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Horse Riding Tools of King Farouk I in the Royal Hunting Hall at Abdeen Palace Museums

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Horse Riding Tools of King Farouk I in the Royal Hunting Hall at Abdeen Palace Museums Journal of Archaeological Research And Studies vol.8 (Mar. 2021) Horse riding tools of king Farouk I in the royal hunting hall at Abdeen palace museums Dr. Mohammed Farghal Zaki Mousa Abstract This research aims at studying the horse riding tools of king Farouk I at Abdeen palace museums. King Farouk I is the son of King Fouad I. The research presents a descriptive study of the spur, horse saddle and bridle. It tackles the manufacturing of these tools including the decorative techniques, as well as an analytical study of the decorative motifs of these tools. Key words King Farouk I, Abdeen palace museums, horse riding tools, saddle, bridle, spur The importance and the objectives of the research: - These tools reflect the luxury and socio-political prestige of the royal family. - These tools highlight the most important period in the history of modern Egypt. - The registration of those rare tools in a scientific research that deserves their unique historical and archeological value, and to present it to the researchers in an accessible and scientifically documented form. - Studying the different manufacturing and decorative techniques of these tools. - To identify the decorative motifs executed on these tools and the different royal insignia of Muhammad Ali Dynasty. - Recording and documenting the objects in various Egyptian museums is one of the most important research works that should be given due interest from the researchers to help preserve the artistic and cultural heritage in these museums like the major museums in all countries of the world. Introduction Sons and grandsons of Khedive Isma'il who succeeded him as rulers of Egypt were fond of adding their own touches to ‘Abdeen palace to reflect the taste and spirit of the era. For example, King Fouad I, Isma'il's son, who ruled Egypt from 1917 A.D to 1936 A.D, assigned some of the Palace's rooms as a museum for the Royal Dynasty's possessions, including weapons, ammunitions, decorations, orders and medals. His son Farouk I, who succeeded him in ruling, between 1936 A.D and 1952 A.D, completed the museum, adding many possessions, in particular all kinds of weapons. He also annexed to the museum a library with references specialized in weaponry )1(. The management of ‘Abdeen Palace museum in the wake of the July 1952 Revolution was assigned to the Museums Department in the Citadel. Afterwards, President Sadat assigned the museum management to the Presidency of the Republic and ordered to restore and 83 Journal of Archaeological Research And Studies vol.8 (Mar. 2021) renovate the palace and its museum (2). At the time of the Ex-president Hosni Mubarak, another two specialized museums were also established, one for gifts received by Presidents of the Republic on various national occasions or during their worldwide tours, the other for Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha's possessions including utensils and vessels made of silver, crystal and colored glass, as well as other unique artifacts. They were established under the name 'Abdeen Palace Museums" and were re-inaugurated by President Mubarak on October 17, 1998 A.D )3(. On December 16, 2004 A.D, a specialized museum for historical documents was established. It is one of the most important sections of the museums for visitors as well as researchers in this field. As such, ‘Abdeen Palace became a complex of various museums which were linked on one visiting route. The museums include the following: The Arms Museum, Medals and Decorations Museum, Presidency, The Historical Documents Museum, the Silverware Museum )4(and the royal hunting hall. The royal hunting hall This hall displays rare collection of hunting tools for Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty especially King Farouk I such as guns, daggers, saddle, bridle, a spur and whip. King Farouk I He was born on Feb. 11, 1920 A.D., Cairo, Egypt , and died March 18, 1965 A.D., Rome, Italy, was first buried in the tombs of the Royal Dynasty in Al-Emam Al-Shafaei , then was moved to Al-Refaei mosque to be buried near his father King Fouad I)5( . He was king of Egypt from 1936 to 1952 A.D. he had two wives; the first was queen Farida who had three daughters from him: princess Ferial, princess Fawzya and princess Fadya, but she was divorced. The second was queen Naryman who had one son from him, King Ahmed Fouad (6). When King Fouad died in the 28th of April 1936 A.D., his son, Farouk I, was paid homage as a King of Egypt while he was still seventeen years old. He didn't take over his constitutional power until the age of eighteen in the 29th of July 1937 A.D. He was an inexperienced young man and lacking wisdom (7). Although initially quite popular, the internal rivalries of his administration and his alienation of the military - coupled with his increasing excesses and eccentricities- led to his downfall and to the formation of a republic(8). After the revolution of the 23rd of July 1952 A.D., he was enforced to relinquish the throne to his son prince Ahmad Fouad, and to depart Egypt in the 26th of July 1952 A.D. A royal decree was issued in this concern. Eventually, the Royal rule was cancelled, and was substituted with a republican one, and the rule of the family of Muhammad ‘Ali which lasted around one and a half century came to an end )9(. Descriptive study of King Farouk I horse riding tools Plate No. : 1 & 2 83 Journal of Archaeological Research And Studies vol.8 (Mar. 2021) Kind of artifact: horse saddle and bridle Place: ‘Abdeen palace museums, royal hunting hall, central showcase The owner: King Farouk Dating: 20th century Material: silver (900 carat), leather Manufacturing region: Libya Manufacturing technique: hammering Decorative technique: prominent engraving, open working Number of pieces: 2 Description: This saddle was made from the finest premium heavyweight dark brown leather, it consists of many parts. Only the stirrup which was made of silver , while the front side of the horn and the pommel, the backside cantle and the billet strap are coated with silver as a kind of decoration. The front side of the horn and the backside of the cantle bear the crescent and the royal crown. The stirrup bears a floral branch in the form of crescent embracing five pointed star. The bridle consists of two main parts headstall and reins. The headstall includes crown- pieces, cheek pieces, throat-latch, brow-band, noseband, cavesson and the fiador. Reins consist of bit; curb strap, bit hobble, shank hobble and ornaments such as phalerae and sallongs. The two crown-pieces, cheek pieces, noseband and throat-latch are made of light brown leather coated by red and green velvet cloth which is topped by open work silver band to form floral motifs. They bear another different sign resembles Libyan flag which is a crescent interlaced from the top with a star and this sign for the Libyan tribes called Tajura(10) who presented this set for king Farouk. Plate No. : 3 Kind of artifact: spur Place: ‘Abdeen palace museums, royal hunting hall, side showcase The owner: King Farouk Dating: 20th century Material: silver Manufacturing technique: casting Decorative technique: open working Number of pieces: 2 Description: A silver spur consists of a brown leather yoke which is a heel band wraps around the heel of the boot, and it is extended from the silver U shaped shank which has a protruding long straight neck ends with the rowel pin that holds the rowel, the rowel is a silver revolving wheel or disk with radiating points. All the silver parts are decorated with open work geometric motifs. Silver as a manufacturing material It is known that silver is a precious metal used by man since the earliest times and silver comes in second place in terms of its importance and high price immediately after gold (11). Silver is chemically symbolized by Ag. It is a bright white metal found in nature in the form of pure or non-pure metals, in the first case silver is pure in the form of network, 04 Journal of Archaeological Research And Studies vol.8 (Mar. 2021) wire, and rarely found in the form of small blocks, or thin sheets. In the second case, silver is mixed with gold in different proportions, which may reach a large degree, as well as in sulfide and silver chloride, and are found in very low lead and nickel metals, and in varying proportions in copper and zinc metals(12). Silver was considered as a kind of gold for the ancient Egyptian, so they used to call it white gold as it contained a percentage of gold ranging from 9% to 38%, and this name of white gold may be due to the fact that they were found in the same places of Gold, therefore, they considered it to be a lower-grade gold characterized by this white color (13). Silver is unique from the rest of the metals with many advantages that made it used in various purposes, and perhaps the most important of these properties is its cheerful silver color (14), which is not disturbed or marred by the opaqueness, it has a metallic luster that reflects about 95% of the light falling on its surface compared to other metals, making it the preferred metal after gold for decoration purposes (15). In addition to its ability for hammering, the softness, stretch ability and non-exposure to water and air, disability of oxidization if heated in the air or in presence of oxygen, and also its characteristics are that it is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
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