DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tunnels of Wet Earth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tunnels of Wet Earth WET EARTH COLLIERY SCRAPBOOK. Compiled by Dave Lane. This publication may be printed out free of charge for your own personal use. Any use of the contents for financial gain is strictly prohibited. Edition 2. January 2003 Introduction. For many years I have waited for someone to write a book about the colliery of Wet Earth at Clifton , near Manchester. As no book has so far materialised yet people are always asking for more details about the mine, I have put together this brief collection of articles, information sheets and photographs to satisfy both myself and others who are interested both in the colliery and the general area. This scrapbook has been produced only for my own interest and will not be “published” in any proper sense of this word, although I may run off a few copies for friends and the odd person who has expressed interest. A copy of it will be placed on the Internet. The scrapbook is NOT a “book” about Wet Earth. One hopes that such a volume may eventually materialise - authored by someone who knows a lot more than I do about the subject - and who is better at writing! In the meantime, just dip into this publication! Although parts of this book have been written by the compiler, a great deal of material is merely extracts from the work of others. Credit has been given to the writers if known. Extracts have also been taken from the Information boards which used to exist all around the site (but which have been repeatedly vandalised and now no longer exist) and also from some information sheets I have come across. If anyone recognises “their” writings, just let me know and I’ll credit you for your text immediately! My thanks for the bulk of the information and pictures in this publication are directed entirely to all members of the Wet Earth Exploration Group who have collected and supplied much the information contained here. Special thanks are due to Alan Davies, the last curator of the sadly lamented Lancashire Mining Museum, who took many of the photo’s in this scrapbook. Thanks to all! Although some years ago, the underground tunnels of Wet Earth Colliery were available for all to see via the conducted tours given by the Exploration Group, there is now no longer access by anyone! For a variety of highly spurious and doubtful reasons, entrance to all the underground workings has now been forbidden both by the Coal Authority and Salford Council. One hopes that sanity will one day prevail and that local people will once again be able to visit and look at their historical heritage underground at Wet Earth Colliery. In the meantime you’re stuck with just this scrapbook! Dave Lane 2002 A brief overview of Wet Earth Colliery. Wet Earth Colliery is located at Clifton, on the southern bank of the River Irwell near Manchester. Coal has been mined in this area for centuries but one of the first major pits was that at Wet Earth, perhaps earlier known as Wet Yard Pit. We believe that the first major shaft to be sunk was the Gal Pit but this proved problematic, with large amounts of water entering the mine. James Brindley was brought in to try to solve the water problem. He designed and built a system to help drain the mines, bringing water from the Irwell, via a weir some distance upstream. An underground tunnel conveyed the water under fields at Ringley and under the River Irwell through an inverted siphon which in turn fed the water to an underground water wheel which operated the mine pumps. The water both from the water wheel and the mine was passed back to the river by yet more underground tunnels. The colliery developed over many years changing from a one shaft site, to two deep shafts plus a drift mine. The water pumping system evolved from water wheel, through water turbine and thence to steam power. The mine closed in 1927. The service or maintenance tunnel, clearly showing the hand hewn pick marks. Geology of the Wet Earth Colliery Area. By E. Todhunter. Several ages of rock occur in the vicinity of the Wet Earth Colliery in the Irwell valley at Clifton. Alluvium <10,000 years ago Glacial Deposits 10,000 to 2 million years ago Triassic 190 to 230 million years ago Carboniferous (Westphalian) 290 to 315 million years ago These rocks were formed under climate conditions varying from tropical swamps to hot arid deserts and the intense cold of the Ice Age. Carboniferous. The oldest rocks of the Carboniferous period represent a time, 290 to 315 million years ago, when Britain was just north of the equator and had a hot, humid, tropical climate.A large part of Britain, including Lancashire, was low lying tropical swamps crossed by large meandering rivers. These rivers periodically overflowed and flooded the swamps killing and burying the vegetation and peat in layers of mud and sand. The sources of the rivers and sediments was high ground to the far north where erosion was taking place. To the south, deltas built out into the open sea. New swamps developed on the sand banks and flood plains, until these too were buried by floods of sediments as the rivers repeatedly burst their banks and changed course. As the many layers of swamp vegetation, mud and sand were buried by more and more sediments, they have been compressed, the water squeezed out and consolidated into layers of rock: Vegetation and peat became coal Soil became seatearth and fireclay Mud and Clay became mudstone and shale Silt became siltstone Sand became sandstone Vegetation and peat is more spongy and compressable than sand or mud and a 1 metre thick layer or seam of coal is the result of compression of about 10 metres of peat. Fragments of the swamp vegetation are also preserved in the mudstones and sandstones as fossilized leaves, branches, roots, spores and seeds. Some of the insects, molluscs, crustaceans and amphibians that lived in the swamps, rivers and lagoons were buried in the mud and are now fossils. These coal bearing rocks of the Westphalian Stage of the Carboniferous Era are commonly termed the Coal Measures. The carbon preserved in the coal seams is a valuable natural energy resource and it has been exploited for hundreds of years in the Lancashire coalfield, which stretches from Oldham to Liverpool and Stockport to Burnley. Clays and sandstones from the Coal Measures have been used for brick making and building stone. In the Clifton area the Coal Measures are cut by a major NW to SE fault – the Irwell Valley Fault. This fault coincides with the River Irwell Valley and crosses the Irwell at the bend in the river to the north of the marina. The approximate line of the Irwell Valley Fault is marked on the map of the Wet Earth Colliery Trail and can be seen in the Wet Earth adit. To the SW of the fault the Coal Measures are at the surface, to the NE of the Irwell Valley Fault the Coal Measures have been down faulted by a maximum of 1,00 metres (3,000 feet) and are now beneath the younger Triassic sandstones. West of the fault several coal seams outcrop at the surface or at shallow depths below the glacial deposits. The coal seam outcrops trend approximately WnW to ESE and dip steeply to the S at an inclination of about 1 in 3.5. The coal seams outcropping in the Clifton area are (in decending stratigraphical order): Rams Windmill (white) Black Doe Five Quarters Hell Hole Clifton was a rich area of the coalfield and many shafts were sunk to mine these coal seams. The Doe coal seam outcrops on the N bank of the River Irwell to the W of the Giants Seat Gorge where a bank of grey shale occurs containing flakes of coal. This outcrop would have been seen by early miners. The Doe seam in a shaft section at Wet Earth Colliery is 9 foot 7.5 inches thick and was the first seam to be worked when deep mining began in Clifton during the mid 18th century. Triassic East of the Irwell Valley Fault the Triassic Sherwood (formally the Bunter) sandstones occur. These rocks are younger (about 210 million years old) than the Carboniferous Westphalian Coal Measure rocks (310 million years old). The Sherwood Sandstones are well exposed on the banks and floor of the River Irwell downstream from Giant’s Seat Gorge and occur at the adit entrances to the Wet Earth Colliery on the Western Bank of the River Irwell. The rocks are weak, porous, mottled reddish-brown, cross-bedded sandstones with well rounded millet seed sand grains and occasionally a few well rounded and sub-angular quartzitic pebbles. Prior to the deposition of the Triassic rocks great earth movements took place during the Hercynian orogeny (mountain building period). North- south compression and uplift of the Carboniferous rocks occurred with folding and faulting. The Triassic Sherwood sandstones were deposited in hot arid desert conditions, when Britain lay north of the equator in the Tropics and the mountain chains formed during the Hercynian orogeny were being eroded. Great thicknesses of of sediment accumulated in subsiding intermontane basins brought down by flash floods and reworked by wind and water. The Triassic rocks are stratigraphically above the carboniferous rocks but faulting has moved them to the same level as the Carboniferous rocks in the eastern part of the Wet Earth Colliery separated by the major fault, the Irwell Valley Fault.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • North West Geography
    ISSN 1476-180 North West Geography Volume 8, Number 1, 2008 North West Geography, Volume 8, 2008 1 A deeper understanding of climate induced risk to urban infrastructure: case studies of past events in Greater Manchester Nigel Lawson and Sarah Lindley Geography, School of Environment and Development The University of Manchester Email: [email protected] Abstract A detailed knowledge of past events is sometimes used to help understand and manage potential future risks. Flood risk management is one area where this has been particularly true, but the same ideas could theoretically be applied to other potential climate induced impacts in urban areas such as subsidence, sewer collapse and land movement. Greater Manchester, as the world’s first industrial city, provides an ideal case study of how such events have affected the urban infrastructure in the past. This paper reviews some of the evidence which can be gleaned from past events and also shows how the realisation of some climate-related risks in heavy modified urban environments can only be fully understood through a consideration of sub-surface as well as surface characteristics. Key words flood, subsidence, risk assessment, Greater Manchester Introduction element which is exposed. It follows, therefore, that unless Urban areas have always been prone to climate-related risks there is a connection between all three risk components, as a result of their ability to modify physical processes such there can be no risk. Using these terms, drivers of changing as drainage and heat exchange and their high concentration patterns of risk can be seen to be as much associated with of people and property.
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Review of Salford City Council
    Electoral review of Salford City Council Response to the Local Government Boundary Commission for England’s consultation on Warding Patterns August 2018 1 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Salford in 2018 has changed dramatically since the city’s previous electoral review of 2002. Salford has seen a turnaround in its fortunes over recent years, reversing decades of population decline and securing high levels of investment. The city is now delivering high levels of growth, in both new housing and new jobs, and is helping to drive forward both Salford’s and the Greater Manchester economies. 1.2 The election of the Greater Manchester Mayor and increased devolution of responsibilities to Greater Manchester, and the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, is fundamentally changing the way Salford City Council works in areas of economic development, transport, work and skills, planning, policing and more recently health and social care. 1.3 Salford’s directly elected City Mayor has galvanised the city around eight core priorities – the Great Eight. Delivering against these core priorities will require the sustained commitment and partnership between councillors, partners in the private, public, community and voluntary and social enterprise sectors, and the city’s residents. This is even more the case in the light of ongoing national policy changes, the impending departure of the UK from the EU, and continued austerity in funding for vital local services. The city’s councillors will have an absolutely central role in delivering against these core priorities, working with all our partners and residents to harness the energies and talents of all of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan
    Salford City Council Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan Draft Report May 2007 Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan Contents PART I: BASELINE AND EVIDENCE BASE 1 1. Background & Key Issues 2 Purpose of the Strategic Regeneration Framework 2 and Action Plan Methodology 3 Portrait of Salford West 4 2. Policy Context 9 Key Regional Policies 9 Key City Region Policies 10 Key City Wide Policies 11 Key Local Policies 15 Conclusions 16 3. Key Facts 18 A Successful Local Economy and Business 18 Location of Choice A Network of High Quality Neighbourhoods 20 An Outstanding Environment, Leisure and 21 Recreational Asset Connectivity 22 Inclusivity 23 4. Key Issues 25 A Successful Local Economy and Business 25 Location of Choice A Network of High Quality Neighbourhoods 25 An Outstanding Environment, Leisure and 26 Recreational Asset Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan Connectivity 27 Inclusivity 27 5. Key Opportunities 29 A Successful Local Economy and Business 29 Location of Choice A Network of High Quality Neighbourhoods 30 An Outstanding Environment, Leisure and 30 Recreational Asset Connectivity 31 Inclusivity 31 6. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and 32 Challenges PART II: VISION AND INTERVENTION STRATEGY 34 7. Vision and Intervention Strategy 35 Introduction 35 Vision 36 Intervention Strategy 36 ‘Drivers’ of Change 38 ‘Enablers’ of Change 43 Spatial Priorities 46 Conclusions 46 PART III: ACTION PLAN 47 8. Action Plan 48 Introduction 48 Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan Structure of the Action Plan 48 Preparation of the Action Plan 48 Description of Projects Within the Action Plan 48 Detailed Action Plan 64 9.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Pea~ Cvistrict Tjv!Iries CJ/Istorical Csociety-C"Ltd
    'Pea~ CVistrict tJv!iries CJ/istorical CSociety-C"Ltd. NEWSLETTER Ro 67 JULY 1993 MAGPIE ENGINE HOUSE APPEAL By the time that you get this Newsletter you will have received, and digested, the Magpie Mine Engine Appeal brochure and other documentation. You will now know the details of the problems with the Engine House and how we intend to resolve them. One of the methods that we will use to raise the monies required is to hold special Magpie Mine Engine House Events. The first event of the appeal programme is a sponsored walk and a members car Boot and Swap event. Both of these events will be based on Magpie Mine and will take place on September 12th 1993. The walk will be about 12 miles long with plenty of opportunity to take a short cut back to the start if you so desire. The Car Boot and Swop event will give you the opportunity to dispose of your unwanted items, to be replaced immediately by other goods. Please give both of these events your full support. Go out and get the sponsors for the walk and then come along and en)oy yourself in a pleasant walk in the White Peak. The Society needs all of the support it can muster if the Engine House is to remain the focal point at Magpie Mine for many years to come. Full details of these appeal events are given in the programme of Society Meets on Page 3 of this Newsletter. CRICH MIKING DISPLAY The situation at the Crich Mining Display is now becoming critical.
    [Show full text]
  • N SA Appendix 3 Details of Baseline Information
    Publication Salford Local Plan: Development Management and Allocations Document Sustainability Appraisal Appendix 3 Details of Baseline Information APPENDIX 3 Details of Baseline Information Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 2 2 Social .................................................................................................................. 3 2A Population .............................................................................................................. 3 2B Health ..................................................................................................................... 7 2C Crime ................................................................................................................... 10 2D Accessibility .......................................................................................................... 11 2E Housing ................................................................................................................ 15 2F Education ............................................................................................................. 21 3. Economic .......................................................................................................... 25 3A Economic health ................................................................................................... 25 3B Structure of the economy ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Walk 3 in Between
    The Salford Trail is a new, long distance walk of about 50 public transport miles/80 kilometres and entirely within the boundaries The new way to find direct bus services to where you of the City of Salford. The route is varied, going through want to go is the Route Explorer. rural areas and green spaces, with a little road walking walk 3 in between. Starting from the cityscape of Salford Quays, tfgm.com/route-explorer the Trail passes beside rivers and canals, through country Access it wherever you are. parks, fields, woods and moss lands. It uses footpaths, tracks and disused railway lines known as ‘loop lines’. Start of walk The Trail circles around to pass through Kersal, Agecroft, Bus Number 92, 93, 95 Walkden, Boothstown and Worsley before heading off to Bus stop location Littleton Road Post Office Chat Moss. The Trail returns to Salford Quays from the historic Barton swing bridge and aqueduct. During the walk Bus Number 484 Blackleach Country Park Bus stop location Agecroft Road 5 3 Clifton Country Park End of walk 4 Walkden Roe Green Bus Number 8, 22 5 miles/8 km, about 2.5 hours Kersal Bus stop location Manchester Road, St Annes’s church 2 Vale 6 Worsley 7 Eccles Chat 1 more information Moss 8 Barton For information on any changes in the route please Swing Salford 9 Bridge Quays go to visitsalford.info/thesalfordtrail kersal to clifton Little Woolden 10 For background on the local history that you will This walk follows the River Irwell upstream Moss as it meanders through woodland and Irlam come across on the trail or for information on wildlife please go to thesalfordtrail.btck.co.uk open spaces to a large country park.
    [Show full text]
  • Horwich Locomotive Works Conservation Area
    Horwich Locomotive Works Horwich, Bolton ConservationDraft Conservation Area Management Area Management Plan Plan www.bolton.gov.uk Contents 6.0 Protecting Special Interest; 1.0 Introduction 3 Policies 18 6.1 Introduction 2.0 Summary of Special Interest 4 6.2 Buildings at risk and protection from demolition 3.0 Significant Buildings 7 6.3 Maintenance guidance 3.1 Unlisted buildings that make a 6.4 Urban design guidance for new positive contribution to the character development of the Conservation Area 6.5 Managing building alterations 3.2 Buildings and structures that are less 6.6 Protecting views and vistas significant and have a neutral impact 6.7 Open spaces and landscaping on the character of the Conservation 6.8 Monitoring change Area 6.9 Recording buildings and features 3.3 Buildings and structures that have a negative impact on the character of 7.0 Enhancement 21 the Conservation Area 7.1 Regeneration strategy 7.2 Buildings – repairs 4.0 Managing Change 13 7.3 Buildings – new uses 4.1 Horwich Locomotive Works in the 7.4 Open spaces and landscaping 21st Century – a summary of the 7.5 Linkages issues 7.6 Interpretation and community 4.2 Philosophy for change involvement 4.3 Strategic aims 8.0 The Wider Context 23 5.0 Identifying the issues that 15 Threaten the Character of the 9.0 Next Steps 24 Conservation Area 5.1 Buildings at risk, demolition and Bibliography & Acknowledgements 25 under-use 5.2 Condition of building fabric Appendices 26 5.3 Vacant sites Appendix 1: Contacts 5.4 Details – doors, windows, roofs and Appendix 2: Relevant Unitary historic fixtures Development Plan Policies 5.5 Extensions and new buildings Appendix 3: Condition audit of significant 5.6 Building services and external buildings alterations Appendix 4: 1911 plan of the works 5.7 Views and spatial form 5.8 Landscape and boundaries 5.9 Access to and around the Conservation Area Conservation Area Management Plan prepared for Bolton Council by The Architectural History Practice, June 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Researching the Archaeology and History of the First Industrial Canal Nevell, MD and Wyke, T
    Bridgewater 250: Researching the archaeology and history of the first industrial canal Nevell, MD and Wyke, T Title Bridgewater 250: Researching the archaeology and history of the first industrial canal Authors Nevell, MD and Wyke, T Type Book Section URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/22594/ Published Date 2012 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. Bridgewater 250 Bridgewater Chapter 1 Bridgewater 250: Researching the Archaeology and History of the First Industrial Canal Michael Nevell & Terry Wyke “But so unbounded have the speculations in canals been, that neither hills nor dales, rocks nor mountains, could stop their progress, and whether the country afforded water to supply them, or mines and minerals to feed them with tonnage, or whether it was populous or otherwise, all amounted to nothing, for in the end, they were all Bridgewater Canals. His Grace’s canal had operated on the minds of canal speculators, much in the same manner as a large lottery prize does upon the minds of the inhabitants of a town, which has had the misfortune to be visited with such a calamity.” John Sutcliffe, A Treatise on Canals and Reservoirs.
    [Show full text]
  • IL Combo Ndx V2
    file IL COMBO v2 for PDF.doc updated 13-12-2006 THE INDUSTRIAL LOCOMOTIVE The Quarterly Journal of THE INDUSTRIAL LOCOMOTIVE SOCIETY COMBINED INDEX of Volumes 1 to 7 1976 – 1996 IL No.1 to No.79 PROVISIONAL EDITION www.industrial-loco.org.uk IL COMBO v2 for PDF.doc updated 13-12-2006 INTRODUCTION and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This “Combo Index” has been assembled by combining the contents of the separate indexes originally created, for each individual volume, over a period of almost 30 years by a number of different people each using different approaches and methods. The first three volume indexes were produced on typewriters, though subsequent issues were produced by computers, and happily digital files had been preserved for these apart from one section of one index. It has therefore been necessary to create digital versions of 3 original indexes using “Optical Character Recognition” (OCR), which has not proved easy due to the relatively poor print, and extremely small text (font) size, of some of the indexes in particular. Thus the OCR results have required extensive proof-reading. Very fortunately, a team of volunteers to assist in the project was recruited from the membership of the Society, and grateful thanks are undoubtedly due to the major players in this exercise – Paul Burkhalter, John Hill, John Hutchings, Frank Jux, John Maddox and Robin Simmonds – with a special thankyou to Russell Wear, current Editor of "IL" and Chairman of the Society, who has both helped and given encouragement to the project in a myraid of different ways. None of this would have been possible but for the efforts of those who compiled the original individual indexes – Frank Jux, Ian Lloyd, (the late) James Lowe, John Scotford, and John Wood – and to the volume index print preparers such as Roger Hateley, who set a new level of presentation which is standing the test of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Croal/Irwell Local Environment Agency Plan Environmental Overview October 1998
    Croal/Irwell Local Environment Agency Plan Environmental Overview October 1998 NW - 10/98-250-C-BDBS E n v ir o n m e n t Ag e n c y Croal/lrwell 32 Local Environment Agency Plan Map 1 30 30 E n v ir o n m e n t Ag e n c y Contents Croal/lrwell Local Environment Agency Plan (LEAP) Environmental Overview Contents 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Air Quality 2 1.3 Water Quality 7 1.4 Effluent Disposal 12 1.5 Hydrology. 15 1.6 Hydrogeology 17 1.7 Water Abstraction - Surface and Groundwater 18 1.8 Area Drainage 20 1.9 Waste Management 29 1.10 Fisheries 36 1.11 . Ecology 38 1.12 Recreation and Amenity 45 1.13 Landscape and Heritage 48 1.14 Development . 5 0 1.15 Radioactive Substances 56 / 1.16 Agriculture 57 Appendix 1 - Glossary 60 Appendix 2 - Abbreviations ' 66 Appendix 3 - River Quality Objectives (RQOs) 68 Appendix 4 - Environment Agency Leaflets and Reports 71 Croal/lrwell LEAP l Environmental Overview Maps Number Title Adjacent to Page: 1 The Area Cover 2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) 3 3 Water Quality: General Quality Assessment Chemical Grading 1996 7 4 Water Quality: General Quality Assessment: Biological Grading 1995 8 5 Water Quality: Compliance with proposed Short Term River Ecosystem RQOs 9 6 Water Quality: Compliance with proposed Long Term River Ecosystem RQOs 10 7 EC Directive Compliance 11 8 Effluent Disposal 12 9 Rainfall 15 10 Hydrometric Network 16 11 Summary Geological Map: Geology at Surface (simplified) 17 12 Licensed Abstractions>0.5 Megalitre per day 18 13 Flood Defence: River Network 21 14 Flood Defence: River Corridor
    [Show full text]
  • Lancashire Countryside Directory for People with Disabilities
    Lancashire Countryside Directory for People with Disabilities Second edition Whatever your needs, access to and enjoyment of the countryside is rewarding, healthy and great fun. This directory can help you find out what opportunities are available to you in your area. Get yourself outdoors and enjoy all the benefits that come with it… Foreword written by: Bill Oddie OBE This directory was designed for people with a disability, though the information included will be useful to everyone. Lancashire’s countryside has much to offer; from the gritstone fells of the Forest of Bowland to the sand dunes of the Sefton Coast. There are some great opportunities to view wildlife too, including red squirrels and marsh harriers. It is more than worth taking that first step and getting yourself involved in your local countryside, regardless of your abilities. For people interested in wildlife and conservation there is much that can be done from home or a local accessible area. Whatever your chosen form of countryside recreation, whether it’s joining a group, doing voluntary work, or getting yourself out into the countryside on your own, we hope you will get as much out of it as we do. There is still some way to go before we have a properly accessible countryside. By contacting Open Country or another of the organisations listed here, you can help us to encourage better access for all in the future. This Second Edition published Summer 2019 Copyright © Open Country 2019 There are some things that some disabilities make “ more difficult. The countryside and wildlife should not be among them.
    [Show full text]
  • GMPR04 Bradford
    Foreword B Contents B Bradford in East Manchester still exists as an electoral ward, yet its historical identity has waned Introduction 3 and its landscape has changed dramatically in The Natural Setting ...........................................7 recent times. The major regeneration projects that The Medieval Hall ...........................................10 created the Commonwealth Games sports complex Early Coal Mining ............................................13 and ancillary developments have transformed a The Ashton-under-Lyne Canal ........................ 17 former heavily industrialised area that had become Bradford Colliery ............................................. 19 run-down. Another transformation commenced Bradford Ironworks .........................................29 much further back in time, though, when nearly 150 The Textile Mills ..............................................35 years ago this area changed from a predominantly Life in Bradford ...............................................39 rural backwater to an industrial and residential hub The Planning Background ...............................42 of the booming city of Manchester, which in the fi rst Glossary ...........................................................44 half of the nineteenth century became the world’s Further Reading ..............................................45 leading manufacturing centre. By the 1870s, over Acknowledgements ..........................................46 15,000 people were living cheek-by-jowl with iconic symbols of the
    [Show full text]