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Smallholder Farmers' Adoption of Improved Sorghum Varieties

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Smallholder Farmers' Adoption of Improved Sorghum Varieties SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF IMPROVED SORGHUM VARIETIES: THE CASE OF GONDAR ZURIA WOREDA, NORTH GONDAR ZONE OF AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA M.Sc. THESIS MELESE ASMARE WASSAI AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA i SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF IMPROVED SORGHUM VARIETIES: THE CASE OF GONDAR ZURIA WOREDA, NORTH GONDAR ZONE OF AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA MELESE ASMARE WASSAI ADVISOR: MEBRATU ALEMU (PhD) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA ii SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY ADVISORS’ THESIS SUBMISSION APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Smallholder farmers’ adoption of improved sorghum variety in Gondar Zuria Woreda” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s with specialization in agricultural economics, the Graduate Program of the Department of Economics, and has been carried out by Melese Asmare Id. No. PRBE/1154/09, under my supervision. Therefore I recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department for defense. ____________________ ____________ _____________ Name of Principal advisor Signature Date iii EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL PAGE Approved by: We the examiners’ board approve that this thesis has passed through the defense and review process. ______________ ____________ _____________ Chairperson Signature Date ________________ ____________ ______________ External Examiner Signature Date ________________ ____________ _____________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ______________ _____________ _____________ Principal advisor Signature Date ______________ _____________ ____________ SGC Signature Date iv Declaration I hereby declare that this M.Sc. thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged, and cited in the text and the list of references are provided. Name: Melese Asmare Signature: ___________ Date: ________________ v ACKNOWLEDGMENT Above all, thanks to my Almighty God for his help in passing me through the complicated situations I faced for pursing my study and for his help and courage during my whole study time. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my major advisor Mebratu Alemu (PhD) for his invaluable comments, suggestion, and encouragement. My beloved, families deserve special thanks for their raised me up in love and affection, support and encouragement. My heart-felt appreciation goes to Gondar Zuria woreda office of agriculture for providing me valuable information regarding the district. Finally my warm thanks are extended to my classmates for their unfailing encouragement in the course of the entire work. vi LIST OF ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BC Before Christ CC Contingency Coefficient CSA Central Statistical Agency EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization ESH Ethiopian Sorghum Hybrid FAB Farmer Breeding FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database FOB Formal Breeding FVs Farmer’s Varieties FTC Farmer’s Training Center GDP Gross Domestic Product HH Household Head IIA Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IVs Improved Varieties MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MNL Multinomial Logit MNP Multinomial Probit OPV Open Pollinating Varieties PPS Probability Proportion to Size SNNP Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples vii SRS Stratified Random Sampling TLU Tropical Livestock Unit USDA United States Development Agency USD United States Dollar VIF Variance Inflation Factor viii TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................xiii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research Questions ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Significance of the Study................................................................................................................. 4 1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study .................................................................................................. 5 1.7. Operational Definition ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Origin and Distribution of Sorghum ................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Overview of Sorghum Production ................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Woreda level sorghum production ............................................................................................... 8 2.3. Consumption/Utilization ................................................................................................................. 8 2.4. Sorghum Research in Ethiopia ........................................................................................................ 9 2.5. Basic Concepts of Technology Adoption ...................................................................................... 10 2.6. Review of Empirical Adoption Studies ....................................................................................... 12 ix 2.7. Conceptual Framework of Sorghum Variety Adoption................................................................. 14 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Description of the Study Area ....................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Agro-climatic environment ........................................................................................................ 17 3.1.2. Production system ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Population and population density .............................................................................................. 17 3.1.4 Urban infrastructure and social services ...................................................................................... 17 3.2. Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.3. Sources and Methods of Data Collection ...................................................................................... 19 3.3.1. Sources of data ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2. Method of data collection ........................................................................................................... 20 3.4. Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 20 3.4.1. Descriptive analysis .................................................................................................................... 20 3.4.2. The logit model .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.4.3 Definition of variables and their hypothesis in the logit model ................................................... 23 3.4.4. The multinomial probit model .................................................................................................... 27 3.4.5. Definition of variables and their hypothesis in MNP model ...................................................... 31 3.4.6. Test of multicollinearity ............................................................................................................. 36 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................................................................................
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