nations from acquiring the island or mending a psychic wound in the United States. Rather, the acquisition was the result of a seventy-year relationship brokered by Americans living on the islands and entered into by two nations attempting to find their place in the international system. Foreign policy decisions by both nations led to an increasingly dependent relationship linking Hawaii’s stability to the U.S. economy and the United States’ world power status to its access to Hawaiian ports. Analysis of this seventy-year relationship changed over time as the two nations evolved within the world system. In an attempt to maintain independence, the Hawaiian monarchy had introduced a westernized political and economic system to the islands to gain international recognition as a nation-state. This new system created a highly partisan atmosphere between natives and foreign residents who overthrew the monarchy to preserve their personal status against a rising native political challenge. These men then applied for annexation to the United States, forcing Washington to confront the final obstacle in its rise to first-tier status: its own reluctance to assume the burdens and responsibilities of an imperial policy abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fantastic Life of Walter Murray Gibson Walter Murray Gibson the Fantastic Life of Walter Murray Gibson HAWAII’S MINISTER of EVERYTHING
    The Fantastic Life of Walter Murray Gibson Walter Murray Gibson The Fantastic Life of Walter Murray Gibson HAWAII’S MINISTER OF EVERYTHING JACOB ADLER and ROBERT M. KAMINS Open Access edition funded by the National En- dowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non- commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/li- censes/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Creative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copy- righted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824883669 (PDF) 9780824883676 (EPUB) This version created: 5 September, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1986 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED For Thelma C. Adler and Shirley R. Kamins In Phaethon’s Chariot … HAETHON, mortal child of the Sun God, was not believed by his Pcompanions when he boasted of his supernal origin. He en- treated Helios to acknowledge him by allowing him to drive the fiery chariot of the Sun across the sky. Against his better judg- ment, the father was persuaded. The boy proudly mounted the solar car, grasped the reins, and set the mighty horses leaping up into the eastern heavens. For a few ecstatic moments Phaethon was the Lord of the Sky.
    [Show full text]
  • A Murder, a Trial, a Hanging: the Kapea Case of 1897–1898
    esther k. arinaga & caroline a. garrett A Murder, a Trial, a Hanging: The Kapea Case of 1897–1898 Kapea was a 20 year-old Hawaiian man executed by hanging for the murder of Dr. Jared K. Smith of Köloa, Kaua‘i.1 Kapea’s 1897–98 arrest, trial, and execution in the fi nal years of the Republic of Hawai‘i illustrates legal, political, and cultural dynamics which found expres- sion in Hawai‘i’s courts during the critical years preceding Hawai‘i’s annexation to the United States. In 1874 David Kaläkaua succeeded Lunalilo as monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Aware that Native Hawaiians were increasingly dispossessed of their land and were further disenfranchised as disease drastically diminished their numbers, Kaläkaua set out to have his cabinet and legislature controlled by Native Hawaiians. Inevitably, he clashed with the white population, primarily missionary descendants. A duel ensued between a “willful Hawaiian King and a headstrong white opposition.” This was a new “band of righteous men,” who like earlier missionaries, felt it was their moral duty, the white man’s des- tiny, and in their own self-interest to govern and save the natives.2 In 1887 Kaläkaua’s reign began its swift descent. A new constitu- tion, forced upon the King at “bayonet” point, brought changes in Esther Kwon Arinaga is a retired public interest lawyer and has published essays on early women lawyers of Hawai‘i and Korean immigration to the United States. Caroline Axtell Garrett, retired from 40 years in higher education in Hawai‘i, has been publishing poems, essays, and articles since 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts Necessary to Understanding the Hawaiian
    FACTS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE HAWAIIAN SITUATION David Keanu Sai, Ph.D. June 11, 2019 Fundamental to deciphering the Hawaiian situation is to discern between a state of peace and a state of war. This bifurcation provides the proper context by which certain rules of international law would or would not apply. The laws of war—jus in bello, otherwise known today as international humanitarian law, are not applicable in a state of peace. Inherent in the rules of jus in bello is the co-existence of two legal orders, being that of the occupying State and that of the occupied State. As an occupied State, the continuity of the Hawaiian Kingdom has been maintained for the past 126 years by the positive rules of international law, notwithstanding the absence of effectiveness, which is required during a state of peace.1 The failure of the United States to comply with international humanitarian law, for over a century, has created a humanitarian crisis of unimaginable proportions where war crimes have since risen to a level of jus cogens. At the same time, the obligations have erga omnes characteristics— flowing to all States. The international community’s failure to intercede, as a matter of obligatio erga omnes, is explained by the United States deceptive portrayal of Hawai‘i as an incorporated territory. As an international wrongful act, States have an obligation to not “recognize as lawful a situation created by a serious breach … nor render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation,”2 and States “shall cooperate to bring to an end through lawful means any serious breach [by a State of an obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law].”3 The gravity of the Hawaiian situation has been heightened by North Korea’s announcement that “all of its strategic rocket and long range artillery units ‘are assigned to strike bases of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Board of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawai'i in the Matter Of
    1 BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES STATE OF HAWAI’I IN THE MATTER OF ) CASE No. BLNR-CC-16-002 Contested Case Hearing ) Re Conservation District Use ) WRITTEN DIRECT TESTIMONY Application (CDUA) HA -33568 ) OF WILLIAMSON B. C. CHANG for the Thirty Meter Telescope ) AS TO APPLICANT'S LACK OF at the Mauna Kea Science Reserve , ) TITLE TO THE SUMMIT Ka'ohe Mauka, Hamakua, ) OF MAUNA KEA AND THE LACK OF Hawai'i, TMK (3) 4-4-015:009) ) TERRITORIAL SUBJECT MATTER ) JURISDICTION OF THE BOARD OF ) LAND NATURAL RESOURCES TO ) ISSUE THE PERMIT ) CONTESTED CASE HEARING ) DATE: October 18, 2016 ) TIME: 9:00 a.m. ) HEARING OFFICER: Hon. ) Riki May Amano (Ret.) ) ____________________________________) WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF WILLIAMSON CHANG I. The Critical Preliminary Issue is Whether or not the State, by its Board of Land and Natural Resources has Territorial Subject Matter Jurisdiction1 There are two preliminary issues that must be resolved. Although such issues are not 1 See Chang, Darkness over Hawai’i: Annexation Myth Greatest Obstacle to Progress," 16 Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal 70 at pages 94 -102. (2016) http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2015/09/APLPJ_16_2_Chang.pdf [Last checked April 8, 2016 750pm] Received Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands 2016 Oct 16 11:07 am Depatement of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawaii 2 listed in the Amended Notice of Contested Case Hearing, See Order of Hearings Officer Hon. Judge Riki May Amano, (Ret.), October 5, 2016. Such issues are always in issue in any legal proceeding, whether a judicial or administrative proceeding of this nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Liminal Encounters and the Missionary Position: New England's Sexual Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778-1840
    University of Southern Maine USM Digital Commons All Theses & Dissertations Student Scholarship 2014 Liminal Encounters and the Missionary Position: New England's Sexual Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778-1840 Anatole Brown MA University of Southern Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/etd Part of the Other American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Anatole MA, "Liminal Encounters and the Missionary Position: New England's Sexual Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778-1840" (2014). All Theses & Dissertations. 62. https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/etd/62 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at USM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIMINAL ENCOUNTERS AND THE MISSIONARY POSITION: NEW ENGLAND’S SEXUAL COLONIZATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 1778–1840 ________________________ A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF THE ARTS THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE AMERICAN AND NEW ENGLAND STUDIES BY ANATOLE BROWN _____________ 2014 FINAL APPROVAL FORM THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE AMERICAN AND NEW ENGLAND STUDIES June 20, 2014 We hereby recommend the thesis of Anatole Brown entitled “Liminal Encounters and the Missionary Position: New England’s Sexual Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778 – 1840” Be accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Professor Ardis Cameron (Advisor) Professor Kent Ryden (Reader) Accepted Dean, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been churning in my head in various forms since I started the American and New England Studies Masters program at The University of Southern Maine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 May 23, 2016 David Keanu Sai, Ph.D.* 1.1. This Report Is Provided
    WAR CRIMES REPORT: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS May 23, 2016 David Keanu Sai, Ph.D.* 1. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1.1. This Report is provided as an addendum to the Hawaiian Complaint submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Council, by email, on May 23, 2016, in accordance with article IV—Complaint Procedure of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1, in order for the Council to be seized of the situation in the Hawaiian Islands of consistent patterns of gross and reliably attested violations of humanitarian law, human rights law and fundamental freedoms. Additionally, paragraph 2 of the annex provides that “given the complementary and mutually interrelated nature of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, the review shall take into account applicable international humanitarian law.” 1.2. These violations of humanitarian law and human rights law arise out of the prolonged and illegal occupation of the entire territory of the Hawaiian Kingdom by the United States of America (United States) since the Spanish- American War on August 12, 1898, and the failure on the part of the United States to establish a direct system of administering the laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the occupation. The United States disguised its occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom as if a treaty of cession acquired the Hawaiian Islands and thereby extinguished the Hawaiian Kingdom as an independent and sovereign State. There is no treaty. 1.3. For the past 123 years, the United States has committed a serious international wrongful act and deliberately misled the international community that the Hawaiian Islands had been incorporated into the territory of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • BOARD of LAND and NATURAL RESOURCES F~Ecj:"L V :-- O OFFICE of CONS.ERVATION STATE of HAWAI'i and Cur\STA L LANDS
    BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES F~ECj:"l v :-- o OFFICE OF CONS.ERVATION STATE OF HAWAI'I AND CUr\STA L LANDS Contested Case Hearing Re Conservation BLNR Contested Case H}~j~_Jpl I 3 p 2: 18 District Use Application (CDUA) HA-3568 Document title: Maelani~,..T ,- := . ~-' .•..1. LAND& for the Thirty Meter Telescope at the Mauna M otiOn ~J\'!..e~;30U RC £ S Kea Science Reserve, Ka'ohe Mauka, CertificateSJ~'Sef;;ia bl WAII Hamakua, Hawai'i, TMK (3) 4-4-015:009 MOTION TO INTERVENE The Congressional Record shows there was No Treaty of Session, it failed in 1893 and 1897. Kingdom ofHawai'i was never at war with the United States. The U.S. invaded the Neutral Kingdom ofHawai'i on January 17, 1893, under the U.S.S. Boston, committing an Act of War against the World recognized Neutral Kingdom ofHawai'i. This is still Piracy & Treason under the 9th Article of Confederation of 1777 and Article 1 section 8 of the 1791 U.S. Constitution, a 123 year old WAR CRIME. The United States has not been SANCTIONED or CHARGED. Take Judicial Notice: A Joint Resolution is a United States Domestic Law, confined only to the boundaries within the United States, not outside the United States like the Islands ofHawai'i. This is a Congressional Fact. The Only Fact that cannot be disputed is that the Hawaiian Islands is not part of the United States under the April30, 1900 Organic Act Section Two of all the LAWS for the TERRITORY OF HAWAll.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Annexation of Hawaii
    Treaty of Annexation of Hawaii Negotiated in 1897 (Never ratified by the United States) The United States and the Republic of Hawaii, in view of the natural dependence of the Hawaiian Islands upon the United States, of their geographical proximity thereto, of the preponderant share acquired by the United States and its citizens in the industries and trade of said islands and of the expressed desire of the government of the Republic of Hawaii that those islands should be incorporated into the United States as an integral part thereof and under its sovereignty, have determined to accomplish by treaty an object so important to their mutual and permanent welfare. To this end the high contracting parties have conferred full powers and authority upon their respectively appointed plenipotentiaries, to-wit: The President of the United States, John Sherman, Secretary of Sate of the United States. The President of the Republic of Hawaii, Francis March Hatch, Lorrin A. Thurston, and William A. Kinney. ARTICLE I. The Republic of Hawaii hereby cedes absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies; and it is agreed that all territory of and appertaining to the Republic of Hawaii is hereby annexed to the United States of America under the name of the Territory of Hawaii. ARTICLE II. The Republic of Hawaii also cedes and hereby transfers to the United States the absolute fee and ownership of all public, government or crown lands, public buildings, or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipments, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining.
    [Show full text]
  • Center for Hawaiian Sovereignty Studies 46-255 Kahuhipa St. Suite 1205 Kane'ohe, HI 96744 (808) 247-7942 Kenneth R
    Center for Hawaiian Sovereignty Studies 46-255 Kahuhipa St. Suite 1205 Kane'ohe, HI 96744 (808) 247-7942 Kenneth R. Conklin, Ph.D. Executive Director e-mail [email protected] Unity, Equality, Aloha for all To: HOUSE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION For hearing Thursday, March 18, 2021 Re: HCR179, HR148 URGING THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION TO REQUEST THE BOARD OF EDUCATION TO CHANGE THE NAME OF PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY HIGH SCHOOL BACK TO THE SCHOOL'S PREVIOUS NAME OF HONOLULU HIGH SCHOOL AND TO REMOVE THE STATUE OF PRESIDENT MCKINLEY FROM THE SCHOOL PREMISES TESTIMONY IN OPPOSITION There is only one reason why some activists want to abolish "McKinley" from the name of the school and remove his statue from the campus. The reason is, they want to rip the 50th star off the American flag and return Hawaii to its former status as an independent nation. And through this resolution they want to enlist you legislators as collaborators in their treasonous propaganda campaign. The strongest evidence that this is their motive is easy to see in the "whereas" clauses of this resolution and in documents provided by the NEA and the HSTA which are filled with historical falsehoods trashing the alleged U.S. "invasion" and "occupation" of Hawaii; alleged HCR179, HR148 Page !1 of !10 Conklin HSE EDN 031821 suppression of Hawaiian language and culture; and civics curriculum in the early Territorial period. Portraying Native Hawaiians as victims of colonial oppression and/or belligerent military occupation is designed to bolster demands to "give Hawaii back to the Hawaiians", thereby producing a race-supremacist government and turning the other 80% of Hawaii's people into second-class citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • American Migration
    Hawaiian FOCUS ON History http://www.HawaiianKingdom.org American Migration to the Hawaiian Kingdom and the Push for Statehood into the American Union by David Keanu Sai When the United States began the illegal occupa- British nationals............................................1,344 tion of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1898, immigration German nationals..........................................1,034 of laborers foreign to both the Kingdom and the French nationals.................................................70 United States continued. But the proportion of immi- Polynesians.......................................................588 Other nationalities..............................................60 gration from the United States began a steady and dramatic increase. UNITED STATES CENSUS, 1900-1950 In 1900 the U.S. Congress passed An Act to From 1900 to 1950, American migration from the Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawai'i. continental U.S. and its territories to Hawai'i totaled It declared: 293,379. "That all persons who were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii on August twelfth, eighteen hundred and 1900..............................................................................4,290 ninety-eight, are hereby declared to be citizens of the Other U.S. territories or possessions.....................6 United States and citizens of the Territory of Hawaii. Continental U.S..............................................4,284 And all citizens of the United States resident in the 1910............................................................................11,674
    [Show full text]