Oil Palm Bulletin 81 (November 2020) p. 1-8 Floristic Composition and Carbon Stock Assessment of the Tinbarap Conservation Forest

Kho Lip Khoon*; Elisa Rumpang* and Ivan Chiron Yaman**

ABSTRACT berdekatan dengan kawasan penanaman sawit. Dua plot berkeluasan 1 ha (Tinbarap Conservation Conserving carbon density of tropical peat swamp Forest: TCF1 and TCF2) disediakan untuk bancian forest is an important indicator of environmental and pokok hutan (dengan diameter ≥10 cm ketinggian agronomical impact of oil palm. Understanding the paras dada). Purata biomass pokok hutan bagi carbon stock contribution from management within kedua-dua plot kajian TCF tersebut adalah sebanyak oil palm areas to retain forest patches and other 92.6 mg ha-1. TCF mempunyai kepelbagaian flora set-asides containing natural forest may become sebanyak 27 famili dan 69 spesies. Pemeliharaan increasingly important in the context of assessing kawasan hutan untuk konservasi dalam kawasan the potential contribution to the global carbon cycle penanaman sawit terutamanya di ekosistem gambut and one of the most critical strategies for sustainable adalah kritikal bagi pemuliharaan hutan dan plantation. However, quantification of carbon stock kelestarian industri sawit. of tropical peat swamp forest patches for conservation within oil palm plantations is poorly studied. Here, INTRODUCTION we aim to assess the above-ground biomass and flora diversity in a remnant forest patch of approximately Tropical peatlands contain around 3% of the global 210.63 ha adjacent to oil palm plantation. Two 1 ha soil carbon stocks and about 20% of global peat Tinbarap Conservation Forest (TCF1 and TCF2) carbon (Page et al., 2010; 2004). The largest area study sites were established to conduct census on of tropical peatlands occurs in Southeast Asia, all (≥10 cm diameter breast height). The total where they are found in Indonesia (predominantly carbon stock of both TCF sites was 92.6 mg ha-1. The Sumatra, Kalimantan and West Papua), TCF contains flora from 27 families comprising 69 (Peninsular Malaysia, and Sabah), Brunei species. Conserving forest patches, particularly in and Thailand (Rieley and Ahmad-Shah, 1996). peatlands, is important for conservation goals and The most pervasive threat to such carbon- and sustainable palm oil industry. biodiversity-rich peatland is the conversion of tropical peat swamp ecosystems to agricultural ABSTRAK crops (Sodhi et al., 2004; Carlson et al., 2013). With world food demand expected to more than double Pemuliharaan kandungan karbon hutan paya by 2050 (Tilman et al., 2002), agriculture is likely to gambut tropika adalah faktor penting terhadap continue to drive declines in natural ecosystems and the species they contain for the foreseeable future kesan persekitaran dan agronomi penanaman sawit. (Edwards et al., 2010). Responsible management of Pemahaman tentang peranan stok karbon dari aspek existing agricultural land and where to create new pengurusan penanaman sawit bagi pemeliharaan croplands, particularly on tropical peatland will hutan adalah semakin penting bagi potensi subangan therefore have profound effects on the conservation terhadap kitaran karbon global dan merupakan salah of biodiversity, including socio-ecnonomic satu strategi penting untuk penanaman lestari. development in Southeast Asian region (Sachs et al., Walau bagaimanapun, kajian untuk pemuliharaan 2009). dan pengukuran stok karbon kawasan hutan paya gambut tropika dalam kawasan penanaman sawit There is a critical need to protect forests masih kurang. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk within agricultural development and responsibly menilai kandungan biomas dan kepelbagaian develop plantations in tropical forest landscapes, flora di hutan paya gambut seluas 210.63 ha yang particularly peat swamp forests. Considerable leading companies in the oil palm industry have taken the initiative to protect High Conservation * Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Value (HCV) area. HCV concept is a standard to 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, ensure the maintenance of significant or critical 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. environmental and social values as part of E-mail: [email protected] responsible management (Brown et al., 2013). ** Sarawak Oil Palms Berhad, No. 124 126, Jalan Bendahara, This study aims to assess the biomass and flora 98007 , Sarawak, Malaysia. diversity in a remnant forest patch set aside for

1 Oil Palm Bulletin 81 conservation (hereafter regarded as the Tinbarap RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Conservation Forest or TCF) in Tinbarap Estate of Sarawak Oil Palms Berhad (SOPB). The assessment The TCF area can generally be categorised as logged- will provide essential information on carbon stocks over mixed peat swamp forest. The original forest and species diversity in a conserved area of mixed type was dominated by Padang Paya forest based peat swamp forest. Specifically, the objectives are to on the vegetation sub-type or phasic communities i) provide estimates of carbon stocks, and ii) assess described by Andersen (1963). The TCF contains floristic composition. flora from 27 families comprising 69 species. Families and species found in the TCF are listed in METHODOLOGY Table 1. The most abundant families were Lauraceae and while the most abundant Study Site species were Dryobanalops rappa and Litsea crassifolia (Figure 3). The forest has generally not The study was conducted in the TCF area fully recovered as there is still a strong dominance (4°3’N, 114°13’E) of Tinbarap Estate in the Marudi of pioneer species reflecting past disturbance to the District of the , between Sg. Karap and forest stand. Batang Tinjar-Batang Baram (Figure 1). The TCF is a logged mixed peat swamp forest of approximately The common height classes found in both 210 ha (Figure 2). The peat swamp is basically flat TCF1 and TCF2 were between 10 cm and 20 cm and low-lying, with elevation varies from about (Figure 4). The mean height of trees (≥10 cm DBH) +2.0 m mean sea level (msl) to +9.0 m msl at the estimated following the most recent census (2008) central part of the peat swamp. The soils mainly was 11.9 ± 0.2 m (mean ± SE) on TCF1 and 11.7 ± 0.2 comprise of peat soil of the Anderson series. The m on TCF2. The mean height of canopy trees (≥40 soils of TCF and estates have been previously cm DBH) across 10-ha plot was 26.3 ± 1.7 m. described in detail by ECOSOL (2007) and Param Agricultural Soil Surveys (2010). The mean annual The above-ground woody biomass (trees ≥ 10 –1 rainfall of the region is around 2863 mm. cm DBH) assessed in 2016 was 100.6 mg ha on TCF1 and 84.6 mg ha–1 on TCF2. For larger trees (≥40 cm DBH), the above-ground woody biomass We established a 10-ha study plot in the TCF, in was 24.6 mg ha–1 on TCF1 and 11.3 mg ha–1 on which were two 1-ha plots of TCF1 (4°3’N, 114°13’E) TCF2. Across 10-ha plot, biomass of larger trees was and TCF2 (4° 3’N, 114°13’E) as representative sites relatively similar to TCF1 with biomass of 27.6 mg and future monitoring. The 1-ha plot was further –1 ha . The number of trees (>10 cm DBH) on clay (529 divided into 25 subplots measuring 20 x 20 m. –1 stems ha ) was substantially lower than on TCF2 (535 stems ha–1). Estimation of Above-ground Biomass Endangered and Threatened Species Tree census was conducted in two phases: Phase 1 was on 19-26 September 2014, Phase 2 was on 12- The identification of endangered (EN), or 21 November 2014. Prior to the surveys, two recce threatened species of flora was referred based on trips were made; 25 February 2014 and 26-29 August the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2019) and combined 2014. A census was conducted on all trees with a together with reference to Sarawak Red List diameter of more than 10 cm breast height (DBH) to (Julia et al., 2014) that covers the dipterocarps of determine the height, growth rate, and recruitment Sarawak as well as Turner (1995) on the listing of of new trees. We mainly follow the methodology vascular . and protocol developed by the RAINFOR-GEM network, which are described in detail in the Based on the IUCN and Sarawak Plant Red manual (GEM, 2012). It has been tested and refined List, the Gonystylus bancanus was the only critically in previous studies (Kho et al., 2013; Malhi et al., endangered species found in the TCF during the 2013; Malhi, 2012). Above-ground woody biomass survey. The Table [redlist] shows the conservation of each free was estimated as a function of DBH status according to the IUCN and Sarawak Plant and height using an allometric equation for mixed Red List. The Gonystylus forbesii Gilg. is the only species peat swamp forest by Manuri et al., (2014): species classified as critically endangered under the IUCN classification. The rappa AGB = 0.081 x DBH2.049 x H0.672 (1) Beccari of dipterocarps family has been classified as endangered under IUCN and should be conserved. where AGB is above-ground dry biomass (kg), DBH (cm) is diameter at breast height of 1.3 m, and Environmental Impacts on Flora H is height (m). Biomass values were converted by assuming that dry-stem biomass has a carbon The peat swamp forest ecosystem is an content of 47.4% (Martin and Thomas, 2011). extraordinarily complex ecosystem that is rich in

2 Floristic Composition and Carbon Stock Assessment of the Tinbarap Conservation Forest

Figure 1. The location of Tinbarap Estate (shaded yellow) in the Marudi District of Miri Division.

Figure 2. 10-ha plot (shaded orange) established in the Tinbarap Conservation Forest (TCF) area (shaded green) in Tinbarap 4 Estate, Miri, Sarawak.

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TABLE 1. LIST OF FAMILIES AND SPECIES FOUND IN THE PROJECT SITE

Family Species Prefered vernacular name

Anacardiaceae Campnosperma coriaceum (Jack) Hall. f. ex van Steen Terentang paya Gluta aperta (King) Ding Hou Rengas kasar Anisophylleaceae Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miguel) Danser Keruntum Annonaceae Drepananthus biovulatus (Boerl.) Survesw. and R.M.K. Saun- Selemo paya ders Goniothalamus malayanus Hooker f. ex Thomson Lim panas paya Mezzettia leptopoda (Hooker f. ex Thomson) Oliver Kepayang babi Polyalthia sp. incert. Karai paya Apocynaceae Dyera polyphylla (Miguel) P.S Ashton Jelutong paya Dacryodes macrocarpa (King) H.J.Lam var. macrocarpa Seladah batu laevigata Blume forma glabrifolia (Engl.) H.J.Lam Seladah runcing Chrysobalanaceae Parastemon urophyllus (A.DC.) A.DC. Ngilas paya Clusiaceae Garcinia apetala Pierre Kandis jangkar daun tebal Garcinia cf. calophyllifolia Ridley Kandis bintangor Garcinia cf. cuspidata King Kandis daun kecil Garcinia miquelii Pierre Kandis assam Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops rappa Beccari Kapur paya Shorea albida Symington Alan Shorea inaeguilateralis Symington Semayur Shorea teysmaniana Dyer ex Brandis Meranti lilin Vatica mangachapoi Blanco Resak paya areolataKing and Gamble Kaya malam paya Diospyros siamang Bakhuizen Kayu malam balik Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus mastersii King Sengkurat tangkai panjang Euphorbiaceae Blumeodendron kurzii(Hooker f.) J.J.Sm. Lemak manok Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) J.J.Sm Merbulan Macaranga conifera (Zoll.) Muel.-Arg, Benuah engkelumai Macaranga pruinosa (Miquel) M.A Benuah padang Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina L. Saga paya Copaifera palustris (Symington) De Wit Sepetir paya Fagaceae Lithocarpus dasystachyus (Miguel) Rehd. Empenit padang Hyperiaceae Cratoxylon arborescens (Vahl.) Blume Geronggang Lauraceae Litsea resinosa Blume Medang engkala Litsea crassifolia (Blume) Boerlage Medang padang Litsea ferruginea Blume Medang merah Litsea gracilipes Hooker f. Medang keli Litsea nidularis Gamble Medang putih Litsea turfosa Kostermans Medang pasir Micropora curtisii Hooker f Medang daun tirus odorata Lour. Segera Aglaia rubiginosa (Heirn) Pannell Jelungan sasak Sandoricum beccarianum Baillon Kelampu paya

4 Floristic Composition and Carbon Stock Assessment of the Tinbarap Conservation Forest

TABLE 1. LIST OF FAMILIES AND SPECIES FOUND IN THE PROJECT SITE (continued)

Family Species Prefered vernacular name

Moraceae Ficus xylophylla Miquel Ara tunjang Parartocarpus venenosus (Zoll. & Mor.) Beccari subsp. forbesii Minggi paya (Warbury) Jarrett Myristicaceae Gymnacranthera eugenifolia(A.DC.) Sinclair var. griffithii Kumpang putih (Warbury) Sinclair Horsfieldia crassifolia(Hooker f. et Th.) Warbury Kumpang paya Knema kunstleri (King) Warbury var. kunstleri Kumpang pinggu Knema pedicellata de Wilde Kumpang Myrtaceae Syzyguim cf. accuminatissimum (Blume) DC. Ubah samak Syzyguim caudatilimbum (Merrill) Merrill and L.M.Perry Ubah merah Syzyguim chloranthum (Duthie) Merrill and L.M.Perry Ubah belakang merah Syzyguim czlyptrocalyx P.S.Ashton Ubah merah daun besar Syzyguim napiforme (Koord. and Valeton) Merrill & L.M.Perry Ubah hijau Syzyguim pendens (Duthie) I.M.Turner Ubah Syzyguim subsessilifolium (Merrill) Merrill and L.M.Perry Ubah tankai pendek Syzyguim villamillii (Merrill) Merrill and L.M.Perry Ubah air Pentaphylacaceae Adinandra dumosa Jack Legai temuda Ternstroemia hosei Ridley Medang pajal daun kecil Phyllanthaceae Baccaurea bracteata M.A. Tampoi paya Rubiaceae Timonius flavescens (Jack) Baker Rentap Rutaceae Maclururodendron pofrteri (Hooker f.) T.G.Hartley Rawang Meliope accendens (Blume) T.G.Hartley Jampang Sapindaceae Nephelium maingayi Hiern Serait cochlearifolium P.Royen Nyatoh jelutong Palaquium walsurifolium Pierre ex Dubard Nyatoh jangkar Stemonuraceae Stemonurus scorpioides Beccari Semburok daun besar Stemonurus secundiforus Blume var. lanceolatus (Beccari) Semburuk daun kecil Sleumer Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus bancanus (Miguel) Kurz Ramin Gonystylus forbesii Gilg. Ramin batu

Figure 3. Five most abundant a) family and b) species in the Tinbarap Conservation Forest area.

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Figure 4. Distribution of number of individuals according to range of diameter breast height (DBH) in the a) TCF1 and b) TCF2.

TABLE 2. CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES IN TINBARAP CONSERVATION FOREST (TCF) FOLLOWING IUCN AND SARAWAK RED PLANT LIST

No. Family Species Conservation Status 1 Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops rappa Beccari EN (IUCN; Sarawak Plant Red List)

2 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea albida Symington VU (IUCN; Sarawak Plant Red List)

3 Dipterocarpaceae Vatica mangachapoi VU (IUCN); NT (Sarawak Plant Red List)

4 Burseraceae Santiria laevigata Blume forma LC (IUCN) glabrifolia (Engl.) H.J.Lam

5 Ebenaceae Diospyros areolataKing and LC (IUCN) Gamble

6 Fabaceae Copaifera palustris (Symington) EN (Sarawak Plant Red List) De Wit

7 Lauraceae Litsea crassifolia (Blume) Boerlage LC (IUCN)

8 Lauraceae Litsea resinosa LC (IUCN)

9 Lauraceae Litsea ferruginea Blume LC (IUCN)

10 Lauraceae Litsea gracilipes LC (IUCN)

11 Lauraceae Micropora curtisii Hooker f CR (IUCN)

12 Meliaceae Aglaia rubiginosa NT (IUCN)

13 Myristicaceae Horsfieldia crassifolia NT (IUCN)

14 Myristicaceae Knema pedicellata VU (IUCN)

15 Pentaphylacaceae Adinandra dumosa Jack LC (IUCN)

16 Rubiaceae Timonius flavescens LC (IUCN)

17 Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus bancanus CR (IUCN

18 Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus forbesii Gilg. NT (IUCN)

Note on conservation status: Critically endangered (CR); Endangered (EN); Vulnerable (VU); Nearly threatened (NT); Least concern (LC).

6 Floristic Composition and Carbon Stock Assessment of the Tinbarap Conservation Forest biodiversity and carbon. These diverse forms of variety and critical species for conservation. In life have been evolved over many years and have addition, the regenerating forest patch stores established relationships and linkages that are both large biomass and carbon stocks in vegetation. complex and unique. Although advances on the Oil palm plantations may have a great negative peatland and peat swamp forest ecosystem have environmental impact; however, this valuable significantly increased over the years, some of commodity contributes to economic development these relationships and linkages are still not well and improved livelihoods of the community. understood. Factors likely to influence biodiversity Current standards, goals and governance initiatives values in both industrial-scale and smallholder may contribute to some conservation goals for plantations include higher landscape heterogeneity, sustainable palm oil industry. larger patches of forests and its connectivity, and the plant diversity and structure of undergrowth REFERENCES vegetation (Meijaard et al., 2020). Hence, a comprehensive assessment of long-term impacts is Agus, F; Hairiah, K and Mulyani, A (2011). imperative. Measuring carbon stock in peat soils: practical guidelines, Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Any form of human intervention on the forest Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, ecosystem will have an impact and disrupt some Indonesian Centre for Angricultural Land Resources of the established linkages. It is thus very crucial to and Development. be able to estimate the impact of the intervention and ensure that the impacts do not exceed the Anda, M; Siswanto, A B and Subandiono, R E (2009). threshold level that allows the forest to recover Properties of organic and acid from the intervention. However, it is not always sulfate soils and water of a ‘reclaimed’ tidal clear what this threshold level is. Consequently, a backswamp in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. conservative and precautionary approach is always Geoderma, 149: 54-65. recommended to minimise any project’s impacts on forest ecosystems. Often, assistance through proper Anderson, J A R (1963). The flora of the peat swamp silvicultural treatments is adopted to enhance the forests of Sarawak and Brunei, including a catalogue recovery process. of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies. Gardens Bulletin Singapore, 29: 131-228. Recommendations for the Environmental Management Plan Brown, E; Dudley, N; Lindhe, A; Muhtaman, D R; Stewart, C and Synnott, T (2013). Common guidance Oil palm plantations, particularly those planted for the identification of High Conservation Values. on peat soil, have the capacity to maintain high rates HCV Resource Network. 63 pp. of carbon uptake (Quezada et al., 2019) and their oil can potentially be used to substitute fossil fuels, Carlson, K; Curran, L; Asner, G; Pittman, A A; Trigg, thus contributing towards sustainable energy (SDG S N and Adeney, J M (2013). Carbon emissions 7) and climate change response (SDG 13) (Meijaard from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm et al., 2020). Draining of peatlands to establish oil plantations. Nature Climate Change, 3: 283-287. palm plantations will disrupt the hydrological cycles and may affect the adjacent forests and Chave, J; Réjou-Méchain, M; Búrquez, A; ecosystems (Anda et al., 2009). The protection and Chidumayo, E; Colgan, M S; Delitti, W B; Duque, restoration of forest patches and set asides within A; Eid, T; Fearnside, P M; Goodman, R C; Henry, M; oil palm plantations are critical to conserve water, Martínez-Yrízar, A; Mugasha, W A; Muller-Landau, which is an important asset in peat. In addition, H C; Mencuccini, M; Nelson, B W; Ngomanda, recent advances have shown that conserving forest A; Nogueira, E M; Ortiz-Malavassi, E; Pélissier, within the plantation landscapes is beneficial R; Ploton, P; Ryan, C M; Saldarriaga, J G and to biodiversity and ecosystem functions (Luke Vieilledent, G (2014), Improved allometric models et al., 2019). Studies on the linkages of peatland to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical ecosystem functions and biodiversity are urgently trees. Global Change Biology, 20: 3177-3190. needed to understand this fragile ecosystem and land-use. Such information and understanding are ECOSOL Consultancy Sdn. Bhd. (2007). needed to enable better planning and governance Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed towards sustainable plantations and to optimise the Shin Yang’s Tinbarap Oil Palm Estate on Lot 1207, simultaneous delivery of the SDGs. Block 0 of Puyut Land District, Miri Division, Sarawak. Shin Yang Oil Palms (Niah) Sdn. Bhd. CONCLUSION 196 pp.

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