Draft Final Report

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Draft Final Report SHIP OBSERVATIONS TEAM (SOT) THIRD SESSION Brest, France, 7 to 12 March 2005 FINAL REPORT JCOMM Meeting Report No. 35 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) _____________ ___________ SHIP OBSERVATIONS TEAM (SOT) THIRD SESSION Brest, France, 7 to 12 March 2005 FINAL REPORT JCOMM Meeting Report No. 35 N O T E The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO), and the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. C O N T E N T S Report ................................................................................................................................... 1 Annex I List of Participants.................................................................................................... 50 Annex II Agenda..................................................................................................................... 56 Annex III Task Teams ............................................................................................................. 62 Annex IV Use of VOS Data in Climate Products ..................................................................... 68 Annex V Definition of Sea Surface Temperature.................................................................... 77 Annex VI Flyer and Certificate................................................................................................. 80 Annex VII Revision of WMO-No. 47 (Pub. 47).......................................................................... 82 Annex VIII Scientific and Technical Workshop ........................................................................ 109 Annex IX RSMC Exeter Monitoring Report............................................................................ 116 Annex X Report of the VOSClim Project Leader .................................................................. 123 Annex XI Report of VOSClim Scientific Advisers .................................................................. 128 Annex XII Report of the Real Time Monitoring Centre of the VOSClim.................................. 131 Annex XIII Report of the Data Assembly Centre (DAC) of the VOSClim................................. 144 Annex XIV SOOP Line Responsibilities ................................................................................... 147 Annex XV Proposed Terms of Reference of JCOMMOPS ..................................................... 149 Annex XVI SOOP Trust Fund .................................................................................................. 150 Annex XVII ASAP Trust Fund ................................................................................................... 155 Annex XVIII Overarching Implementation Plan.......................................................................... 158 Annex XIX Terms of Reference of Ship Observations Team (SOT) ........................................ 160 Annex XX Action Items ........................................................................................................... 162 Annex XXI List of Abbreviations............................................................................................... 168 GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION I. COMMON SESSION I/1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION I/1.1 Opening of the session I/1.1.1 The third session of the JCOMM Ship Observations Team (SOT) was opened by the chairperson of the Team, Mr Graeme Ball (Australia), at 0930 hours on Monday, 7 March 2005, in the conference room of the French Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer), Brest France. I/1.1.2 On behalf of all participants, Mr Ball expressed his appreciation to Météo-France, the Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and the French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer) for hosting the session and for providing such excellent facilities and support. He particularly thanked the local organizers of the session, in the preparations for the session on behalf of the SOT. He then stressed the importance of the present meeting, both in following up the progress achieved at the second session of the SOT (SOT-II) (London, United Kingdom, 28 July - 1 August 2003) in integrating and streamlining environmental monitoring from volunteer ships, and also in continuing efforts to enhance the quantity and quality of ship-based meteorological and oceanographic observational data. He then introduced Mr Jean-Louis Gaumet, the representative of the Director-General of Météo-France. I/1.1.3 On behalf of Mr Jean-Pierre Beysson, Director-General, Météo-France and Permanent Representative of France with WMO, Mr Jean-Louis Gaumet welcomed the SOT-III meeting and the opportunity to exchange information on ship observations in Brest. Météo-France plays an important role in the WMO and EUMENET/EUCOS programmes, mainly for surface marine observations. Météo-France Brest is a traditional place where research and operational surveys of meteorological buoys and ships, and other marine observation systems have taken place for many years. He wished that this SOT meeting would be another good one, as were the last two meetings in Goa (India) and London (United Kingdom). I/1.1.4 On behalf of the President of the French Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Pr J.F. Girard, and the Director General, Mr Serge Calabre; Mr Claude Roy, Directeur of the Centre IRD de Bretagne welcomed the participants to the third SOT meeting. IRD’s mission is to develop scientific research programmes contributing to the sustainable development of the countries of the South with a special emphasis on the relationship between man and the environment, covering a wide range of topics from climate variability, biodiversity, resource dynamics, health and society. Mr Roy wished the participants a very fruitful meeting and an enjoyable stay in Brest I/1.1.5 Mr Gérard Riou, Director of the Centre of Ifemer Brest, welcomed participants to Brest and to the meeting on behalf of Ifremer Brest, the largest of the Ifremer centres. Ifremer carries out activities which aim to develop knowledge and expertise about the oceans and their resources. Ifremer is highly concerned by a global observing system; and the ship based surface and sub- surface measurements, organized under the SOT, are a highly valuable contribution to the construction of this global observing system. He wished the participants a very successful and productive meeting. I/1.1.6 On behalf of the Secretary-General of WMO, Professor Michel Jarraud, and the Executive Secretary IOC, Dr P. Bernal, the Secretariat representative, Ms Teruko Manabe (WMO), also welcomed participants to the third session of the SOT. She expressed the very sincere appreciation of both Organizations to Météo-France, IRD, and Ifremer, especially Mr Pierre Blouch, Mr Joël Quere, Mr Jean Rolland (Météo-France) and Yves Gouriou (IRD), for the excellent facilities provided as well as for the tremendous organizational effort already put into preparations for the meeting. In doing so, she expressed appreciation to these organizations for the ongoing high level of cooperation extended by them to the JCOMM activities including the work of the SOT. The - 2 - Secretariat representative then supported the remarks of the chairperson concerning the objectives and importance of the meeting. She assured participants of the full support of the Secretariat, both during the meeting and throughout the implementation of the SOT work programme, and she concluded by wishing all participants a very successful meeting and an enjoyable stay in Brest. I/1.1.7 Mr Graeme Ball (Australia) made a brief presentation on background and overview of the SOT and this session. I/1.1.8 The list of participants in the meeting is in Annex I. I/1.2 Opening of the Scientific and Technical Workshop (see item II) I/1.3 Adoption of the agenda I/1.3.1 The SOT adopted its agenda for the session on the basis of the provisional agenda with some changes which are given in Annex II. I/1.4 Working arrangements I/1.4.1 The meeting agreed its hours of work and other practical arrangements for the session. The documentation was introduced by the Secretariat. I/2. REPORTS BY THE SECRETARIAT, OBSERVATION PROGRAMME AREA COORDINATOR AND CHAIRPERSON OF SOT I/2.1 Report by the Secretariat I/2.1.1 The meeting noted a brief report by the Secretariat on its activities during the past intersessional period relevant to the SOT. This included the Brussels 150 celebration seminar; the Second JCOMM Workshop on Advances in Marine Climatology (CLIMAR-II); a major JCOMM workshop on operational oceanography products - Ocean Ops 04; and various other activities of a routine nature. The meeting recalled that the second session of JCOMM (JCOMM-II) will take place in Halifax, Canada, 19-27 September 2005. The meeting noted with interest that a scientific conference entitled” Operational oceanography and marine meteorology for the 21st century” will take place on 15-17 September prior to JCOMM-II. I/2.2 Report of the Observations Programme Area Coordinator I/2.2.1 The meeting noted with appreciation the report on the Observations Programme Area (OPA) priorities by Mr Mike Johnson (USA), the OPA Coordinator. He reported that three observing system
Recommended publications
  • Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-99-005 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 Air EPA Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Air Q of ua ice li ff ty O Clean Air Pla s nn ard in nd g and Sta EPA-454/R-99-005 Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This document updates the June 1987 EPA document, "On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications", EPA-450/4-87-013. The most significant change is the replacement of Section 9 with more comprehensive guidance on remote sensing and conventional radiosonde technologies for use in upper-air meteorological monitoring; previously this section provided guidance on the use of sodar technology. The other significant change is the addition to Section 8 (Quality Assurance) of material covering data validation for upper-air meteorological measurements. These changes incorporate guidance developed during the workshop on upper-air meteorological monitoring in July 1998. Editorial changes include the deletion of the “on-site” qualifier from the title and its selective replacement in the text with “site specific”; this provides consistency with recent changes in Appendix W to 40 CFR Part 51.
    [Show full text]
  • General Disclaimer One Or More of the Following Statements May Affect
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) 1 Y 99 vk ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3 Distribution Category UC-59C LISTING OF SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND GLOSSARY July 1976 i by E. A. Carter 1 S. A. Greenbaum A. M. Patel t CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY STUDIES The University of Alabama in Huntsville P.O. Box 1247 Huntsville, Ala;^ama s 35807 a a f c' j DEC 1976 prepared for: r. RECEIVED THE UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH NASA ST! FACILITY AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION INPUT BRANCH DIVISION OF SOLAR ENERGY ^> UNDER CONTRACT NAS8-31293 c`S J^^^ ^j'<,' ! (NASA-CR- 150064) LISTING OF SOLAR RADIATION N77- 12507 MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND GLOSSARY (Alabama Univ., Huntsville.) 53 p HC A04/MF A09 CSCL 10A Uncl.as G3/44 55750 a ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3 Distribution Category UC-59C LISTING i OF SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND I GLOSSARY i I July 1976 { i by E.
    [Show full text]
  • BOREAS Operations for 1994
    BOREAS Operations 1994 Final Version 2.3 (September 13, 1996) Executive Summary The design of the BOREAS-94 field experiment is described in the BOREAS Experiment plan (EXPLAN-94); preliminary results and a summary of field operations and weather conditions may be found in Sellers et al. (1995). This document describes what was actually achieved in BOREAS-94. The reports from individual investigators, minutes from evening planning meetings, aircraft logs, etc. have all been analyzed to produce a condensed history of the measurements taken in the field and the experimental conditions experienced during the field year. This document is primarily intended to serve as a desk-top guide for scientists and staff in the project which will allow quick scanning across investigations prior to delving into the detailed data sets held in BORIS. 1.0 Introduction to BOREAS The Boreal Ecosystems Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is a large scale, international investigation focused on improving our understanding of the exchanges of radiative energy, sensible heat, water, CO2 and trace gases between the boreal forest and the lower atmosphere. A primary objective of BOREAS is to collect the data needed to improve computer simulation models of the important processes controlling these exchanges so that scientists can anticipate the effects of global change, principally altered temperature and precipitation patterns, on the biome. The scientific issues at stake are as follows: I. Sensitivity of the boreal forest biome to changes in the physical climate system. A number of simulation studies have been carried out to assess the climatic impact of increasing atmospheric CO2, see the reviews of Schlesinger and Mitchell (1987), Harrington (1987) and Houghton et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Meteorological Training Centre (WMO RMTC) OSHODI – LAGOS, NIGERIA Students' Information Handbook 2018 – 2021
    Regional Meteorological Training Centre (WMO RMTC) OSHODI – LAGOS, NIGERIA Students’ Information Handbook 2018 – 2021 1 REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TRAINING CENTRE, NIGERIAN METEROLOGICAL AGENCY P.M.B 1215, Oshodi, Lagos State, Nigeria Telephone: +2348023718654 and +2348038587116 E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] 2 FOREWORD This student handbook is developed to answer many of the common questions that students do ask. The handbook contains information about student rights and responsibilities. Each student is responsible for familiarizing with its contents and keeping the handbook available for future use. It is a valuable reference during the school year and a means to avoid confusion and misunderstanding when questions arise. The entire course curriculum is in line with the World Meteorological Organization Education and Training guidelines and standards. Should a provision of this handbook contradict the Board Policy of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), the Board Policy prevails. This handbook supersedes all other written documents on the same subject and changes to this handbook may be made at anytime without notices to students, but they will be duly informed of the changes. The most current version of the handbook will be available on the RMTC website (www.nimet.gov.ng/rtc-lagos). Professor Sani Abubakar Mashi Director General/Chief Executive Officer NiMets, Abuja, Nigeria. 3 KEY OFFICERS OF RMTC OSHODI Prof. Odjugo Peter Akpodiogaga-a Ovuyovwiroye Director, Research and Training 4 Dr. Bako Matazu General
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Temperature Investigations: Field and Analytic Methods
    STREAM TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATIONS: FIELD AND ANALYTIC METHODS INSTREAM FLOW INFORMATION PAPER: NO. 13 Biological Report 89(17) June 1989 AQUATIC SYSTEMS BRANCH Biological Report 89(17) June 1989 STREAM TEMPERATURE INVESTIGATIONS: FIELD AND ANALYTIC METHODS Instream Flow Information Paper No. 13 by John M. Bartholow U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Ecology Research Center 2627 Redwing Road Fort Collins, CO 80526-2899 U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research and Development Washington, DC 20240 DISCLAIMER The mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. Suggested citation: Bartholow, J.M. 1989. Stream temperature investigations: field and analytic methods. Instream Flow Information Paper No. 13. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 89 (17). 139 pp. SUMMARY This document provides guidance to the user of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP). Planning a temperature study is discussed in terms of understanding the management objectives and ensuring that the questions will be accurately answered with the modeling approach being used. A sensitivity analysis of SNTEMP is presented to illustrate which input variables are most important in predicting stream temperatures. This information helps prioritize data collection activities, highlights the need for quality control, focuses on which parameters can be estimated rather than measured, and offers a broader perspective on management options in terms of knowing where the biggest temperature response will be felt. All of the major input variables for stream geometry, meteorology, and hydrology are discussed in detail. Each variable is defined, with guidance given on how to measure it, what kind of equipment to use, where to obtain it from another agency, and how to calculate it if the data are in a form other than that required by SNTEMP.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Soybean Radiation Use Efficiency with the Help of UAV Imagery to Evaluate the Impact of Frogeye Leaf Spot on Yield and the Effect of Fungicides
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2021 Estimation of soybean radiation use efficiency with the help of UAV imagery to evaluate the impact of frogeye leaf spot on yield and the effect of fungicides. Xavier Alaric Phillips Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Phillips, Xavier Alaric, "Estimation of soybean radiation use efficiency with the help ofA U V imagery to evaluate the impact of frogeye leaf spot on yield and the effect of fungicides." (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18586. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18586 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Estimation of soybean radiation use efficiency with the help of UAV imagery to evaluate the impact of frogeye leaf spot on yield and the effect of fungicides. by Xavier Phillips A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Plant Pathology Program of Study Committee: Daren Mueller, Major Professor Alison Robertson Leonor Leandro Matthew Darr Mark Licht The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Professor Radiometer Has the Following Characteristics
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Paul McAlpine Maughan for the Ph. D. in Oceanography (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented //f /95 Title MEASUREMENT OF RADIANT ENERGY OVER A MIXED WATER BODY Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved Major professor The results of measurement of solar and long -wave radiation over Yaquina Bay Estuary are reported. The Eppley pyranometer was used to measure solar radiation. A specially designed, wind - oriented, total hemispherical radiometer was used to measure total radiation. The new radiometer has the following characteristics: I) The radiometer gives an output signal that is independent of the energy fluctuations from non - radiant energy sources. 2) The response of the radiometer is almost totally independent of the wave length of incident radiation. 3) The radiometer is constructed to withstand the corrosive nature of the marine environment. 4) The radiometer is light - weight and compact. It can easily be mounted on a boom for measuring radiant energy from a body of water. A specially designed data - logging system was used to record the electrical signals from the radiation instruments. The data - logging system integrates, as well as displays, measured radiant energy. Integrated values of radiation were automatically recorded each hour on paper tape. Meteorological, oceanographic, and radiation data were re- corded continuously during five weeks in June and July, 1965, from the dock at the Marine Science Laboratory near Newport, Oregon. The meteorological and oceanographic data are almost identical to the data reported for the area immediately off the Oregon coast. The me asured flux of radiant energy is thus considered to be very nearly representative of the flux of radiant energy in an oceanic environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Refining Tools for Evaporation Monitoring in Support of Water Resources Management
    REFINING TOOLS FOR EVAPORATION MONITORING IN SUPPORT OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT by C. Jarmain1, C.S. Everson2, M.J. Savage3, M.G. Mengistu2, A.D. Clulow2, S. Walker4 and M.B. Gush2 1 CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa 2 CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, c/o Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Research Unit, Agrometeorology Discipline, School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa 3 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Research Unit, Agrometeorology Discipline, School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa 4 Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, Faculty of natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 WRC REPORT NO 1567/1/08 ISBN 978-1-77005-798-2 JANUARY 2009 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REFINING TOOLS FOR EVAPORATION MONITORING IN SUPPORT OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Acknowledgements The research in this project was funded by the Water Research Commission, for whose assistance we are sincerely grateful. We also wish to acknowledge contributions made by members of the steering committee: Dr R Dube Water Research Commission
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Meteorological Variables and Their Observations
    CHAPTER 2 AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES AND THEIR OBSERVATIONS 2.1 BASIC ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURAL observations are needed. The preparation of METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS advisories and services on farming methods, including irrigation and microclimate management Observations of the physical and biological varia- and manipulation, also requires specialized data. bles in the environment are essential in agricultural Finally, the needs of research call for detailed and meteorology. Meteorological considerations enter precise data according to each research topic. There into assessing the performance of plants and are too many specialized methods to be included in animals because their growth is a result of the this review, but almost all research projects require combined effect of genetic characteristics (nature) information on the background climatology that and their response to the environment (nurture). may be derived from the outputs of the long-term Without quantitative data, agrometeorological types of stations listed below. planning, forecasting, research and services by agrometeorologists cannot properly assist agricul- 2.1.1 Data as a support system for tural producers to survive and to meet the agrometeorological services ever-increasing demands for food and agricultural by-products. Such data are also needed to assess the In section 1.4.1 of Chapter 1, data are considered impacts of agricultural activities and processes on parts of support systems for agrometeorological the environment and climate. The following services. This applies to assessments as well as sections provide guidance on the types of observa- predictions. It should be stressed that this refers to tions required, their extent, organization and real data, that is, observed parameters, or “ground accuracy, as well as on the instruments needed to truth”.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather Monitoring Instruments & Systems
    Weather Monitoring Instruments & Systems 2013 Catalog www.novalynx.com Table of Contents Applications 3 200-85000 Ultrasonic Anemometer ...................................... 54 System Design ......................................................................... 4 200-7000 WindSonic Ultrasonic Anemometer ..................... 55 Site Considerations .................................................................. 5 200-1390 WindObserver II Ultrasonic Anemometer ............ 56 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 6 200-101908 Current Loop Wind Sensors.............................. 57 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 7 200-102083 Wind Mark III Wind Sensors ............................ 58 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 8 200-2020 Micro Response Wind Sensors ............................. 59 Weather Stations 9 200-2030 Micro Response Wind Sensors ............................. 60 110-WS-16 Modular Weather Station ................................... 10 200-WS-21-A Dual Set Point Wind Alarm ........................... 61 110-WS-16 Modular Weather Station ................................... 11 200-WS-23 Current Loop Wind Sensor ................................ 62 110-WS-18 Portable Weather Station.................................... 12 200-455 Totalizing Anemometer with 10-Min Timer ........... 63 110-WS-18 Portable Weather Station.................................... 13 200-WS-25 Wind Logger with Real-Time
    [Show full text]
  • The Design, Installation and Operation of a Fully Computerized, Automatic Weather Station for High Quality Meteorological Measurements
    © by PSP Volume 16 – No 8. 2007 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin THE DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF A FULLY COMPUTERIZED, AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION FOR HIGH QUALITY METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS Haralambos S. Bagiorgas1*, Margarita N. Assimakopoulos2, Argiro Patentalaki1, Nikolaos Konofaos3, Demetrios P. Matthopoulos1 and Giouli Mihalakakou1 1 University of Ioannina, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, 2 G. Sepheri Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece. 2 University of Athens, Department of Physics, Division of Applied Physics, Laboratory of Meteorology, University Campus, Build. Phys V, 15784 Athens, Greece. 3 University of Patras, Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, 26500 Rio Patras, Greece. SUMMARY The design, installation and operation of an Automatic cause the data obtained from the device should be both ac- Weather Station (AWS) are described and analysed in the curate and compatible with the World Meteorological Or- present paper. This station of high endurance is easy to be ganization (WMO) standards. Moreover, the station’s main- installed and capable for long-time operation without sig- tenance is a hard process, time consuming and of high cost. nificant problems. The metadata of the station which are the characteristics of the instruments, electronic logic con- In general, AWS contains sensor-based equipment. Its trol and datalogging systems are described in detail, ac- sensors contain a conventional cup anemometer, wind vane, cording to the Guides of the World Meteorological Or- miniature temperature screen with wet and dry bulb plati- ganization (WMO). Moreover, a computer controlled envi- num resistance thermometers, solarimeter, net radiometer ronment is designed and implemented, with capabilities of and tipping bucket raingauge. Many researchers have dealt data acquisition and control with flexible and high perform- with this matter and a great improvement has been achieved ing software and hardware capabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • L % Sf] ;/Sf/ /Fhkq Cglt Ltlo >]0Fl
    nf]s ;]jf cfof]u g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, d]6]l/of]nf]hL ;d"x, /fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fL gfoj df};d lj1fg ;xfos kbsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd k/LIffsf] of]hgf (Examination Scheme) efu k/LIff ;do k|Zg ;+Vof k"0ff{Í pQL0ff{Ík/LIff k|0ffnL ! lnlvt $% ldg]6 %) !)) $) j:t'ut ax'pQ/ @= cGtjftf{ @) df}lvs b|i6Jo M— -!_ kf7\oqmddf ePsf oyf;Dej ;j} kf7ofFzx?jf6 k|Zg ;f]lwg]5g\ . -@_ uNtL u/]sf] k|Zgf]Q/sf nflu @)Ü c+s s6[f ul/g]5 . -#_ lnlvt k/LIffjf6 5gf}6 ePsfx?nfO{ dfq cGtjf{tfdf ;dfj]z u/fOg]5 . -$_ kf7\oqmd nfu' x'g] ldlt @)^!.$.!%ut] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, d]6]l/of]nf]hL ;d"x, /fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fL gfoj df};d lj1fg ;xfos kbsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd ;do M— $% ldg]6 k|Zg ;+Vof M— %) k"0ff{Í M— !)) 1. Basic Principles of Meteorology - Composition of the atmosphere: Dry air; atmospheric ozone; water vapour; - Vertical division of the atmosphere: Troposphere; stratosphere; - Heat exchange processes in the atmosphere: Conduction; convection; advection and solar radiation; - Air Temperature: Types of measurement; Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales; - Thermometers: Types; measurement of air temperature; thermographs; - Atmospheric pressure: Nature; Units; measurement; setting up and handling; correction for standard condition; the barograph; reduction of pressure to sea level; - Moist air and indicator: The three states of water, solid, liquid and gaseous; density; water vapour pressure; evaporation; condensation; freezing; sublimation; relative humidity; dew point; - Wet-bulb thermometer; psychrometer and hygrometer - Cloud, fog and precipitation; visibility 2.
    [Show full text]