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Universidad Católica De Santa María Facultad De Ciencias Económico Universidad Católica de Santa María Facultad de Ciencias Económico Administrativas Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Comercial ANÁLISIS DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS IN VITRO PERUANAS AL MERCADO DE LOS ÁNGELES EN ESTADOS UNIDOS EN EL 2018 Tesis presentada por las Bachilleres: Paredes del Castillo Estefany Tarqui Cuadros Vanessa Ariane Para optar el título profesional de Ingeniero Comercial con mención en la especialidad de Negocios Internacionales Asesor: Dr. Espinoza Riega, Jorge David Arequipa – Perú 2019 i ii DEDICATORIA A Dios, fuente inagotable de bendiciones para nuestras vidas y principal guía; y a todos aquellos que de alguna u otra manera nos impulsaron a culminar este proyecto con sus valiosos consejos y apoyo brindado. iii AGRADECIMIENTO "Agradecemos a Dios, nuestra fuente de amor, por brindarnos la fe y la fuerza para creer en nosotras mismas y Nuestros Padres, por todo el amor, comprensión y apoyo incondicional”. iv INTRODUCCIÓN El Perú posee un vasto patrimonio vegetal, es uno de los países con mayor biodiversidad del mundo tomando en cuenta su extensión geográfica. Posee más de 4000 especies de orquídeas dentro de su territorio sin embargo debido al acelerado proceso de deforestación motivado por la tala indiscriminada de bosque primario, la explotación del petróleo, la minería y la utilización del suelo destinado a monocultivos ha ocasionado que se pierda gran parte del hábitat natural de estas plantas y por ende la desaparición de un importante número de especies en estado natural. Las orquídeas no se propagan con mayor facilidad en condiciones naturales, es debido a esto que durante muchos años quienes las poseían fueron coleccionistas y científicos en general. A inicios del siglo XX se logra la propagación de orquídeas dentro de laboratorio a través de la técnica ¨in-vitro ¨ (en vidrio), esto permitió la reproducción masiva y la hibridación de cientos de especies que en condiciones naturales hubiera sido imposible obtenerlas. A través de esta técnica, se consiguen plantas más resistentes que pueden durar hasta 6 meses en flor, se acortaron además los períodos de germinación que en algunos casos pueden durar hasta 12 años, dependiendo de la especie. Mediante la relación de esta investigación se ha considerado aprovechar la técnica ¨in-vitro¨ (en vidrio) que al momento se encuentra desarrollando en varios lugares del mundo para realizar su exportación siendo de esta manera desarrollar productos innovadores con valor agregado que puedan salir al mercado internacional. v RESUMEN El Perú posee un vasto patrimonio vegetal, es uno de los países con mayor biodiversidad del mundo tomando en cuenta su extensión geográfica. Posee más de 4000 especies de orquídeas dentro de su territorio, sin embargo, debido a ilícitas intervenciones humanas, se ha producido una pérdida importante de especies en estado natural, lo que supone un problema para que el negocio de la exportación de dicha planta sea rentable. Frente a dicho problema, la presente investigación ha considerado aprovechar la técnica ¨in- vitro¨ que al momento se encuentra desarrollando en varios lugares del mundo para realizar su exportación, lo que permitirá desarrollar productos innovadores con valor agregado que puedan salir al mercado internacional. A su vez, la presente investigación parte de la constatación de que, en el mercado internacional de orquídeas, existe una demanda insatisfecha en los Estados Unidos, la cual podríamos cubrir, con una adecuada capacidad productiva, que oscila del 2019 al 2022, en un valor en dólares de 12 mil unidades a cien mil unidades, resultando un negocio sumamente rentable y con visos de permanencia. Palabras Clave: Factibilidad, Orquídeas vi SUMMARY Perú has a vast vegetal heritage; it is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world, taking into account its geographical extension. It has more than 4000 species of orchids within its territory, however, due to illicit human interventions, there has been a significant loss of species in their natural state, which is a problem for the business of exporting said plant to be profitable. Faced with this problem, this research has considered taking advantage of the "in-vitro" technique that is currently being developed in various parts of the world to export, which will allow the development of innovative products with added value that can be exported to the international market. In turn, this research is based on the observation that, in the international orchid market, there is an unsatisfied demand in the United States, which we could cover, with an adequate productive capacity, which ranges from 2019 to 2022, in a value in dollars from 12 thousand units to one hundred thousand units, resulting in a highly profitable business and with permanence. Key Words: Feasibility, Orchids vii INDICE INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................. v RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................ vi SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... vii INDICE ................................................................................................................................................ viii INDICE DE TABLAS ......................................................................................................................... xiv INDICE DE IMÁGENES .................................................................................................................. xviii CAPITULO I PLANTEAMIENTO TEÓRICO ..................................................................................... 1 1. Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1. Determinación del problema ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Enunciado del problema.............................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Descripción del problema ........................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Justificación ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.1. Impactos Económicos: ............................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2. Impactos sociales: ................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.3. Impactos ambientales: ............................................................................................................. 5 2. MARCO TEÓRICO ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.1. Conceptos Básicos ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Antecedentes Históricos .......................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Variedades De Orquídeas........................................................................................................ 7 2.1.3. VARIEDADES DE ORQUIDEAS DENDROBIUM Y LAELIA ....................................... 26 2.1.4. CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA DE LA ORQUIDEA.................................................. 27 2.1.5. PRODUCCIÓN TRADICIONAL DE ORQUÍDEAS. ......................................................... 28 2.1.6. Flujo del proceso productivo de las orquídeas en cultivo natural ......................................... 29 2.1.7. Empresas peruanas dedicadas a la producción y venta de orquídeas y otras especies ornamentales. ........................................................................................................................................ 30 2.1.8. Guía de Identificación de Orquídeas con mayor Demanda Comercial ................................. 32 2.1.9. Hábitos de crecimiento de las orquídeas ............................................................................... 33 2.1.10. Requisitos para Exportar ....................................................................................................... 34 2.1.10.1. Requisitos Generales ......................................................................................................... 34 2.1.10.2. Implementación de la cites en el Perú ............................................................................... 34 2.1.10.3. Autoridades Administrativas CITES – Perú ..................................................................... 35 2.1.11. Exportaciones en el caso de las Orquídeas: .......................................................................... 36 2.1.12. Requisitos Fitosanitarios ....................................................................................................... 36 viii 2.1.13. Requisitos de Envasado, Embalaje, Marcado y Etiquetado .................................................. 41 2.1.14. Regla de Origen .................................................................................................................... 42 2.1.15. Requisitos fitosanitarios para el país importador .................................................................
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