DOCSLIB.ORG

© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information Index Absolute humidity, 184 Bureau of Meteorology voluntary observer Access and security, 163 network, 387 Accuracy, 47, 63 Bureau of Meteorology website, 374, 392 Accuracy versus precision Climate data, 374 Humidity, 190 Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 424 Precipitation measurements, 162 Satellite estimation of solar radiation, 241 Sunshine and solar radiation sensors, 266 World record wind speed, 207 Wind sensors, 208 Automatic weather stations. See AWS Air conditioning - and pressure sensors, 171 Averages and extremes, 351 Air frost, 222, 344 Long-period climate data, 374 Definition, 300 AWEKAS (Automatisches WEtterKArten Air temperature System), 382 See Temperature AWS Alter wind shield, 154 Accuracy and precision, 46 Altitude. See Metadata Advanced systems, 72 American Meteorological Society, 423 Advantages and disadvantages, 34 Analogue input, 286 Archiving records, 336 Analogue output, 409 Backup, 345 Analysis and presentation of AWS Backup systems, 39 data, 337 Battery backup, 41 Anemometer, 196 Best-selling systems, 60 Cup, 196 Budget categories, 32 Distance constant, 414 Budgeting, 52 Effective height, 214 Cairn Gorm, Scotland, 205 Handheld, 203 Categories, 55 Propeller or windmill type, 199 Choice of, 32 Response length λ, 415 Climatological continuity, 51 Sonic, 200 Collecting and storing data, 335 Starting speed, 201 Computing facilities and expertise, 51 System description, 410 Connections – cabled or wireless?, 42 Aneroid barometer, 169 Data analysis and presentation, 337 APRSWXNET, 381. See Citizen Weather Data file sizes, 337 Observer Program Data volumes, 336 Archive interval, 284, 335, See Logging interval Definition, 7 Archiving data to e-mail, 346 Degree of automation sought, 46 Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, 22 Development in 20th century, 14 ASCII format files, 336 Ease of setting up, 51 ASOS – Automated Surface Observing Elements to be measured, 39 System, 97 Expansion options, 41 Aspirated screens, 93, 106 Export data function, 336 Advantages, 107 Exposure considerations, 38 Davis Instruments FARS shield, 111 Hardware survey, 75 Atmospheric pressure. See Pressure Hooke’s weather-clock of 1679, 9 Australia, 128 Legality of altering records, 338 Bureau of Meteorology, 374 Logging interval, 48 435 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information 436 Index AWS (cont.) Calibration, 304 Longevity, 64 Absolute and comparative methods, 307 Portable, 69, 70, 71 Anemometer, 320 Power, 52 Drift, 304, 318, 415 Purchasing, 55 Humidity sensors, 188–189 Radiation shield, 93, 105 Pressure sensors, 319 Reliability measures, 40, 48 Earth temperature sensors, 229 Sampling interval, 48 Humidity sensors, 189, 318 School weather studies, 29 Inclusion in archived files, 338 Schools, colleges and universities, 5 Interval, 309 Selection and decision criteria, 37 One-minute summary, 320 Sensor accuracy, 67 Other sensors, 320 Sensor choice, 42 Portable calibration reference units, 69 Sensor exposure, 39 Pressure sensors, 176, 180, 319 Single-element systems, 61 Raingauge, 304 Software, 283 Raingauge measuring cylinder, 306 Cumulus, 290 Solar radiation and sunshine sensors, 258 Most popular (2011 survey), 289 Temperature, 310 Virtual Weather Software, 289 Temperature sensors, 307 Weather Display, 291 Multiple points, 309 Weather Link, 292 Tipping-bucket raingauge Weather Underground, 292 Variation with rainfall intensity, 305 Software suppliers, 434 Wind sensors, 208 Software survey, 75, 282, 289, 336 Calibration check, 64, 69 Software comparison, 290 Calibration table, 309 Support options, 56 Calibration table, thermometer, 310, 314, 315 Transition from traditional instruments, 26 Calibration thermometer, 309 User profiles, 56 Calm, 202 Uses of, 33 Campbell Scientific, 33, 57–58, 70–73, 105, 429 Website, 378 Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder, 245, 246, Working lifetime, 48 249, 258 AWS datasets Disadvantages, 247 Hourly, daily and monthly examples, 338 Canada, 128 Climate data, 374 Backup, 337, 344, 345, 346, 353 Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Backup software, 345 Society, 423 Bare soil minimum temperature, 226 CD-ROM. See Backup Barograph, 11, 169, 171 Celsius (unit of temperature), 89 Barometric pressure. See Pressure Celsius, Anders, 17 Battery backup, 41, 283, 288 Central England Temperature (CET) series, 15 Beaufort wind scale, 203, 204, 358 Central European Time (CET), 271 Wind speed equivalents, 203 Central Park, New York, 25, 375 Belfort Instrument Company, 151 Chilterns Observatory Trust, 336, 346, 428 Binary coded input to datalogger, 286 Chinese Meteorological Society, 424 Blank cells. See Missing data convention Choosing a weather station Blogs and newsgroups, 383 One-minute summary, 53 Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts, 25, 257 Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), 381 British Rainfall, 376, 392 Civil day, 273, 278 Bubbling (of spirit minimum thermometers), 226 Class sizes. See Microsoft Excel Budget, 52 Climatological continuity, 51 Budget systems, 64 Climatological Day, 274, 294 Buying a weather station, 55 Climatological Observers Link One-minute summary, 74 Forum, 384 Climatological Observers Link (COL), 81, 280, 336, Cabled connections 344, 376, 384, 392, 428 Cable specifications, 45 Web Forum, 384 Screened cable, 45 Shelter assessment, 83 Cadiz Royal Observatory, Spain, 258 Site grading scheme, 81, 82 Cairn Gorm AWS, 205 Cloud amount and type/s, 296 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information Index 437 Cloud storage, 346 Davis Instruments FARS shield, 111 CoCoRaHS, 385 Day maximum / night minimum, 275 Collecting and storing data, 335 Daylight Savings Time, 271 One-minute summary, 346 Advantages of consistent regional time, 272 Comma Separated Variable (CSV) files, 336 Days with, 298, 343 Communication options (datalogger), 288, 289 Definitions, 299 Components of a measurement system, 409 Dependent variables, 357 Computer connection. See PC connection Dew point Concrete minimum temperature, 226 Electrical sensors, 188 Conditional formatting. See Microsoft Excel Dew point and human comfort, 187 Cooperative Observer Program (COOP), 388 Dew point temperature, 183, 184 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 271 Dewfall in raingauge, 300 Cotton Region Shelter, 94 Diamond dust. See Ice crystals Cumulus AWS software, 289, 290 Diffuse solar radiation, 235 Cup anemometer, 196. See Anemometer Digital or pulse inputs to datalogger, 286 CWOP, 291, 381. See Citizen Weather Observer Direct solar radiation, 235 Program Distance constant. See Anemometer Distilling observations, 339 Daily dataset layout and format, 342 Dropbox, 346 Daily observational routine, 295 Dry bulb temperature, 116, 183 Data archiving. See Collecting and storing data Dynamic performance, 412 Data display, 289, 409 Data loss risks from datalogger failure, 288 Earliest weather observations, 7 Data management and analysis, 348 Earth temperatures Data storage, 409 Logging interval, 230 Data transmission, 409 One-minute summary, 230 Data volumes. See AWS: Data volumes Standard depths and measurement Datalogger, 282 methods, 228 Alternatives to, 287 Effective height (anemometer), 214 Battery backup, 283 Electronic sunshine sensor, 245, 249 Communication options, 288 Operating principles, 249 Dedicated, or PC, 45 E-mail as data archive, 346 Download interval vs memory capacity, 285 Entry-level systems, 61 Download schedule, 289 Environment Canada, 374 Event-based, 284 Error checking, 338 Input types, 286 European Meteorological Society, 425 Memory, 73, 284 Event-based datalogger, 284 Physical capacity, 73 Event-based rainfall logging, 157 Power supply, 283 Exporting AWS data, 336 Programming, 287 Exposure, 76, 415 Risks, 288 Air temperature and rainfall, 77 System design, 410 Assessing and grading, 81 Time-based, 284 Assessing shade impact on solar radiation Tinytag, 285 sensors, 261 Datalogger basics, 282 Definition, 76 Dataloggers and AWS software Differing requirements by sensor, 76 One-minute summary, 292 Earth temperature sensors, 229 Date Shelter ratio, 81 Formatting options, 340 Site survey, 78 Date conventions, Europe and US styles, 290 Solar radiation and sunshine sensors, 260 Davis Instruments, 33, 60, 66, 429 Summary requirements by element, 79 Anemometer and Hurricane Andrew, 1992, 207 Sunshine, 77 Estimation of sunshine duration, 256 Urban profile, 81, 84 Fan-assisted radiation shield (FARS), 111 Website information, 380 Passive radiation screen, 105 Wind instruments, 77, 195, 208 Solar radiation sensor, 238 Vantage Connect, 292 Fahrenheit (unit of temperature), 89 Vantage Pro2, 57–58, 60, 66, 75, 220 Fine Offset, 57–58, 60, 430 Raingauge calibration, 306 Fischer & Porter weighing raingauge, 151 Vantage Vue, 57–58, 65, 75 Five-inch raingauge, 391 WeatherLink software, 292, 337, 345 Float raingauge, 148 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information 438 Index Fog Humidity, 183 Definition, 296, 301 Accuracy versus precision, 190 Thick (definition of), 301 Calculation by datalogger, 191 Foster-Foskett sunshine switch, 245, 250, 257 Comfort levels, 186 Cessation of records, 251 Definition, 183 Threshold,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Watching the Weather Since 1885: the History and Climate Record of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory
    Watching the Weather Since 1885: The History and Climate Record of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory Michael J. Iacono Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory Massachusetts Watchmakers and Clockmakers Association 19 November 2019 Outline • Long View of Climate Change • Observatory History • Traditional Instruments • Blue Hill Climate bluehill.org/observatory BHO Mission: ”To foster public understanding of and appreciation for atmospheric science, while continuing to maintain a meticulous record of weather observations for the long-term study of climate.” Climate Change: What’s the Big Picture? • 5-10 degrees F colder during last Ice Age (20,000 yrs ago) • 10-20 degrees F warmer during Jurassic Period (65 Mya) • Stable climate for the last 10,000 years very unusual Climate Change: What’s the Big Picture? • Large climate changes have occurred regularly in Earth’s history due to natural factors: • Orbital variations (change incoming solar energy) • Volcanic eruptions (vent greenhouse gases: CO2) • Asteroid impacts (eject material that obscures sun) • Continental drift (alters air and ocean circulation) • Currently in inter-glacial period with some ice cover • Human Factor: Fossil fuel use has increased carbon dioxide to highest level in 3 million years (up from 280 to 415 ppm in 150 years) Climate Change: Role of Orbital Variations • Changes in Earth’s movement affect climate • Can think of Earth and Sun as precise time pieces • Earth’s Axis Tilt (23.5 degrees; affects change of seasons) • Controls
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Weather Measurements at School Or at Home
    SIMPLE WEATHER MEASUREMENTS AT SCHOOL OR AT HOME Geoff Jenkins 6th Edition ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 104 OXFORD ROAD READING BERKSHIRE RG1 7LL Telephone: +44 (0)118 956 8500 Fax: +44 (0)118 956 8571 E-mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www.royalmetsoc.org/ Registered Charity Number 208222 Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society Reprinted November 2000 ISBN 0 948 090 13 8 SIMPLE WEATHER MEASUREMENTS AT SCHOOL OR AT HOME INTRODUCTION Making observations is an essential part of learning about the weather. This has been recognised by many teachers for years and is now enshrined in British National Curricula. In Geography Programmes of Study, for example, children aged 7 to 11 are required to undertake fieldwork and to carry out investigations that involve the use of instruments to make measurements. In the experimental and investigative parts of Science Programmes of Study, too, weather measurements help provide insight into concepts being taught. This booklet looks at ways in which simple weather measurements can be made with a minimum of cost or fuss. It has been written primarily as guidance for schoolteachers, particularly those in junior and middle schools. Hence, there are many references to educational aspects and considerations. However, many of the ideas will also be of interest to amateurs thinking of setting up a weather station at home. Suggestions are given as to suitable instruments and methods for taking crude but effective weather records, when it does not really matter if the temperature is a degree or two in error, or the rain-gauge does not have the ideal exposure to catch all the rain properly.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation
    Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation Sweata Sijapati Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor at Ehime University By Sweata Sijapati June 2016 Advisor: Professor Ryo Moriwaki Dedicated to my parents It’s your support and motivation that has made me stronger CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation” presented by Ms. Sijapati Sweata in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement of the degree of doctor has been examined and accepted by the evaluation committee at Graduate School of Science and Engineering of Ehime University. …………………………………. Ryo Moriwaki Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Advisor / Examiner 1 …………………………………. ……………. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Examiner 2 …………………………………. ……………. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Examiner 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ XV LIST OF ABBREVIATION .......................................................................................... XVI LIST OF SYMBOL ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-99-005 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 Air EPA Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Air Q of ua ice li ff ty O Clean Air Pla s nn ard in nd g and Sta EPA-454/R-99-005 Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This document updates the June 1987 EPA document, "On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications", EPA-450/4-87-013. The most significant change is the replacement of Section 9 with more comprehensive guidance on remote sensing and conventional radiosonde technologies for use in upper-air meteorological monitoring; previously this section provided guidance on the use of sodar technology. The other significant change is the addition to Section 8 (Quality Assurance) of material covering data validation for upper-air meteorological measurements. These changes incorporate guidance developed during the workshop on upper-air meteorological monitoring in July 1998. Editorial changes include the deletion of the “on-site” qualifier from the title and its selective replacement in the text with “site specific”; this provides consistency with recent changes in Appendix W to 40 CFR Part 51.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Inter-Regional Workshop March 22-26, 2004, Manila, Philippines
    Strengthening Operational Agrometeorological Services at the National Level Proceedings of the Inter-Regional Workshop March 22-26, 2004, Manila, Philippines Strengthening Operational Agrometeorological Services at the National Level ______________________________________________________ Proceedings of the Inter-Regional Workshop March 22-26, 2004, Manila, Philippines Editors Raymond P. Motha M.V.K. Sivakumar Michele Bernardi Sponsors United States Department of Agriculture Office of the Chief Economist World Agricultural Outlook Board Washington, D.C. 20250, USA World Meteorological Organization Agricultural Meteorology Division 7bis, Avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Environment and Natural Resources Service Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Science Garden Complex Agham Road, Dilliman, Quezon City Philippines 1100 Series WAOB-2006-1 AGM-9 WMO/TD NO. 1277 Washington, D.C. 20250 January 2006 Proper citation is requested. Citation: Raymond P. Motha, M.V.K. Sivakumar, and Michele Bernardi (Eds.) 2006. Strengthening Operational Agrometeorological Services at the National Level. Proceedings of the Inter-Regional Workshop, March 22-26, 2004, Manila, Philippines. Washington, D.C., USA: United States Department of Agriculture; Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization; Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Technical Bulletin WAOB-2006-1 and AGM-9,
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Global Warming, Introduction to Various Meteorological Equipments Subject: AGRICULTURE
    Class Notes Class: XI Topic: Climate change and global warming, Introduction to various meteorological equipments Subject: AGRICULTURE UNIT-II Climate change and global warming Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. Temperature records going back to the late 19th Century show that the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by about 0.8C (1.4F) in the last 100 years. About 0.6C (1.0F) of this warming occurred in the last three decades. Satellite data shows an average increase in global sea levels of some 3mm per year in recent decades. The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years; if the entire 2.8 million cubic km sheet were to melt, it would raise sea levels by 6m. Satellite data shows the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is also losing mass, and a recent study indicated that East Antarctica, which had displayed no clear warming or cooling trend, may also have started to lose mass in the last few years. But scientists are not expecting dramatic changes. In some places, mass may actually increase as warming temperatures drive the production of more snows. The effects of a changing climate can also be seen in vegetation and land animals. These include earlier flowering and fruiting times for plants and changes in the territories (or ranges) occupied by animals. Causes of Global Warming Greenhouse Gases Some gases in the Earth's atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping the sun's heat and stopping it from leaking back into space.
    [Show full text]
  • General Disclaimer One Or More of the Following Statements May Affect
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) 1 Y 99 vk ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3 Distribution Category UC-59C LISTING OF SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND GLOSSARY July 1976 i by E. A. Carter 1 S. A. Greenbaum A. M. Patel t CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY STUDIES The University of Alabama in Huntsville P.O. Box 1247 Huntsville, Ala;^ama s 35807 a a f c' j DEC 1976 prepared for: r. RECEIVED THE UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH NASA ST! FACILITY AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION INPUT BRANCH DIVISION OF SOLAR ENERGY ^> UNDER CONTRACT NAS8-31293 c`S J^^^ ^j'<,' ! (NASA-CR- 150064) LISTING OF SOLAR RADIATION N77- 12507 MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND GLOSSARY (Alabama Univ., Huntsville.) 53 p HC A04/MF A09 CSCL 10A Uncl.as G3/44 55750 a ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3 Distribution Category UC-59C LISTING i OF SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND I GLOSSARY i I July 1976 { i by E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scottish Coastal Observatory 1997-2013 Part 2
    The Scottish Coastal Observatory 1997-2013 Part 2 - Description of Scotland’s Coastal Waters Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 7 No 26 E Bresnan, K Cook, J Hindson, S Hughes, J-P Lacaze, P Walsham, L Webster and W R Turrell The Scottish Coastal Observatory 1997-2013 Part 2 – Description of Scotland’s coastal waters Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science Vol 7 No 26 E Bresnan, K Cook, J Hindson, S Hughes, J-P Lacaze, P Walsham, L Webster and W R Turrell Published by Marine Scotland Science ISSN: 2043-772 DOI: 10.7489/1881-1 Marine Scotland is the directorate of the Scottish Government responsible for the integrated management of Scotland’s seas. Marine Scotland Science (formerly Fisheries Research Services) provides expert scientific and technical advice on marine and fisheries issues. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science is a series of reports that publishes results of research and monitoring carried out by Marine Scotland Science. It also publishes the results of marine and freshwater scientific work carried out by Marine Scotland under external commission. These reports are not subject to formal external peer-review. This report presents the results of marine and freshwater scientific work carried out by Marine Scotland Science. © Crown copyright 2016 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- governmentlicence/version/3/ or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • BOREAS Operations for 1994
    BOREAS Operations 1994 Final Version 2.3 (September 13, 1996) Executive Summary The design of the BOREAS-94 field experiment is described in the BOREAS Experiment plan (EXPLAN-94); preliminary results and a summary of field operations and weather conditions may be found in Sellers et al. (1995). This document describes what was actually achieved in BOREAS-94. The reports from individual investigators, minutes from evening planning meetings, aircraft logs, etc. have all been analyzed to produce a condensed history of the measurements taken in the field and the experimental conditions experienced during the field year. This document is primarily intended to serve as a desk-top guide for scientists and staff in the project which will allow quick scanning across investigations prior to delving into the detailed data sets held in BORIS. 1.0 Introduction to BOREAS The Boreal Ecosystems Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is a large scale, international investigation focused on improving our understanding of the exchanges of radiative energy, sensible heat, water, CO2 and trace gases between the boreal forest and the lower atmosphere. A primary objective of BOREAS is to collect the data needed to improve computer simulation models of the important processes controlling these exchanges so that scientists can anticipate the effects of global change, principally altered temperature and precipitation patterns, on the biome. The scientific issues at stake are as follows: I. Sensitivity of the boreal forest biome to changes in the physical climate system. A number of simulation studies have been carried out to assess the climatic impact of increasing atmospheric CO2, see the reviews of Schlesinger and Mitchell (1987), Harrington (1987) and Houghton et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for Amateur Observers to the Exposure and Calibration Of
    A Guide to the Siting, Exposure and Calibration of Automatic Weather Stations for Synoptic and Climatological Observations By Andrew K. Overton © Andrew K. Overton 2009 1 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 Siting and Exposure.................................................. ......................................................................... 3-7 Temperature and relative humidity......................................................................................... 4, 5 Precipitation............................................................................................................................ 5, 6 Wind speed and direction........................................................................................................ 6, 7 Sunshine, solar & UV radiation............................................................................................... 7 Calibration........................................................................................................................................... 7-15 Pressure................................................................................................................................... 9 Air temperature....................................................................................................................... 10 Grass minimum and soil temperature....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Meteorological Observations
    Kevin Sene Hydro- meteorology Forecasting and Applications Second Edition Hydrometeorology Kevin Sene Hydrometeorology Forecasting and Applications Second Edition Kevin Sene United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-23545-5 ISBN 978-3-319-23546-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23546-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949821 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface to the Second Edition In addition to the many practical applications, one of the most interesting aspects of hydrometeorology is how quickly techniques change.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter 2010-11
    NOAA's National Weather Service The National Cooperative Observer The National Cooperative Observer is an online newsletter. http://www.weather.gov/os/coop/coop_newsletter.htm Winter 2010-11 Inside Taking River Observation on Horseback, Tower Top, While Dodging Bridge Traffic Eye on the Sky: Weather in The Good Ol’ Days of taking river enough steel to make the tower 80 feet high, the Desert 2 readings and climbing towers...excerpts surmounted with a steel flagpole. taken from a document written in 1960. The Willapa Harbor Station was Special Act Award equipped with a Tipping Bucket rain gauge, 3 At times of high water the Endicott anemometer, wind vane, sunshine recorder, gauge is very difficult to reach. Several times and hygrothermograph. At the age of 83, Thomas Jefferson Award Observer Stanley Kasparek had 4 to swim to the gauge house. The current was quite strong at times John Campanius and Mrs. Kasparek would stand Holm Awards on the bank holding a rope tied to 5 Stanley. He would then fasten the 125, 75 Year Honored gauge key around his neck and Institution Awards start swimming. 9 When the regular river Observer on Bird Creek at Sperry, Edward H. Stoll Award OK, evacuated because of high 10 water, Wink Creekpaum hurriedly volunteered to take over. 50 Year Honored He received the keys and Institution Awards instructions at 9 pm, October 2, 13 1959. By 11 pm he had reached Bird Creek in Oklahoma continue to have a flooding the gauge after borrowing a horse problem. Here it overflows the road. 45 Year Dick Hagemeyer Awards and swimming it some distance 15 through the flood waters.
    [Show full text]