1986 volume iui, issue 4 iNewbbidna $ i.-^u 520.5 FHl 01 :4 F 1986 lllinoisTechnograph
To the Future Ascend
Reaching new heights of achievement in the business worlcJ requires a special alliance. An alliance of people — whether management, technical or administrative — working together to bring out their best.
This is the type of relationship Anheuser- Busch has always maintained. Because of this, we've grown from a local brewery to an international corpora- tion. Our holdings now encompass everything from snack foods to theme parks to transportation. Talented people sustain our upward momentum. They take pride in exceeding previous levels of accomplishment and rise to every challenge with a single minded determination to succeed. They have a commitment to quality that makes excellence their standard. Their rewards? Intriguing assignments. Stimulating work environment. Tangible recognition. And the opportunity to reach for the stars.
If you are about to receive your BSEE or BSME, and you have the potential to ascend above the ordinary, team up with Anheuser-Busch. Send your resume to: ANHEUSER-BUSCH COMPANIES, INC.; Corporate Employment; College Relations; One Busch Place; St. Louis, Missouri 63118. An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F. SCfENCEXSCOPE
The feasibility of turning sea water into electricity is being studied in fusion energy experiments at Kyoto University in Japan. The studies involve a Hughes Aircraft Company gyrotron, a microwave tube that uses a spiraling stream of electrons to produce extremely high power microwave frequencies. Fusion energy holds tremendous potential because its source of fuel (hydrogen) can be extracted from sea water. It could produce large amounts of power with little or no radioactive waste and no threat of meltdown or explosion. In fusion energy research, the gyrotron's high-power radio waves heat hydrogen particles (plasma) to temperatures of tens of millions of degrees. These particles fuse under pressure, causing a thermonuclear reaction that provides energy for driving steam turbines.
A new technique may expand the use of lasers in commercial and military applications. The approach, called optical phase conjugation, is considered a major advance in optics because it offers a solution to distortion problems that have limited the use of lasers. When a laser beam passes through a turbulent atmosphere or a severely strained optical component, the beam is distorted and the information it carries is degraded. The Hughes technique, however, forces the laser to retrace its path through the distorting medium so the beam emerges free of distortion. The method eliminates the need for complex electro-optical and mechanical components to correct the distortions.
A MIDAS touch will create the factory of the future by introducing computer technology throughout one Hughes manufacturing division. The new Manufacturing Information Distribution and Acquisition
System (MIDAS) is a flexible, high-speed data communication network. It will transmit and gather millions of bits of data per day by linking computer terminals, laser printers, bar-code scanners, and other equipment. MIDAS will serve graphic workstations and facilitate paperless planning. Similarly, it will relay numerical-control programs from main computers to machines in the factory, eliminating the need for paper tape. MIDAS will let all users share important peripherals, such as a laser printer, which now is impossible due to the incompatibility of equipment from different manufacturers.
NASA's Project Galileo, which will explore the planet Jupiter later this decade, must arrive at a precise angle if it is to carry out its measurements of the chemical composition and physical state of the Jovian atmosphere. The Hughes-built probe will arrive at 107,000 miles per hour, fast enough to travel between Los Angeles and Las Vegas in nine seconds. If the probe hits at too shallow an angle, it will skip off into space; too steep, it will be reduced to ashes. Even at the proper angle, the probe will encounter extremes never before faced by spacecraft. In less than two minutes, much of the forward heat shield will be eroded by temperatures of thousands of degrees. With atmospheric entry forces reaching 360 times the gravitational pull of Earth, the 742-pound probe will take on a weight equal to an empty DC-10 jetliner. Project Galileo is scheduled to be launched from the space shuttle in May 1986 and to arrive at Jupiter in August 1988.
Hughes needs graduates with degrees in EE, ME, physics, computer science, and electronics technology. To find out how to become involved in any one of the 1,500 high-technology projects, ranging from submicron microelectronics to advanced large-scale electronics systems, contact Corporate College Relations Office, Hughes Aircraft Company, Dept. C2/B178-SS, RO. Box 1042, El Segundo, CA 90245. Equal opportunity employer. U.S. citizenship required.
For more information write to: PO. Box 45068. Dept 9186, Los Angeles, CA 90045-0068
HUGHES
5 1985 Hughes Aircraft Company ,
February 1986 Volume 101, Issue 4
lllinoisTechnograph
4 Halley's Return Engagement Mary J. Winters Historically a portent of evil. Halley's comet is once again in go(xl graces as many await its arrival.
8 Probing Ancient Mysteries Fred Brunner Forming a receiving line for the comet will be space probes from European nations as well as Japan and the USSR. The knowledge they gamer will go a long way toward unraveling the mysteries of space.
On the cover: "1 O Propelling Toward the Future Chris Gerrib Alumnus astronaut Today's rockets may appear to be at the peak of technological Dale Gardner development, but work is continually being done to increase our maneuvers a odds of reaching the stars. satellite outside the space shuttle 16 Technoscope Ashraf Hameedi (NASA photo This month's Technoscope, Alumni Soar to the Heavens, courtesy the spotlights two engineering graduates who have conquered the University of final frontier. Illinois Alumni Association). Departments Editorial 3, Tech Teasers 3, Technotes 7, Technovisions 10, Technovations 15, Techprofiles 19
Copyrighl lllini Media Co., 1986. Editor: Mary McDowell Editorial Staft: Scott Brun, Fred Brunner, Illinois Technograph (USPS 258-760), Vol 101 No, 4 Business Manager: Troy Brethauer Sally Cohen, Cheryl Danke, Jeffrey Dobos, Febtuay 1986. Illinois Technograph is published live lirres during the academic year al the University ol Illinois at Production Editor: Michael Lind Stephen Ferree, Chris Gerrib, Gail Halley, Published by lllmi Media Co, 620 Urbana-Champaign Photo Editor: Mike Brooks Ashraf Hameedi, Jeff Hamera, Raymond East .yohn St. Champaign, Illinois, 61820 Editorial and Business offices of the lllinas Technograph Room 302 Features Editor: Bob Janssens Hightower, Steve Lotz, Andrew Koepke, Engineering hall, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, phone Copy Editor: Erie Guarin Peter Lei, Jeff Mote, Steven. Seaney Cheryl 217-333-3558 Subscriptions are available for $700 per Asst, Copy Editor: Dee Bartholme Smith, Pam Susemiehl, Steve Tongue, Bill academic year. Advertising by Uttei-Murray-Bamhill, Inc 1328 Broadway. New York. NY, 10001, 221 N LaSalle Design: Charles Musto Weiss, Mary Winters, Joseph Wyse, Jay Zl
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Illinois under the act of March 3, 1879 Illinois Technograph is a member of Engineering College Publisher: £ Mayer Maloney, Jr Magazines Associated. Production Manager: Geoff Bant Tech Teasers Editorial
^^ 1. Make the following correct by Comic Perceptions have a few courses in my major where moving only one match. the professor didn't have to use a mic-
The scene: a professor droning on to rophone to reach the back row before I a classroom full of students who are graduate? ft ft furiously taking notes. Suddenly, a stu- Clearly, this type of environnment is dent interupts the lecture to pxjse a ques- not conducive to student-professor or stu- tion. dent-student interaction. Some professors
"I. . .1 don't believe it." gasps the even discourage questions by being con- professor. "A response! I finally got a descending with their replies or by not
thinking response from one of you! And 1 even recognizing people to call on. It's as 2. Move two of the matches below thought you were all stenographers! I though their rate of foil changes will be to make exactly four squares, one of have a student! A student lives!" too slow if they pause to clarify anything. which is bigger than the other three. This drama, satirized in the January Even when professors do solicit questions,
19, 1986 edition of Gar\' Trudeau's it's too intimidating for most smdents to Doonesbury could have been held in near- ask a potentially stupid or irrelevant ques- ly any classroom in the College, especial- tion in front of 100+ grade grubbing ly the increasingly typical auditorium peers. sized ones. The only real distinction is This problem directly affects the that we're proof readers, not stenog- quality of learning in a negative way. Not
raphers. With copies of many lecture only is the subject matter of the large
notes available prior to class, the most a classes not being learned as well as it
student ever has to do is make any neces- could be, but there is also a carry over sary corrections and to jot down any sup- effect. For even in small classes where
3. Complete the following sequence plementary information that the class was there is opportunity for participation, it of numbers: warned about on the first day so as to dis- seems that students are so ingrained in the 10.11.12.7.21.111.1111111 courage excessive absenteeism. Of course pattern of being an invisible face in a sea with professors changing their overhead of students that they don't even make the
4. For all those who enjoyed GE 103 projector foils at Indy 500 rates, a student effort. After all, it's easier to be a proof so much, here are 3 views of an object. would never be able to keep up with mere reading automaton than to actually think Describe the object. pencil and paper alone. about what's being taught.
Aside from the mechanics of note- It's clearly a problem that has its ori- taking and the monstrous debts incurred at gins in the shortage of the high caliber en- Kinko's to merely keep up with a class is gineering faculrs' needed and an increase the very serious issue of the lack of parti- in the number of students majoring in cipation by students in the lecture setting. C.S., E.E., and CompE. Perhaps with the This clearly cuts off an avenue of great scheduled addition of new faculty mem- learning potential. The greatest contribut- bers the problem will be alleviated. ing factor is that many classes are just too Perhaps limits on enrollments would help big. as well. I can understand why some core re- Clearly, a problem exists. The issue
quirement courses such as physics and must be dealt with soon, for in 20 years it chemistry must be taught in huge settings. will be today's proof readers and stenog- \) This is at least offset by having quiz sec- raphers who will be running the overhead tions. I don't, however, think it's projectors. appropriate to have upper level courses r V Answers on page 15 being taught to the multitudes, especially ) when it's the only contact the student has with the class. Perhaps it's just that I'm in "YfiA^J- rxjKujill an overcrowded, understaffed major (com-
puter science), but is it too much to ask to Halley's Return Engagement
A phenomenon first sighted the ancient by In order to increase their knowledge c o M r T .\ o s I r .s- Chinese, Halley's comet makes its rendevous with the Earth and reawaliens the American public's of comets, some astronomers have com- interest in the cosmos. puted the times of Halley's comet's pre- novtii iloniftcn lo imT7o _ ^ t'i^t^^lmJ M^ vious visits, and history shows that the comet did indeed turn up at the calculated
Halley's comet is back! Since it was dates. The earliest recorded sighting was ituj; »«(>i>ff(fn aitii'lcjUiffn vnt .i>i|"ii>rifi^ni first sighted approaching the Earth on ^inaiCni mffltojlkt un ? .'a,txi,t October 16, 1982, both professional and .\'.C.m1u:.!.'-i> ^nSiiliumr^jni ',in„m. f Cllilloi. mention the event, and one such account amateur astronomers have been preparing states, "During the seventh year of Chih for its historical pass across our skies. It Shih-Huang a comet appeared to the north has been 76 years since this famous comet and during the fifth month it was seen was last seen shining in the heavens, and again in the west." This corresponds to it is generating as much interest now as it the calculations for Halley's comet. Its did in 1910. Because Halley's comet has next passing occured in November of 163 a periodical orbit ranging from 76 to 79 B.C., but historical accounts of this time years, this will be the only chance many are rather confused. During its next of us have to see the historic comet. apf)earance, in 86 B.C., the Chinese A comet is an object that resembles ^jiitfi«lJni>S«» >xre>i»mii*t\.^ai» observed that "in the autumn during the a fuzzy star and travels along a definite second year of the Hou-Yuan reign- path through the solar system. Seventy to period, a comet appeared in the east." eighty percent of the comet is composed Above Is the title page of Cometa Orientalis, Throughout history, a comet's sud- which was published in 1618. of frozen gases and water mixed with dust den appearance was usually regarded as a particles and is concentrated in its nuc- precurser of evil. The passing of Halley's leus. As the comet nears the sun, some of comet in 11 B.C. was no exception. The the frozen matter sublimes and forms a popular belief of the time was that the cloud of gas and grit, called the coma, were probably also identical to one that comet foretold the death of the great Ro- around the nucleus. Closer to the sun, the had appeared in 1456. which had only man general and statesman. Marcus Vip- solar wind repels some of these particles, been roughly observed. Although the in- sanius Agrippa. Agrippa did in fact die which stream out away from the sun to tervals between the returns differed by that year. form the tail. The closer the comet is to more than fifteen months. Halley ex- TTie comet was seen as an even more the sun, the larger and brighter the tail be- plained that this was the result of per- terrible omen in the minds of the fearful comes. turbations, caused by Jupiter and Saturn, during its next orbital revolution. The Halley's comet was named after the of the motion of the comet. He estimated Jewish historian Flavious Josephus wrote English astronomer ExJmund Halley. It that the comet's next return would be de- of several prodigies which announced the was Halley who proved that comets move layed by the action of Jupiter and would destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.. fol- according to definite laws. He collected appear again at the end of 1758. The lowing the rebellion of Judea against all the recorded data on the observations comet was sighted on Christmas day in Rome. He notes. "Amongst the warnings, of 24 bright comets which had appeared 1758. Halley had died sixteen years be- a comet, of the kind called Xiphias, be- between 1337 and 1698. He then devised fore, but because of the great value of his cause their tails appear to represent the an arithmetical calculation for computing work, it was given his name. blade of a sword, was seen above the orbits and worked out the orbits of the 24 Halley's comet is probably the best city." This sword-like comet was, of comets. He based his calculations on known comet because of its extreme course, Halley's. Newton's law of gravitation. brightness and long tail. Halley's comet, Regular occurences of Halley's com- ^gk After computing the orbits of the like other comets, has an elongated ellip- et continued until 374 A.D. In that year ^B^ comets, he found that the orbits of three tical orbit which approximates to a para- the comet came exceedingly close to of them, those of 1531, 1607, and 1682, bola near perihelion. This comet is some- actually hitting the Earth. It passed just were very similar. He deduced that these what exceptional in that it has an orbit nine million miles outside Earth's orbit. It three comets were actually the same and with retrograde motion, that is. an orbit with a motion opposite to the direction of motion of the planets. Mary J. Winters view From Celestial North Pole soon after the development of modem Halley's comet were used by astronomers of Halley s Comet at Perihelion astronomy. European records provide to make physical studies of comets. The actual magnitudes for the comet during 1910 passing was unusual because it was this year. the first time it was located using photo- Halley's comet was seen again in graphy, and another comet unexpectedly 1682. It was during this sighting that appeared at the same time, causing confu- Edmund Halley made his valuable cal- sion. Before the comet's return, it was culations on comets. calculated that the Earth might actually The 1835 and 1910 appearances of pass through the comet's tail. Because astronomers had observed the presence of Below is Comet Arend-Roland, photographed May a poisonous gas within the tail, rumors 1, 1957. During the exposure of 51 minutes the telescope was tracking the comet so that the star started which said that all life on Earth images are drawn out into lines rather than could perish when the comet passed. Pub- appearing as points (photo courtesy McGraw-Hill licity expanded this rumor, causing panic Book Company). to occur among the general public. People must have been a beautiful and awesome actually locked themselves into their sight and visible all night long, but the homes and stopped all the exits with rags observations of the time make no mention in the hope that they could stop the lethal of its probable extraordinary brightness gas from getting in. However, the Earth and overly long tail. passed through or near the comet's tail with apparent In 45 1 , the comet was again taken as no harm. an omen. During this time, Attila the Hun Halley's comet is due to return was making his historical conquests all again. Although it was seen through a across Europe, seemingly unstoppable to 200-inch telescope in 1982, by March it all who challenged him. Then, during the should be visible to the naked eye. h summer, a great long-tailed star (actually could be seen with a home telescope as Halley's comet) appeared in the heavens early as December of 1985, and will still and was seen night after night. That year be visible until June. The comet reaches at the Battle of Chalons, one of the most its greatest brightness in April, coming terrible battles in history, Attila and his closest to the Earth on April 1 0th and armies were defeated by the Roman then fades as it moves away from us. Af- general Aetius. ter Halley's comet finally leaves our view, Routine appearances followed the astronomers everywhere will start resear- 45 1 sighting with a few noteworthy ex- ching the mounds of data that will have ceptions. The 837 sighting was universally been collected, which will probably be noted because it included the comet's enough material to keep them busy until closest known approach to Earth, a mere the comet's next return. For most of us, three to four million miles. When it was however, those few months of stargazing nearest, it crossed the heavens in just 24 will be our only contact with this famous hours and its tail spanned most of the apparition. So everyone dust off their night sky. The most famous apparition of binoculars or telescopes and enjoy the Halley's comet occurred in 1066, just a sight of this brightly-glowing tailed star as few months before the Norman Conquest. it wings by on its journey through the It was this apf)earance which was included vaults of the heavens. H in the famed Bayeux Tapestry. The next interesting return of the comet came in 1607. Its appearance came luni FELLOWSHIPS Since 1949, more than 5,000 men and women have You'll also have the opportunity to gain valuable earned advanced degrees in engineering and science on-the-job experience at Hughes facilities in Southern with the help of Hughes fellowships The Hughes com- California and Arizona while you're completing your degree mitment to furthering your education and your career Hughes Fellows work full-time during the summer More than 100 new fellowships will be available in During the academic year. Work Study Fellows work the coming year for graduate study in: part-time while studying at a nearby university: Full Study Fellows attend classes full-time Engineering (Electrical, Mechanical, Computer Since Hughes is involved with more than 92 Systems, Aeronautical, Manufacturing) technologies, a wide range of technical assignments is Computer Science available An Engineering Rotation Program is also Applied Math available for those interested in diversifying their work Physics experience As a Hughes Fellow, you could be studying for your Master's, Engineer, or PhD degree while receiving: Hughes Aircraft Company Tuition, books, and fees Corporate Fellowship Office Educational stipend Dept MEC, BIdg C2/B168 Full employee benefits P O Box 1042, El Segundo, CA 90245 Relocation expenses Professional-level salary Summer employment Minimum G PA,— 3 0/4 Technical experience Proof of US Citizenship Required Total Value: $25,000 to $50,000 a year. Equal Opportunity Employer PIONEER THE FUTURE Hughes Aircraft Company, Corporate Fellowship Office, Dept. MEC BIdg. C2/B168, P.O. Box 1042, El Segundo, CA 90245. HUGHES Please consider me a candidate for a Hughes Fellowship and send me the necessary information and application materials PLEASE PRINT: Name Address City State Zip Doctorate I am interested in obtaining a Master's. Engineer degree. in the field of: .Rotation Program Interest. DEGREES NOW HELD (OR EXPECTED) Bachelor's: Dale Fleld_ School. . G.PA. Master's Date Field _ School. . G.P.A.. US Citizenship Req uired WRITE YOURSELF IN Technotes Major Confusion many people, including scientists and pro- Engineering Council is sponsoring an fessionals, have pointed out problems with "Academic Decision Seminar" for all the increased use of computers. those freshman and sophomore engineers There has been much controversy who are undecided about the direction lately about the health risk posed by com- they wish to go in. puter video display terminals (VDT's). A lot of students do not even know Data Processing Management Association what engineers in their field really do, (DPMA). an information management according to Dick Welch. Academic Vice professional society, recently' adopted the President of Engineering Council. Since position that there is no e\idence support- engineering students can change their field ing claims of major health problems re- of concentration with few difficulties until lated to VDT use. The association, which the beginning of their junior year, Welch consists mainly of managers that suf)er\ise believes that it is important to expose VDT users, states that most health prob- them to different educational options. The lems in their field result from "ambient Professor Louis Wozniak purpose of the conference will be twofold: lighting, poor seating, bad posture, im- to expose students to "real" engineers in proper furniture, etc." It claims that the various fields of concentration and to his research on the properties of solids. VDT's do not exjxjse users to excessive help students with the selection of Gamma Epsilon, the general engineering amounts of radiation or "cause or contri- courses. honor society, gave its 1984-85 outstand- bute to stress related problems." At press time the seminar was tenta- ing professor award to Louis Wozniak, In a different area related to compu- tively scheduled for late March or early associate professor in the department. The ters. Dr. George E. Smith, professor of April, to coincide with Advance Enroll- Society of Automotive Engineers gave the philosophy and engineering consultant at ment for the fall semester. It will consist Ralph H. Teetor National Education Tufts University claims that computers are of two nights with two hour-long sessions Award to University professor Mansour robbing engineers of their "gut instincts" each night. Every department of the Col- H. Moeinzadeh. It recognizes the con- concerning engineering design solutions. lege will be represented in at least two tribution of Moeinzadeh, assistant profes- He says young engineers misuse compu- sessions in order to allow students flexibil- sor of general engineering and bioen- ters by just entering data and accepting ity in which presentations to attend. Stu- gineering, to preparing engineers for the the results, without reflecting whether the dents can attend one session or all four. challenges of the eighties. computer arrived at the right result. Every department's session will consist of In an award w inning paper for the a presentation by a speaker from industry LEADS Conference American Society of Mechanical En- about his job, and a question and answer The second annual LEADS confer- gineers (ASME) Henr\' Milton Quinlan session with an upperclassman in the de- ence, co-sponsored by Tau Beta Pi and III. graduate student at the University of partment. Refreshments will be available the College, will take place February 14 Georgia, expresses his opinion that the after the sessions. and 15. The LEADS conference brings linking of computer data banks containing For more information stop by the together legislators, educators, administra- personal information should be prohibited Engineering Council office at 300 En- tors, and students to discuss educational by law. He points out the dangers of gineering Hall, or call the office at 333- topics. This year's theme will be "The combining and analyzing great amounts of 3558 or Dick Welch at 332-4040. Effectiveness of Engineering Education." data about a certain person with today's The conference is open to any student or powerful computers. He even goes as far Faculty Members Recognized member of the faculty in the College. as warning that the increase in use of Several members of the faculty re- Contact Kris Lang, the 1986 LEADS con- computers could result in a society where ceived awards for excellence in research ference chairperson, or stop by the Tau the upper class, with access to computer- and teaching. Charles P. Schlichter, pro- Beta Pi office in 302 Engineering Hall for stored information, could control a lower, fessor of physics, won the U.S. Depart- more information. subservient class without access. ment of Energy's Materials Sciences Re- search Competition for Sustained Out- Problems in the Computer Age Bob Janssens standing Research in solid state physics. Computers are having greater and His prize is a S40,000 grant to continue greater effect on our lives every day. But Probing Ancient IVIysteries The return of Halley's Comet presents scientists with a unique opportunity to learn more about the solar system. To capitalize on this event, several space probes from different countries are being sent to study this periodic wonder. No one knows how long Halley's comet has been m;iking its 76 year long round trips through our region of the solar system, but it surely has been for centur- ies. Records exist from Chinese astronom- ers before the birth of Christ which de- scribe a comet whose regular reappear- ances mark it as the comet we know to- day as Halley's comet. Comets have long been considered ptirtents of doom or dis- aster, and their appearance in the heavens has always been watched with great care by those who wished to be "in the know." Time has changed many things, but the desire to gain knowledge about the world we inhabit has not diminished. Thus it is that this year, for the first time in its lonely journeys through the depths of space, that the visiting comet will have visitors of its own sent by us. An impressive fleet of five spacecraft has been sailing across the solar system for months now for a rendezvous with the comet next month. Two probes from Japan, two from the Soviet Union, and a European spacecraft will together make formed from the primordial planetary About 700 periodic comets are the first detailed contact with the comet in nebula. Being at great distances from the known, of which one of the most reliable scientific history. This combined mission newborn Sun, these iceballs never experi- and spectacular is p-Halley (p- meaning promises to yield a wealth of data on Hal- enced significant heating and it is believed periodic). The relative sparseness of this ley's comet which will expand our under- they may retain the comp>osition of the population is easily explained. The Sun is standing of the behavior of these beautiful nebula which they and our own planet very hot, and ice evaporates readily. The apparitions, as well as serving as an condensed from. uneveness of the outflow from the nucleus admirable model of international coopera- Millions of comets exist in the far is also believed to produce an unpredict- tion. outer fringes of the Sun's gravitational able jet action pushing the comet about It is reasonable to ask why it is reach, preserved in the cold and vacuum and varying its orbit. One unlucky victim necessary to expend such effort on ex- of deep space in a giant region called the has even been observed to strike the Sun. amining what is essentially a giant snow- Oort cloud, after the Dutch astrophysicist It is believed that all periodic comets have ball in space. Snowballs are quite easily Jan Oort. Occasional perturbations by relatively limited lives, ending finally as produced here on Earth, and usually don't other passing stars divert some of these meteor clusters traversing the comet's old receive such a grand reception when they into long hyperbolic descents toward the orbit. arrive in the vicinity. Comets are thought Sun. Most are then flung into interstellar Beyond this, there is some directly to have been formed at around the same space, but a few are captured by the grav- relevant information that may be obtained time that the solar system as a whole was ity of the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn from a study of comets. Some comets and become trapped in the inner solar sys- tem, becoming jjeriodic comets. Fred Brunner [> Lj approach the Earth quite closely, and through a complicated series of flybys of mine its composition. They also carry for examining the ^^ many cross its orbit. While the 3-6 km di- the Earth and Moon which provided mass spectrometers ameter nucleus of an average comet is enough velocity to kick the eight-year old composition of the gases of the comet. small by planetary standards, a hit by a satellite successfully on a trajectory which Additionally, the Vegas have sensitive for imag- comet would unquestionably produce ma- took it through the tail of the comet charge-coupled device cameras itself, which has never jor havoc. It is in fact one of the more Giacobini-Zinner, about 8000 km behind ing the nucleus probable explanations of the Tunguska the nucleus. been seen before. Vega 1 will flyby Hal- while event of 1908, in which some force ICE confirmed several predictions ley at about 10000 km distance, caused a vast explosion deep in Siberia made about the unusual field structure Vega 2 may proceed as close as 500 km which leveled trees over an area of hun- around a comet, including the draping of in front of the nucleus, to provide target- dreds of square miles. The lack of any interplanetary field lines around a comet. ing data for the European Space Agency real impact crater suggests that a small The spacecraft also detected carbon mono- probe. comet or cometary fragment may have xide, water, and a small amount of dust. The European Space Agency has broken up during atmospheric heating and The flyby also raised new questions, be- perhaps the most sophisticated probe of caused the devastation. A similar occurr- cause the spacecraft's instruments found a the five with its Giotto spacecraft, as well will ence today would probably kill many very complex plasma environment in the as the most ambitious aim. Giotto be for a people. tail, as well as the lack of a well-defined aimed at the sun side of the nucleus Some scientists believe that cometary bow shock as expected at the interface be- flyby distance of just 300 km. Although bombardment during the early years of the tween the comet's field and the solar both Giotto and the Russian Vegas have solar system may have provided much of wind. These findings should allow the dust shields, they are making their the atmospheres of the Earth, Mars and current armada approaching Halley to approach to Halley at almost 70 km/sec Venus, and possibly even organic mate- look for specific explanations for these due to Halley's retrograde or backward rials for the beginnings of life here - and observations, as well as to provide com- orbit. A strike by even the small centi- elsewhere. There is little debate that com- parison data from a different comet. meter-sized particles known to exist ets deserve serious examination. A more detailed description of the around the nucleus would probably des- The spacecraft carrying out the task purpose-built probes currently approaching troy the spacecraft. Assuming Giotto sur- of making the detailed exploration of the Halley's comet is in order. The two vives its approach (as it is expected to composition of a comet are a varied lot. Japanese probes, Sakigake and Suisei, do), it will bring to bear its own mass In fact, the U.S. probe with the honor of carry no imaging equipment and are in- spectrometer, plasma instrumentation, and chal- making the first flyby of a comet was tended to make plasma and magnetometer a CCD camera. This camera has the never intended to leave the Earth's orbit at measurements of the undisturbed solar lenging task of locating and tracking the Giotto, all. The odyssey of the satellite ISEE-3, wind at the time of the encounter, and to nucleus from the spin-stabilized renamed "ICE." somewhat tongue in examine the tail and surrounding cometary turning at 15rpm. At closest approach, cheek, for International Cometary Explor- environment much as ICE did. Suisei car- Giotto should be able to see details 30 m that er, is one of the strangest in space history. ries in addition a Lyman-alpha spec- across in four colors, assuming no Budget cuts and difficulties with obtaining trophotometer to examine the immense excessive levels of gas and dust obscure sufficiently powerful boosters to meet the envelope of neutral hydrogen which seems the surface. Giotto wiU also perform dust Halley rendezvous date forced NASA to to surround all active comets. All analysis, by penetration, acoustic, and surface. scrap plans for its own Halley flyby mis- spacecraft at Halley will provide com- plasma sensors on its forward sion. plementary data, and, as they are timed to This has been just a brief view of the As a substitute, Robert Farquhar, a arrive within a few days of each other, quarry and the hunters which will meet member of the scientific team for the In- they will permit time and spatial resolved for a few hours in March. The combined ^ temational Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE-3) measurements. insight garnered by these spacecraft will immeasurably to our understanding of 2^ suggested that the satellite, originally The Russian Vega 1 and 2 probes add launched to study the solar wind, are identical and carry a host of instru- these bright celestial wanderers, the com- geomagnetic tail, and plasmas in the ments to examine Halley. They have high ets, as well as providing a fitting tribute stars", cj X Earth's neighborhood would be usable for resolution spectrometers to observe the to the best known of the "hairy \_/ studying the plasmas and fields around a gaseous coma, as well as reflectance in- Halley's Comet. comet. ISEE-3 was then maneuvered frared instruments to observe the emission properties of the dust and hopefully deter- 9 ' Safer Skies On a busy day, most major airports, like the University of Illinois-Wiliard Air- port, seem to be utter chaos. In reahty, a high degree of order is maintained by a small group of air traffic controllers. Working from the tower (at left), they separate aircraft both large and small (be- low), either by sight or with radar (at right) (Photos and text by Mike Brooks). •jdfa^j^SBV"' —— — -i--nru'iv I Technovisions 11 Propelling toward the Future Although the space shuttle has been on 24 successful missions, the recent tragedy highlights the need (or yet Improved space travel. Future ships will explore the Issues of economical means ol entering orbit and interplanetary travel. We are fascinated with space. Star W(irs. 2010. Dune and other movies all have cashed in on this fact. Science fic- tion is on the hardcover best-seller list. The first tenative steps into space are being made. But how do we get from here to there? In science fiction when the charac- ters want to go somewhere, they just say. "Warp factor 1. Sulu," or "Take her up. Chewie." In real life, it's not so easy. Of course, scientists and engineers have been searching for better methods since 1903, when Russian Konstantin Tsiolovsky theorized that a hydrogen/ o.x- ygen fuel mix would be optimum for space travel. The search involves work from quanmm physics to applied aerody- namics, and everything in between. Re- search has been directed at two main topics; how to get from the ground to orbit cheaply and how to get from Earth to another planet and back before senility sets in. Entering orbit requires a vast amount of energy in order to escape the Earth's Above Is a concept of an advanced Orbital Trans- At left Is one concept of an advanced heavy lift fer Vehicle which is used to transfer payloads to booster system based on the space shuttle's two gravitational pull. The challenge here is to higher Earth orbits (photo courtesy Aerospace solid rocket boosters. The center booster, not fir- find a highly efficient, economical fuel. Magazine). ing at Earth liftoff is an upper stage; it also con- tains the payload (photo courtesy of Aerospace Fuel efficiency is measured in Up, which Magazine). is dependent upon the chemical and physical properties of the fuel. powder, which bums (not explodes) is an This was risky business, as fires and ex- Rocket fuel cannot be explosive, but example, having a gas cloud velocity of plosions maimed researchers. it must be highly fiammable. An explo- 300 meters/second. Researchers tried literally thousands sive, such as TNT. undergoes a violent Rocket fuel must also be stable and of different chemicals as fuel or oxidizer. chemical change producing an extremely non-reactive enough to handle. Flourine is One tried nitroglycerin "tranquilized" fast gas cloud. With gas speeds of 3000 an efficient oxidizer, however, it is almost with methanol. Another used pure carbon meters/second, a jarring or shattering too reactive to store or use. Hydrogen and with oxygen. Robert Esnault-Pelterie lost effect is produced. What is needed is a oxygen became and remain the best com- four fingers working with tetranit- slower gas cloud to lift the rocket. Gun- bination to date. romethane. Some engineers tried lemon Early researchers (1920-1950) oil and furniture polish as an oxidizer. attempted to find the "sweet combina- These attempts failed as the chemicals tion" or most efficient fuels for a rocket. 12 C h 3 used proved to be explosive, not flamm- reach low earth orbit. According to an Air watt laser to lift one ton. Obviously, ini- able, or just too unstable. Force spokesman, freight costs would tial costs are high. Many aspects of the fuel problem drop to "a tenth or a hundredth" of pre- After the establishment of a cheap have been dealt with through NASA's sent costs for using conventional runways way to get into orbit, the planets still distance from efforts on the space shuttles. While the li- for takeoff and landing. We may see these beckon. The relatively great quid hydrogen and liquid oxygen fuel is flying by the year 2000. the Earth makes conventional engine use Improved engines are neces- incredibly dangerous, it has a high I„p of An interim idea, popular in the impractical. travel time shorter. 450. No other practical craft in use today 1950's, is the Big Dumb Booster, or sary to make Scientists have been busily working \) has a higher Ijp. BDB. It is a huge, light, and unmanned 1950's, the nuc- British Aerospace and the U.S. Air rocket used for freight hauling. A more on new engines. In the proposed. NASA, during Force among others are looking into a modem concept is laser boosting. Here lear rocket was build hypersonic ramjet. If a hydrogen-fuelled one uses a ground-based laser to vaporize the 1960's, started a program to Engine for Rocket f) ramjet is accelerated by another plane or water or similar liquid inside the rocket one. NASA's Nuclear auxiliary jets to start its engine, it could lifting off. Laser boosting offers a one-to- one fuel/payload ratio, but requires a giga- continued on page 14 13 Future continued from page 13 « Vechicle Application (NERVA) program for fusion. This idea has become as im- actually built and tested a nuclear engine. portant to science-fiction writers as NERVA was a hydrogen-cooled nuclear hyperspace and warp drives. reactor running as hot as possible without Unfortunately, interstellar hydrogen melting down. It had an I^p of 850. Its is very diffuse, averaging about one mole- coolant was vaporized and shot out the cule per cubic centimeter. Thus, magnetic back. scoop sizes of one million kilometers to Like all nuclear reactions, this one one-half lightyear in diameter have been produced radioactivity. Shielding nesses- proposed. Drag and energy loss incurred ary to prevent the crew from glowing cut in making and moving these flying bill- the I^p to 650. Due to a number of fac- boards would be vastly higher than they tors, it was hard to steer, slow to start and could generate. stop, and generally difficult to handle. Even more exotic drives have been Another tested drive system de- proposed. One of the best is the Matter veloped in the 1950"s is the ionic drive. It Anti-Matter (MAM) drive, which utilizes is another system that has been around the concepts of particle physics. Matter, at since the 1950"s. The general principle is the subatomic level, is held together by a to take a gas like argon or a metal like "glue" of smaller particles. Anti-matter is mercury and electrically ionize them. Re- held together by an "anti-glue". The sulting ions are electrically or magnetical- glues are mutual solvents. If one com- ly expelled out the back. Ionic thrust is An artist's conception of the Centaur G upper bines the two, all matter is converted into stage system is shown with Galileo spacecraft fol- small but continuous, thus allowing con- energy. Theoretical I^p exceeds 5 billion. lowing its deployment from the space shuttle car- stant acceleration. Final velocities can be go bay. Presently, no one knows how to quite high, so mission times are relatively make enough anti-matter to do any good. short. As ionic drives have been tested, We can only make a few thousand anti- they could find extensive use. with a hole in the rear for the heated plas- protons at a time, and store them for only Another idea, although based on an ma to escape. Theoretical I^p for such an a few days. Also, the accelerators to old principle, was realized only in the engine is one million. make anti-matter are too big and slow to 1960"s. One of the first communications Two problems come to mind. One, be of any use in space. satellites launched was a "passive" satel- no one has achieved controlled fusion. Once the grandchildren of today's lite. It was a large silvered balloon off Two, no one knows how to convert a engineering students solve these problems, which signals were bounced. Its only reactor into an engine. These minor tech- some other interesting difficulties will problem was that it slowly drifted out of nicalities have not stopped the ship plan- arise. All of the matter reacted becomes orbit. Engineers realized that it was light ners. Maximum speeds of 10 percent of energy. Half of this is in the form of pressure moving the balloon. Thus, the the speed of light are projected. With gamma rays and light, causing problems solar sail was bom. These devices have 50.000 tons of fuel and 50 years, one when the engine is pointed at civilization. cheap "fuel" (light) and continuous could be orbiting Alpha Centari. When The other half is composed of neutrinos, thrust. However, speeds are slow and sail could we have these engines? As many which go through planets unscathed. areas are large. As a general rule, it takes scientists doubt fusion will be practical One last interesting thought is that a square kilometer to move one ton. anytime in the next half-century, its any- many present and proposed devices rely These large sail areas are not ideal for ex- ones guess. on light metals such as aluminum and tita- perimentation. With work, money, and As mentioned earlier, fusion con- nium, substances found in relative abund- time, they may become great unmanned sumes large amounts of hydrogen. As a ance on the moon. Perhaps in the future bulk-cargo haulers. way of making interstellar voyages more the moon will be the true hub of space Another famous idea is the fusion economic, scientists developed the inter- activity. In the meantime, possibilities rocket. One simply builds a fusion reactor stellar ramjet concept. Generally speaking, abound. Perhaps some day some of them the ship would use a magnetic scoop to will be realized. gather up interstellar hydrogen and use it 14 . Technovations fj New High Resolution IVIonitor the weights on the lines on that side are of printed-circuit boards. The surface partially lifted. The other wires slacken mount technique allows the positioning of Wyse Technologies recently intro- and the tower reaches a new equilibrium. devices on both sides of a circuit board duced a monitor for the IBM PC and The new technology will allow oil and requires no holes in the board. They compatible computers that for the first rigs in the future to operate in up to 2,500 are also superior because they can, unlike time combines high resolution graphics feet of water. ceramic DIP"s, "withstand the harsh display with full IBM PC compatibility. handling of automatic test and assembly The WY-700 graphics subsystem "Non-Penetrating" Highlighter equipment.'" Their durability makes them consists of a 15 Inch monitor and graphics Sanford Corporation, a maker of perfectly suited for telecommunications board that can display 1 280 by 820 pix- pens, markers, and stationary supplies, re- and automotive applications. Intel will els. The new monitor is expected to find cently introduced a new "quick reference keep on repackaging its components, and applications in the computer-aided design pencil"" (highlighter) that Iiighlights with- hopes to have a whole kit of PLCC com- and computer-aided publishing fields. It out bleeding through the page. ponents available. uses a bit-mapped graphics board that in- The instrument looks like a mecha- Bob Janssens serts into one slot in the PC. Although it nical pencil, except for the lead, which is is a monochrome monitor, it will map about an eighth of an inch thick and has a color output into four shades of grey. consistency somewhere between that of a Tech Teaser Answers crayon and a pencil eraser. Two disadvan- Guy Wires Allow Taller Oil Rigs tages of the pencil are that it does not 1 . The square root of 1 is 1 At the mouth of the Mississipi River, mark as wide a line as regular highlighters Exxon Corporation operates the first com- and that it causes more friction between mercially successful guyed tower drilling the lead and the page. It should be very platform. Its design, which radically dif- useful, though, for highlighting thin pap- fers from that of a regular oil rig, allows ers such as carbonless copy pap)er, fax it to operate in 1 .000 feet of water. paper, and the paper used in phone books. Conventional drilling towers are de- Bibles, and engineering texts. The leads signed to withstand swaying caused by the have to be replaced regularly. forces of waves and wind. They are wide at the bottom and narrow on top and se- Intel Introduces New Microchips cured by long steel rods driven deep into Intel Corporation recently announced the continental shelf. Their structure is two new products that have distinct very rigid and can withstand great forces. advantages over earlier versions. But these towers, because they are big It introduced the 80186-12 microp- and heavy, become impractical at a height rocessor, a version of the 80186 microp- greater than 1 ,300 feet. rocessor that is up to twice as fast as its 3.This is the sequence 7?, !(,. Ts, ?, The construction of the Mississipi predecessors. The chip performs faster 73, 72, 7i where 7„ represents 7 expressed Canyon 280-A platform is completely during all of its operations, including in base n. Therefore, the missing number different. It is connected to the sea floor memory access and input/output. Like all is 74= 13 by twenty wire cables that fan out on all of the earlier versions, it combines a cen- sides. Each is attached to the bottom by tral processing unit and the equivalent of 4. The intersection of two cylinders 130 foot long spikes, 3000 feet away twenty other components on one chip. of equal radius, one of which has a hole from the 1000 foot tall tower. At about Intel also announced a new type of drilled through the center. V the middle of ever>' wire a 200 ton weight packaging for its high density EPROM's ^ keeps it down on the sea floor. Its great (Erasable Programmable Read Only advantage over conventional drilling tow- Memories). Most microchips are housed ers is that it, instead of being rigid, in the familiar ceramic dual-in-line pack- r~\ actually moves with the wind and wave ages (DIP's). The new packages are of ^ forces. As pressure is applied to one side. the plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC) type. They are flatter and smaller than DIP"s and can be mounted on the surface 15 Alumni Soar to the Heavens # Among the most prominent of Illinois alumni are astronauts Dale Gardner and Stephen Nagel who helped propel the knowledge of space on their respective space shuttle missions. When Dale Gardner blasted off into space on August 30. 1983, as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Chal- lenger, it was indeed an historic step for- ward. Historic, not in the sense that he was part of the first shuttle crew, for a number of astronauts had by that time preceeded him, but historic in the sense that Gardner became the first University alumnus to trek into what has been called "The Final Frontier." By doing so he gained membership to the exclusive club of pioneers who have ventured out into that uncharted wasteland called space. / If Gardner was the first Illini, he was by no means the last. On June 16, 1985, Stephen Nagel, also a University gradu- ate, was lifted into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery. Both have since had the opportunity to revisit the "Fron- tier", Gardner aboard the Discovery on November 8, 1984, and Nagel aboard the Challenger on October 30th of last year. In fact, accompanying Nagel on this sub- sequent flight was Bonnie Dunbar, a bio- medical engineer and mission specialist for NASA, who saidied ceramic engineer- ing as a graduate student at the University from 1971-72 and later completed her work at the University of Washington. Dale Gardner (left) holds a For Sale sign on a In their days of fame, the two astro- satellite which had been stranded since Its initial deployment. Aiding in the recovery is Joseph P. nauts have not forgotten their roots at the Allen IV (NASA photo courtesy the University of University. When NASA asked each to Illinois Alumni Association). collect small memorabilia to take with them into space, both solicited the Uni- versity for contributions. Gardner carried with him on his first flight a tiny piece of beta-aluminum film bearing the words "Illinois" and "USA". The film is note- 16 Ashraf Hameed The alumni astronauts are, from left to right: Dale Gardner ('70). Steve Nagel ('69), and Bonnie Dun- bar (NASA photos courtesy the University of Illi- nois Alumni Association). worthy because the holes and lines used ing, is listed on the microfilm as are covery allowed NASA to collect on a to sp)ell these two words are considered to 40,781 others who have received bachelor $5.5 million insurance payment. be the world's smallest - only twenty ang- of science degrees in engineering since While Nagel's missions have lacked stroms in diameter. They were made here 1872 and the 5,219 undergraduates who the man-in-space bravado of Gardner's at the University by research metallurgist are currently enrolled in the College. space walk, his last mission did carry a Margaret Mochel as part of a course in Certainly NASA did not invest seven pay load of experiments designed, control- basic research. Gardner, a 1970 graduate billion dollars in the space shuttle program led, and executed by scientists in Ger- in engineering physics, also carried with just so that momentos of cherished institu- many. The mission gained an added inter- him a small niobium rod used as a probe tions could be carried into space. Each national flavor when a Saudi Arabian in the University's superconducting linear mission entailed countless experiments satellite was flawlessly spun into orbit as accelerator. The niobium rod was chosen and activities that NASA hopes will jus- a Saudi prince watched from inside the in particular to honor faculty physicist tify the herculean investment that this shuttle. John Bardeen who shared one of his two country has made in the shuttle program. Two mini have thus made the jour- Nobel Prizes for developing the theory of The most breathtaking of events was ney and countless others are sure to fol- superconductivity. Gardner's six hour space walk to retrieve low. Dale Gardner claims that because the While Gardner's momentos recog- two malfunctioning communications satel- only real qualification necessary for space nized the contributions of a few, Nagel lites on the November 8th mission. Trans- shuttle astronauts is that they be in good aggrandized the contributions of us all. ported by nitrogen-powered backpacks, he health, NASA is very interested in recruit- With him on his last flight was a roll of and astronaut Joe Allen maneuvered the ing for future missions writers, artists, microfilm bearing the names of all stu- twelve-hundred pound satellites into the photographers, and other "persons who dents, alumni, faculty and staff of the cargo bay of the shuttle, after the brackets can bring back something to convey the College. Nagel, himself a 1969 graduate designed to fish the satellites failed. The sense of how it is." I of aeronautical and astronautical engineer- satellites, each worth S35 million, will be repaired and resold. In addition, the re- 17 . ^ working gi^M're a aillear^ramelgE&er. ^s^e world, and it means "" up while ^.^"goeLbewnd^cIal. It'seliiel^^pviih the most sophisticated training of nuclear training. Sign still college and you could be ^T jLod^Q^aaisMects a job that ^nd equipment anywhere, in month right now. ^a^ran^vonrbesfei'rovihg vour-.^^ There's no boot camp. College earning $1,000 a Be one of the most accomplished ^ skiU^thSieart of today's nuciea^^aduates get Officer Candidate ' in a challenging field. -r^ow^ed Navy. ""^^chool leadership training, and a professionals .^ adventure as an offke^^s ^^gSe^agMAmerica's nuclear year of graduate-level training in the Lead the Nuclear Navy. Conts^jou^ ^^Steia^fc the Navy. That adds Navy Nuclear Power School in the Navy Officer Recruiter or eal^=^=^=^' ^SujE^iore years of experience The rewards are topnotch, too. — 1-800-327-NAVY. ^ "^^iffi reactors than any company in Generous bonuses upon commis- NAVY^car # UEAD THE ADVENTURR 1 Tech Profiles Bruce A. Conway is an assistant professor in the depart- Allen I. Ormsbee, professor of aeronautical and astro- ment of aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He is cur- nautical engineering, pursued a boyhood interest in model air- rently teaching the undergraduate courses of Aerospace Dynamic planes to become Acting Associate Director of the Institute of Systems I and U, AAE 254 & AAE 255, and Orbital Mecha- Aviation. Ormsbee's ties to the University go back to the 1940's nics, AAE 306. Professor Conway is also teaching a graduate when aeronautical engineering was a new curriculum. Prior to course in Optimal Control Theory, AAE 404. He is planning a World War D, only a few universities offered this study, but the graduate level course in orbital mechanics for the near future. war effort served as an impetus for aeronautics programs on a Conway received his undergraduate degree in physics and wider scale. math from Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. He went Ormsbee finished his B.S. degree in aeronautical engineer- on to receive his master's in physics and math from the Uni- ing in 1946. His graduate degrees include a master's in versity of Minnesota. From the University of Minnesota he went mathematics from the University and a doctorate in aeronautics to Stanford and received his graduate degree in aeronautical and from California Institute of Technology. He then returned to the astronautical engineering. Finally, Conway received his doctorate University and began teaching and conducting research. from Stanford in 1980. With the post-war attention toward high speed aerodyna- Conway's research involves the orbital evolution of natural mics, Ormsbee's research dealt primarily with supersonic flows. satellites. By applying the laws of celestial mechanics and orbital During this time, he was an active consultant to missle prog- motion, Conway predicts the orbital decay of objects such as rams. In the niid-1960's, his interest shifted towards low speed moons and satellites. On a larger scale he is able to theorize aerodynamics with special attention to airfoil design. how orbits could have changed over the evolution of the solar Ormsbee is also active as an instructor and teaches graduate system. The arrival of the Cray X-MP Supercomputer will great- courses in wing theory and compressible flows as well as under- ly aid his research by supplying helpful speed to his calculations. graduate courses AAE 199 (Freshman Seminar) and AAE 212/ In his spare time Conway enjoys an active family life, 213 (Aerodynamics). Currendy he lectures AAE 199 and 31 spending as much time as possible with his two and a half year As he looks toward the future, Ormsbee is pursuing re- old son, Charles, and his wife Linda. He also holds a commer- search possibilities in hypersonic flow. While this field has been cial pilot's license with an instrument rating and frequently studied for its relevance to the re-enty problems of manned travels to give lectures at meetings around the country. space flights and ballistic missiles, exciting new applications are on the horizon for sustained flight at hypersonic speeds. Current- Steven P. Seanev ly, his department is pursuing research proposals by NASA which point towards hypersonic aircraft. At a more leisurely pace, Ormsbee enjoys soaring with the mini Glider Club in nearby Monticello. Along with his wife, Ormsbee likes to travel, particularly on the trail with backpack and hiking boots. Stephen Tongue 19 TeIE W4Y YOU TfflNK t Nortlinip C'orporalioti, a LInivei-sity of Illinois grad If your background is engi Northrop Corporation, uDild loador in aerospace uates are shaping the fu- neering, computer science, College Relations, Dept. and electronics, believes ture of aircraft and aircraft math or physics, we'd like to UI-S86, 1840 Century the way you think is just as services; defense electron- know more about the way Park East, Los Angeles, important as what you ics; precision navigation, you think. CA 90067, know. We value people who guidance and control sys- Learn more about our PROOF OF U.S. CITI- resiiond to challenges with tems; sensors and electro career opportunities. Visit ZENSHIP REQUIRED. the vision to make ad- optical systems; sophisti- your placement office, or Northrop is an Equal vanced technologj' work in cated unmanned aircraft; write us directly. Opportunity Employer innovative ways. 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