DOCSLIB.ORG

Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2014 Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: From the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring Raslan Ibrahim University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ibrahim, Raslan, "Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: From the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 980. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: From the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Raslan Ibrahim June 2014 Advisor: Professor Jack Donnelly ©Copyright by Raslan Ibrahim 2014 All Rights Reserved Author: Raslan Ibrahim Title: Sovereignty and Intervention in the Middle East: From the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Arab Spring Advisor: Professor Jack Donnelly Degree Date: June 2014 ABSTRACT This research provides an institutional explanation of the practices of external intervention in the Arab state system from the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 to the Arab Spring. My explanation consists of two institutional variables: sovereignty and inter-state borders. I examine the changes in regional and international norms of sovereignty and their impact on the practices of external intervention in the Arab state system. I also examine the impact of the level of institutionalization of inter-state borders in the Arab World on the practices of external intervention. I argue that changes in regional and international norms of sovereignty and changes in the level of institutionalization of inter- state borders have constituted the significant variation over time in both the frequency and type of external intervention in the Arab state system from 1922 to the present. My institutional explanation and findings seriously challenge the traditional accounts of sovereignty and intervention in the Arab World, including the cultural perspectives that emphasize the conflict between sovereignty, Arabism, and Islam, the constructivist accounts that emphasize the regional norm of pan-Arabism, the comparative politics explanations that focus on the domestic material power of the Arab state, the post-colonial perspectives that emphasize the artificiality of the Arab state, and ii the realist accounts that focus on great powers and the regional distribution of power in the Middle East. This research also contributes to International Relations Theory. I construct a new analytical framework to study the relations between sovereignty, borders, and intervention, combining theoretical elements from the fields of Role Theory, Social Constructivism, and Institutionalization. Methodologically, this research includes both quantitative and qualitative analysis. I conduct content analysis of official documents of Arab states and the Arab League, Arabic press documents, and Arab political thought. I also utilize quantitative data sets on international intervention. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I: Introduction and Literature Review ..........................................................................1 Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................2 The Arab Spring and Sovereignty............................................................................2 Back to the Future: Sovereignty after Empire .........................................................6 The Puzzle ................................................................................................................9 Research Questions ................................................................................................10 Explanatory Variables: Two Constitutive-Institutional Variables .........................11 Institution of Sovereignty in the Arab State System and International System ........................................................................................................12 Institution of Inter-State Borders ...............................................................13 Argument in Brief ..................................................................................................15 Methodology and Research Design .......................................................................17 Case Study .................................................................................................18 Theoretical and Policy Contributions ....................................................................18 Structure of the Dissertation ..................................................................................21 Chapter Two: Literature Review .......................................................................................22 Sovereignty and Intervention in the Arab State System after Empire: 1922-1980s .............................................................................................................22 Domestic Level Explanations ................................................................................22 Shortcomings .............................................................................................26 Regional Level of Analysis ....................................................................................29 Realism ......................................................................................................30 Constructivism: The Myth of Sovereignty-Pan-Arabism Conflict ............32 Oil and Economic Interdependence ...........................................................40 Islam ...........................................................................................................43 International Level of Analysis ..............................................................................43 Polarity and Great Powers .........................................................................43 Conclusion .............................................................................................................45 Part II: Analytical Framework ...........................................................................................50 Chapter Three: Institutions: an Analytical Framework .....................................................51 Definitions of Institution in Social Science ...........................................................51 Common Shortcomings in the Literature on Institutions ...........................57 Social Institution: A New Definition and Framework ...........................................58 Sources of Institutional Power ...............................................................................64 Inter-Subjectivity of the Institution ............................................................64 iv Complementary Institutions .......................................................................66 Institutions and Behavior: The Theoretical Contributions of Social Roles ...........69 Role Acquisition ........................................................................................70 Role Ambiguity ..........................................................................................71 Role Conflict ..............................................................................................73 Role Socialization ......................................................................................74 Conclusion .............................................................................................................74 Chapter Four: The Institution of Sovereignty ....................................................................77 Sovereignty: Definition and Institutional Framework ...........................................77 Institutional Causes of Change in Sovereignty ..........................................81 The Institutional Power of Sovereignty .................................................................82 Inter-Subjectivity of Sovereignty ...............................................................82 Sovereignty’s Complementary Institutions: Borders .................................84 Sovereignty and Intervention .................................................................................86 Sovereignty’s Complementary Institution (Borders) and Intervention .....92 The Social Construction of Sovereignty, Autonomy, and Capacity Relationship ...........................................................................................................93 Sovereignty, Survival, and IR Theory ...................................................................94 Part III: Sovereignty and Intervention in the Arab State System after Empire: 1922-1960s .........................................................................................................................98 Sovereignty and Intervention after Empire ............................................................98
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963
    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement A UPA Collection from Cover: Map of the Middle East. Illustration courtesy of the Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook. National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 Middle East First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Guide by Dan Elasky A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road ● Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. –– (National security files) “Microfilmed from the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Dan Elasky, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. ISBN 1-55655-925-9 1. Middle East––Politics and government––1945–1979––Sources. 2. United States–– Foreign relations––Middle East. 3. Middle East––Foreign relations––United States. 4. John F. Kennedy Library––Archives. I. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of the John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. Middle East, First supplement. II. Series. DS63.1 956.04––dc22 2007061516 Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic by Michael Habib
    Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic by Michael Habib A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences with a Concentration in History Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2016 Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic By Michael Habib This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Christopher Ely, and has been approved by the members of his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ___________________________ Dr. Christopher Ely ____________________________ Dr. Douglas McGetchin ______________________________ Dean Jeffrey Buller, Wilkes Honors College ____________ Date i ABSTRACT Author: Michael Habib Title: Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic Institution: Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Christopher Ely Degree: Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences Concentration: History Year: 2016 This thesis seeks to analyze Pan-Arabism through the lens of the United Arab Republic. I argue that even though the UAR faced many internal issues, it ultimately failed due to external pressures. I argue this to provide a new perspective on the Middle East and the Arab world, by showing how it came to be as it is. I organize my thesis into four chapters: I. Introduction: Arab Unity and its Limits, II. The Marriage of Syria and Egypt, III.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the Xiith Centuries A.D
    Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the XIIth Centuries A.D. Zabya Abo Aljadayel Dissertation of Master of Archaeology September, 2019 Dissertation submitted to fulfil the necessary requirements to obtain a Master's Degree of Archaeology, held under the scientific orientation of Prof. André Teixeira and Prof.ª Susana Gómez Martínez. 2 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 To my family, friends and every interested reader لعائلتي, ﻷصدقائي و لكل قارئ مهتم 3 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give my gratitude and love To my dear professors Susana and André for being more than advisors with their patience, kindness and support. To the Global Platform for Syrian Students for giving me the opportunity to come to Portugal to continue my higher education. In particular, I would like to commend the efforts of Dr Helena Barroco for being by my side in the formal and the nonformal situations. To FCSH-UNL for giving me a seat in the faculty. Moreover, to Dr Francisco José Gomes Caramelo and Dr João Soeiro de Carvalho for their kindness and academic support. To my beloved friends in CAM and in all Mértola for well receiving me there as a part of their lovely family. To Dr Susana Calvo Capilla and Dr María Antonia Martínez Núñez for their support. To my mother, I would say that Charles Virolleaud wasn’t entirely right when he said: “Tout homme civilisé a deux patries: la sienne et la Syrie.”. But, should have said: “Tout homme civilisé a trois patries: Sa mère, la sienne et la Syrie.”.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East in Crisis : a Historical and Documentary Review
    Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Press Libraries 1959 Middle East in Crisis : a historical and documentary review Carol A. Fisher Syracuse University Fred Krinsky Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/supress Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Carol A. and Krinsky, Fred, "Middle East in Crisis : a historical and documentary review" (1959). Syracuse University Press. 4. https://surface.syr.edu/supress/4 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Press by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CopiffH DATE DUE A HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY REVIEW Rfl nn 1 A HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY REVIEW Carol A, Fisher and Fred Krinsky su SY8. A, C u S t PIUSS The Library of Congress catalog entry for this book appears at the end of the text. 1959 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY PRESS | MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY BOOK CRAFTSMEN INC NEW ASSOCIATES, , YORK Preface This book had its inception in a common teaching experience. Although it is now almost two years since we were first involved in the preparation of materials on the Middle East for a course in the problems of American democracy, world events continue to remind us of the critical importance of the Mediterranean area. Our students were aware of an increasing variety of proposals for the role the United States should play in easing the tensions in the Middle East, but they were relatively unfamiliar with the general history and geography of the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Fruit Plate Owned by Khedive Isma'il, the Silverware Museum Of
    Silver Fruit plate Owned by Khedive Isma’il, The Silverware Museum of ‘Abdeen Palace in Cairo Prepared by Mohammed Farghal Zaki Mousa PhD Researcher - Tourist Guidance Department Faculty of Tourism & Hotels – Minia University Introduction This research deals with the study a masterpiece from the silver masterpieces of Muhammad Ali Dynasty, preserved at the silverware Museum in ‘Abdeen Palace(1) (Cairo), this masterpiece was from the belongings of Khedive Isma’il, who ruled Egypt between 18 January 1863 A.D, was removed on 26 June 1879 A.D, and died on 2 March 1895 A.D. The masterpiece is one of the silver belongings of the Khedive Isma’il candlestick is first published in this research The importance and objectives of the research - To highlight the importance of the silver collection of 'Abdeen museums(2) and try to preserve it at its best. - To show how much the rulers and princes of Mohammed Ali's dynasty were fond of collecting artifacts made in Europe or Egypt similar to the forms of Europe. Such fondness reflects the high social level of Mohamed Ali's dynasty especially during this period which witnessed a big openness to the West encouraged by this family. - It sheds light on new technical aspects that were not known in Egypt till the rule period of Muhammad Ali's dynasty in the early 19th century. - These objects are of a special nature whether in forms, methods of decoration and manufacture which Egypt has not seen before, but were transferred to it due to influences from modern European styles. 734 - I have noticed that most of the studies related with the family of Muhammad Ali almost focused on the historical and architectural aspects, and just a little of them dealt with their artistic aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • THE REIGN of AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY"
    THE REIGN OF AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY" by SADEK ISMAIL ASSAAD Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London May 1971 ProQuest Number: 10672922 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672922 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/ 996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The City of a Thousand Minarets began as a source document I wrote for a video game company that was dabbling with the idea of a MMORPG set in a 1930s Pulp setting. The first environment they were going to roll out was their Pulp Cairo setting. So I set about collecting as much "stranger than fiction" details about the city, trying to demonstrate that historical Cairo was more exotic and beautiful than any Arabian Nights fantasy. Part of the project was to include a good deal of information about how Cairo has been portrayed in media so that level designers could weave their way between the expected Cairo of "orientalist" fantasy, and the surprising Cairo of real history. And of course, at the time I was already a huge Hollow Earth Expedition fan. Ever since Raiders of the Lost Ark came out, I had been looking for a role-playing game to recreate the heroic action of the Pulp Genre and always being disappointed. It wasn't until I read the Ubiquity System that I found the mechanics I'd always been looking for. Streamlined. Fast. Fun. The perfect system for punching Nazis off of zeppelins into dinosaurs! That was over a decade ago. The computer game company moved on to other projects and my document sat gathering dust until I picked up Black Campbell Entertainment's The Queen of the Orient and The Sublime Port. Then I realized that I had something to offer my fellow fans of Hollow Earth Expedition. I hope you all fall in love with Cairo as much as I have.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab World. Political and Diplomatic History 1900-1967: a Chronological
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 073 960 SO 005 278 AUTHCP Mansoor, Menahem TITLE Arab World. Political and DiplomaticHistory 1900-1967: A Chronological Study.A Descriptive Brochure. INSTITUTION National Cash Register Co., Washington,D. C. Microcard Editions SPONS AGENCY Institute of International Studies (DREW/OE), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 72 . CONTRACT OEC-0-8-000131-3544(014) NOTE 40p. AVAILABLE FROMNCR/Microcard EditiOns, 901 26th Street,N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (free) ERRS PRICE MF-$0.65 BC Not Available fromEDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; *Diplomatic History; History;*Middle Eastern History; *Middle Eastern Studies;*Non Western Civilization; ProgramDescriptions IDENTIFIERS *Arab States ABSTRACT The brochure contains descriptiveintroductory material on the first of seven volumescovering the Arab world. Five volumes are devoted to a chronology ofevents throughout the Arab world (including Arab-Israel relations)from 1900 up to 1967. The last two volumes contain a keyword Indexto the events. The project contributes to the Middle Eastern Studiesand also serves as a model project to scholars and studentsconcerned with research of other world areas. The first half of thebrochure, arranged in five parts, includes: 1) a description of the projert background,problem, purpose, scope, organization, research and progress information; 2) informationon use of the computer to promotenew techniques for handling, restoring,and disseminating data concerning the Arab world; 3) useful dataon the Arab world; 4) abbreviations used in indices; and 5)acknowledgements. Over half of thepamphlet furnishes sample chronology and indexpages. (SJM) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY political,andplortiOtiO: Wory 19001967: a-,chrOribitigioal study Political and Diplomatic. History of the Arab World, 190P-07: A Chronological Stddy, published in seven volumes, is the first part of a three part project covering the Arab world, 1900-67.
    [Show full text]
  • The Citadel of Cairo by Nasser O
    THE CITADEL OF CAIRO by Nasser O. Rabbat With photographs by Arnaud du Boistesselin 2nd Edition Supreme Council of Antiquities 2009 2 Introduction General view of the Citadel from the minaret of the Mosque of Sultan Hasan he Citadel of the Mountain (Qal’at changed tremendously over the centuries, Tal-Jabal) in Cairo is an architectural but the interior organization of the Citadel complex with a long history of building has continually been changed, and its and rebuilding. Situated on a spur that was ground level is always rising as a result of artificially cut out of the Muqqatam Hills, the process of erecting new buildings on top the Citadel originally faced, and overlooked, of older ones. the city of Cairo to the west and northwest, Founded by Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in and the city of Misr al-Fustat in the south; its 1176, the Citadel was, for almost seven northern and eastern sides were bordered by centuries (1206-1874), the seat of government either rocky hills or the desert. The site was for the Ayyubids, Mamluks, Ottomans, and certainly chosen for its strategic importance: the Muhammad ‘Ali dynasty. It was, during it dominated the two cities, formed the this long period, the stage upon which the border between the built environment and history of Egypt was played. The continuous the desert, and was connected to the city so building and rebuilding process may be that the Citadel would not be cut away from viewed both as a reflection and as a formal its urban support in the event of a siege.
    [Show full text]
  • United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic
    United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-MuttahidahUnited Arab Republic ← → 1958–1961 ← (1971) → ← → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Oh My Weapon[1] Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic [2] Religion Secular (1958–1962) Islam (1962–1971) Government Confederation President - 1958–1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab Republic 2 Historical era Cold War - Established February 22, 1958 - Secession of Syria September 28, 1961 - Renamed to Egypt 1971 Area - 1961 1166049 km2 (450214 sq mi) Population - 1961 est. 32203000 Density 27.6 /km2 (71.5 /sq mi) Currency United Arab Republic pound Calling code +20 Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyahةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا :The United Arab Republic (Arabic al-Muttahidah/Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah), often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal Abdel Nasser. During most of its existence (1958–1961) it was a member of the United Arab States, a confederation with North Yemen. The UAR adopted a flag based on the Arab Liberation Flag of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but with two stars to represent the two parts. This continues to be the flag of Syria. In 1963, Iraq adopted a flag that was similar but with three stars, representing the hope that Iraq would join the UAR. The current flags of Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are also based on Arab Liberation Flag of horizontal red, white, and black bands.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt As You Have Never Seen Before
    EGYPT AS YOU HAVE NEVER SEEN BEFORE DAY 010101 : Arrival at Cairo airport, meet and assist through formalities transfer to the hotel for overnight. DAYDAY02020202 : Breakfast, start our tour by visiting the palace of Mohamed Ali the ruler who modernized Egypt, built himself a palace in Shubra In the 17th century and extended Shubra Street all the way to his palace in 1808. It was recorded that the street had fig and date trees on its sides. We proceed to MATARYA where the Holy Mother washed clothes of her son, and from the water God caused a fragrant plant to grow, "Balsam”. There is also St. Mary's tree to visit. Head towards to visit Ibn Toulon mosque one of the famous Cairo mosques and the focal point of the Tulunid capital that lasted only 26 years. It was the third congregational mosque to be built in what is now greater Cairo, and at approximately 26,318 square meters in size, is the third largest mosque in the world. Back to the hotel, dinner and overnight. palace of Mohamed Ali The Palace of Muhammad Ali locates in Shubra El-Kheima next to the Faculty of Agriculture there. For visiting this palace, one can easily take the metro rather than a taxi. The palace was established by Mohammed Ali in the early years of assuming the power but its construction was completed many years later and was the first building to be built in that agricultural area. After that, this area was occupied with a lot of luxuriously decorated and gracefully designed palaces for established by the prominent noblemen at that time including the palace of Qasr El- Nil, Qasr El-Dubara and others that disappeared now.
    [Show full text]
  • Tomasz KAMUSELLA ALBANIA
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 96 E-ISSN 2537–6152 REVISTA DE ETNOLOGIE ŞI CULTUROLOGIE Chișinău, 2016 Volumul XX Tomasz KAMUSELLA ALBANIA: A DENIAL OF THE OTTOMAN PAST (SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS AND POLITICS OF MEMORY)1 Rezumat Summary Albania: negarea trecutului otoman (manualele Albania: A Denial of the Ottoman past (School şcolare şi politicile de conservare a memoriei) textbooks and politics of memory) În şcolile din Albania postcomunistă, pe lângă ma- In post-communist Albania’s schools, alongside reg- nualele destinate pentru predarea istoriei, de asemenea, în ular textbooks of history for teaching the subject, school calitate de material didactic suplimentar sunt utilizate şi atlases of history are also employed as a prescribed or atlasele şcolare. Faptele şi relatările istorice ale trecutului adjunct textbook. In the stories and facts related through otoman, menţionate atât prin texte cât şi prin hărţi, sunt in- texts and maps, the Ottoman past is curiously warped discret denaturate şi marginalizate. Ca rezultat, în prezent, and marginalized. As a result, the average Albanian is left cetăţeanul albanez este incapabil să explice de ce în Albania, incapable of explaining why Albania is a predominantly unde predomină un sistem de guvernământ musulman, în Muslim polity, but with a considerable degree of tolerant acelaşi timp persistă un grad considerabil de toleranţă poli- poly-confessionalism. Furthermore, school history educa- confesionalistă. Cu toate acestea, curricula şcolară albaneză tion in Albania propagates the unreflective anti-Ottoman la disciplina „Istorie” continuă să propage în mod denaturat feeling encapsulated by the stereotypes of ‘Turkish yoke’ sentimentul antiotoman încapsulat de stereotipurile „jugul or ‘the five centuries of Turkish occupation.’ This simplis- turcesc” sau „cinci secole de ocupaţie turcească”.
    [Show full text]