Land off Moorgate Lechlade Gloucestershire
Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design
on behalf of Lagan Homes
CA Project: 9222 CA Report: 16377
September 2016
Land off Moorgate Lechlade Gloucestershire
Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design
CA Project: 9222 CA Report: 16377
prepared by Christopher Leonard, Project Officer
date 13 July 2016
checked by Jonathan Hart, Senior Publications Officer
date 30 August 2016
approved by Martin Watts, Head of Publications
signed
date 21 September 2016
issue 01
This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.
Andover Cirencester Exeter Milton Keynes
Stanley House Building 11 Basepoint Business 41 Burners Lane Centre South Walworth Road Kemble Enterprise Park Yeoford Road Kiln Farm Andover, Hampshire Kemble, Cirencester Exeter, Devon Milton Keynes SP10 5LH Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ EX2 8LB MK11 3HA t. 01264 347630 t. 01285 771022 t. 01264 347630 t. 01908 564660 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected]
1 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
CONTENTS
SUMMARY ...... 5
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 6
Location, topography and geology ...... 6 Archaeological background ...... 7
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 9
3 METHODOLOGY ...... 9
4 RESULTS ...... 10
Fieldwork summary ...... 10 Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC–AD 43) ...... 11 Period 2: Roman (AD 43–410) ...... 12 Period 3: Roman or medieval ...... 13 Period 4: medieval (12th–16th centuries) ...... 13 Period 5: post-medieval to modern (16th century onwards) ...... 15 Biological record: statements of potential ...... 19 Objective 1: provide a summary of the remains found ...... 21 Objective 2: place the site within its archaeological context ...... 22 Synopsis of Proposed Report ...... 23
10 PROJECT TEAM ...... 24
11 REFERENCES ...... 24
APPENDIX 1: STRATIGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT BY CHRISTOPHER LEONARD ...... 26
APPENDIX 2: THE POTTERY BY KATIE MARSDEN ...... 27
APPENDIX 3: THE LITHICS BY JACKY SOMMERVILLE ...... 29
APPENDIX 4: THE METAL OBJECTS BY KATIE MARSDEN ...... 31
APPENDIX 5: THE OTHER FINDS BY KATIE MARSDEN ...... 33
APPENDIX 6: THE ANIMAL BONE BY MATILDA HOLMES ...... 34
2 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
APPENDIX 7: THE PLANT MACROFOSSIL AND CHARCOAL REMAINS BY SARAH WYLES ...... 36
APPENDIX 8: THE RADIOCARBON DATING BY SARAH COBAIN ...... 39
APPENDIX 9: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 40
3 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Site plan (1:600) Fig. 3 Photographs: Top: general view of the site during machine stripping, with Butler’s Field to the north, looking north-east; Bottom: Iron Age Ditches J and L, looking south-west (scales 1m) Fig. 4 Photographs: Top: Roman waterlogged deposit 1239, looking south-east (scale 1m); Bottom: Roman ditches at north of site, looking south-east Fig. 5 Photograph: medieval quarry pits, looking north-east (scales 1m)
4 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
SUMMARY
Site Name: Land off Moorgate Location: Lechlade, Gloucestershire NGR: SU 2090 9975 Type: Excavation Date: April–May 2015 and March 2016 Location of archive: To be deposited with Corinium Museum Site Code: MOOR 15
An excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between April and May 2015 and in March 2016 at the request of Lagan Homes at Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire, in advance of residential development.
The excavation revealed a small number of Iron Age and Roman pits and ditches, including part of an extensive late prehistoric land boundary previously identified to the north of the site at Butler’s Field and Roughground Farm, forming part of Scheduled Monument GC413 (the multi-period settlement, cemetery and ceremonial complex west of Lechlade). A rectangular enclosure, post-dating the Roman activity and pre-dating medieval plot boundaries, was partially exposed at the northern end of the site but closer dating of this feature has not proved possible. Medieval boundary ditches defining plots of land fronting the A417 to the south of the site were also identified, along with a number of pits, probably dug for sand and gravel extraction, also dating to the medieval period. Remains dating to after the medieval period were few in number and included a path, an animal burial, demolition deposits and hedge lines.
This document presents a quantification and assessment of the evidence recovered from the excavation. It considers the evidence collectively in its local, regional and national context, and presents an updated project design to bring the results to appropriate publication.
5 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 During April and May 2015 and March 2016 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological excavation at Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire, (centred on NGR: SU 2090 9975; Fig. 1). The work was undertaken at the request of Lagan Homes following the granting by Cotswold District Council (CDC) of planning permission for housing and associated infrastructure (CDC planning ref: 13/02642/OUT), subject to the implementation of a programme of archaeological work being completed as secured by Condition 10 of the planning consent.
1.2 The work was undertaken in accordance with a brief for archaeological mitigation (GCC 2013) prepared by Charles Parry (Archaeologist, Gloucestershire County Council), the archaeological advisor to Gloucestershire County Council (GCC), and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2014) and approved by GCC acting on the advice of Charles Parry. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (1999), the Statement of Standards and Practices Appropriate for Archaeological Fieldwork in Gloucestershire (GCC 1996), the Management of Archaeological Projects II issued by English Heritage (1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide issued by English Heritage (2006). It was monitored by Charles Parry.
Location, topography and geology 1.3 The site is located on the western side of Lechlade and prior to excavation comprised two small paddocks to the rear of properties fronting the A417. It is bounded to the north by fields, to the south and east by land belonging to properties fronting the A417 and to the west by Butler’s Court. The site lies at approximately 75m AOD, and is fairly level.
1.4 The underlying bedrock is mapped as the Jurassic Oxford Clay Formation (Mudstone) with overlying superficial deposits of the Quaternary Northmoor Sand and Gravel Member (BGS 2016). Yellow sand was exposed across the site.
1.5 Prior to excavation the site was divided into two paddocks, one to either side of a hedgerow. The westernmost paddock was waste ground whilst the eastern paddock was under grass. A field boundary within the eastern paddock, shown on modern
6 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
and historic maps, existed only as an earthwork bank and was no longer in use as a boundary.
Archaeological background 1.6 The site was initially investigated by a desk-based assessment (CA 2012), a geophysical survey (Stratascan 2012) and an archaeological evaluation (CA 2013). The following information is based on the findings of the desk-based assessment, except where otherwise noted.
1.7 Prehistoric occupation of the Upper Thames Valley gravels is well attested, with sites recorded both as cropmarks on aerial photographs and during excavations. Scheduled Monument GC413 (the multi-period settlement, cemetery and ceremonial complex west of Lechlade) lies 100m north of the site (Fig. 1). The monument comprises cropmarks, earthworks and buried remains pertaining to a Bronze Age barrow complex, a late prehistoric boundary, prehistoric and Roman trackways and enclosures and a Saxon cemetery (Boyle et al. 1998). The desk- based assessment suggested that remains associated with this complex might extend into the current site, most probably in the form of a continuation of a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age boundary running on a north-east/south-west alignment (Fig. 1). This boundary has been identified as cropmarks extending for a distance of over 1.5km and to within 20m of the northern site boundary. It has been partially excavated at Butler’s Field, 200m north of the site (Boyle et al. 1998; Fig. 1), and at Roughground Farm (now Horseshoe Lake; Allen et al. 1993), 1km north-east of the site (Fig. 1). A linear boundary of the same date, parallel and approximately 200m south-east, has been excavated at several sites within the town, including Roughground Farm, Memorial Hall, Sherborne House and Little London (Stansbie et al. 2013). Together, these are believed to have created a ‘meander cut-off’, essentially enclosing a large area of land between the River Thames and its confluence with the River Leach (Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 63–4 and fig. 3.7). The Salt Way, a prehistoric route between Droitwich and Lechlade, ran to the north and east of the site (Fig. 1).
1.8 Daub and Roman pottery recovered during a watching brief to the south of the site in 1976 may indicate the presence of a Roman settlement nearby. However, prior to the current work, no features of this date had been identified in the vicinity (CA 2012).
7 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
1.9 An Anglo-Saxon settlement comprising six sunken-featured buildings and three post-built structures was excavated at Sherborne House, 300m east of the site, and there is the possibility that this settlement extends further west (Bateman et al. 2003). Artefacts recovered from refuse pits at the settlement were dated to the later 5th to 8th centuries AD. Excavations at the contemporary cemetery at Butler’s Field (400m north-east of the site) revealed 223 inhumations and 29 cremations, although the northern and western extents of the cemetery were not defined by the excavation (Boyle et al. 1998).
1.10 The development area lies outside the core of the medieval town of Lechlade and probably lay in the agricultural hinterland occupied by farms such as the large 12th to 13th-century farmhouse excavated at Little London, 200m south-east of the site (Stansbie et al. 2013). Ditches dated to the 11th to 13th centuries were recorded at Butler’s Court, 150m west of the site (CA 1998, 1999). Five large steep-sided pits containing 12th to 13th-century pottery were found at the former Lloyd’s Bank site in the town centre and, whilst their functions are not certain, it was suggested that they may have been for sand and gravel extraction (CA 2002).
1.11 The 1839 Lechlade Tithe Map and the 1876 1st Edition Ordnance Survey (OS) 25” map both show the development area divided into enclosures. On the 1876 OS map, the easternmost of these enclosures (corresponding to the eastern two-thirds of the eastern paddock) is shown partly covered by trees, possibly representing a small orchard (CA 2012).
1.12 The geophysical survey of the site was undertaken in October 2012 and identified a large ditch, corresponding to one depicted on 19th-century maps, along with a possible rectilinear enclosure (Stratascan 2012). Several smaller anomalies were also interpreted as being of possible archaeological origin. A subsequent archaeological evaluation (CA 2013) exposed ditches correlating to the putative enclosure and these contained medieval pottery. Further ditches found during the evaluation remained undated. The evaluation also revealed a small number of undated pits that had not been identified by the geophysical survey. The subsequent excavation, which forms the basis of this report, revealed that the putative enclosure was instead the remains of parts of medieval plot boundaries and Iron Age ditches. The excavation also exposed much a more substantial level of activity than the geophysical survey or evaluation had predicted.
8 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
2.1 The objectives of the archaeological mitigation were to:-
record the nature of the main stratigraphic units encountered;
assess the overall presence, survival and potential of structural and industrial remains; and
assess the overall presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual and ecofactual remains.
2.2 The specific aims of the work were to:-
record any evidence of past settlement or other land use;
recover artefactual evidence to date any evidence of past settlement that may be identified;
sample and analyse environmental remains to create a better understanding of past land use and economy; and
to analyse the data generated in order to bring them to wider public attention through appropriate publication and through the compilation of a secure, internally consistent site archive to be deposited at a suitable repository.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 The excavation was undertaken in two phases (phases 1 and 2; Fig. 2) based on the developer’s construction phase strategy. During each phase, fieldwork commenced with the removal of topsoil and subsoil by mechanical excavator with a toothless grading bucket, under archaeological supervision. The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of archaeological stratigraphy. Examination of features concentrated on recovering the plan with emphasis placed upon retrieving a stratigraphic sequence and upon obtaining details of the phasing of the site. All postholes and pits were sampled by hand excavation (up to 50% of each feature) except where their repetitious nature suggested they were unlikely to yield significant new information. All ditches were be sampled to a maximum of 20%.
9 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
3.2 An extant earthwork bank running through the centre of the site (Fig. 2) was left in situ because it was believed to contain contaminated material.
3.3 All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual. Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential; three deposits were bulk sampled and one monolith sample was taken, in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites. All artefacts recovered from the excavation were retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately after excavation.
4 RESULTS
Fieldwork summary 4.1 This section provides an overview of the excavation results; detailed summaries of the contexts, finds, environmental samples (biological evidence) and radiocarbon dating are to be found in Appendices 1–8.
4.2 The stratigraphic and dating evidence suggests the presence of five main periods of archaeological activity:-
Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC–AD 43) Period 2: Roman (AD 43–410) Period 3: Roman or medieval Period 4: medieval (12th–16th centuries) Period 5: post-medieval to modern (16th century onwards)
4.3 The archaeological features identified during the excavation were generally well preserved since they were sealed by substantial deposits of topsoil and subsoil (up to 0.9m depth in the south-eastern part of the site, diminishing to 0.5m depth towards the north). There were no indications that ridge-and-furrow cultivation had occurred within the site. Tree-root disturbance to the depth of the natural substrate was evident across the site, particularly within the northern and western parts, and this had affected some archaeological remains and may have resulted in some finds being intrusive within earlier deposits. In general there were few stratigraphic relationships between features. Where such relationships were present, distinctions
10 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
in fill colour and composition were readily apparent, allowing these stratigraphic relationships to be determined with a high degree of confidence.
Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC–AD 43) 4.4 Iron Age features were found within the western part of the site and comprised ditches on a north-east/south-west alignment and small number of pits. Iron Age pottery and residual struck flints were recovered from three of the ditches and two of the pits, and the other features were attributed to this period based on their apparent spatial association with these features. Roman pottery present in two features (Ditch L and pit 1318) assigned to this period might be intrusive, although it is possible that these date instead to the Roman period. A Roman coin from Ditch P is also probably intrusive.
4.5 Two parallel ditches (J/K and L/M) crossed the site on a north-east/south-west alignment, approximately 2.5m apart. Ditch P, to the south-west was probably a continuation of one of these ditches. The eastern ditch (J/K), was typically 1m wide and 0.3m deep with moderately steep sides and a concave base. The western ditch (L/M) was typically 1m wide and up to 0.5m deep with steep sides and a flat base. It is possible that these ditches had flanked a hedge-bank boundary. Both contained silt fills which included Iron Age pottery, and seem to be a continuation of the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age boundary excavated to the north at Butler’s Field (Boyle et al. 1998) and Roughground Farm (Allen et al. 1993), and which was previously recorded as a cropmark extending southwards towards the site.
4.6 Ditch N was parallel to and 5m north-west of this boundary and may have been associated with it. It was 0.5m–0.6m wide and up to 0.15m deep with moderately steep sides and a concave base and its fills yielded Iron Age pottery and residual struck flints. Ditch O, found towards the northern limit of excavation, was on a slightly different alignment but also contained Iron Age pottery. It has been assigned to this period on the basis of the Iron Age pottery and its profile, which was comparable to the Iron Age ditches, although its alignment was closer to that of a possible Roman or medieval enclosure (Period 3, below) and to that of medieval boundaries, and it may have dated to either of those periods.
4.7 Pit 2015 was located within the south-west of the site and was cut by Ditch P (it is shown on Fig. 2 for ease of reference). It was circular in plan, 0.6m wide and 0.4m deep, with a bell-shaped profile suggestive of use as a grain store: comparable Middle Iron Age examples were found at Sherborne House, Lechlade (Bateman et
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al. 2003, 35–8). No grains were present within the fills and it seems to have been cleaned out and backfilled with two silt fills, the lowest of which, 2016, contained a sherd of Iron Age pottery. Pits 1299, 1301 and 1318 were found near the north- western limit of excavation. These three pits had moderately steep sides and flat bases and may have been the remains of further grain stores, although none contained cereals. Iron Age pottery and residual struck flints were recovered from the fill (1300) of pit 1299. The other two pits are dated by their proximity to this pit, although pit 1318 contained a small sherd of Roman pottery which might be intrusive whilst pit 1301 contained no dateable finds.
Period 2: Roman (AD 43–410) 4.8 The majority of the Roman remains were within the northern part of the site and comprised ditches, a silt deposit and a cluster of steep-sided pits. A further pit within the south-western part of the site has also been assigned to this period. Roman pottery was recovered from the majority of these features and some also contained residual Iron Age pottery. Iron Age Ditch L/M was sealed by a layer of grey clay, 1239, which was up to 0.3m thick and contained 2nd-century AD pottery, nails and horse bones. This deposit appears to have formed in a slight depression in the natural.
4.9 Two ditches (G and H) on a north-west/south-east alignment were identified near the northern limit of excavation, to the south-east of layer 1239. They had moderately steep sides and flat bases and were typically 0.9m wide and 0.3m deep along their south-eastern extents, becoming wider and deeper to the west where they were closest to the area covered by deposit 1239. The relationship between these ditches and deposit 1239 was obscured by the extant earthwork bank left in situ. However, stratigraphic relationships between the ditches themselves were apparent, with Ditch G post-dating Ditch H. Two further ditches (Ditch I and ditch 1252, both near the northern limit of excavation) were found on somewhat different alignments and were perpendicular to one another. Ditch 1252 was cut through layer 1239 and these two ditches perhaps formed a corner of an enclosure, although the relationship between them was obscured by the in situ earthwork bank. It is also possible that Ditch O, currently assigned to the Iron Age period, was associated with these features as it was at right angles to Ditch I. Lower fill 1254 of ditch 1252 contained waterlogged material, including a seed which was radiocarbon dated to cal. AD 1533–1934 (95.4% probability; SUERC-67230; Appendix 8). However, the monolith sample that
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the seed was recovered from was taken in adverse conditions and may have been contaminated by intrusive material.
4.10 A cluster of large pits (1230, 1316 and two unexcavated pits) was found 9m south- west of layer 1239. The two excavated pits had vertical sides and flat bases, and may have been for grain storage. They contained no grain however, and had been backfilled with deposits which included Roman pottery as well as residual Iron Age pottery and struck flints. It is possible that these may instead have been Iron Age features, with the Roman finds being intrusive, although pit 1230 clearly truncated one of the Iron Age ditches.
4.11 Another Roman pit (1223) was located in the south-western part of the site. It was rectangular in plan, 2.4m long, 1.6m wide and 0.3m deep with vertical sides and a flat base. The shape of this pit is suggestive of a grave but it would seem too large to have held a single individual and no human remains were present. However, bone preservation was poor across the site and it is possible that the sandy fill may have destroyed any bone. The pit fill contained Roman pottery but it is possible that this was residual and that the pit was in fact associated with the medieval quarrying described below.
Period 3: Roman or medieval 4.12 Ditches D, E and F, near the northern limit of excavation, seem to have formed the south-eastern and south-western sides of a rectangular enclosure, with an entrance on each exposed side. The north-eastern and north-western sides of this possible enclosure were not exposed within the site, but it was at least 29m long and 17m wide. No obviously contemporary archaeological features were identified within the enclosed area and its function remains unclear. Its dating is also uncertain. It truncated Roman Ditches G and H and was itself truncated by medieval Ditch B, but it contained no pottery and can only be very broadly dated as a Roman or medieval feature. A small iron ring-key, a type used to open personal boxes or caskets, was recovered from Ditch E and is probably of Roman date, but any suggested dating will remain tentative based on the presence of this single artefact.
Period 4: medieval (12th–16th centuries) 4.13 Medieval remains were found within the southern and eastern parts of the site and comprised ditches and pits. Medieval pottery (dating to the 12th to 16th centuries with a focus on the 13th and 14th centuries) was recovered from all of the ditches
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and the majority of pits assigned to this period, with the remaining pits attributed a medieval date based on their similarity of their morphologies to the dated examples.
4.14 Ditch E of the Period 3 enclosure was truncated by Ditch B, which ran through the site on a north-east/south-west alignment, parallel with the extant land boundaries and at right angles to the A417. It was typically 0.75m wide and 0.35m deep with moderately steep sides and a concave base. Towards the south, the ditch became much shallower and more fragmented, coinciding with a natural dip in the underlying substrate and probably reflecting truncation. Both ditch edges had been disturbed by tree-throw holes and roots, suggesting that trees and/or a hedge once stood along the line of the ditch. It contained medieval pottery but the ditch is not depicted on the earliest available historic map of 1839.
4.15 Ditch B was parallel to the earthwork bank which was retained in situ, as well as to the hedgerow between the two paddocks and the hedges along the eastern and western site boundaries. If these boundaries were in use simultaneously during the medieval period, then the site would have been divided into four plots of land extending north-east from what is now the A417. This arrangement is partly preserved in the existing property boundaries fronting onto the road, although two plots have been merged at some point.
4.16 Evidence of internal division was found within the easternmost plot. Ditch C comprised two segments extending south-eastwards from Ditch B, and contained medieval pottery. Ditch segments 1096 and 1104, 15m north-east of Ditch C, also contained medieval pottery and were probably a further internal plot division.
4.17 Numerous large, steep-sided pits were found within the southern part of the site. The excavated examples were 1.3m–3m wide and up to 0.55m deep and had very steep, usually undercutting, sides and flat bases. They may have been quarry pits since the southern part of the site lay on a 0.3m-thick band of soft yellow sand, which overlaid firmer sand and gravel; the undercut pit sides coincided with this geological interface and may reflect efforts to maximise the gravel yield of each pit. Most of these pits were found within the first and third plots from the west, and this variance between the numbers within each plot suggests that the quarrying post- dated the establishment of the plot boundaries. The small size of the pits, and the fact that many were cut through previously backfilled medieval quarry pits, suggests that this gravel extraction occurred on an opportunistic basis.
14 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
4.18 A possible curvilinear ditch, 2030, found near the south-western limit of excavation, had steep sides and a broad, flat base. It extended beyond the baulk and contained medieval pottery and residual struck flints. It is unclear whether this was a ditch or a further quarry pit.
Period 5: post-medieval to modern (16th century onwards) 4.19 Post-medieval and later remains included a flagstone path (1005) near the southern limit of excavation. It was undated and does not appear on any historic maps but it was sealed by a rubble deposit which included pottery dating to the 16th to 18th centuries. Rectangular pit 2022, in the westernmost plot, was 0.95m long, 0.4m wide and 0.25m deep, and contained 19th-century pottery and a post-medieval or modern glass fragment as well as the disarticulated remains of part of a piglet. Horse bone similar to that found in Roman deposit 1239 and sherds of medieval pottery were recovered from linear feature 1288 (not illustrated), although this was identified in the trench sections as part of a hedgerow and was cut through the subsoil.
5 FACTUAL DATA AND STATEMENTS OF POTENTIAL
Stratigraphic Record: factual data 5.1 Following the completion of the fieldwork an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects II issued by English Heritage (1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide issued by English Heritage (2006). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix were also compiled and cross- referenced to spot-dating. The fieldwork produced the following records:-
Context sheets 354 Sections (1:10, 1:20) 84 Sample sheets 3 Digital photographs 296 Matrices 1 GPS plans 1
5.2 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as negative features. Despite a relative paucity of
15 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
stratigraphic relationships, most features have been assigned to a period based on context dates and/or spatial association.
Stratigraphic record: statement of potential 5.3 A secure stratigraphic sequence is essential to elucidating the form, purpose, date, organisation and development of the various phases of activity represented. This has been achieved through analysis of the sequence and integration of the artefactual dating evidence. The refined sequence provides the spatial and temporal framework within which other artefactual and biological evidence can be understood.
5.4 The survival of features across the site was good and stratigraphic relationships, where present, were established with a high degree of confidence. The dating of the Period 3 Roman or medieval enclosure remains unclear but there is insufficient evidence to warrant further analysis of this. Similarly, there is no potential for further analysis of the stratigraphic record to provide information about the site.
Artefactual record: factual data 5.5 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.
Type Category Count Weight (g) Pottery Prehistoric 27 206 Roman 35 149 Medieval 152 1114 Post-medieval/modern 6 133 Total 220 1602 Flint Worked/burnt 64 318 Fired Clay All 6 117 Brick/tile All 1 7 Glass Vessel 1 3 Coins Roman 1 - Post-medieval 3 - Metals Iron 15 - Residues 5 12
5.6 Limited quantities of artefactual material were recorded (above). The earliest activity is represented by worked flint, most or all of which was re-deposited in later features. Pottery recorded from ditches supports evidence for limited activity in the late prehistoric (probably Iron Age) and Roman periods. The largest quantities of pottery date to the medieval period, the majority associated with quarrying activity. The remaining finds represent a small group with very limited interpretative value.
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Pottery 5.7 The small pottery assemblage spans the late prehistoric, Roman, medieval and later periods. The earliest material consists of sherds in handmade calcareous- tempered fabrics probably dating to the Iron Age. This and the small Roman group are well-fragmented and provide few indications of closer dating or vessel form. The largest period group, the medieval pottery, makes up 69% of the total (by sherd count). The bulk of this group is made up of sherds in unglazed coarseware types for which only broad dating is possible. A small number of sherds in glazed fabrics imply dating mainly in the 13th to 14th centuries.
Worked flint 5.8 Quantities of prehistoric worked (and unworked, burnt) flint were recovered from 41 separate deposits. The large majority came from Roman and later deposits and all are likely to be residual. Eight pieces among this group exhibit secondary working, with the remainder comprising mainly flakes. A microlith (of Mesolithic type) is among the few pieces where dating is possible by form. Technological aspects of the remainder support mixed dating across the Mesolithic/Early Neolithic and Later Neolithic/Bronze Age.
Other
5.9 Other artefactual categories (above) are poorly represented. The small metalwork group consists of iron nails and fragmentary items where close dating was not possible. A single (illegible) copper-alloy coin is almost certainly of later Roman type; three probably modern coins were subsoil finds. The few fragments of fired/burnt clay, ceramic building material, clay tobacco pipe and ‘industrial residues’ are well broken-up and are of no interpretative value.
Artefactual record: statements of potential Worked flint 5.10 The lithics group is small and either demonstrably residual or from undated deposits. A microlith and elements among the debitage provide evidence of activity in the area during the Mesolithic and probably the Early Neolithic periods. The more closely dateable elements of the assemblage were not concentrated in one area of the site, but were scattered across the area of excavation. Recording undertaken as part of this assessment is sufficient for archive purposes. A short note characterising in summary this group should be included in any publication on the
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site to highlight the early prehistoric activity. It will not be necessary to include illustrations.
Pottery 5.11 The pottery assemblage is limited in its range and typically of poor condition. Its main worth is as (broad) dating evidence to assist in the understanding/final phasing of archaeological deposits which were recorded. Intrinsically the pottery will add little to our understanding of supply and use of ceramics in the area. Recording and reporting undertaken for this assessment are considered adequate for the purposes of the archive and further work is not warranted.
Other 5.12 The other artefactual categories are of minimal archaeological significance. If required, a summary for publication, characterising this material might be adapted from reports prepared for this assessment. Further recording or reporting for the archive is not necessary.
Biological record: factual data 5.13 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. Two bulk samples and one waterlogged sample were taken for the recovery of environmental remains.
Type Category Count Animal bone Fragments 40 Samples Environmental 3
Animal bone 5.14 A very small animal bone assemblage was recorded, largely comprising cattle, sheep/goat and pig bones, but also horse. The partial skeleton of a pig less than eight months of age was recovered from a modern context.
Plant macrofossils, charcoal and molluscs 5.15 The sample assemblages included charred and waterlogged plant remains, charcoal and molluscs.
5.16 The two sample assemblages from Period 1 (Iron Age) ditches included possible free-threshing wheat (Triticum turgidum/aestivum type) grain fragments, uncharred seeds of brambles (Rubus sp.) and elder (Sambucus nigra), and a few charcoal
18 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
fragments. The mollusc shells recovered included those of Vertigo sp., Vallonia excentrica/pulchella, Vallonia costata, Pupilla muscorum, Helicella itala, Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp., Cepaea sp. and Galba truncatula.
5.17 The assemblage from Period 2 (Roman) ditch 1252 included waterlogged seeds of buttercup (Ranunculus sp.), common fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), docks (Rumex sp.), brambles, elder, thistles (Carduus/Cirsium sp.) and sedge (Carex sp.), a few charcoal fragments, and shells of Vertigo sp., Vallonia excentrica/pulchella, Pupilla muscorum, Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp., Cepaea sp., Oxychilus cellarius, Carychium sp., Galba truncatula, Anisus leucostoma, Aplexa/Physa sp., Planorbis planorbis, Valvata cristata and Radix balthica.
Biological record: statements of potential Animal bone 5.18 No further work is recommended on this assemblage as the bones were generally in fair to poor condition, with very little taphonomic data observed and with little potential for ageing or metrical data to be recorded. The assessment results should be included in any publication.
Plant macrofossil, charcoal and molluscs 5.19 There is no potential for further analysis of the plant macrofossils, charcoal and molluscs to provide more detailed information on the nature of the settlement and local landscape. Due to the virtual absence of charred material within these assemblages, it would not be possible to identify any past activities such as crop processing that may have occurred within the site.
5.20 No further work is recommended on these samples but the assessment results should be included in any publication.
6 SUMMARY STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL
6.1 The remains on site date from the earlier prehistoric period (in the form of residual flints) through to the modern period.
6.2 The Iron Age boundaries confirm the suggestion forwarded in the desk-based assessment (CA 2102) that the boundary identified at Butler’s Field and Roughground Farm, and recorded as a cropmark to the north of the site, extended
19 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
into the site. This boundary is believed to have formed one of a pair of such boundaries creating a ‘meander cut-off’, enclosing a large area of land at the River Thames and its confluence with the River Leach (Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 63– 4 and fig. 3.7).
6.3 The presence of possible Iron Age storage pits is significant. These may represent grain stores located alongside the boundary but might instead suggest that the site lies close to an Iron Age farmstead.
6.4 The Roman ditches seem to relate to land division or to drainage, although some might have formed part of an enclosure. It is of some note that the current northern site boundary seems to preserve the alignment of these Roman ditches. Some of the pits assigned to this period might have been grain stores and, again, may indicate proximity to a farmstead. If so, whether any such occupation was continuous from the Iron Age into the Roman period is not knowable on the basis of the limited evidence from the current site.
6.5 The Roman or medieval enclosure may be of significance. The paucity of finds from the enclosure ditch fills suggest that it would have been an agricultural enclosure if it was Roman or medieval. However, the enclosure could instead date to the Anglo- Saxon period, a period from which sites often produce fewer material remains. In this case, whilst the enclosure might still have related to agriculture, it could equally have enclosed an area of occupation. Unfortunately, the limited material cultural evidence yielded by this feature, and the fact that it was only partially exposed, means that this question is impossible to be resolve on the basis of the evidence from the site. No deposits suitable for radiocarbon dating were recovered from the ditch fills associated with this enclosure.
6.6 The medieval remains reveal that the western edge of Lechlade along the main road towards Cirencester was developed during this period. The excavation exposed the rear plots that presumably belonged to houses fronting the road, although any surviving remains of these houses would be to the south of the site. Pottery wares from this period in the Cotswolds tend to be only broadly dateable and so it is unlikely that detailed analysis will provide evidence for the establishment date of this roadside development with any close resolution.
6.7 The post-medieval and later remains were limited in extent and are therefore of only limited significance.
20 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
6.8 The excavation was successful in achieving the objectives of recording the stratigraphic units encountered and assessing the presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual and ecofactual remains. No structural or industrial features were identified. The excavation was also successful in achieving the specific aims of the work in that evidence for past land use was recovered, along with dating and palaeoenvironmental evidence where this survived.
6.9 The presence of Iron Age and Roman boundaries and of possible storage pits of these dates, along with a possibly Anglo-Saxon enclosure are significant and warrant a summary publication in the Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, referencing the further detail found in this report. The publication should also include a summary of the medieval remains along with an assessment of the broad date range during which the medieval plot boundaries were first established and an assessment of whether the northern site boundary represents a fossilisation of that established during the Roman period.
7 STORAGE AND CURATION
7.1 The archive is currently held at CA offices, Kemble, whilst post-excavation work proceeds. Upon completion of the project the palaeoenvironmental remains and artefacts (subject to the agreement of the legal landowner) will be deposited with Corinium Museum, along with the documentary and digital archive.
8 UPDATED AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
8.1 The data from the site have been sufficiently analysed in the production of this report and further analysis is not warranted. Instead, the following updated objectives have been set out to provide a framework for the proposed publication which will concentrate on placing the site within its archaeological context.
Objective 1: provide a summary of the remains found 8.2 The publication report will summarise the phasing and morphology of the site.
21 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
Objective 2: place the site within its archaeological context 8.3 The publication report will consider the findings within the context of existing archaeological and historical data for Lechlade. In particular, the report will include a plan at an appropriate scale on which the results will be plotted against those of other known remains.
9 PUBLICATION
9.1 The results from the investigations of at Land at Moorgate are of regional significance and merit publication. They include evidence for large-scale Iron Age land division, Roman agriculture, possible Iron Age and Roman grain storage and evidence for a poorly dated enclosure. Evidence for medieval development alongside the road to Cirencester is also worthy of publication. It is proposed that a publication summary is published within the Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and makes reference to this report for fuller details of the site.
22 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
Synopsis of Proposed Report
Iron Age, Roman and medieval remains at Moorgate, Lechlade: summary of excavations in 2015-16 by Jonathan Hart and Christopher Leonard
Words Summary 200
Introduction 1000
Excavation Results Site discussion (Jonathan Hart and Chris Leonard) 1500 Pottery (Katie Marsden) 500 Discussion (Jonathan Hart) 1000
Acknowledgements 150
Bibliography 500
Total words 4600 Approximate pages @ 800 words/page c. 6 pages
Illustrations Pages Location of site 0.5 Archaeological/landscape context 0.5 Site plan and phasing 1 Historic map (1876) 0.5 Sections and photos 1 Total publication estimate c. 10 pages
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10 PROJECT TEAM
10.1 The publication programme will be managed and quality assured by Martin Watts FSA MCIfA (Head of Publications: HoP), who will co-ordinate the work of the following personnel:-
Jonathan Hart MCIfA (Senior Publications Officer: SPO):- Draft report preparation, research and archive
Ed McSloy MCIfA (Senior Finds Officer: FO):- Specialist report preparation and liaison, post-excavation phasing.
Sarah Wyles ACIfA (Senior Environmental Officer: SEO):- Specialist report preparation plant macrofossil, molluscs and liaison
Lucy Martin ACIfA (Senior Illustrator: ILL):- Production of all site plans, sections and artefact drawings (exc. pottery)
Jon Bennett ACIfA (Geomatics Officer: GO):- GIS applications
10.2 The final publication report will be edited and refereed internally by CA senior project management.
11 REFERENCES
Allen, T.G, Darvill, T., Green, S. and Jones, M. 1993 Excavations at Roughground Farm, Gloucestershire: a Prehistoric and Roman Landscape. Thames Valley Landscapes: The Cotswolds Water Park. Oxford
Bateman, C., Enright, D. and Oakey, N. 2003 ‘Prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon Settlements to the rear of Sherborne House, Lechlade: excavations in 1997’, in Trans Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeol. Soc. 121, 23–96
BGS (British Geological Survey) 2016 Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 13 July 2016
24 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
Boyle, A., Jennings, D. Miles, D. and Palmer, S. 1998 The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Volume 1: Prehistoric and Roman Activity and Anglo-Saxon Grave Catalogue. Thames Valley Monograph No. 10 Oxford, Oxford Archaeological Unit
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 1998 Land at Butler’s Court, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA Report 98856
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 1999 Land to the West of Butler’s Court, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA Report 991033
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2002 Former Lloyd’s Bank, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Programme of Archaeological Recording. CA Report 02108
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment. CA Report 12094
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade-on-Thames, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA Report 13020
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Excavation
GCC (Gloucestershire County Council) 2013 13/02642/OUT Land off Moorgate, Downington, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Brief for archaeological mitigation
Lambrick, G. and Robinson, M. 2009 Thames Through Time. The Archaeology of the Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames. Late Prehistory: 1500 BC-AD 50 Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph No. 29 Oxford, OUSA
Stansbie, D., Brown, R., Allen, T. and Hardy, A. 2013 ‘The Excavation of Iron Age Ditches and a Medieval Farmstead at Allcourt Farm, Little London, Lechlade, 1999’, in Trans Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeol. Soc. 131, 25–93
Stratascan 2012 Moorgate, Lechlade-on-Thames: Geophysical Survey Report
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APPENDIX 1: STRATIGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT BY CHRISTOPHER LEONARD
In total, 404 contexts were recorded during the evaluation and excavation as detailed below:-
Period 1 2 3 4 5 Natural Total features Evaluation 11 0 0 8 7 17 43 Excavation 66 65 24 150 18 38 361 Total 77 65 24 158 25 53 404
The preservation of archaeological remains was generally good, particularly in the south-eastern part of the site where deposits were sealed by up to 0.9m of modern subsoil and topsoil. Some truncation of features was caused by root disturbance, particularly at the north of the site, and this resulted in an increased likelihood of residual and intrusive finds within features in this part of the site.
Datable artefactual material was recovered from a high proportion of the features. Features that did not contain pottery could mostly be attributed a date based on similarity in form or location with dated features. A small number of intercutting features, particularly linear ditches, enabled some stratigraphic phasing to be recognised. All of the features were therefore assigned to periods of activity on the basis of stratigraphic relationships, morphological and spatial similarity, and recovered dating evidence, and there is no potential for further analysis of the context record.
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APPENDIX 2: THE POTTERY BY KATIE MARSDEN
Pottery amounting to 220 sherds (1602g) and dating to the late prehistoric through to the post-medieval/modern periods was recovered. Recording for this assessment has included quantification by fabric and according to sherd count, weight and rim EVES (estimated vessel equivalents). Vessel form/rim morphology, decoration and evidence for use (residues or use wear) were also recorded. Pottery type codes utilised for recording and given in parenthesis below equate to those of the Cirencester pottery type series (summarised in Rigby 1982 and Ireland 1998). The pottery assemblage was hand-recovered from 71 separate deposits; the majority from pits (140 sherds or 64%) or ditches (54 sherds or 25%). The condition of the pottery is variable and this is discussed relative to period below.
Late prehistoric (Iron Age): 27 sherds; 206g Pottery dating to this period was recorded from 13 deposits; mostly ditch fills (Ditches G, L, N, O). Surface preservation tends to be good with little obvious abrasion. All consists of smaller unfeatured bodysherds and dating is necessarily broad, based on fabrics/firing characteristics. The majority occurs in handmade calcareous (limestone or fossil shell-tempered fabrics), with four sherds in handmade sandy (quartz-tempered) types. All material is likely to be of local manufacture and broad Iron Age dating is suggested. Some of the material was found alongside later pottery and was probably residual.
Roman: 35 sherds; 149g; 0.22 EVEs The Roman group comes from 24 deposits, mainly ditch fills (Ditches B, C, H, I, L) and pits. Most or all of the pottery from pits (16 sherds from pits 1029, 1038, 1050, 1054, 1291, 1322 and 2026) is associated with medieval or later material and is presumed to have been re-deposited. The Roman group is well-broken up, reflected in a low mean sherd weight (4.3g); and most sherds are abraded.
A narrow range of fabrics is represented in the Roman group; reduced (TF 5; 17/98) or oxidised coarsewares (TF 9/98) of local origin are most common. Grog-tempered Savernake ware (TF 6), from northeast Wiltshire, was recorded from ditch fills 1205 (Ditch I) and 1253 (ditch 1252). Continental wares are represented by two sherds of Central Gaulish samian (TF 154B) from layer 1239 and subsoil 1006. Few elements among the Roman group are closely dateable; the grogged types (TF 6 and ‘grog’) date to the 1st or earlier 2nd centuries AD; and the samian (TF 154B) to the 2 nd century. Identifiable vessel forms are limited to a necked jar in greyware TF 9/98 from Ditch L (fill 1249) and a samian form 18/31 dish from layer 1239.
Medieval: 152 sherds; 1114g; 0.65 EVEs The medieval pottery represents the largest period group, the majority recovered from pits (113 sherds from features 1008, 1017, 1019, 1029, 1038, 1040, 1042, 1046, 1048, 1050, 1054, 1056, 1076, 1322, 2013, 2024, 2026, 2030) and ditches (22 sherds from Ditches B and C). The medieval assemblage is well broken-up, the majority made up of smaller and unfeatured sherds present in context groups of up to 14 sherds.
The majority of the medieval group comprises unglazed coarsewares, among which east Wiltshire/Kennet Valley type (TF 205) is strongly dominant. Glazed types are present as 30 sherds of Minety ware (TF 200) and a small number of sherds probably from southeast Wiltshire (?Laverstock type TF 269) and Brill/Boarstall, Bucks (TF 207). A very few vessel forms were identifiable; mainly jars/cooking pots in fabrics TF 200/TF 205 (with simple or developed everted rims) and a jug with pulled spout in Brill/Boarstall ware (TF 207). The medieval group generally presents imprecise dating; the two most commonly-occurring types (TF 200 and TF 205) are known to
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have been manufactured over a long period (c. 12th to 15th or 16th centuries). The few more dateable jug types probably date to the 13th or 14th centuries (TF 207; TF 269), or as late as the 15th or 16th centuries for Border ware type TF 222.
Post-medieval/modern: 6 sherds; 133g The very small quantities of pottery post-dating the medieval period were recorded mainly from wall demolition 1002. The five sherds from this deposit occur in an internally-glazed earthenware fabric (TF 243), which probably dates to the 17th or 18th centuries. A single, small sherd of modern porcelain was recorded from pit 2022.
Assessment of significance and statement of potential The pottery provides evidence for the phasing of the site but is limited in its range and in poor condition. Recording and reporting undertaken for this assessment are considered adequate for the purposes of the archive and further work is not warranted. A short note characterising this assemblage should be included in any publication. It will not be necessary to include illustrations.
References Ireland, C.A. 1998 ‘The Pottery’, in Wilkinson and McWhirr 1998, 98-139 Rigby, V. 1982 ‘The Coarse Pottery’, in Wacher and McWhirr 1982, 153-204 Wacher, J. and McWhirr, A. 1982 Cirencester Excavations I: Early Roman Occupation at Cirencester Cirencester Excavation Committee. Gloucester, Alan Sutton Wilkinson, D. and McWhirr, A. 1998 Cirencester Excavations IV: Cirencester Anglo-Saxon Church and Medieval Abbey Cotswold Archaeological Trust
Table 1: Pottery summary quantification Date Fabric Description Ct. Wt.(g) Prehist. IA Li Limestone-tempered 10 69 IA Sand Sandy (quartz-tempered) 4 32 IA Sh Fossil shell-tempered 13 105 Roman 154B Central Gaulish (Lezoux) Samian 2 16 6 Savernake ware 2 14 Grog Grog-tempered 2 6 17/98 Greyware (local/north Wilts) 18 86 5 Black sandy (local/north Wilts) 6 15 9/98 Oxidised sandy (local/north Wilts) 5 12 medieval 200 Minety ware 30 342 205 East Wilts 106 709 207 Brill/Boarstall 2 9 222 Surrey/Hants Border ware 2 2 269 Misc glazed ?Laverstock 1 5 202 Limestone-tempered 5 13 Sand CW Misc sandy 4 21 SE Wilts Misc sandy/Southeast Wilts? 2 13 Pmed/ 243 Misc glazed earthenwares (Ashton Keynes?) 5 132 mod Porc TP Modern porcelain 1 1 Total 220 1602
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APPENDIX 3: THE LITHICS BY JACKY SOMMERVILLE
Introduction and methodology A total of 63 worked flints (314g) and one piece of burnt, unworked flint (0.4g) was retrieved from 41 separate deposits. All were hand-recovered with the exception of a flake recovered from bulk soil sampling of Iron Age Ditch N. The artefacts were recorded according to broad artefact/debitage type and catalogued directly onto a Microsoft Access database. Chips (debitage ≤10mm) were only quantified and partial recording was carried out for the remainder of the assemblage. Attributes recorded included: raw material; weight; colour; cortex description; degree of edge damage (microflaking), rolling (abrasion) and recortication; presence of breakage and/or burning; and for debitage: butt and termination type; whether hard or soft-hammer struck; and evidence of preparation of the striking platform and of utilisation.
Provenance The vast majority of flints were recorded from cut features. The worked lithics derived from: ditches (27, 43%); pits (26, 41%); a layer (6, 10%); and tree-throw holes (4, 6%). Twenty-five (61%) of the features producing lithics were dated to the Iron Age, Roman or medieval period by associated pottery: 68% of the lithics (43 items) are, therefore, residual. The remainder was recovered from features currently described as undated.
Raw material and condition The raw material is flint in all cases: it varied from rather coarse to very fine grained. Cortex remained on 24 flints: on 16 of these (67%) it was chalky; on 6 (25%) it was abraded; and on 2 (8%) it consisted of recorticated surfaces which had been worked in an earlier period. This indicates a mixture of raw material sources, with a prevalence of flints from chalk or clay-with-flint, which would have been imported into the area. The flint was mostly grey or brown (67%) with a small number (5%) displaying honey-coloured staining, and one (1%) orange. White or blue coloration, due to recortication, was observed on 27% of flints. Condition was generally rather poor, with moderate to heavy edge damage on 70% and moderate to heavy rolling on 52%. These figures are consistent with a high degree of residuality.
Range and variety Primary technology Debitage (flakes, blades, bladelets, chips and shatter without secondary working) totals 55 items (Table 2). Much of this consists of undiagnostic flakes. The bladelet from Roman Ditch B (fill 1067) appears to represent Mesolithic debitage, although it is residual. Several technological aspects revealed by the debitage assemblage provide further evidence of activity dating to the Mesolithic or Early Neolithic periods, namely: the presence of three blades and two core rejuvenation flakes; soft hammer percussion identified on one blade and one flake; and evidence of preparation of the striking platform on three flakes and the bladelet.
Deliberate breakage was noted on a retouched flake from medieval pit 1044. During the Later Neolithic period flakes were deliberately broken to create blanks used for the production of chisel arrowheads (Anderson- Whymark 2011, 16). However, in such a small assemblage, with only one deliberate break and no arrowheads present, it cannot be assumed that this breakage relates to arrowhead manufacture. Evidence of utilisation was observed on one edge of a distal flake fragment from Iron Age Ditch L (fill 1274).
Three cores were recorded: two from Roman layer 1239 and one from Iron Age Ditch L (fill 1274). Represented are one dual-platform and two multi-platform types. All three cores had been used for the manufacture of flakes
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and had been unsystematically worked. Mesolithic and Early Neolithic flake cores are typically worked in a carefully controlled manner, often including preparation and rejuvenation of the striking platform, so these examples may be later in date.
Secondary technology A microlith was recovered as a residual find from medieval Ditch B (fill 1193). It is an obliquely blunted point (Clark Type 1a) spanning the Mesolithic period (Clark 1934). The remainder of the retouched tools (Table 2) comprise chronologically undiagnostic scrapers, notched and retouched flakes, and a saw. All had been redeposited in features dating to the Iron Age, Roman and medieval periods.
Assessment of significance and statement of potential The flint assemblage is almost entirely residual within later deposits, with the remainder coming from undated deposits but not in sufficient quantities to provide dating evidence for these. Aside from providing evidence for earlier prehistoric activity on the site, the assemblage has little potential and the recording undertaken as part of this assessment is sufficient for archive purposes. A short note characterising in summary this group should be included in any publication on the site to highlight the early prehistoric activity. It will not be necessary to include illustrations.
References Anderson-Whymark, H. 2011 ‘Intentional Breakage in the British Neolithic: Some comments and examples’, Lithics: the Journal of the Lithics Studies Society 32, 16–21 Clark, J.G.D. 1934 ‘The Classification of a Microlithic Culture: The Tardenoisian of Horsham’. Archaeological Journal 90, 52–77
Table 2: Breakdown of the lithic assemblage (Burnt unworked) 1 Primary technology Blade 3 Bladelet 1 Chip 2 Core 3 Core rejuvenation flake 2 Flake 42 Shatter 2 Secondary technology Microlith 1 Notched flake 1 Retouched flake 1 Saw 1 Scraper (end) 2 Scraper (end-and-side) 1 Scraper/spurred piece 1 Total 63
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APPENDIX 4: THE METAL OBJECTS BY KATIE MARSDEN
A total of 19 metal objects, the majority (15) comprising items of iron, were recorded from 15 deposits. The metalwork has been recorded to an Access database and identifications are summarised in Table 3. The assemblage has been examined by a specialist conservator (Karen Barker) and items were subjected to x- radiography (X-ray plate K16/233).
Provenance The majority of the assemblage (13 items or 68.5%) was derived from feature fills, with six items each from pits and ditches. The remaining five items were recorded from layer 1239 (two items) and the subsoil (three items).
Condition The extent of the corrosion is variable. The ironwork is characterised by heavy corrosion and fragmentation. Generally the non-ferrous objects are less severely corroded, with the exception of a possible intrusive Roman coin from Iron Age Ditch P (fill 2008). Increased humidity control has been applied to slow the rate of degradation and all items are currently stored in sealable plastic boxes with desiccating silica gel. With the exception of the coin detailed above, all material is considered to be stable.
Range and Variety – Iron A total of 15 items of iron were recovered from 11 deposits. The largest group consists of 12 complete or fragmentary nails. One from Ditch J (fill 1203) is possibly a rivet or tack, given its extremely small size (10mm). Two nails recorded from tree-throw pit 1056 (fill 1057), one from pit 1054 (fill 1055) and one unusually large example from pit 1062 (fill 1063) conform to medieval types used to attach horseshoes to the hoof. One ‘fiddle- key’ nail form from tree-throw pit 1056 (fill 1057) and one nail from pit 1062 (fill 1063) feature flat heads, semi- circular in profile. This form is commonly dateable to between the mid to late 11th century and mid 13th centuries (Clark 1995). Also from this deposit, and from pit 1054 (fill 1055) are two horseshoe nails more characteristic of later medieval forms, dateable from the 14th century with no clear end date (ibid. 87). This type features a rectangular head with tapering shoulders. In both instances the snapped-off ends are suggestive of use. The remaining nails are of a forged type with flat heads, extensively used in both the Roman and medieval periods, and cannot be closely dated.
Of the remaining three items, two objects, one from pit 1050 (fill 1051) and Ra. 4, recorded from Ditch I (fill 1149), are heavily corroded and so form, function and dating cannot be determined. A possible ‘ring-key’, a Roman class, more often of bronze and thought to be used with small boxes or caskets (Crummy 1983), was recorded from Ditch E (fill 1165), provisionally dated to Period 3. The hoop is oval in plan with an internal diameter of c. 14mm. The key extends from the hoop at 90 degrees; however the bit has been lost to a lateral break making identification uncertain.
Range and Variety – Copper Alloy Four coins of copper alloy were recorded from two deposits. Ra. 5, a probable Roman radiate or nummus dateable between c. 260-402 AD, was recorded from Ditch P (fill 2008) and was probably intrusive. Three coins from subsoil 1006 are probably all dateable to the post-medieval/modern periods based on dimensions, although only one can be identified (Table 3).
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Assessment of significance and statement of potential The small metalwork group consists of iron nails and fragmentary items where close dating was not possible, the possible ring-key and a small number of coins. These are of minimal archaeological significance and a summary for publication, characterising this material might be adapted from the report prepared for this assessment. Further recording or reporting for the archive is not necessary.
References Clark, J. 1995 ‘Horseshoes’, in Clark 1995, 75-123 Clark, J. 1995 The Medieval Horse and Its Equipment London, Museum of London Crummy, N. 1983 The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester Colchester Archaeological Report no. 2, Colchester, Colchester Archaeological Trust
Table 3: the metal objects Prov. Material Context Ra. Type Classification Quantity Date Period Cu. Al 1006 coin Farthing; George IV 1 1830 5 Post- medieva l/moder 1006 coin Illegible 1 n 5 Post- medieva l/moder 1006 coin Illegible 1 n 5 2008 5 coin Radiate or nummus 1 Roman 1 Fe. 1051 object uncertain 1 4 1055 nail horseshoe 1 medieval 4 1057 nail horseshoe 2 medieval 4 1063 nail dome-headed 2 4 1127 nail flat-headed 1 4 1149 4 object uncertain 1 2 1165 object ring-key? 1 Roman 3 1173 3 nail flat-headed 1 2 1203 1 nail rivet 1 1 1239 2 nail shanks only 2 2 1239 nail shank only 1 2 2021 6 nail flat-headed 1 4
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APPENDIX 5: THE OTHER FINDS BY KATIE MARSDEN
Glass A single fragment of vessel glass (3g) was recorded from pit 2022 (fill 2023). The unfeatured body fragment in dark green is only broadly dateable to the post-medieval or modern periods.
Ceramic Building Material A single fragment of ceramic building material (7g) was recorded from Roman ditch 1252 (fill 1253). It consists of an unfeatured flake in an orange fabric for which further identification or close dating are not possible.
Clay Tobacco Pipe A single fragment (7g) of clay tobacco pipe was recorded from modern hedge cut 1287 (fill 1288). The bowl fragment corresponds to Oswald’s Type 19 (Oswald 1975), which can be dated to c. 1690–1710.
Fired Clay In total, six fragments (117g) were recorded from five deposits. The fragments, all in a fine, sandy fabric, are formless and indeterminate of original function.
Metallurgical residues and other industrial waste A single fragment of ironworking slag (9g), one of indeterminate industrial waste (1g) and three fragments of clinker (weighing less than 1g) were recorded from three deposits. A further seven fragments of clinker and four fragments of coal were recovered by bulk soil sample from Ditch N (fill 1290).
Assessment of significance and statement of potential The small group is of minimal archaeological significance and a summary for publication, characterising this material might be adapted from the report prepared for this assessment. Further recording or reporting for the archive is not necessary.
References Oswald. A. 1975. Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist. Oxford. British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 14.
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APPENDIX 6: THE ANIMAL BONE BY MATILDA HOLMES
Introduction A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered. There is always the possibility with multi-period sites that some mixing of deposits will have occurred, and two groups of very large horse bones, one from Period 2 layer 1239 and the other from Period 5 hedge-line 1288, may have originated from the same animal.
Methodology All bones and teeth were recorded, although for some elements a restricted count was employed to reduce fragmentation bias: vertebrae were recorded when the vertebral body was present; and maxilla, zygomatic arch and occipital areas of the skull were identified from skull fragments. A basic recording method was utilised to assess the potential of the animal bone assemblage. The number of bones and teeth that could be identified to taxa were noted, as were those that could be used to age the major domesticates (tooth wear and bone fusion). The quantities of bones likely to be used for metrical data were also recorded. Other information included condition (good, fair or poor) and the incidence of gnawing and butchery marks. All fragments were recorded by context, including those that could not be identified to taxa. Recording methods and analysis are based on guidelines from Baker and Worley (2014).
Results A very small assemblage was recorded, largely comprising cattle, sheep/ goat and pig bones, but also horse (Table 4). No sieved samples were available at this stage. Unsurprisingly there was little potential for ageing or metrical data to be recorded (Table 5). Bones were generally in fair to poor condition, with very little taphonomic data observed (Table 6). The partial skeleton of a pig less than eight months of age was recovered from Period 5 pit 2022 (fill 2023).
Assessment of significance and statement of potential A very small animal bone assemblage was recorded. No further work is recommended on this assemblage as the bones were generally in fair to poor condition, with very little taphonomic data observed and with little potential for ageing or metrical data to be recorded. The assessment results should be included in any publication.
References Baker, P. and Worley, F. 2014 Animal Bones and Archaeology: Guidelines for Best Practice. Portsmouth, English Heritage
34 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design © Cotswold Archaeology
Table 4: Number of fragments recorded for the major domesticates, birds and other taxa Period Cattle Sheep/ goat Pig Bird Other Other Taxa 1 Iron Age 1 2 Roman 7 4 Horse
3 Earlier medieval 2
4 Medieval 6 14 2
5 Post medieval/ modern 1 1 2 Horse Total 16 14 4 6
Table 5: Number of bones and teeth likely to provide ageing and metrical data for the major domesticates. Mand= mandible wear; teeth= tooth wear; fusion= bone fusion; meas= metrical data Cattle Sheep/ goat Pig Period Mand Teeth Fusion Meas Mand Teeth Fusion Meas Mand Teeth Fusion Meas 1
2 4
3
4 2 2 1 1 3 1 1
5 1
Total 0 2 7 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 0
Table 6: Preservation and bone modifications observed for each context Preservation Bone Modification Period Good Fair Poor Gnawed Butchered Burnt 1 1 2 3 1
3 1
4 3 15 8 1 6
5 1 1
Total 4 18 10 1 0 7
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APPENDIX 7: THE PLANT MACROFOSSIL AND CHARCOAL REMAINS BY SARAH WYLES
Two environmental samples (38 litres of soil in total) were taken from cut 1259 of Period 1 Ditch L and from cut 1289 of Period 1 Ditch N with the intention of recovering environmental evidence for industrial or domestic activity on the site. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2). In addition, a sample and accompanying monolith were taken from Period 2 ditch 1252 to examine the nature of the waterlogged environment of this feature. Subsequent radiocarbon dating of a sub-sample of this material from ditch 1252 demonstrated that at least some of this was intrusive and dated to the post-medieval to modern period. A further sub-sample (three litres of soil) from the material from ditch 1252 was processed by standard methods for the recovery of waterlogged remains (CA Technical Manual No. 2).
Preliminary identifications of plant macrofossils are noted in Tables 7 and 8, following nomenclature of Stace (1997) for wild plants, and traditional nomenclature as provided by Zohary et al. (2012) for cereals. The presence of mollusc shells has also been recorded. Nomenclature is according to Anderson (2005) and habitat preferences according to Kerney (1999) and Davies (2008).
Period 1: Iron Age Very small charred plant assemblages were recovered from fill 1260 of Ditch L (cut 1259; sample 2) and from fill 1290 of Ditch N (cut 1290; sample 3). These include possible free-threshing wheat (Triticum turgidum/aestivum type) grain fragments. Only a few fragments of charcoal greater than 2mm were recorded in these samples. Sample 3 also contained a few waterlogged weed seeds, including those of brambles (Rubus sp.) and elder (Sambucus nigra).
The mollusc assemblages from these two samples included shells of the open country species Vertigo sp., Vallonia excentrica/pulchella, Vallonia costata, Pupilla muscorum and Helicella itala, the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp. and Cepaea sp. and the amphibious species Galba truncatula. These assemblages may be reflective of a well-established open landscape with some scrub in the vicinity, with an indication of localised occasional flooding/seasonal desiccation.
Period 2: Roman No charred plant remains were recovered from sample 1, taken from fill 1254 of ditch 1252, and there were only a few fragments of charcoal greater than 2mm. The waterlogged assemblage within this sample included seeds of buttercup (Ranunculus sp.), common fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), docks (Rumex sp.), brambles, elder, thistles (Carduus/Cirsium sp.) and sedge (Carex sp.). The mollusc assemblage included shells of the open country species Vertigo sp., Vallonia excentrica/pulchella and Pupilla muscorum; the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus, Cochlicopa sp. and Cepaea sp.; the shade-loving species Oxychilus cellarius and Carychium sp.; the amphibious species Galba truncatula, Anisus leucostoma and Aplexa/Physa sp.; the intermediate aquatic species Planorbis planorbis and the ditch aquatic species Valvata cristata and Radix balthica. This mollusc assemblage appears to be indicative of a well-established open area with scrub/hedgerow and wasteland and longer damp grass in the vicinity of the ditch. There may have been pockets of standing water in the ditch and localised occasional flooding. However, it should be noted that some or all of this material is intrusive and not contemporary with the Roman origins of the ditch.
36
Assessment of significance and statement of potential There is no potential for further analysis of the plant macrofossils, charcoal and molluscs to provide more detailed information on the nature of the settlement and local landscape. Due to the virtual absence of charred material within these assemblages, it would not be possible to identify any past activities such as crop processing that may have occurred within the site. No further work is recommended on these sample but the assessment results should be included in any publication.
References Anderson, R. 2005 ‘An annotated list of the non-marine Mollusca of Britain and Ireland’, Journal of Conchology 38, 607-637
Davies, P. 2008 Snails Archaeology and Landscape Change Oxford, Oxbow Books
Kerney, M.P. 1999 Atlas of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland Colchester, Harley Books
Stace, C. 1997 New flora of the British Isles (2nd edition) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. 2012 Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley 4th edition Oxford, Clarendon Press
Table 7: Assessment table of the charred palaeoenvironmental remains Flot Charcoal size Roots Cereal Charred > Feature Context Sample Vol (L) (ml) % Grain Chaff Notes Other 4/2mm Other Period 1 Ditch L Indet. Moll-t Grain (++++), 1259 1260 2 20 30 60 + - frags - 0/+ Moll-f (+) Ditch N ?f-t wheat grain frag, indet. Moll-t grain (++++), 1289 1290 3 18 50 65 + - frags - 0/+ Moll-f (+) Period 2 Ditch 1252 Moll-t (+++), 1252 1254 1 3 n/a n/a - - - - 0/+ Moll-f (++)
Key: + = 1–4 items; ++ = 4–20 items; +++ = 21–49 items; ++++ = 50–99 items; +++++ = >100 items Moll-t = land snails, Moll-f = aquatic snails
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Table 8: Assessment table of the waterlogged and mollusc remains
Period 1 1 2 Feature Label Ditch L Ditch N Ditch 1252 Feature 1259 1289 1252 Context 1260 1290 1254 Sample 2 3 1 Vol (L) 20 18 3 Waterlogged material woody stem/root > 5 mm + + + woody stem/root > 2 mm + + + Ranunculus sp. buttercup - - + Fumaria officinalis common fumitory - - + Rumex sp. docks - - + Rubus sp. brambles - + + Sambucus nigra elder - + + Carduus/Cirsium sp. thistle - - + Carex sp. sedge - - + Molluscs Vertigo sp. + + + Vallonia excentrica/pulchella + + + Vallonia costata + + - Pupilla muscorum - + + Helicella itala + + - Trochulus hispidus + + + Cochlicopa sp. + + + Cepaea sp. + - + Deroceras/Limax sp. - - + Oxychilus sp. - - + Carychium sp. + - + Valvata cristata - - + Planorbis planorbis - - + Radix balthica - - + Anisus leucostoma - - + Galba truncatula + + + Aplexa/Physa sp. - - + Pisidium sp. - - + Key: + = 1–50 items; ++ = 50–100 items; +++ = >100 items
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APPENDIX 8: THE RADIOCARBON DATING BY SARAH COBAIN
Radiocarbon dating was undertaken in order to date material from fill 1254 within ditch 1252. The material proved to be of post-medieval date but further analysis suggests that it may have been intrusive and Ditch 1252 is interpreted as a Period 2 (Roman) feature. The samples were analysed during May 2016 at Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, Scotland. The uncalibrated dates are conventional radiocarbon ages. The radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit calibration programme OxCal 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) using the IntCal13 curve (Reimer et al. 2013).
Table 9: Radiocarbon dating results
Feature Lab No. Material δ 13C Radiocarbon Calibrated radiocarbon Calibrated radiocarbon age age 95.4% age 68.2% probability probability
Context 1254 SUERC- Waterlogged seed - -27.6‰ 229 ± 30 yr BP 1533–1536 cal AD (0.3%) 1645–1670 cal AD (35.0%) Ditch 1252 67230 Elder 1636–1684 cal AD (44.1%) 1780–1799 cal AD (25.8%) (Sambucus nigra) 1736–1805 cal AD (40.0%) 1944 cal AD (7.5%) 1934 cal AD (11.1%)
References Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009 ‘Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates’, Radiocarbon 51, 337–360 Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., HattŽ, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., & van der Plicht, J. 2013 ‘IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP’, Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887
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APPENDIX 9: OASIS REPORT FORM
PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire Short description An excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between April and May 2015 and in March 2016 at the request of Lagan Homes at Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire, in advance of residential development.The excavation revealed a small number of Iron Age and Roman pits and ditches, including part of an extensive late prehistoric land boundary previously identified to the north of the site at Butler’s Field and Roughground Farm and forming part of Scheduled Monument GC413 (the multi- period settlement, cemetery and ceremonial complex west of Lechlade). A rectangular enclosure, post-dating the Roman activity and pre-dating medieval plot boundaries, was partially exposed at the northern end of the site but closer dating of this feature has not proved possible. Medieval boundary ditches defining plots of land fronting the A417 to the south of the site were also identified, along with a number of pits, probably dug for sand and gravel extraction, also dating to the medieval period. Remains dating to after the medieval period were few in number and included a path, an animal burial, demolition deposits and hedge lines. Project dates April–May 2015 and March 2016 Project type Excavation Previous work Desk-based assessment (CA 2012) Geophysical survey (Stratascan 2012) Evaluation (CA 2013) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Lechlade, Gloucestershire Study area Site co-ordinates SU 2090 9975 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Gloucestershire County Council Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Richard Young Project Supervisor Christopher Leonard MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content
Physical Corinium Museum Ceramics, metal objects animal bone, struck flint Paper Corinium Museum Context sheets, matrices, registers Digital Corinium Museum Database, digital photos BIBLIOGRAPHY
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2016 Land off Moorgate, Lechlade, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Excavation. CA typescript report 16377
40 19 20 21 22 23
02
Roughground Farm
01
Butler’s Butler’s Field Court
Late prehistoric Memorial boundary Hall
Sherbourne 1976 Watching House Brief Little London
99
98
N Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 site Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] GLOUCESTERSHIRE cropmarks PROJECT TITLE Saltway OXFORDSHIRE Land off Moorgate, Lechlade Scheduled Gloucestershire Monument GC413 FIGURE TITLE Site location plan WEST BERKSHIRE 0 1km WILTSHIRE FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the digital Ordnance Survey Explorer map with DRAWN BY SO PROJECT NO. 9222 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller CHECKED BY LM DATE 10/08/2016 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY JH SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 N 2 30m FIGURE NO. 01264 347630 01285 771022 01392 826185 01908 564660 www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk [email protected] Andover Cirencester Exeter Milton Keynes w e 9222 11/08/2016 1:600 PROJECT NO. DATE SCALE@A3 modern undated Period 1: Iron Age Period 2: Roman Period 3: Roman or medieval Period 4: medieval Period 5: post-medieval / site boundary geophysical survey anomalies geophysical survey excavation area geological feature previous evaluation trench previous evaluation grey) (features shown in bioturbation modern deposit land drain layer/deposit JH SO LM 0 Archaeological periods © Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109. Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of APPROVED BY FIGURE TITLE PROJECT TITLE DRAWN BY Site plan CHECKED BY Gloucestershire Land off Moorgate, Lechlade 2095 Ditch H Ditch G Ditch D Ditch E
2090 1096 1104 Ditch C 1015 Ditch I 1252 Ditch F 1239 1013 1239 Ditch L 1316 1072 1299 1230 1011 1046 1048 1291 1301 1054 1060 1044 1062 1042 Ditch O Ditch B 1040 1058 1318 Ditch J (retained in situ) EARTHWORK BANK 1039 1076 1017 1078
2085 1220 1052 1050 1029 1032 1034 1021 Ditch N PHASE 2 HEDGEROW 1019 path 1005 Ditch M Ditch K 1008 1295 1304 1223 1322 1306 2080 Ditch P 1257 2037 2022 PHASE 1
2015 2013
2011 MOORGATE
SU
9975 9980 9985 C:\Users\sam.o'leary\Desktop\Holding files\Lechlade\draft\9222 Lechlade fig 2.dwg fig Lechlade files\Lechlade\draft\9222 C:\Users\sam.o'leary\Desktop\Holding General view of the site during machine stripping, with Butler’s Field to the north, looking north-east
Ditch J Ditch L
Iron Age Ditches J and L, looking south-west (scales 1m)
Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]
PROJECT TITLE Land off Moorgate, Lechlade Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Photographs
DRAWN BY SO PROJECT NO. 9222 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY LM DATE 11/08/2016 APPROVED BY JH SCALE@A4 N/A 3 Roman waterlogged deposit 1239, looking south-east (scale 1m)
Ditch Ditch I 1239
Earthwork Bank
Roman ditches at north of site, looking south-east
Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]
PROJECT TITLE Land off Moorgate, Lechlade Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Photographs
DRAWN BY SO PROJECT NO. 9222 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY LM DATE 11/08/2016 APPROVED BY JH SCALE@A4 N/A 4 Pit 1021
Medieval quarry pits, looking north-east (scales 1m)
Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]
PROJECT TITLE Land off Moorgate, Lechlade Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Photographs
DRAWN BY SO PROJECT NO. 9222 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY LM DATE 11/08/2016 APPROVED BY JH SCALE@A4 N/A 5