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Skrining 9 Jenis Tumbuhan Ordo Sapindales Di Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Sultan Syarif Hasyim Riau Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Tumbuhan Terapeutik

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Skrining 9 Jenis Tumbuhan Ordo Sapindales Di Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Sultan Syarif Hasyim Riau Yang Berpotensi Sebagai Tumbuhan Terapeutik SKRINING 9 JENIS TUMBUHAN ORDO SAPINDALES DI TAMAN HUTAN RAYA (TAHURA) SULTAN SYARIF HASYIM RIAU YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI TUMBUHAN TERAPEUTIK Simon Mangaratua, Fitmawati, Nery Sofiyanti Mahasiswa Program S1 Biologi Bidang Botani Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Biologi dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Kampus Bina Widya Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Sultan Syarif Hasyim (SSH) Forest Park is one of the conservation areas in Riau Province. A total of 125 Spermatophyta species have been previously identified in this region. Those species are potencially used as therapeutic agens, especially Sapindales species. This study aimed to identify the Sapindales species from SSH forest park that has therapeutic potencies based on their phytochemical test (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins). This study had been carried out from November 2013 to February 2014. The sampling method used in this study was an exploration method. Data was descriptively analyzed. The result showed that total of nine Sapindales species from four families were identified. The number of species that positively contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins were 7, 3, 6, 2,6 and 4, respectively. Keywords: identification, phytochemical, sapindales, TAHURA SSH Forest Park, Therapeutic. ABSTRAK Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim (TAHURA SSH) merupakan salah satu kawasan konservasi di Propinsi Riau. TAHURA SSH memiliki 125 jenis tumbuhan spermatophyta yang telah diidentifikasi. Sebagian besar spesies tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan dasar terapeutik, terutama pada ordo Sapindales. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan terapeutik dari ordo Sapindales dikawasan TAHURA SSH yang berpotensi obat berdasarkan kandungan fitokimianya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari bulan November 2013 hingga Februari 2014. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode eksplorasi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menujukkan 9 jenis tumbuhan ordo sapindales yang telah diidentifikasi JOM FMIPA Volume 1 No 2 Oktober 2014 1 terbagi kedalam empat famili. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan tujuh jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa alkaloid, tiga jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa flavonoid, enam jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa steroid, dua jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa terpenoid, enam jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa saponin, dan lima jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa tanin. Kata kunci : identifikasi, fitokimia, sapindales, TAHURA SSH, terapeutik. PENDAHULUAN Syarif Hasyim (TAHURA SSH) merupakan salah satu kawasan Hutan hujan tropis Indonesia konservasi yang berada di Provinsi Riau. merupakan salah satu ekosistem dengan Sebagian besar kawasan ini telah kekayaan spesies terbesar di dunia, mengalami deforestasi, namun pada ditemukan kurang lebih 300.000 spesies kawasan yang masih terjaga atau masih tumbuhan dan lebih dari 400 spesies menyimpan keanekaragaman hayati pohon yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi yang cukup tinggi. Hasil kajian (Jumari et al., 2003). Sebanyak 300.000 inventarisasi dan identifikasi flora di jenis tumbuhan yang ada di Indonesia TAHURA Sultan Syarif Hasyim yang sekitar 940 spesies diantaranya diketahui telah dilakukan BPP (2012) ditemukan berkhasiat sebagai obatdan 180 spesies 230 jenis flora dan fungi, dengan 125 juga telah digunakan dalam ramuan obat jenis Spermatophyta.Sebagian tanaman tradisional oleh industri obat tradisional tersebut memiliki potensi sebagai bahan Indonesia (BPS, 2000). Menurut dasar terapeutik akan tetapi secara Muellner et al. ordo Sapindales terbagi umum, identifikasi tumbuhan terapeutik menjadi sembilan famili, 460 genus, dan di TAHURA SSH masih belum pernah 5670 spesies yang tersebar diseluruh diteliti sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan dunia. Sedangkan untuk kawasan Asia untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis tropis, dijumpai sekitar 100 genus dan tumbuhan terapeutik dari ordo 800 jenis yang termasuk Sapindales. Sapindales di kawasan Taman Hutan Secara umum anggota Sapindales Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim (TAHURA memiliki peran penting dalam SSH) Riau yang berpotensi tumbuhan membentuk tutupan kanopi utama pada obat dan mengidentifikasi kandungan daerah hutan dataran rendah. Penghasil fitokimianya kayu utama adalah anggota famili Burseraceae dan beberapa dari famili Meliaceae. Ordo Sapindales juga METODE PENELITIAN memiliki peranan penting sebagai pohon penghasilan buah-buahan seperti manga a. Waktu dan Tempat (Annacardiaceae), duku dan kecapi Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada (Meliaceae), rambutan dan lengkeng bulan November 2013 hingga bulan (Sapindaceae) dan jeruk (Rutaceae) serta Februari 2014.Sampel tumbuhan penghasil minyak esensial dan getah diambil dari Taman Hutan Raya Sultan yang berpotensi sebagai sumber obat Syarif Hasyim Riau. Analisis tradisional. Taman Hutan Raya Sultan kandungan senyawa fitokimia dilakukan JOM FMIPA Volume 1 No 2 Oktober 2014 2 di Laboratorium Botani Jurusan Biologi terbentuk 2 lapisan. Lapisan atas Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu dipindahkan ke dalam tabung reaksi Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Riau, sebanyak 1 mL. Kemudian tabung Pekanbaru. tersebut ditambahkan 3 tetes pereaksi Dragendorff. Apabila terbentuk b. Alat dan Bahan endapan jingga menunjukan bahwa sampel tersebut mengandung alkaloid. Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah gunting tumbuhan, 2. Uji Flavonoid kertas label, mortar, tabung reaksi dan rak tabung, pipet tetes, corong, bunsen, Uji flavonoid dilakukan menurut penjepit tabung, kertas saring, timbangan Sangi et al. (2008). Sampel dirajang digital, dan kamera digital/DSLR. halus sebanyak 200 mg, diekstrak dengan 5 mL etanol dan dipanaskan Bahan-bahan yang digunakan selama 5 menit dalam tabung reaksi. dalam penelitian ini adalah simplisia Selanjutnya ditambah 3 tetes HCL pekat. daun (ketiga-kelima dari pucuk), Kemudian ditambahkan 0,2 g bubuk Mg. kloroform, kloroform-amoniak 0,05 N, Hasil positif ditunjukkan dengan H2SO4 2 N, H2SO4 pekat, HCl pekat, timbulnya warna orange - merah tua Asam Asetat Glasial, Pereaksi selama 3 menit. Dragendrof, Etanol 70 %, Serbuk Magnesium, FeCl3 1 %, dan Aquades. 3. Uji Steroid dan Terpenoid c. Prosedur Penelitian Uji steroid dan terpenoid dilakukan Sangi et al. (2008). Sampel Tahap penelitan ini meliputi digerus halus sebanyak 50-100 mg dan penentuan jenis tumbuhan kemudian ditambahkan asam asetat glasial sampai dilanjutkan dengan koleksi spesimen. semua sampel terendam, dibiarkan Setelah daun dikoleksi selajutnya selama 15 menit kemudian 6 tetes digunakan dalam skrining fitokimia larutan dipindahkan ke dalam tabung yang meliputi uji alkaloid, flavonoid, reaksi dan ditambahkan 3 tetes steroid, terpenoid, saponin, dan tanin. H2SO4pekat. Hasil positif terpenoid ditunjukkan dengan terjadinya warna d. Pengamatan merah, jingga atau ungu, sedangkan steroida ditunjukkan dengan 1. Uji Alkaloid terbentuknya warna hijau kebiruan. Uji alkaloid dilakukan menurut metode Sangi et al. (2008) Sampel 4. Uji Saponin sebanyak 4 g ditambahkan kloroform Uji saponin dilakukan menurut secukupnya, selanjutnya ditambahkan metode Sangi et al. (2008). Sampel 10 mL amoniak-kloroform. Kemudian dirajang halus sebanyak 2 g, dimasukkan larutan disaringke dalam tabung reaksi kedalam tabung reaksi, kemudian dan filtrat ditambahkan 10 tetes H2SO4 ditambahkan akuades hingga seluruh 2N. Campuran dikocok dengan teratur, sampel terendam, dididihkan selama 2-3 dibiarkan beberapa menit sampai menit, dan selanjutnya didinginkan, JOM FMIPA Volume 1 No 2 Oktober 2014 3 kemudian dikocok kuat-kuat. Hasil flavonoid, enam jenis tumbuhan positif ditunjukkan dengan mengandung senyawa steroid, dua jenis terbentuknyabuih yang stabil selama 15 tumbuhan mengandung senyawa menit terpenoid, enam jenis mengandung senyawa saponin dan empat jenis 5. Uji Tanin tumbuhan positif mengandung senyawa tanin. Uji tanin dilakukan Sangi et al. (2008). Sampel dirajang halus a. Golongan alkaloid sebanyak 20 mg ditambah etanol sampai sampel terendam semuanya. Berdasarkan hasil skrining Kemudian ditambahkan 3 tetes larutan fitokimia ditemukan sebanyak tujuh FeCl3 1%. Hasil positif ditunjukkan jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa dengan terbentuknya warna hitam alkaloid dengan intensitas yang beragam. kebiruan atau hijau. Sebanyak enam jenis tumbuhan mengandung senyawa alkaloid dengan Analisi Data intensitas yang sedikit (+) antara lain, Bouea oppositifolia, Magifera Data yang diperoleh disajikan macrocarpa, Melanorhoea aptera, dalam bentuk tabulasi dan dianalisis Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Sandoricum secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan koetjape dan santiria tomentosa. kualitatif. Intensitas kandungan senyawa Sedangkan untuk jenis tumbuhan yang metabolit sedikit ditandai dengan simbol mengadung senyawa alkaloid dengan (+), (++) untuk intensitas sedang, (+++) intensitas sedang (++) yaitu Aglaia untuk intensitas banyak dan (-) untuk khortalsii. jenis tumbuhan yang tidak memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit. b. Golongan flavonoid HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Berdasarkan hasil skrining fitokimia, sebanyak tiga jenis tumbuhan Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid Hasyim (TAHURA SSH) Riau adalah dengan intensitas sedikit (+) yaitu, salah satu kawasan konservasi di Bouea oppositifolia, Melanorhoea Propinsi Riau, yang masih menyimpan aptera dan Dysoxylum cauliflorum. tingkat keanekaragaman hayati yang cukup tinggi. Sebanyak 9 jenis c. Golongan steroid dan terpenoid tumbuhan dari ordo Sapindales digunakan dalam skrining fitokimia yang Berdasarkan hasil skrining terbagi kedalam empat famili yaitu fitokimia, diperoleh
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