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The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia

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The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia Crazy in Love: The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Hasson, Michal. 2018. Crazy in Love: The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41121211 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Crazy in Love: The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia A dissertation presented by Michal Hasson To The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the subject of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts June 2018 © 2018 Michal Hasson All rights reserved Dissertation Advisor: Prof. Ali Asani Michal Hasson Crazy in Love: The Story of Laila and Majnun in Early Modern South Asia Abstract This study explores the emergence and flourishing of several vernacular literary cultures in South Asia between the early seventeenth and late nineteenth centuries through one of the most popular love stories told across the Middle East, Persia, Anatolia, Central Asia, and South Asia: the story of Laila and Majnun. In South Asia, we find numerous versions of this love tale in all the major South Asian languages and in various genres and formats. Through an exploration of Dakani, Brajbhasha, and Urdu versions of the story in their historical and literary contexts, I examine what made the story of these star-crossed lovers from Arabia so productive for South Asian poets of diverse backgrounds, the meanings that were ascribed to the narrative by these authors, and what these interpretations can tell us about literary cultures in early modern and modern South Asia. I argue that the story as a whole, and the figure of Majnun in particular, with its manifold, seemingly- contradictory aspects, enabled Indian poets to draw on the prestigious Persian and Sanskrit classical traditions, on the one hand, while carving a space for themselves in a new vernacular literary culture on the other. This study also shows that the mystical interpretation of this story as expressing the desire and longing of the human soul for the divine was used creatively by Indian writers to contemplate devotional and mystical love. Authors were thus able to reproduce this semi-historical story from seventh-century Arabia as a local, intimate, and, at times, personal tale of love, madness, and spiritual knowledge. Focusing in particular on Dakani and Brajbhasha production in the seventeenth century and on late-eighteenth-century Urdu literary production, this study examines similarities and differences among vernacular literary cultures and in their interactions with Persian literary models, thereby demonstrating the vitality and variation within Persianate culture in South Asia. iii Table of contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... vii Note on Transliteration and Translation ....................................................................................... ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Sources, Methods and Terms ............................................................................................... 4 2. Contributions to the field ..................................................................................................... 9 3. Chapter outline ................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1: Mapping the Laila-Majnun Story ................................................................................ 19 1. The Origins of the Laila-Majnun Story .............................................................................. 20 2. Early Mystical Interpretations of Majnun Laila ................................................................. 25 3. The Story in the Persian Classical Tradition and Early Turkish ........................................ 31 4. Translation, Imitation and Response .................................................................................. 42 Chapter 2: The Story of Laila and Majnun in Dakani .................................................................. 45 1. Dakani Beginnings ............................................................................................................ 47 2. Shaikh Ahmad Gujarati and the Emergence of the Dakani Masnavi ................................ 52 3. Ajiz and the Sufi Masnavi ................................................................................................. 62 Chapter Three: Jan Kavi and the Story of Laila-Majnun in Brajbhasha ....................................... 82 1. The Qiyam Khanis ............................................................................................................. 83 2. Brajbhasha.......................................................................................................................... 87 3. The Laila-Majnun by Jan and the Persian Tradition .......................................................... 96 4. Jan Kavi and the Vocabulary of Devotion ....................................................................... 104 5. Performance in Jan Kavi’s Laila-Majnun ........................................................................ 116 6. The Laila-Majnun Story in Rajput Material Culture ....................................................... 119 Chapter 4: The Laila-Majnun in Rekhtah ................................................................................... 124 1. Early Urdu Literary Culture ............................................................................................. 125 2. Becoming Majnun ............................................................................................................ 133 3. Encountering Laila and Majnun....................................................................................... 144 4. Creativity in Eighteenth-Century Laila-Majnun Masnavis .............................................. 155 5. Unani Medicine in the Urdu Masnavi .............................................................................. 163 iv Chapter 5: Regional Centers of Urdu Literary Culture: Patronage, Performance, and Poetics . 178 1. Patronage: Ajiz and Nami ................................................................................................ 180 a. Urdu in the South ......................................................................................................... 180 b. Urdu under the British Before 1800 ......................................................................... 195 2. The Poet’s Voice .............................................................................................................. 204 3. The Laila-Majnun in Performance ................................................................................... 211 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 220 Appendix: Laila-Majnun Narratives ........................................................................................... 228 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 230 v List of Figures Figure 1. Majnun throwing himself onto Laila’s grave. Folio from a khamsah (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, Delhi Sultanate Period ca. 1450. Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institute, F1959.3. ......................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 2. Ascetic riding a nag. Deccan c.1625. Ink and colors on paper, marbled paper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1944 (44.154) ......................................................... 80 Figure 3. The meeting of Laila and Majnun. Sisodia Palace, external paintings. ...................... 122 Figure 4. The meeting of Laila and Majnun in the Wilderness. Salar Jung manuscript, folio 94 ..................................................................................................................................................... 159 Figure 5. Kedar Ragini: Folio from a Ragamala Series (detail) by Ruknuddin. Bikaner, 1690- 1695. Metropolitan Museum of Art 1978.540.2 ......................................................................... 160 Figure 6. Majnun's father takes him to the holy man. Salar Jung manuscript, folio 53. ............ 161 Figure 7. Majnun's friends find him in the wilderness. Salar Jung manuscript, folio 70. .......... 162 Figure 8. The surgeon bleeding Majnun. Salar Jung manuscript, folio 74. ................................ 174 Figure 9. Laila bleeding in the garden with her friends. Salar Jung manuscript, folio 77. ......... 175 Figure
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