Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information Index Absolute humidity, 184 Bureau of Meteorology voluntary observer Access and security, 163 network, 387 Accuracy, 47, 63 Bureau of Meteorology website, 374, 392 Accuracy versus precision Climate data, 374 Humidity, 190 Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 424 Precipitation measurements, 162 Satellite estimation of solar radiation, 241 Sunshine and solar radiation sensors, 266 World record wind speed, 207 Wind sensors, 208 Automatic weather stations. See AWS Air conditioning - and pressure sensors, 171 Averages and extremes, 351 Air frost, 222, 344 Long-period climate data, 374 Definition, 300 AWEKAS (Automatisches WEtterKArten Air temperature System), 382 See Temperature AWS Alter wind shield, 154 Accuracy and precision, 46 Altitude. See Metadata Advanced systems, 72 American Meteorological Society, 423 Advantages and disadvantages, 34 Analogue input, 286 Archiving records, 336 Analogue output, 409 Backup, 345 Analysis and presentation of AWS Backup systems, 39 data, 337 Battery backup, 41 Anemometer, 196 Best-selling systems, 60 Cup, 196 Budget categories, 32 Distance constant, 414 Budgeting, 52 Effective height, 214 Cairn Gorm, Scotland, 205 Handheld, 203 Categories, 55 Propeller or windmill type, 199 Choice of, 32 Response length λ, 415 Climatological continuity, 51 Sonic, 200 Collecting and storing data, 335 Starting speed, 201 Computing facilities and expertise, 51 System description, 410 Connections – cabled or wireless?, 42 Aneroid barometer, 169 Data analysis and presentation, 337 APRSWXNET, 381. See Citizen Weather Data file sizes, 337 Observer Program Data volumes, 336 Archive interval, 284, 335, See Logging interval Definition, 7 Archiving data to e-mail, 346 Degree of automation sought, 46 Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, 22 Development in 20th century, 14 ASCII format files, 336 Ease of setting up, 51 ASOS – Automated Surface Observing Elements to be measured, 39 System, 97 Expansion options, 41 Aspirated screens, 93, 106 Export data function, 336 Advantages, 107 Exposure considerations, 38 Davis Instruments FARS shield, 111 Hardware survey, 75 Atmospheric pressure. See Pressure Hooke’s weather-clock of 1679, 9 Australia, 128 Legality of altering records, 338 Bureau of Meteorology, 374 Logging interval, 48 435 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information 436 Index AWS (cont.) Calibration, 304 Longevity, 64 Absolute and comparative methods, 307 Portable, 69, 70, 71 Anemometer, 320 Power, 52 Drift, 304, 318, 415 Purchasing, 55 Humidity sensors, 188–189 Radiation shield, 93, 105 Pressure sensors, 319 Reliability measures, 40, 48 Earth temperature sensors, 229 Sampling interval, 48 Humidity sensors, 189, 318 School weather studies, 29 Inclusion in archived files, 338 Schools, colleges and universities, 5 Interval, 309 Selection and decision criteria, 37 One-minute summary, 320 Sensor accuracy, 67 Other sensors, 320 Sensor choice, 42 Portable calibration reference units, 69 Sensor exposure, 39 Pressure sensors, 176, 180, 319 Single-element systems, 61 Raingauge, 304 Software, 283 Raingauge measuring cylinder, 306 Cumulus, 290 Solar radiation and sunshine sensors, 258 Most popular (2011 survey), 289 Temperature, 310 Virtual Weather Software, 289 Temperature sensors, 307 Weather Display, 291 Multiple points, 309 Weather Link, 292 Tipping-bucket raingauge Weather Underground, 292 Variation with rainfall intensity, 305 Software suppliers, 434 Wind sensors, 208 Software survey, 75, 282, 289, 336 Calibration check, 64, 69 Software comparison, 290 Calibration table, 309 Support options, 56 Calibration table, thermometer, 310, 314, 315 Transition from traditional instruments, 26 Calibration thermometer, 309 User profiles, 56 Calm, 202 Uses of, 33 Campbell Scientific, 33, 57–58, 70–73, 105, 429 Website, 378 Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder, 245, 246, Working lifetime, 48 249, 258 AWS datasets Disadvantages, 247 Hourly, daily and monthly examples, 338 Canada, 128 Climate data, 374 Backup, 337, 344, 345, 346, 353 Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Backup software, 345 Society, 423 Bare soil minimum temperature, 226 CD-ROM. See Backup Barograph, 11, 169, 171 Celsius (unit of temperature), 89 Barometric pressure. See Pressure Celsius, Anders, 17 Battery backup, 41, 283, 288 Central England Temperature (CET) series, 15 Beaufort wind scale, 203, 204, 358 Central European Time (CET), 271 Wind speed equivalents, 203 Central Park, New York, 25, 375 Belfort Instrument Company, 151 Chilterns Observatory Trust, 336, 346, 428 Binary coded input to datalogger, 286 Chinese Meteorological Society, 424 Blank cells. See Missing data convention Choosing a weather station Blogs and newsgroups, 383 One-minute summary, 53 Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts, 25, 257 Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), 381 British Rainfall, 376, 392 Civil day, 273, 278 Bubbling (of spirit minimum thermometers), 226 Class sizes. See Microsoft Excel Budget, 52 Climatological continuity, 51 Budget systems, 64 Climatological Day, 274, 294 Buying a weather station, 55 Climatological Observers Link One-minute summary, 74 Forum, 384 Climatological Observers Link (COL), 81, 280, 336, Cabled connections 344, 376, 384, 392, 428 Cable specifications, 45 Web Forum, 384 Screened cable, 45 Shelter assessment, 83 Cadiz Royal Observatory, Spain, 258 Site grading scheme, 81, 82 Cairn Gorm AWS, 205 Cloud amount and type/s, 296 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information Index 437 Cloud storage, 346 Davis Instruments FARS shield, 111 CoCoRaHS, 385 Day maximum / night minimum, 275 Collecting and storing data, 335 Daylight Savings Time, 271 One-minute summary, 346 Advantages of consistent regional time, 272 Comma Separated Variable (CSV) files, 336 Days with, 298, 343 Communication options (datalogger), 288, 289 Definitions, 299 Components of a measurement system, 409 Dependent variables, 357 Computer connection. See PC connection Dew point Concrete minimum temperature, 226 Electrical sensors, 188 Conditional formatting. See Microsoft Excel Dew point and human comfort, 187 Cooperative Observer Program (COOP), 388 Dew point temperature, 183, 184 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 271 Dewfall in raingauge, 300 Cotton Region Shelter, 94 Diamond dust. See Ice crystals Cumulus AWS software, 289, 290 Diffuse solar radiation, 235 Cup anemometer, 196. See Anemometer Digital or pulse inputs to datalogger, 286 CWOP, 291, 381. See Citizen Weather Observer Direct solar radiation, 235 Program Distance constant. See Anemometer Distilling observations, 339 Daily dataset layout and format, 342 Dropbox, 346 Daily observational routine, 295 Dry bulb temperature, 116, 183 Data archiving. See Collecting and storing data Dynamic performance, 412 Data display, 289, 409 Data loss risks from datalogger failure, 288 Earliest weather observations, 7 Data management and analysis, 348 Earth temperatures Data storage, 409 Logging interval, 230 Data transmission, 409 One-minute summary, 230 Data volumes. See AWS: Data volumes Standard depths and measurement Datalogger, 282 methods, 228 Alternatives to, 287 Effective height (anemometer), 214 Battery backup, 283 Electronic sunshine sensor, 245, 249 Communication options, 288 Operating principles, 249 Dedicated, or PC, 45 E-mail as data archive, 346 Download interval vs memory capacity, 285 Entry-level systems, 61 Download schedule, 289 Environment Canada, 374 Event-based, 284 Error checking, 338 Input types, 286 European Meteorological Society, 425 Memory, 73, 284 Event-based datalogger, 284 Physical capacity, 73 Event-based rainfall logging, 157 Power supply, 283 Exporting AWS data, 336 Programming, 287 Exposure, 76, 415 Risks, 288 Air temperature and rainfall, 77 System design, 410 Assessing and grading, 81 Time-based, 284 Assessing shade impact on solar radiation Tinytag, 285 sensors, 261 Datalogger basics, 282 Definition, 76 Dataloggers and AWS software Differing requirements by sensor, 76 One-minute summary, 292 Earth temperature sensors, 229 Date Shelter ratio, 81 Formatting options, 340 Site survey, 78 Date conventions, Europe and US styles, 290 Solar radiation and sunshine sensors, 260 Davis Instruments, 33, 60, 66, 429 Summary requirements by element, 79 Anemometer and Hurricane Andrew, 1992, 207 Sunshine, 77 Estimation of sunshine duration, 256 Urban profile, 81, 84 Fan-assisted radiation shield (FARS), 111 Website information, 380 Passive radiation screen, 105 Wind instruments, 77, 195, 208 Solar radiation sensor, 238 Vantage Connect, 292 Fahrenheit (unit of temperature), 89 Vantage Pro2, 57–58, 60, 66, 75, 220 Fine Offset, 57–58, 60, 430 Raingauge calibration, 306 Fischer & Porter weighing raingauge, 151 Vantage Vue, 57–58, 65, 75 Five-inch raingauge, 391 WeatherLink software, 292, 337, 345 Float raingauge, 148 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02681-0 - The Weather Observer’s Handbook Stephen Burt Index More information 438 Index Fog Humidity, 183 Definition, 296, 301 Accuracy versus precision, 190 Thick (definition of), 301 Calculation by datalogger, 191 Foster-Foskett sunshine switch, 245, 250, 257 Comfort levels, 186 Cessation of records, 251 Definition, 183 Threshold,