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Rising out of the sands of Egypt are enduring signs of an ancient civilization. Pictured here are the pyramids of Giza, which were built as tombs for Egyptian rulers. Ancient Civilizations In Unit 1, you will learn about several ancient civilizations such as in Egypt. At the end of the unit, you will have a chance to compare and contrast the civilizations you studied. (See pages 112–117.) 1 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.–300 B.C. Previewing Main Ideas POWER AND AUTHORITY In the Greek city-state of Athens, a new form of government developed—democracy—in which citizens exercised power. Geography What geographic factors might have confined democracy largely to Athens? CULTURAL INTERACTION Alexander the Great spread Greek culture throughout much of Asia. Greek, Egyptian, and Asian cultures then blended to create Hellenistic culture. Geography Why might the sea have been important to the spread of Greek culture? EMPIRE BUILDING Athens assumed control of a defense league and eventually built it into an empire. Later, Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and beyond to create a vast new empire of his own. Geography What geographic features might have strengthened the Macedonian desire to build an empire to the south and east? INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice • Primary Sources • Current Events • Chapter Quiz 120 121 What does this art tell you about Greek culture? When you think of ancient Greece, what is the first thing that comes to mind? You can learn a lot about a culture from its works of art and literature, as well as from the statements of its leaders, philosophers, and historians. Look at these Greek works of art and read the quotations. “As an oak tree falls on the hillside crushing all that lies beneath, so Theseus. He presses out the life, the brute’s savage life, and now it lies dead.” EDITH HAMILTON, “Theseus,” Mythology ▼ This plate shows Theseus, the greatest hero of Athens, killing the mythological beast Minotaur. ▲ This stone relief panel of Democracy crowning Athens was placed in the marketplace, where citizens could see it daily. “Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in ▲ The Greeks often adorned the hands not of a minority but their public buildings with of the whole people.” graceful sculptures of gods PERICLES, an Athenian statesman and goddesses. “For we are lovers of the beautiful in our tastes.” THUCYDIDES, a historian EXAMINING the ISSUES • What does the relief panel suggest about the role of democracy in Greek society? • Why might the Greeks decorate pottery with a heroic scene? • Why might the Greeks fill their public buildings with graceful statues? Break into small groups and discuss what these artworks suggest about ancient Greek culture. Also discuss what the quotes tell you about the culture and its ideals. As you read about ancient Greece, think about how its culture influenced later civilizations. 122 Chapter 5 The Rise of Civilizations Thousands of years ago, several societies in different parts of the world changed from hunting and gathering to farming. Some began to produce surpluses of food. Those surpluses helped bring about the world’s first civilizations. In Unit 1, you learned that most historians define civilization as a complex culture with these five characteristics: (1) advanced cities, (2) specialized workers, (3) complex institutions, (4) record keeping and writing, and (5) advanced technology. You also learned about several early civilizations. In the next six pages, you will explore what those ancient civilizations had in common and how they differed. Indus Valley The people of the Indus River valley lived in highly planned cities. Later, a new group moved into the area, creating a civilization that still influences South Asia. Palestine Various peoples settled in the hills and valleys of Palestine. One group— the Israelites—was unique because Ancient Egypt they worshiped only one god. Along the Nile River, powerful rulers led a dazzling civilization that produced monuments, art, and religion that still fascinate people today. Mesopotamia The Tigris and Euphrates rivers supported the different peoples of Mesopotamia. The first civilization there was based in city-states. 112 Unit 1 Comparing & Contrasting Ancient Civilizations over Time Some of these ancient civilizations lasted only a few hundred years, but others lasted more than 3,000 years. Earlier civilizations often had influence on later ones that shared the same area. The civilizations shown here did not all develop in isolation of each other. Trade linked some. Some fought wars against each other. Civilizations of the Ancient World REGION CIVILIZATION 3500 B.C. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 B.C. Sumerian Mesopotamia Babylonian Hittite Palestine Phoenician Israelite Egypt Egyptian Harappan Indus Valley Aryan China Shang/Zhou China The first civilization in China also arose along rivers. As in South Asia, features of this civilization still shape life in the region today. 1. Which civilizations arose in river valleys? What advantages did such a location provide for their continued development? 2. What civilization area is the farthest away from any other civilization area? How might this distance have affected that civilization? 113 UNIT 1 Comparing & Contrasting: Ancient Civilizations Characteristics of Civilizations The civilizations you studied in Unit 1 each demonstrated the five characteristics that historians use to define a civilization. Advanced Cities Record Keeping and Writing Cities were key features of the ancient civilizations. These Each civilization developed a system of writing. Rulers could cities were more than just collections of people. They were record laws. Priests could write down important religious dates also centers of political, economic, and religious life. and the rituals to follow. Merchants could record transactions. Eventually, people used the writing system to record their Specialized Workers thoughts and ideas, creating literature and written history. Surpluses of food allowed people to specialize in jobs outside of agriculture. Specialized workers such as artisans, traders, Advanced Technology and soldiers strengthened and expanded civilization. The civilizations developed new ways of doing work and new materials to work with, such as metals and pottery. Complex Institutions They also developed tools like calendars to make their Complex institutions such as law codes, religion, and an world more orderly. economy were another characteristic of ancient civilizations. They organized, united, and helped civilizations to prosper. Indus Valley Mesopotamia China Ancient Egypt Palestine Advanced • Planned cities • Cities had central • Cities had massive • Cities had power • Phoenician cities Cities had neatly laid- temples called earthen walls for over the were busy ports. out streets and ziggurats. protection. surrounding lands. • Jerusalem had a fortified areas. large temple. Specialized • Artisans made • Priests, warriors, • Warriors defended • Rulers, officials, • Phoenician sailors Workers various goods, scribes, artisans, the land. priests, and carried goods. which traders and farmers all • Artisans made wealthy land- • Israelite religious exchanged with had special tasks. beautiful and owners led leaders had great other peoples. useful items. society. influence. Complex • Rulers organized • Priests and then • Rulers organized • Pharaohs ordered • Israelites Institutions the work of laying kings ran the workers to build people to build developed the out the cities. cities. canals and city elaborate tombs. belief in one god. • Rulers created walls. • Priests ran large They saw the law written law codes. temples. as a gift from God. Record • The system of • Cuneiform was • The writing system • Hieroglyphic • The Phoenician Keeping writing has not yet the world’s first helped unify writing had alphabet became and Writing been deciphered. system of writing. peoples with symbols that the basis of many different languages stood for ideas alphabets. because characters and for sounds. stood for ideas. Advanced • Engineers made • Sumerians • The Chinese • Advances • Phoenicians Technology sophisticated invented the refined bronze were made in built ships with buildings and wheel, the sail, casting technology engineering, advances such plumbing and the plow, and and valuable silk astronomy, as the steering systems. discovered how to cloth production. and medicine. oar and the sail. make bronze. SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts 1. Synthesizing How important was religion to these civilizations? 2. Analyzing Motives How did the Chinese system of writing contribute to the spread of Chinese civilization? 114 Unit 1 Comparing & Contrasting Development of Law Laws are a complex institution of civilizations. They are designed to do many things—settle conflicts between individuals, provide citizens with guidance on proper behavior, and outline an individual’s relationship with the government. Thus, laws are important for building stable civilizations. Hammurabi’s Code Old Testament If a son has struck his father, they shall Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death. But if cut off his hand. he did not lie in wait for him, but God let him fall into his hand, If a [noble] has destroyed the eye of a then I will appoint for you a place to which he may flee. [noble], they shall destroy his eye. Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death. If he has broken another [noble’s] Whoever curses his father or his mother shall be put to death. bone, they shall break his bone. When men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with If he has destroyed the eye of a his fist and the man does not die but keeps his bed, then if the man commoner or broken the bone of a rises again and walks abroad with his staff, he that struck him shall commoner, he shall pay one mina of be clear; only he shall pay for the loss of his time. silver. When a man strikes his slave, male or female, with a rod and the If he has destroyed the eye of a slave dies under his hand, he shall be punished.
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