Check List 10(6): 1420–1429, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.biotaxa.org/cl) Journal of species lists and distribution pecies

S

of Checklist of vascular from Batu Caves, Selangor,

ists Ruth Kiew L

The Herbarium, Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia [email protected]

E-mail: Abstract: are Peninsular Malaysian endemics and 80 species (30%) are calciphiles of which 56 (21%) are obligate calciphiles and 26 The vascular flora of Batu Caves, a tower karst limestone formation, includes 269 species; 51 species (19%)

species are obligate calciphiles endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Four taxa are endemic to Batu Caves itself. That Batu Caves harbours a sizeable fraction (21.4%) of Peninsular Malaysia’s limestone flora underlines the need for detailed checklists of each and every limestone hill to enable adequate planning of conservation programmes to support biodiversity. Because species.botanical Although collecting designated began in the as 1890s,a Public Batu Recreation Caves is importantArea, its protection as the type status locality needs of 24 to plant be enforced species. andLand-use the boundaries pressures clearlyhave over marked. time eliminated the surrounding native vegetation, leaving the flora vulnerable to aggressive weedy and alien

10.15560/10.6.1420

DOI:

Introduction common species, for example, species of , o o the dominant family in Malaysian rain forest, are is a limestone tower karst formation 11 km northeast of hardly represented on limestone, and in calciphile species the Batucapital Caves Kuala (3 Lumpur.14′ N, 101 It 41′rises E), to or 329 Gua m Batu tall and(in Malay), covers that are restricted to growing on limestone substrate, and about 2.59 km2. This massif with its vertical cliffs and craggy (c) in its high level of endemism—21.4% of species (Chin 1977). Saw et al. (2009) considered that the limestone most famous for the Sri Subramaniaswamy Temple that at thesummit Thaipusam is a dominant festival is landscape visited by hundreds feature. Batu of thousands Caves is Peninsular Malaysia because of its lack of legal protection of devotees who climb the 277 steps up to the Temple Cave. andflora threats is one offrom the quarrying most endangered and disturbance vegetation resulting types in from land use changes. important for its cave ecosystems and associated fauna (MoseleyBesides its et cultural al importance as a religious site, it is also Caves when in 1891 he discovered three new species (AdenoncosH.J. Kelsall parviflora was the, Paraboeafirst collector paniculata of plants and from P. verticil­ Batu . 2012) and for its flora (Wycherley 1972). lata). Ridley has made the most comprehensive collections collectedBatu Caves guano has from been the exploited caves (Yussof commercially 1997). Quarrying for a very when he visited in June 1889, December 1896, July and forlong limestone time. At first had alreadyby Chinese started farmers by 1889 who when since H.N. the Ridley1860s August 1897, August 1908 and December 1920 and described many new species (Wycherley 1972). Then it Caves was designated as a Public Recreational Area in 1930,first investigated quarry licenses the caves, continued flora and to befauna. leased Although in spite Batu of but since this time quarrying has left sheer rock faces wherewas apparently previously easier there to accesswere accessiblethe summit gullies of Batu leading Caves, Caves Protection Association and the Malayan Nature to the summit. Now the collector is faced by precipitous Society.lobbying Only for thewhen total quarrying protection caused of the rock massif falls byin the DarkBatu was still surrounded by pristine lowland forest, although coffeerock faces. plantations Ridley collectedand later at arubber time whentree Batuplantations Caves industryCave adjacent and temple to the Temple buildings Cave with did very quarrying little if finally any of stop the originalin 1981. vegetationBatu Caves thatis now surrounded surrounded the by foot residential, of the tower light extinctionwere expanding of a plant towards species, Batu EchinodorusCaves. This forestridleyi has Steenis long Area is lacking and its boundaries are not clearly marked since(Alismataceae), been completely in Malaysia. cleared To causingdate, due the to first its proximityrecorded sokarst. that Enforcement intrusions go of unchecked. its status as a Public Recreational to Kuala Lumpur, more than 35 botanists have sporadically due to (a) its species richness—14% of Peninsular Malaysia’sThe limestone species flora occur in Malaysiaon the 0.04% is botanically of land important area that probablycollected the specimens best collected from Batutower Caves karst and hills their in Peninsular research limestone covers (Chin 1977), the result of the many Malaysia.continues Wycherley to add new (1972) records. provided In fact,a partial Batu list Caves of 199 is different microhabitats stacked on a single limestone species collected by Ridley. hill (Kiew 1991); (b) it is distinctly different in species The aim of this updated checklist is to consolidate composition compared with other forest types both in its

what is known of the flora of Batu Caves both from 1420 the Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia many diverse literature sources as well as from herbarium Epithema parvibracteatum, Pararuellia sumatrensis var. specimens. This is necessary as a basis for drawing up ridleyi, Pseuderanthemum lilacinum and Rhaphidophora conservation management programmes as well as for burkillana tracking the decline or loss of species and the invasion of ● 3 local endemic species that are obligate calciphiles and aggressive alien or weedy species.

Materials and Methods are only known fromMaxburretia Batu Caves rupicola and the, nearbyOphiorrhiza Bukit The checklist is based on a search of the literature fruticosaTakun and and Bukit Anak Takun paniculata that lie about 10 km north (Henderson 1939, Wycherley 1972, and Chin 1977, ● ofvery Batu rare species Caves— found on one or two other limestone 1979, 1983a, b are major works, but there are also many hills, e.g., Impatiens ridleyi that house major collections of specimens collected is known only from Batu specialist articles on specific species) and herbaria OtherCaves andrare fromspecies Gunung that are Senyum, not obligate Pahang. calciphiles but are of conservation importance are Herbarium,from Batu Forest Caves, Research namely TheInstitute Malaysia, Herbarium, Kepong, ● Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore (SING); the Kepong Begonia phoeniogramma, Beaumontia4 narrowly endemic murdochii species, Piper confined argyrites to andan area Psychotria within Selangor (KEP); and the University of Malaya Herbarium, 15lanceolaria km from Batu Caves— andKuala Herbarium Lumpur (KLU). Management The collections System), at KEP which and SING greatly are ● 6 widespread species that in Peninsular Malaysia partially databased using BRAHMS (Botanical Research Piper mucronata, was done manually from accession books. In the case of Pomatocalpa andamanica, Sageretia thea, Sapium facilitated extraction of data. Extraction of data from KLU insigne,are known only from macranthus Batu Caves—, and Trigonostemon checked and the name corrected. Only species recorded villosus. dubious identifications, the herbarium specimen was are included. Thus forest species that Ridley collected are locality for 24 taxa, even though some have since been notfrom included the tower in karstthe checklist, or limestone-derived nor are weeds soil that at thegrow base on reducedBatu to Caves synonymy. is also important because it is the type

Discussion wastelandThe checklist around Batuincludes Caves, family nor exoticand aliensspecies that names, have Table 1 illustrates the fact that while the limestone citesinvaded specimens, disturbed provides areas at thethe foot endemic of Batu status, Caves. whether phytogeographic zone that straddles the border of dueflora in is part species to local rich endemism (1,216 species), of the obligate only a fraction calciphiles. are endemic in Peninsular Malaysia (E) or endemic in the found on a single hill (21.4% of the species on Batu Caves) status as a calciphile, i.e. whether it is an obligate calciphile restrictedPeninsular to Malaysia growing andon limestone Peninsular (R) or whether (ET); it and is This is illustrated by the . For the Peninsular a characteristic species most usually limestone flora as a whole, Gesneriaceae is ranked fourth limestonewith 39 speciessubstrates but and on are Batu widely Caves distributed; it is represented the rest Results found on limestone (U). areby justobligate seven calciphiles, species. Of two these, are only local two endemics, grow on while non- The checklist (Appendix 1) includes 5 lycophyte the remaining three are more widespread but none are species, 27 ferns, 2 gymnosperms, 182 dicotyledons and found on every hill. In fact it is the exception for limestone 53 , in total 269 species. This represents species to be encountered on every or even most hills. 22% of 1,216 species recorded growing on limestone in This is especially true among the obligate calciphiles. For Peninsular Malaysia (Chin 1977). The percentages of instance, eight species of balsam are obligate calciphiles endemic and obligate and characteristic calciphiles (Table but only Impatiens ridleyi

The ten most common families are grows on Batu Caves and one (231) are species), representative of the limestone(20 species), flora Rubiaceaeas a whole. (14 decisionsother hill (Gunungon conservation Senyum, Pahang).management The implicationsa detailed checklistfor conservation for each are hill two-fold. is necessary Firstly, and to secondly, be able tobecause make species),() Araceae with 9(12 species species) is by and far Gesneriaceae, the largest . Moraceae of protected hills is required to capture the maximum andOf Urticaceae the 56 species (each of representedobligate calciphiles by 9 species). (Appendix 1), each hill harbours only a fraction of the flora, a network 26 are endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and are therefore of 16biodiversity taxa (6%) of theare limestone of conservation flora. importance, either ● 4 local endemic species or varieties that are obligate becauseAmong they the are 267 local species endemics recorded that are from restricted Batu to Caves, just highest conservation concern. Among these are:

Tablecalciphiles 1. and are only known from Batu Caves— Batu Caves (4 species) or within 15 km of Batu Caves (3 No. and percentage of endemic No. and percentage of obligate (R) and characteristic (U) Total No. Species Number of taxa on Batu Cavesspecies compared with the total Peninsularcalciphile Malaysia species limestone flora. 269 51 (19%) 80 (30%) Limestone Flora1 1,216 261 (21.4%) 335 (27.5%) Batu Caves 1Data from Chin 1977.

1421 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia limestone substrates) and 6 are widespread elsewhere but restricted to limestone and 4 on both limestone and non- dryActive weather conservation becomes a management fire risk. Recently is required human to activityprotect theseresulted habitats in vegetation from disturbance fires on one that face not of the only tower drastically karst. Malaysiain Peninsular was just Malaysia beginning are known to be known, only from many Batu new Caves. species changes the microclimate but allows the invasion of these Because Ridley was collecting when the flora of Peninsular there is an urgent need to clearly fence off the Public wherewere described scientists from are Batu able Caves to obtain (Table living 2). From material the scientific of the Recreationaggressive Area alien to species. prevent To further protect intrusions. the limestone flora authenticpoint of view, specimens Batu Caves from isthe important type locality, as a for living example, museum for DNA analysis, breeding and other investigations. Conclusion remained largely intact in spite of quarrying activity, the Malaysia not only for its dominance of the landscape, but surroundingAlthough area the Batuhas completely Caves tower changed karst formationfrom pristine has alsoBatu for its Caves Temple is one Cave of the that iconic attracts tower hundreds karsts in of Peninsular thousands forest when Kelsall and Ridley made their collections, to the establishment of plantations that in turn were replaced by residential and industrial buildings and expanding speciesof devotees. rich, Scientificallyincluding a highit is importantproportion for of itsendemic biodiverse and infrastructure associated with the Sri Subramaniaswamy obligateflora, fauna and and characteristic for its caves. Itscalciphiles, flora is important including in beingtaxa undisturbed, the habitats around the base and associated importance as a type locality. withTemple. the Temple While Cave the are summit under severe and flanks pressure. are This largely puts thatIn are view known of the only pressure from onBatu land Caves, from besidesits proximity its historic to the at risk populations of sensitive species that require moist capital, Kuala Lumpur, there is an urgent need to enforce shaded conditions, such as Argostemma inaequilaterum, its legal protection status, to make clear the boundary of the Public Recreation Area, and to provide a buffer zone, Caves; Impatiens ridleyi that only grows around the preferably of tree cover, to protect the sensitive habitats at mouthwhich usedof the to Temple grow at Cave the cliffwhere base water near constantly the Art Gallery drips down; and Epithema parvibracteatum and Monophyllaea theAcknowledgements: foot of the cliffs This and study to provide was carried a barrier out as part to offire. the Flora of hirticalyx that grow on the rock scree below the skylight Peninsular Malaysia Project funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology at the back of the Temple Cave. The latter species has not been seen for some years. With the removal of tree cover, “Safeguardingand Innovation the through Forest thePlant National Diversity Council of Peninsular for Scientific Malaysia” Research and aggressive invasive species both native, e.g. species of theand 10 Developmentth Malaysia Plan under Development Project No. Project 01-04-01-000 entitled “Dokumentasi Khas 2 entitled dan Macaranga and Mallotus origin, e.g., Piper aduncum L. and Chromolena odoratum () and of alien Inventori Flora Malaysia”.Curators of the Kepong (KEP) and Singapore (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. form thickets that smother the books,(SING) andHerbaria to all arethree thanked herbarium for access for permission to their BRAHMS to examine databases specimens and Chromolena that in into their the Universitycare. of Malaya Herbarium (KLU) for access to accession native flora. Of particular concern is Table 2. ORIGINAL NAME CURRENT NAME IF REDUCED TO SYNONOMY Species for which Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia, is the type locality. Adenoncos parviflora Alyxia selangorica King Alyxia pilosa calcarea Ridl. Leptopus australis Aporuellia sumatrensis ridleyi Pararuellia sumatrensis var. ridleyi Begonia phoeniogramma C.B.Clarke var. C.B.Clarke paniculata Ridl. Paraboea paniculata Boea verticillata Ridl. Paraboea verticillata Bulbophyllum flammuliferum Cnesmone subpeltata Epithema parvibracteatum Hoya occlusa Ridl. Hoya coriacea Impatiens ridleyi Justicia microcarpa Ridl. Rungia laxiflora Livistona rupicola Ridl. Maxburretia rupicola Ophiorrhiza fruticosa Pavetta pauciflora Phyllanthus erythrocarpus Pilea calcarea Ridl. Pilea fruticosa Polyalthia congregata Enicosanthum congregatum Polytrema aequala Ridl. Ptyssiglottis kunthiana Pothos lorispatha Ridl. Pothos leptostachyus Pseuderanthemum lilacinum Psychotria lanceolaria Rhaphidophora burkillana

1422 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

Literature Cited Selangor, Malaysia, annotated checklist and bibliography. Cave and Gardens Bulletin Singapore Karst Science ). Malaysia National Strategy Chin, S.C. 1977. The limestone flora of Malaya. 1. Gardens Bulletin Singapore for Plant Conservation 39(2): 77–92. 30(1): 165–219 (http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43593860 ). Saw, L.G, L.S.L. Chua and N. Abdul Rahim. 2009. Chin, S.C. 1979. The limestone flora of Malaya. 2. Gardens Bulletin Singapore . Malaysia: Ministry ofMalayan Natural NatureResources Journal and 32(1): 64–203 (http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43631262). the Environment & Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 63 pp. Chin, S.C. 1983a. The limestone flora of Malaya. 3. Gardens Bulletin Singapore Yussof,Wycherley, S. 1997. P.R. 1972.The Natural Ridley and BatuOther Caves.Histories of Batu Caves. Kuala 35(2): 137–190 (http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43578905). 25(1): 22–37. Chin, S.C. 1983b. The limestone flora of Malaya. 4. 36(1):Peninsula. 31–91 Journal (http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43650020 of Malay Branch of Asiatic Society Lumpur: Malaysian Nature Society. 55 pp. Henderson, M.R. 1939. The flora of the limestone hills of theThe Malay State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia 17(1): 13–87. Kiew,Society. R. 1991. The limestone flora; pp. 42–50, in: R. Kiew (ed.). Received: March 2014 . Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Nature Accepted: October 2014 Published online: December 2014 Moseley, M., T.W. Lim and T.T. Lim. 2012. Fauna reported from Batu Caves, Editorial responsibility: Paul A. Egan Appendix 1.

Checklist of Vascular Plants from Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia. (E endemic in Peninsular Malaysia; ET endemic in Peninsular Malaysia ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE andFAMILY/ Peninsular SPECIES Thailand; R obligate calciphile, U characteristic species, usually foundCOLLECTOR, on limestone NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Lycophytes Selaginellaceae Selaginella alutacia Spring. Ridley 8150 Selaginella mayeri Hieron Selaginella padangensis Hieron Ridley 8667; Lee s.n. Foxworthy FMS 23243; Ezzawanis FRI 52478; Schuettpelz 711 Selaginella stipulata Selaginella willdenowia (Desv. ex Poir.) Chin 325 (Blume) Spring. Ugul & Bala KLU 21964; Schuellpelz 712 Ferns Baker Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Schuettpelz 705 Adiantum malesianum R 52477 Ghatak. Ridley 8142; Ding DH 712; Sinclair SFN 40058; Ezzawanis FRI Aspleniaceae Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett. Schuettpelz 707 Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. Sinclair SFN 40056 Asplenium polyodon Stone 7294 Asplenium vittiforme Cav. Chin 321 G.Forst. U Lomariopsidaceae Cyclopeltis crenata (Fee) C.Chr. Strugnell FMS 14617, 14622 Nephrolepidaceae U Nephrolepis falciformis J.Sm. Polypodiaceae U Ding DH 714; Ezzawanis FRI 52481 Microsorum membranifolium Pyrossia stigmosa (Sw.) Ching R Merton 4103 (R.Br.) Ching Nor-Ezzawanis FRI 52480; Schuettpelz 709 Pteridaceae Pteris ensiformis Allen 2323 Pteris venulosa Schuettpelz 710 Burm.f. Pteris vittata L. Blume Schizaeaceae Abdul-Samat 336; Schuettpelz 713 Actinostachys inopinata (Selling) Reed R Sinopteridaceae Wyatt-Smith KEP 85208 Calciphilopteris allenae (Tryon) R Chin 1270; Kiew RK 1618; Saw FRI 48231 Calciphilopteris ludens (Wall. ex Hook.) R Ridley 8135; Ding DH 709 E Hemionitis arifolia Strugnell FMS 17078 Tectariaceae (Burm.f.) T.Moore U Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum Sinclair SFN 40062; Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 704, 706 U Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel. R Tectaria keckii (Luersson) C.Chr. R Molesworth-Allen 2356; Sinclair SFN 40052 Thelypteridaceae Molesworth-Allen 2395; Strugnell FMS 14615 Amphineuron immersum Schuettpelz 714 Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum Viane & Noe 2325 (Blume) Holttum Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum Viane & Noe 2328 Vittariaceae Antrophyum parvulum Woodsiaceae Blume U Ridley 8644; Kiew, B.H. RK 1343; Sinclair SFN 40070 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

Molesworth-Allen 1350 1423 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Diplazium pallidum Ridley s.n. 1896 Gymnosperms (Blume) T. Moore neriifolius D.Don Podocarpus polystachyus Ng FRI 1634 Wyatt-Smith KEP 93281; Ng FRI 1633 Dicotyledons R.Br. ex Endl. U Acanthaceae Justicia uber Strugnell FMS 14618 Pararuellia sumatrensis R Ridley 8213, Strugnell FMS 17079; Kiew FRI 48226 var. ridleyi C.B.Clarke E Pseuderanthemum crenulatum (C.B.Clarke) (Lindl.) Bremek. Radlk. E Mohd Kasim 500 (C.B.Clarke) Bremek. Pseuderanthemum lilacinum Stapf R Ridley s.n. Ptyssiglottis kunthiana Ridley s.n. 1914 E Rungia laxiflora Ridley 8213 (Nees) B.Hansen U Actinidaceae C.B.Clarke ET Sauraia leprosa Korth. Ridley 8269 Sauraia pentapetala (Jack) Hoogland Ridley s.n. 1921 Anacardiaceae Pistacia malayana M.R. Hend. R Whitmore FRI 758 Annonaceae E Enicosanthum congregatum (King) Airy Shaw Ridley s.n. Goniothalamus macrophyllus & Thomson E Polyalthia brunneifolia J.Sinclair (Blume) Hook.f. WhitmoreSyahida-Emiza FRI 757 FRI 66738 Polyalthia jenkensii (Hook.f. & Thomson)Hook.f. & Thomson E Polyalthia obliqua Hook.f. & Thomson WhitmoreBowen 8483 79243 Sageraea elliptica (A.DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Stone 1266 Trivalvaria macrophylla Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. ex Hornem. var. Symington FRI 66730 grandiflora (Blume) Miq. Wyatt-Smith FMS 30781; Chin SFN 40060 Uvaria javana Dunal Sinclair FRI 700 Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris Hamid FMS 6443 Alyxia angustifolia Ridl. (L.) R.Br. Alyxia pilosa Miq. Ridley 8558 E Wyatt-Smith KEP 79250 Beaumontia murtonii Craib Dischidia hirsuta Wyatt-Smith FRI 76343; Saw FRI 48223 Gymnema sp. (Blume) Decne. Rintz RER 110 Heterostemma piperifolium Rintz RER 10 Ridley s.n. 1890 King & Gamble E U Burkill SFN 2261 Hoya finlaysonii Wight Hoya coriacea Blume Hoya verticillata citrina (Ridl.) Veldkamp Rintz RER 107 zeylanica (Vahl.) G.Don var. E U RidleyRintz RER 8556 111 Kopsia griffithii griffithii (Retz.) Gardn. ex Thwaites Mardenia ridleyi P.I.Forst. King & Gamble var. Ezzawanis FRI 52482 Marsdenia tinctoria E Rintz RER 109 elliptica R.Br. U Ridley s.n.; Burkill SFN 6356 Tabernaemontana peduncularis Wall. Ridley 8555 R.Br. Chin 351; Rintz RER 12, 59 Toxocarpus curtisii Toxocarpus griffithii Decne. Ridley 1897 King & Gamble Rintz RER 112 Toxocarpus pauciflora M.R.Hend. R Chin 353 flexuosa R E Araliaceae R.Br. E Burkill SFN 6351 Schefflera oxyphylla (Miq.) R.Vig. Balsaminaceae Symington KEP 32652; Whitmore FRI 15634 Impatiens ridleyi Hook.f. R Ridley 8278; Anthonysamy SA 380; Kiew RK 4706 Begoniaceae E Begonia kingiana Irmsch. R Begonia phoeniogramma Ridl. E 32656Burkill 2263; Kiew, B.H. RK 1341 E Ridley 13430; Sinclair SFN 40067; Kiew RK 1257; Symington KEP

1424 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Bignoniaceae Radermachera glandulosa Ridley 8537 Boragineaceae (Blume) Miq. Ehretia timorensis Decne. Chin 1248 Capparaceae Capparis pubiflora DC. Burkill SFN 6369 javanicus Glyptopetalum quadrangulare Prain ex King Chin 334 Blume Symington KEP 30800 Loeseneriella cumingii Laws. Maytenus curtisii (King) Ding Hou R Chin 1261 Wyatt-Smith 76342; Sinclair SFN 40054 Salacia macrophylla ET Chloranthaceae Blume Wyatt-Smith KEP 79149 Chloranthus erectus Chin 1666 Convolvulaceae (Buch.-Ham.) Verdc. Argyreia kunstleri (Prain) Prain ex Ooststr. Ridley 8220 Erycibe rheedii E Lepistemon binectiferum (Wall.) Kuntze Ridley s.n.; Stone 8976 Blume Burkill SFN 6365 Cucurbitaceae Bayabusua clarkei (King) W.J. de Wilde Ridley 8275 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voight E Melothria pendula L. R Chew FRI 51926 Syahida-Emiza FRI 66740 Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Ridley 8277 Neoalsomitra clavigera (Wall.) Hutch. Scopellaria marginata Ridley 8280 Syahida-Emiza FRI 66732 (Blume) W.J. de Wilde Dilleniaceae & Duyfjes Dillenia excelsa Ng FRI 27201 Dipterocarpaceae (Jack) Gilg Anisoptera costata Korth. Strugnell 17073 Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. Ebenaceae Wyatt-Smith KEP 98274 Diospyros kurzii Hiern. Elaeocarpaceae Sinclair SFN 40055; Wyatt-Smith KEP 76341 Elaeocarpus pedunculatus Chin 1262 Erythroxylaceae Wall. Ex Mast. Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz Ng FRI 1636 Euphorbiaceae Bridelia tomentosa Stone 8978 Cnesmone subpeltata Ridl. R Whitmore FRI 751 Blume Homalanthus populneus Sinclair SFN 40074 E Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Whitmore FRI 754 (Grisel.) Pax Mallotus dispar 94598 Mallotus repandus (Blume) (Willd.) M.A. M.A. U SymingtonStrugnell FMS FMS 14619; 30793, Symington 32654 FMS 32653; Wyatt-Smith KEP Sapium insigne R Ng FRI 1626 Trigonostemon villosus Hook.f. Whitmore FRI 1752 (Royle) Benth. Duplipetala pentanthera Ridley 8218; Kiew RK 1617 carnosa Jack (C.B.Clarke) Thiv. U Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. Ng FRI 1627 U Wyatt-Smith KEP 85211 Gesneriaceae Cyrtandra pendula Epithema parvibracteatum R Blume Kiew, B.H. RK 1344 Microchirita caliginosa R Anthonysamy SA 379; Sinclair SFN 40066; Symington FMS 30796 Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E Ridley 8217; Siti-Munirah FRI 70502 Monophyllaea hirticalyx Franch. R Chin 2107 (C.B.Clarke) Y.Z.Wang Monophyllaea horsfieldii Anthonysamy SA 378; Sinclair SFN 40061 E Paraboea paniculata R R.Br. Paraboea verticillata R Ridley 8551; Kelsall s.n.; Ng FRI 1628; Kiew FRI 48225 (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt E Ridley 8226; Kelsall 1970; Wyatt-Smith KEP 79245; Yusof 02 Guttiferae (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt E Garcinia murdochii Ridl. Chin 1253

1425 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Labiatae Callicarpa angustifolia R Clerodendrum deflexum Wall. King & Gamble Wyatt-Smith KEP 79249; Ng FRI 1637; Saw FRI 48230 Lauraceae Ridley s.n.; Wyatt-Smith KEP 79247 Cryptocarya griffithiana Wight Chin 1246 Dehaasia pauciflora Chin 328 Litsea angulata Ridley 8505 Blume Lecythidaceae Blume Barringtonia fusiformis King Ridley 8284 Leguminosae Derris trifoliata Lour. Stone 8980 Pterolobium densiflorum Prain Whitmore FRI 15635 Melastomataceae Pogonanthera pulverulenta Meliaceae (Jack) Blume Wyatt-Smith KEP 85210 Aglaia teysmanniana (Miq.) Miq. Chin 1245; Putz FRI 23689 Chisocheton patens Ridley 8609 Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss. Blume Memecylonaceae Wyatt-Smith FRI 76344 Memecylon lilacinum Ridley 8279 Memecylon ovatum Sm. Chin 313 Zoll. & Moritzi Memecylon scutellatum var. brevifolium Ridley s.n. Menispermaceae Cyclea laxiflora Miers Whitmore FRI 759 Moraceae Ficus calcicola Corner R Whitmore FRI 15633 Ficus callophylla Ng FRI 1635 Ficus hispida L.f. Symington FMS 30790 Blume Ficus lepicarpa Ridley 8185 Ficus punctata Thunb. Ridley 8501 Blume Ficus sagittata Vahl. Ridley 8524, 13374 Ficus schwarzii Koord. Ridley 8188 Ficus subulata Symington FMS 30773 Ficus sundaica Ridley s.n.; Chin 1272 Blume Myrsinaceae Blume Ardisia sp. Z TFM 4:273 E Symington KEP 30799 cinerea Jack Chin 1255 Syzygium scortechinii (King) P. Chantaranothai Symington FMS 30791 var. cuneatum (M.R.Hend.) I.M.Turner E Syzygium stapfianum (King) I.M.Turner Olacaceae E Wyatt-Smith KEP 80267 Strombosia ceylanica Ridley 8150 Strombosia javanica Ridley 8267 Gardn. Oleaceae Blume Jasminum cordatum Ridl. R Ligustrum confusum Decne. R Ding Hou 704; Kiew RK 1615 ET Chin 359; Syahida-Emiza FRI 66737 Pandaceae Microdesmis caseariifolia Hook.f. ex Planch. Symington FMS 30783 excelsa (Dalz.) M.A. var. acuminata R Chin s.n. Airy Shaw Glochidion obscurum (Roxb.) ex Willd.) Chin 472 Glochidion rubrum Chin s.n. Leptopus australis R Ridley 8203 Blume Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Miq. Ridley 8174 (Zoll. & Mor.) Pojarkova Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Ridley s.n. (L.) Merr. Hassk. R Ridley 8183, 8257 Syahida-Emiza FRI 66734 Piperaceae Peperomia portulacoides (Lam.) A. Dietr. R Kelsall s.n. 1891; Ridley 19446 Piper argyrites Ridl. Ridley s.n.

E 1426 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Piper kurzii Ridl. Ridley 8180 Piper mucronatum C.DC. Poore 807 Piper umbellatum L. Symington FMS 30794 E Rhamnaceae Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst. R Whitmore FRI 15627; Ng FRI 1638 Ventilago oblongifolia Chin 344 Zizyphus pernettyoides Ridl. R Chin 343 Blume Rhizophoraceae E Carallia brachiata (Loir.) Merr. Ridley 8265 Aidia densiflora (Wall.) Masam. Whitmore FRI 755, 15632 Argostemma diversifolium Ridl. R Teruya 500 Argostemma inaequilaterum E Chassalia sp. Chin 474 Benn. U Ridley 8233; Symington KEP 30789 Mycetia malayana Ophiorrhiza discolor Ridley s.n. (Wall. Ex Ridl.) Craib U Hamid KEP 7011 Ophiorrhiza fruticosa Ridl R Ridley 8237, 8274; Ng FRI 1639 R.Br. Ophiorrhiza pallidula Ridl. Ridley s.n. E Pavetta pauciflora Ridl. R Ridley s.n. 1920 E Psychotria lanceolaria Ridl. Ridley s.n. E Psychotria penangiana Hook.f. E Tarenna adangensis (Ridl.) Ridl. R Ding DH 708 E Strugnell KEP 17081 Tarenna angustifolia (King) Merr. R 66731 Tarenna sp. 16 R ChinWyatt-Smith 1249 KEP 79248; Whitmore FRI 15628; Syahida-Emiza FRI Rutaceae E Clausena excavata Chin 345 Glycosmis chlorosperma Spr. Symington FMS 30792 Burm.f. Glycosmis trichanthera trichan­ R thera Paramignya scandens Guillaumin var. StoneWyatt-Smith 8981 KEP 85207; Stone 8977 (Griff.) Craib E Osmelia maingayi King Ridley 8593 Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb. Chin 354 Sapindaceae Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Ridley s.n. Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus R Curtis 3773 Leenh. obovata Ng FRI 1623 Solanaceae (R.Br.) Baehni Lycianthes biflora Solanum erianthum D.Don Merton 4105 (Lour.) Bitter U Wyatt-Smith KEP 79150 Sterculiaceae Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Sterculia sp. Chin 1263 Wyatt-Smith KEP 79246; Symington FMS 30782 Ulmaceae Celtis philippinensis R Chin 2100 Urticaceae Blanco Debregeasia squamata King ex Hook.f. Ridley s.n. 1897 Dendrocnide stimulans (L.f.) Chew Ridley 8527 U Elatostema curtisii (Ridl.) H.Schrot. Ridley 4717, 8196 Elatostema latifolium Ridley 8200 E Elatostema repens (Lour.) Hallier f. Ridley 8186 (Blume) H.Schrot. Nothocnide mollissima Ridley s.n. 1920 Oreocnide rubescens Ridley 8242; Sinclair SFN 40069; Omar FMS 7995 (Blume) Chew Pilea fruticosa Hook.f. R Ridley 8526; Ding DH 720 (Blume) Miq. Poikilospermum cordifolium Mohd Nur 8962 E Violaceae (Barg.-Petr.) Merr. Rinorea horneri (Korth.) Kuntze Chin 338 Cayratia wrayi ?Ridley hastata Miq. Whitmore FRI 15629 (King) Gagnep.

1427 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Cissus javana DC. R Chin 1755 Cissus nodosa Ng FRI 1631; Ding DH 711 Leea indica Chin 476 Blume Leea saxatilis Ridl. Ridley 305, Merton 4098 (Burm.f.) Merr. Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston Ridley ex Mabb. E U Tetrastigma pedunculare (Wall. ex Lawson) Chin 789 Planch. Tetrastigma scortechinii ?Curtis Araceae (King) Gagnep. E Alocasia inornata Hallier f. Ridley 8168; Herscovitch 940101; Hay 9057 Alocasia longiloba ‘lowii’ R Ridley s.n.; Sinclair 40071 Apoballis mutata Ridley s.n. Homalomena griffithii (Schott.) Hook.f. Nicolson 1155 (Hook.f) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook.f. Ridley s.n. 1889 Pothos leptostachyus Schott. R Ridley s.n. Rhaphidophora burkilliana Ridl. R Mohd. Nur 8965 Rhaphidophora montana R Ridley s.n. 1889 E Schismatoglottis calyptrata Ridley s.n. 1889 Moritzi (Blume) Schott. Scindapsus hederaceus Miq. (Roxb.) Zoll. & Ridley s.n. Scindapsus perakensis Hook.f. Ridley s.n. Typhonium fultum Ridl. R Ridley 8165 Convallariaceae ET Peliosanthes teta Andrews Sinclair SFN 40059 subsp. humilis (Andrews) Jessop Dracaenaceae Dracaena sp. Saw FRI 48224 Gramineae Dichanthium mucronulatum R.K.Jansen R Ridley 8129; Chin 1271 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Duistermaat FRI 51920 E Eleusine indica Duistermaat FRI 51922 Eragrostis pilosa Duistermaat FRI 51925 (L.) Gaertn. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Hook. Duistermaat FRI 51924 & Arn. (L.) P.Beauv. Oplismenus compositus Duistermaat FRI 51916 Sporobolus indicus flaccidus Duistermaat FRI 51921 (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp (L.) P.Beauv. (L.) R.Br. var. Orchidaceae Adenoncos parviflora Ridl. Kelsall s.n. 1891 Adenoncos sumatrana J.J.Sm. Ridley 8171 Appendicula anceps Saw FRI 48228 Bulbophyllum flammuliferum Ridl. R Ridley s.n. Blume ceciliae Reichb.f. Ridley 8486 E Calanthe vestita Lindl. R Ridley s.n. Dec 1896; Strugnell FMS 17077 Corybas calcicolus R Corymborkis veratifolia Ridley 8128 J. Dransf. & G.Smith E Chin 355; Dransfield s.n. 1970 Dendrobium subulatum Ridley s.n. 1894 Blume Goodyera pusilla R Symington FMS 30776 (Blume) Lindl. Grosourdya appendicula Ridley s.n. 1897 Blume Oberonia sinuosa Ridl. Ridley s.n. (Blume) Reichenb.f. U Pennilabium angraecum (Ridl.) J.J.Sm. Ridley 8131 Pholidota imbricata Hook. Ridley s.n. 1897 E Phreatia plantaginifolia (K.D.Koenig) Ormerod Ong FRI 67738 U Polystachya concreta Saw FRI 48229; Ong FRI 71387 Pomatocalpa andamanica (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. R Chin 1244 (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.Sweet Renantherella histriconica (Reichb.f.) Ridl. Chin 1264 micrantha Ridley s.n 1896 Taeniophyllum filiforme J.J.Sm. Ridley s.n. 1896 Blume Thelasis pygmaea Ridley s.n. 1896, 8465 Trichoglottos retusa Kelsall s.n. Blume Ventricularia tenuicaulis Ridley 8133 Blume U (Hook.f.) Garay U

1428 Kiew | Plants from Batu Caves, Malaysia

ENDEMISM CALCIPHILE FAMILY/ SPECIES COLLECTOR, NUMBER E/TE STATUS U/R Palmae Calamus manan Miq. Loh FRI 21521 Calamus scipionum Lour. Tahir FRI 18537 Iguanura wallichiana (Wall. ex Martelli) Hook.f. Maxburretia rupicola (Ridl.) Furtado R Ridley 8285; Whitmore FRI 15636; Saw FRI 48227 Kiew, B.H. RK 1345 Oncospermum horridum Chin, S.C. obs. E Pandanceae (Griff.) Scheff. Pandanus penangensis Ridl. Whitmore FRI 15625 Zingiberaceae E U Alpinia javanica Ridley s.n. 1889 Amomum testaceum Ridl. Ridley 13122 Blume Etlingera littoralis Ridley s.n. 1890 U (J.Koenig) Giseke

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