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ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3

Distribution Category UC-59C

LISTING OF

SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT

AND GLOSSARY

July 1976

i by

E. A. Carter 1 S. A. Greenbaum A. M. Patel

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY STUDIES The University of Alabama in Huntsville P.O. Box 1247 Huntsville, Ala;^ama s 35807 a

f c' j DEC 1976 prepared for: r. RECEIVED THE UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH NASA ST! FACILITY AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION INPUT BRANCH DIVISION OF SOLAR ENERGY ^> UNDER CONTRACT NAS8-31293 c`S J^^^ ^j'<,'

(NASA-CR- 150064) LISTING OF SOLAR RADIATION N77- 12507 MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND GLOSSARY (Alabama Univ., Huntsville.) 53 p HC A04/MF A09 CSCL 10A Uncl.as G3/44 55750

a ERDA/NASA/31293/76/3 Distribution Category UC-59C

LISTING

i OF SOLAR RADIATION MEASURING EQUIPMENT

AND I GLOSSARY i I

July 1976 { i by

E. A. Carter

S. A. Greenbaum

A. M. Patel

3 prepared for.

THE 'UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION ' DIVISION OF SOLAR ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT NAS8-31293

Rev ed a d A prow b f

avid L. ristensen, Research Associate 1 Principal Investigator, NASA Contract NAS8-31293 The University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama

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FOREWORD

This document presents the results of research activities performed by the Center for Environmental and Energy Studies, The Uni- versity of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama as Task 3 under Contract NAS8-31293, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Mr. 0. L. Smith is the NASA/MSFC Technical Coordinator for this task. Mr. William Reid is the UAH Task Team Leader. Mr. David L. Christensen is the Principal Investigator of the contract entitled "Solar Heating and Cooling Technical Data and Systems Analysis".

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The help and cooperation from many organizations listed herein is hereby acknowledged. The willing support of the many individuals who provided information for this report is appreciated, particularly the support of Mr. David Reese of the Wyle Laboratories, Huntsville, Alabama; Mr. Fred Koomanoff and Mr. Michael Riches of the ERDA Division of Solar Energy; Mr. Edwin Flowers of the NOAA, Boulder, Colorado; and Mr,; Frank Quinlan of the National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina.

NOTICE

"This report was prepared to document work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor its agent, the United States Energy Research and Development Administration, nor any federal employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process dis- closed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately, owned rights."

Likewise, the instrument characteristics provided in this report have been primarily supplied by the instrument manufacturers and dealers which were contacted by The University of Alabama in Huntsville. In a some cases available reference material was used where direct contacts were not possible.

Any comments, suggestions, or changes to this report are requested for future consideration.

LA PAGE ] Y. INTRODUCTION l

II. ORGANIZATION 2

III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3

GENERAL REFERENCES 4

COST CODE (TABLE 1) 5

SOLAR RADIATION INSTRUMENTS COST MATRIX (TABLE 2) 6

INSOLATION AND BASIC INSTRUMENTS (FIGURE 1 & 2) 7

PROPOSED TECHNICAL DATA FORM (ATTACHMENT 1) 1-0

EQUIPMENT LISTING (ATTACHMENT 2) 2-0

ADDRESS LIST OF MANUFACTURERS (ATTACHMENT 3) 3-1

GLOSSARY OF SOLAR RADIATION TERMS (ATTACHMENT 4) 4-0

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i I. INTRODUCTION

The Center for Environmental and Energy Studies at The University of Alabama in Huntsville has performed various research projects to compile information pertaining to solar energy resources, equipment, and environmental data. This project, sponsored by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was designed to locate and describe solar radiation measuring equipment as a three-month task under NASA Contract NAS8-31293 i One immediate need for researchers and other users of solar energy conversion equipment is to select proper instruments for measuring solar + radiation. Hence it is the intent of this report to serve as a reference guide so the user can compare performance, accuracy, and cost of equipment presently on the market based on the data provided by the manufacturer. It also provides relevant terms and diagrams for the prospective user of solar radiation instruments. This report updates and expands a preliminary report by R. S. Bell of the UAH Center for Environmental and Energy Studies published in May 1976. Initially, the preliminary list of those companies which currently manufacture radiation measuringequipment was presented to the National Solar The list was incomplete at r Energy Workshop in Huntsville, Alabama (May 19-21). that time; however, it was well received and prompted considerable discussion as a "baseline" document.

In June 1976, the manufacturers included in the preliminary listing were contacted through a letter explaining the project and asking for the following specific information: 1) corrections to the listing; 2) additional equipment the manufacturer would like to have listed; 3) additional tests on the response, accuracy, calibration, etc. or other information to which the prospective user might be referred. Enclosed with the letter each manufacturer received a listing of their equipment (as presented in the preliminary report) which had been extracted from their catalog or other source. r

Following this inquiry, an attempt was made to locate additional manufacturers of solar radiation measuring equipment not yet identified in the listing. A search for information concerning update quality tests also i ' ensured. Through the use of scientific, industrial, and solar radiation- C periodicals, other manufacturers were identified and contacted.

The responses received from the thirty-eight manufacturers listed herein i indicated their willingness to comply and numerous offers of additional ser- vices if needed. With their cooperation, the list and information presented in this document is substantially more complete.

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II. ORGANIZATION

This report is organized to list and provide all available information about solar radiation measuring equipment which are being manu- factured and are available on the market. The list is in tabular form and includes sensor type, response time, cost data and comments for each model. A cost code (see Table 1) has been included which shows ranges only, due to price fluctuations and because some manufacturers are reluctant to publish their prices. Ln some instances a price is given for a particular date, but this is subject to change at the manufacturer's or dealer's discretion.

Table 2 is an equipment vs. cost matrix for that equipment for which cost information is available. The numbers in the matrix refer to correspondingly numbered equipment items as shown in the equipment listings. These index numbers are not a part of the manufacturer's model number but are assigned.by UAH for cross reference purposes only.

Figures 1 and 2 are diagrams of insolation and basic instruments used in the measurement of solar radiation.

A form has been designed (Attachment 1) to provide a complete profile and intended applications for each model of equipment on the j market. This form was developed during the course of the research period to standardize and organize all pertinent data for potential use in a published catalog.- { To further extend the information presented in the listing, I an address list is provided as Attachment 3. Every manufacturer included in the equipment listing is identified with an appropriate address. Any additional information not included in the listing may 1 be obtained by contacting the manufacturer.

During the course of this work it became apparent that the nomenclature of the equipment and selected words used required some descriptions. Therefore, a Glossary of Solar Radiation Terms fre- quently used with solar radiation measurement and equipment is included as Attachment 4. This glossary is intended as an aid in the introduction to 'solar radiation measurements and equipment.

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III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that copies of this report be distributed to each manufacturer and dealer listed herein for any comments or additional information that may be necessary or desirable. Also, it is recommended that the report be distributed to other manufacturers or dealers that may make similar equipment and to researchers for comments.

It is recommended that the form (Attachment 1) be adopted as a standard data sheet to describe solar radiation measuring equipment and .^ this research effort be expanded to further develop, organize, and dissemi- nate all available information concerning solar radiation measuring equipment using this proposed format.

Further efforts are needed in establishing standardized terms and definitions related to solar radiation instruments and measurements, including clarification of some terms which have different meanings and improved diagrams to help in the visualization of the various instrument functions. 1

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GENERAL REFERENCES y

1. "Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Obst:;ving Practices". Chapter 9. Fourth Edition WMO-No. 8. TP. 3. World Meteoro- logical Organization (1971).

2. "Solar Energy Data Workshop". National Science Foundation NSF-RA-N-74-062 (September 1974).

3. Kinsell L. Coulson, "Solar and Terrestrial Radiation - Methods and Measurements". Academic Press, New York (1975). TABLE 1 - COST CODE

This cost code provides a range in dollars for each of the instruments described in Table 2 and and Attachment 2.

SYMBOL COST RANGE

F Less Than $ 100

G $ 101 - $ 200 H $ 201 - $ 300 I $301-$400 J $401-$500

K $''501 - $ 750

L $ 751 — $1000

M $1001 - $2000 N $2001 - $3000 s 0 More Than $3000

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Product Data

Model/Part No. Sensor Type

Instrument Classification Sensor Surface Coating

Desiccant

Development Status Yes No Prototype built & tested' Production Capacity (monthly)

In production

Performance Data

Sensitivity (mV/Joule-cm-(tin,'') 'Temperature Dependence (4G/"C)

"y Stability ("/,/year) Linearit y W

Impedance (ohm) Cosine Response 1"^^) i Spectral Range (pm) Calibration Accuracy NO i

Time Response (sec) Recalibration Schedule (months)

Application Data Solar & I Infrared Net i Global Solar Diffuse Solar Spectral Solar Direct Solar Infrared a Horizontal 1 Tilted

Economic Data

As of Date Cost ($/unit) Warranty (months)

Recalibration Cost ($/unit) Delivery time (clays) d i

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ORIGINAL PAGE IS QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS OF POOR QUALITY

1. CODE: In the upper right hand corner of the form in the c, Impedance (ohm): Impedance (ohm) of the product bus provided, do riot type anything. described,

2. LETTERHEAD/LOGO: In the space piuvided-attach a d. Spectral Range (r m)-.The upper and lower radiation camera-ready mechanical of company or institution letterhead or logo. This letterhead logo must include the wavelengths (micro-meter) that product can detect, name, division, and mailing address. The left-hand edge of the mechanical should align with the left-hand guide line. e. Time Response (seconds): Maximum time (seconds) taken by the product described to respond. 3. CONTACT FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: In the space provided type the name of the person or office, telephone (. `Temperature Dependence (%/ °C):The maximum error number, and mailing address to be contacted for further (W °C) clue to variation in ambient temperature. inlornwtion. 4. PRODUCTION DATA: In ih,:space provided, type answers g, Linearity W: The maximum error ( 115) due to the non- to questions listed: linearity of the response of the product described when I this is assumed linear. + a, Model/Part No.: Model or part number of the ► product on list of company or institution. h. Cosine Response {;v„ ): The deviation W of the direction- I b. Classification of the instrument: al response of tha product described from that ] assumed cosine response. 1. Pyrheliornater: An instrument for treasuring the i II' intensity of direct solar radiation at normal I. Calibration Accuracy M: Amount W of response of incidence. 4IIII the protfuct described varies from the calibration 2. Pyranometer. An instrument for the measurement standard. 1 of the solar radiation received Irom the whole j hemisphere. 1. RecalibrationSchedule (months): Time period. -. ) 3. Pyrgeometer: An insnument for the measurement (month) after which the product described needs to of net atmospheric radiation on a hurituntal upwind recalibrate. 1 i facing black sur face at the ambient air temperatutc. 4, Pyrradiometer: An instrument for the. reasurement 7. APPLICATION DATA: In the matrix provided, check mark of both solar and terrestrial radiation (total radiation). the space for which product described is applicable in hori- 5. Net Pyrradiometer: An instrument for the mtasum. /onlal position and state the angular limit in degrees for ment of the net flux of downward and upward total which product described is applicable in tilted position. { (solar, terrestrial surface and atmospheric) radiation through a horizontal surface. Radiation c. Desiccant: Material used in the built-in desiccator of a. Global Solar: Global solar radiation received on a the product. horizontal surface direr.t from the solid angle of the sun's disk and also radiation that has been scattered or d. Sensor Type: diffusely reflected in traversing the atmosphere. 1, 2. ThmocouThermocouplesou ples ur thermopiles b. Diffuse Solar: Downward scattered and reflected 3. Bimetallic solar radiation, coming from the whole hemisphere 4. Photovoltaic, photoconductive or photo- with the exception of the solid angle subtended by the emissive calls sun's disk. 5. Black body G. Pyroelectric cell c. Spectral Solar: Radiation of selected wavelengths of 7. Others (specify) the solar radiation. e. Sensor surface coating: coating applied on the surface of d. Direct Solar: Solar radiation coming from the solid (I the sunsmy element. angle of the sun's disk on a surface per.^endicu:ar to 1I{ the axis of this cone, comprising mainly uwacattered I and unaffected solar radiation. j 5. DEVELOPMENT STATUS: In the column provided, check- rna-k "yes" or "no" to the following (a) and (b) questions, e, Solar Infrared:, Global solar and infrared. and in the space provided type answer to question (c): I. infrared: Radiation with wavelength greater than ir, Prototype built and tested: A full-scale working photo- 0.8 micron and less than 1 millimeter. type has been built, tested in use and test results are c Net: Net tacliation is the difference between down- avarlahle. ward and upward (total and terrestrial) radiation, ;l oat•Ilux of all directions. b, In production: Company is currently rnanufactur ing pproduct described. 8. ECONOMIC DATA: )n the spaceP provided,P type answers to questions listed: c. Production capacity: Maximum number of product described that can currently be produced per month a. Cost (5/unitl: The updated cost ($!unit) of the with existing plant capacity. product described. b. Recalibration Cast (S/unit): The updated coat ($/unit) G. PERFORMANCE DATA: In the spaceact• • provider.!, ttype answers to recalibrate the product described. to the questions listed: 3 c. Warranty (months): The time period (months) during ) a. Sensitivity (mV/Joule cm .2-min-1 ): Absolute which the product described is under warranty after change an the output (^nitlivu{ts), her unit chauoc in the, date of purchase. - the input (.luule -cm -min 1 of the product described. d, Delivery time (days): The time period (days) required j to deliver the product described after receiving the order. h. Stability (`%/year): The stability of the calibration, - i.e., the rnaxfmtrnt permissible change in this factor per 9. COMMENT: In the space provided, typecornments for the cent fret year. product described. 1_2

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w a 0' 0 0 x >4 `° zx o' o r f oo co ATTACHMENT 3 ADDRESS LIST OF MANUFACTURERS

Belfort Instrument Co. 1600 South Clinton Street Baltimore, Maryland 21224

C. F. Casella and Co., Ltd. Regent House, Britannia Walk London, N. I,

C. W. Thornthwaite Associates Route 1 $ Elmer, New Jersey 08318

EKO Instruments Trading Co., Ltd. { Japan (Correct address not available),

Eppley Laboratory, Inc. 12 _Sheffield Avenue Newport, R. I. 02840

Gamma Scientific, Inc. 3777 Ruffin Road San Diego, California 92123

Hy-Cal Engineering 12105 Los Nietos Road Santa Fe Springs, Californis 90670

Herbert A. Groise and Co Rear 1 Gordon Drive Malvern, Australia

IBM Federal Systems Division Research Park Huntsville, Alabama 35807 { International Scientific, Industries P. O. Box 537 Flagstaff, Arizona 86001

3-1 i

Ishikawa Trading Co., Ltd. 6-13, 4 Chome, Shinkawa Mitaka, C. Yokyo, 181, Japan

Kahl Scientific Instruments Corp. P. 0. Box 1166 El Cajon (San Diego), California 92022

Kipp and Zonen P. 0. Box 507 .,..,; Delft, Holland

Lambda Instruments Corp. 4421 Superior Street P. 0. Box 4425 Lincoln, Nebraska 68504

Lintronic Limited 54-58 Bartholomew Close London, ECl Mashpriborintorg Smolenskaya - Sennaya Square 32/34 1 Moscow G-200, USSR

Matrix Inc. 537 South 31st Street Mesa, Arizona 85204 Medtherm Corporation P. 0. Box 412 Huntsville, Alabama 35804

Middleton and Co., Pty, Ltd. 8 Eastern Road South Melbourne, Australia Middleton Instruments P. 0. Box 192 Port; Melbourne, Australia

Molectron Corp. 177 N. Wolfe Road Sunnyvale, California 94086

1 3 -2 I

Nakano - Seisakusho Ltd. Hiyashimito 1525 Ueno City, Mic Prefecture Japan

Philipp Schenk Gse.m.b.H. Wien and Co., KG 1212 Wien

Rauchfuss Instruments and Staff Pty. Ltd. 12 Monomeeth Drive, Mitcham Victoria, 3132, Australia

Rdf Corporation 23 Elm Avenue Hudson, New Hampshire 03051

R. Feuss D-1 Berlin 41 Dunther'Str. 8 Postfach 350, Germany

Rho Sigma 15150 Raymer"Street Van Nuys, California 91405

Science Associates, Inc. 230 Nassau Street P. 0. Box 230 Princeton, N. J. 08540

Solar Radiation Instruments 21-21A Rose Street Altona, Victoria Australia 3018 3

Solar Research 17050 Chatsworth Granada Hills, California 91344

Spectran Instruments P. 0. Box 891 La Habra, California_ 90631

3-3 I

Spectrolab 12484 Gladstone Avenue Sylmar, California 91342

Suntek Research Associates, Inc. 33 Edinboro Street Boston, Massachusetts

Swissteco Pty. Ltd. Instrument Division 26 Miami Street East Hawthorne Vic. 3123, Melbourne, Australia

Technical Measurements, Inc. P. O. Box 838 La Canada, California 91011

Teledyne Geotech 3401 Shiloh Road Garland, Texas 75041

Weathermeasure Corp. P. O. Box 41257 Sacramento, California 95841

SKR Research 403 Santa Fe Avenue Pt. Richmond, California 94801

Yellow Springs Instrument Co. Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387 9

3-4 LA \f _ t

ATTACHMENT 4

GLOSSARY OF SOLAR RADIATION TERMS

With the rapidly growing interest in solar energy and the presumably small amount of exposure most persons have had to solar radiation measuring equipment, a need arises for definitions which will help to clarify the various terms and their meanings.

This Glossary of Solar Radiation Terms purports to define every important term Likely to be found in the literature today. These definitions have been extracted from prominent references concerning meterolog ical instrumentation, and have been selected based on clarity and general usage. However, these definitions may not be the same for the terms as used in other disciplines; for example, the term "air mass" has a different meaning in meteorology. Also, general agreement does not exist on all of these definitions. Comments, suggestions and additional references will be appreciated.

The sources and abbreviations used in this Glossary include the following references

AMS - '59------Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Edited by Ralph E. Huschke i FRANKLIN - '75------Introduction to Meteorology._ Wiley, Franklyn and Cole.

IMV - '66------International Meteorological Vocabulary. WMO/OMM/BMO-No. 182.

WMO '71------Guide to Meterological Instrument and Observing Practices. WMO-No. 8. TP. 3.

4-0 ATTACHMENT 4 GLOSSARY OF SOLAR RADIATION TERMS

ABS . ,^i,TION The process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance. A further process always results from absorption: that is, the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other form of energy within and according to the nature of the absorbing medium. The absorbing medium itself may emit radiation, but only after an energy conversion has occurred. (AN.S - 159)

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT

1. A measure of the amount of normally incident radiant energy absorbed through a unit distance or by a unit mass of absorbing medium. (AMS - 159)

2. Quantity ka in the equation kNx IA = T oe- for the radiant flux IX of radiation of wavelength a, initially radiant flux of IA after passing through a thickness x of an absorbing med?um is called absorption coefficient. (IMV - X66)

ABSORPTIVITY (called ABSORPTION FACTOR: infrequently called ABSORPTIVE POWER) A measure of the amount of radiant energy absorbed by a given substance of definite dimensions defined as the j ratio of the amount of radiant energy absorbed to the to - tal amount incident upon the substance. The absorptivity of any actual substance is a function of temperature as well as wavelength. For a non-opaque sub - stance, it is also a function of the thickness of the sub - stance. CAMS 159) ACTINOGRAPH Instrument for recording the total radiation falling from a small solid angle on a plane surface perpendicular to the axis of the solid angle. It is mainly used to record direct solar radiation

4-1 r i

I x

ACTINOMETER

The general name for any instrument used to measure the intensity of radiant energy, particularly that of the sun (AMS - 159) ACTINOMETRY - i Branch of physics devoted to the study and measurement of radiation; especially in meteorology, solar, atmospheric and terrestrial radiation. (IMV - '66) i AIR

Mixture of gases which composes the earth's atmosphere. (FRANKLYN - '75) AIR TEMPERATURE

Temperature read on a thermometer which is exposed to the air in a position sheltered from direct solar radiation, (IMV '66) ALBEDO

Ratio of the radiation reflected by a surface to that incident on it. (IMV - 166)

ALBEDOMETER

The general name for instrument used to measure the ratio of the radiation reflected by a surface to that incident on it. i ANGLE OF INCIDENCE The angle at which a ray of energy impinges upon a surface, measured between the direction of propagation of the energy and a perpendicular to the surface at the point of impinge- ment, or incidence. (AMS - '-59)

3 ANGLE OF REFLECTION The angle at which a reflected ray of energy leaves a reflecting surface, measured between the direction of the outgoing ray and a perpendicular to the surface at j the point of reflection. (AMS -_'59)

ANGLE OF REFRACTION The angle at which a refracted ray of energy leaves the interface at which between the direction of the refracted ray and a perpendicular to the interface at the point of refraction. (AMS - '59)

4-2

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION The part of terrestrial radiation which is emitted by the atmosphere. (IMV 166)

ATTENUATION OF SOLAR RADIATION Loss of energy suffered by a beam of radiant energy which traverses the earth's atmosphere. Losses are caused by scattering by air molecules, by selective absorption by j certain molecules, and by absorption and scattering by ..,. aerosols. (IMV - 166) i AUREOLE Name given to that exterior ring in a series which is nearest the luminary in a corona, and is usually quite distinct. It is reddish or chestnut in hue and, as a rule, less than 5 0 radius. j AZIMUTH— i The length of the arc of the horizon (in degrees) inter- cepted between a given point and an adopted reference di rection, usually true north, and measured clockwise from the reference direction. (AMS '59) i ' BEAM A ray or collection of focused rays of radiated energy. (AMS '59) i i B LACK BODY

A hypothetical "body" which absorbs completely all _inci- r dent radiation, independent of wavelength and direction; that is, one which neither reflects nor transmits any of the incident radiation. It is the emitter of electromagnetic radiation which, at a given temperature, presents i the maximum spectral density of radiant emittance. (IMV 1 66 & AMS 159)

BLACP. BODY RADIATION Theoretical maximum amount of electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths which may be emitted per unit area of a body at a given temperature. (IMV - '66) ri B OLOMETER Instrument for measuring the intensity of radiant energy. Its principle is based on the variation of electrical re- sistance, with the incoming radiation, of one or both the metallic strips which the instrument comprises. (IMV '66)

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CALORIMETER An instrument designed to measure quantities of heat; sometimes used in meteorology to measure solar radiation. CAMS - 159) CIRCUMSOLAR RADIATION Radiation scattered by the atmosphere into the area of the sky immediately adjacent to the sun. It causes the solar aureole, and its areal extent is directly related to the atmospheric turbidity, being greater with higher turbidity.

CLOUD COVER (also called CLOUDINESS, CLOUDAGE) That portion of the sky cover which is attributed to clouds, usually measured in tenths of sky covered_ (AMS - '59) COMPENSATED PYRHELIOMETER Pyrheliometer based on the comparison of the heating of ' two identical metal strips, one exposed to a radiation, the other to joule effect. (IMV - -66) i a I CONDUCTION i A heat-transfer process by molecular action but not in- I volving molecular transport. (FRANKLYN - 175)

1i CONVECTION i Organized internal motions within a layer of air, leading to vertical transport of heat is called convection. *Convection caused by density differences within the air is called free convection. I *Convection caused by mechanical forces such as those arising from air motion over a rough or sloping surface is called a forced convection. a COOLING DEGREE-DAY -Form of degree-day used to estimate the energy require- ments for air conditioning or refrigeration. One cooling degree-day is counted for each degree that the daily mean temperature is higher than a base temperature. (IMV '66) 1a

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CORPUSCULAR RADIATION Radiation composed of particles. (IMV - 166) COSMIC RADIATION Radiation, of very high energy and great penetrative power, which emanates from cosmic regions. (IMV - 166) DEGREE-DAY Generally, a measure of the departure of the mean daily temperature from a given standard: one degree day for each degree ( oC or OF) of departure above (or below) the standard during one day. (AMS - '59)

DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION -SKY RADIATION Downward scattered and reflected solar radiation, coming from the whole hemisphere with the exception of the solid j angle subtended by the sun's disc. (IMV'- '66) DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION Solar radiation coming from the solid angle of the sun's disc on a surface perpendicular to the axis of this cone, comprising mainly unscattered and unreflected solar radiation. (IMV 166) DOWNWARD (TOTAL) RADIATION j Solar and terrestrial radiations directed downwards (towards the earth's surface). (IMV 166) a EFFECTIVE NOCTURNAL RADIATION A. Radiation balance of a horizontal upward-facing black surface at the ambient air temperature, in the absence of solar radiation. B. Radiation balance of a horizontal downward-facing black surface at the ambient air temperature. C. Radiation balance of a horizontal downward-facing black surface at the ambient air temperature in the absence of solar radiation. (IMV - '66) EFFECTIVE RADIATION Radiation balance of a horizontal upward-facing black surface at the ambient air' temperature. (IMV 166)

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EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL RADIATION Solar radiation received at the limit of the earth's atmosphere. (IMV - '66) GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION i Global solar radiation received on a horizontal surface direct from the solid angle of the sun's disk and also radiation that has been scattered or diffusely reflected in traversing the atmosphere. (WMO 171) HEATING DEGREE-DAY Form of degree-day used as indication of fuel con- sumption. One heating degree-day is counted for each degree that the daily mean temperature is lower than a base temperature. INFRARED RADIATION Radiation with wavelengths higher than about 0.8 micron, and less than 1 millimeter. INSOLATION 1. Amount of direct solar radiation incident per unit horizontal area at a given level. 2. Downward-directed solar radiation. (IMV - '66) INSOLATION DURATION ! Three kinds are distinguished: a. Bright sunshine duration: time interval during which solar radiation reaches adequate intensity to cast distinct shadows. b. Geographically or topographically possible sunshine duration: maximum interval during which solar radiation can reach a given surface

C. Maximum possible solar duration: interval of time between rising and setting of the upper limb of the sun. (IMV - 166) INTERNATIONAL PYRHELIOMETRIC SCALE Pyrheliometric scale decreed as being in operation' i from July 1, 1957, in order to meet an urgent need for a single international scale. (IMV - ' 66) i

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ISOHEL Curve of equal sunshine duration during a given interval of time. (IMV '66) ISOTROPIC RADIATION Diffuse solar radiation which has the same intensity in all directions. (IMV 166) IRRADIANCE (FLUX Or RADIATION PER UNIT AREA)

(at a point on a surface) .u, Quotient of the flux of radiation incident on an infinitesimal element of a surface containing the point under consideration, by the area of that element. (IMV - '66)

IRRADIATION (at a point on a surface) i Product of an irradiance and it's duration. (IMV '66) 1 LONG-WAVE RADIATION Radiation with wavelengths greater than four microns. (IMV 166) r . LUCIMETER I Instrument for measuring the mean intensity of solar global. radiation (direct and diffuse) near the earth's surface in a specified time interval, (IMV - '66)

NET PYRANOMETER A net pyranometer is an 'instrument for measuring the difference of the solar radiation falling on both sides 4 of a horizontal surface from the whole hemisphere.

NET PYRGEOMETER i Instrument for measuring the difference of the atmospheric radiation falling on both sides of a horizontal surface at the ambient air temperature.

NET`PYRRADIOMETER Instrument for the measurement of the net flux of downward and upward total (solar, terrestrial surface and atmospheric) radiation through a horizontal surface. (WMO '71)

NET RADIATION Difference between downward and upward (total and terrestrial) radiation; net flux of all radiation. (IMV - '66)_ NET SOLAR RADIATION Difference between the solar radiations directed downwards and upwards; net flux of solar radiation. (IMV - 166) NET TERRESTRIAL RADIATION TERRESTRIAL RADIATION BALANCE Difference between downward and upward terrestrial radiation; net flux of terrestrial radiation. (IMV - 166) PERCENTAGE OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE A. Ratio of the actual duration of bright sunshine to the geographically or topographically possible duration. B. Ratio of the actual duration of bright sunshine to the astronomically possible duration of sunshine. (IMV - 166) PYRANOGRAPH 3 Instrument for recording the solar radiation falling from a solid angle 4'11" on a spherical surface. PYRANOMETER-SOLARIMETER A pyranometer is an instrument for the measurement of the solar radiation received from the whole hemisphere It is suitable for the measurement of the global or sky radiation. (WMO-'71) i PYRGEOMETER 5 A pyrgeometer is an instrument for the measurement of net atmospheric radiation on a horizontal upward facing black surface at the ambient air temperature. (WMO-'71) PYRHELIOMETER-ACTINOMETER A pyrheliometer is an instrument for measuring the intensity of direct solar radiation at normal incidence; it can either be a primary standard instument or a secondary instrument scaled by reference to a primary instrument. (WMO-'71) PYRHELIOMETRIC SCALE Scale of measurement of irradiance as determined by an absolute standard type pyrheliometer. (IMV 66) PYRRADIOMETER

A pyrradiometer is an instrument for the measurement of both solar and terrestrial radiation.- (WMO-171) RADIANCE (RADIANT INTENSITY PER UNIT AREA) (at a point of a surface in a given direction) Quotient of the radiant intensity, in the given direction, of a infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration, by the area of the orthogonal projection of this element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. (IMV - 166)

RADIANT EMITTANCE (from a point of a surface) Quotient of the flux of radiation emitted by an infini- `6 1 tesimal element of surface containing the point under question, by the area of that element. (IMV - '66)

RADIANT FLUX (FLUX OF RADIATION, RADIANT POWER) Power emitted, transferred, or received in the form of radiation. (IMV - 166) RADIANT INTENSITY { (of a source in a given direction) Quotient of the radiant power emitted by source, or by an element of source in an infinitesimal cone containing the given direction, by the solid angle of that cone (IMV - '66) a RADIATION j Emission or transfer of energy in the form of_electro- magnetic waves or particles. (IMV '66) { `I RADIOMETER Instrument for measuring radiation. (IMV - '66) i REFLECTED SOLAR RADIATION idREFLECTED GLOBAL RADIATION fUpward-directed solar radiation, reflected and scatter ed by the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. (IMV - 166)

REFLECTOMETER Downward-facing;pyranometer '(solarimeter), used for measuring reflected solar radiation. (IMV - 166) 9

SHORT-WAVE RADIATION Radiation with wavelengths less than four microns. (IMV '66) SOLAR CONSTANT Amount of solar radiation incident, per unit area and time, on a surface which is normal to the radiation and is situated at the outer limit of the atmosphere, the earth being at its mean distance from the sun. (IMV 66)

SOLAR RADIATION Radiation emitted by the sun. (IMV - 166) SPECTRAL SOLAR RADIATION Radiation of selective wavelengths of the solar radiation. SPHERICAL PYRANOMETER Instrument for measuring the solar radiation falling from a solid angle 4Tr on a spherical surface (IMV -166) SPHERICAL PYRGEOMETER Instrument for measuring the long-wave radiation falling from the solid angle 4Tron a spherical surface. (IMV - 166) SPHERICAL PYRRADIOMETER Instrument for measuring total radiation falling from a solid angle 41ron a spherical surface. (IMV - 166) TERRESTRIAL RADIATION Radiation by the earth, including its atmosphere. (IMV 66) i TOTAL RADIATION

Sum of solar radiation and terrestrial radiation. (IMV - 66) TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT

Measure O of the intensity of radiant flux which remains in beam after traversing unit thickness of a medium. For luminous flux it is related to the ex- tinction coefficient O by the relation: Cr ?- e^ IMV - - 66) a

i 4-10 TURBIDITY In meteorology, and condition of the atmosphere which reduces its transparency to radiation, especially to visible radiation. ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION Radiation with wavelengths less than 0.4 micron and higher than 0.03 micron. (IMV - 166)

UPWARD (TOTAL) RADIATION Solar and terrestrial radiations directed upwards (towards space). (IMV - 166)