Effect of Goronyo Dam on Soil Physical & Chemical Characteristic

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186

Effect of Goronyo Dam on Soil Physical & Chemical Characteristic in Upstream and Down Stream Soils

Abubakar Aminu1*, Hadiza Jibril2, Zayyanu Muazu Gwadabawa3, Nasiba Sahabi Gada4, Dr. Mohammad Sirajo5 1Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 2Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 3Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 4Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 5Department of Chemistry, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract:-With dam construction thousand hectares of land are reservoir of the dam. And this have direct implications on cleared off vegetation especially for the reservoir of the dam, ecosystem of the area, making the area to have little or no there by subjecting the land to erosion, land degradation and vegetation. poor fertility. Also with dam construction thousand tones of sediment are trapped within the reservoir of the dam and as such Similarly soil erosion is facilitated down stream, as the flow not allowed to reach downstream, thereby causing variation in of water increase most often downstream (Bravard et al., soil nutrients (chemical constituent) in both up and down stream. 2014). The aim of this research is to examine the effect of Goronyo dam Dam construction in conjunction with poor water on soil physical and chemical characteristic in upstream and management aided salinization which many atimes ruined downstream, both systematic and purposive sampling irrgable land area (Mohammad, 2004). Previous studies on techniques were employed in taking the soil samples. Similarly the data generated after laboratory test was subject to both dam shows that the soil textures around most dams are descriptive and inferential statistic. The findings shows that the predominantly sandy loam due to the fact that suspended soil in the area are predominantly sandy loam, (with an average materials, primarily silt and clay are trapped and deposited in value of 73.3% sand,10.8%silt and15.8%silt). And the soils were the reservoir of the dam due to slower flow regime and rated low in organic carbon content (0.77%), low Nitrogen decrease sediment carrying capacity (Yu et al., 2013; Bravard content (0.084mg/kg), low phosphorus (0.89mg/kg), low calcium et al, 2014). ( 0.95mol/kg), moderate in sodium and Magnesium and high in Cec (32.9cmol/kg). And in term of pH, the soils in both upstream In general building dams in valleys is much likely to increase and down stream was slightly acidic. In conclusion, the Goronyo erosion, because dam open up remote areas to all sort of dam has no statistically significance effect on soils characteristic human activities including irrigation agriculture, road in the area as there is little variation between soil parameters construction, logging, farming, and mining in some cases. tested. The study recommended addition of both organic and These accelerate deforestation and soil lost. Similarly with chemical fertilizers for higher yield. resettlement, the displaced forming families may have no Key words: Dam, soil, upstream, downstream, reservoir. choice but to clear lands further upland for their upland farming. All these afore-mentioned continue to affect soils I. INTRODUCTION and it is characteristic in both up and down stream of Goronyo dam. Some of the problems experienced by farmers around ith dam construction, thousand tones of sediment and Goronyo dam include Gully erosion, especially in upland W soils are trapped within the reservoir of the dam and as farms aridity and Salinization, this in conjunction with the such not allowed to reach down stream, there by need for adequate data and researches on effect of dam on affecting both physical and chemical characteristic of soils in soils characteristic, which seem to be inadequate is the motive up and down stream,. This many atimes may have implication behind conducting this research. on soil fertility and crop production. Also with dam construction large land area is cleared off vegetation for the II. STUDY AREA

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186

Figure 2.1: Study area Source ESRI (Adopted by GIS Lab. Department of Geography UDUS) The study are for this research was Goronyo dam site, located the Sahara desert) period and a hot dry spell (February-May). between Latitude 1303’ 50’N and longitude 0.5052’56’E near The mean maximum temperature is about 400 and 150 mean keta village, some twenty five kilometers east of Goronyo minimum (Armborg, 1988, Yakubu and Singh, 2001). town and ninety kilometers away from sokoto town, in North- Method of data collection Western region of Nigeria. The area is situated in semi and Sudan Savanna Zone of the North western Nigeria and share In this research both purposive and systematic sampling was common boundaries with Niger Republique in the North, adopted in taking the soil sample. 20 soil samples was took in Zamfara Satte to the east and kebbi state to the south and both upstream and downstream (surface soils) and 10 samples west. The area experienced a short raining season (June- was took in both up and downstream soils (profile soils). September and a long dry (October-May) season. The rainfall (wet season) start between April and June and end around The sampling site consists of ten kilometer from the dam October. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 450mm to upstream and 10 kilometer from the dam downstream. The surface soil sample was took using soil auger with 15cm- 600mm (Anonymous, 2013). The rainfall is usually erratic, 30cm dept. while the profile sample has been taken from each unpredictable and associated with periodic draught. The long horizon using hand shovel after digging pit of (1.5m depth). dry season consist of a cold dry spell (November-January), the harmattan (dust-laden) strong wind from north-east through

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186

The sample taken was put in polythene bag labeled and taken measured on pH meter. Total nitrogen was determined by to laboratory for test. macro-kjeladhl digestion and distillation method as described by Jackson (1962). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was Testing of soil parameters determined by ammonium-saturation method. Ca and Mg The physical characteristics of soils were observe in the field. were determined by atomic spcetro photometer method, K and And the chemical characteristic was tested using the method Na by flame photometry (Maclean, 1964). Phosphorus was described by page et al (1982). determined by Bray and Kutz method (Bray-1). Organic carbon was determined by Walkley-bLack (1934) method. The particle size distribution was determined by the hydrometer method (soil survey staff 1996). The textual III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION classes determined using USDA textural triangle. Soil pH was

Table A: Textural Classes of the Selected Soils in Up and Downstream

Particles Distribution (%) Sample Sand Silt Clay Soil Texture Upstream 1 72.4 10.5 17.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 2 70.4 8.6 21.0 Loamy Sand Upstream 3 74.3 10.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 4 72.4 12.5 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 5 72.4 12.5 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream6 73.2 10.5 16.3 Loamy Sand Upstream 7 75.4 8.5 16.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 8 76.2 8.4 15.4 Loamy Sand Upstream 9 76.3 8.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 10 76.3 8.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 1 74.3 12.6 13.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 2 76.3 12.5 11.2 Loamy Sand Downstream 3 78.2 10.6 11.2 Loamy Sand Downstream 4 70.4 8.6 21.0 Loamy Sand Downstream 5 74.3 8.6 17.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 6 75.4 12.2 12.4 Loamy Sand Downstream 7 76.1 12.6 11.3 Loamy Sand Downstream 8 74.5 12.0 13.5 Loamy Sand Downstream 9 75.3 12.0 12.7 Loamy Sand Downstream 10 76.1 11.5 12.4 Loamy Sand

Source: Field work 2018 Table B: Surface Soil Sample B

Sample % % Mg/Kg Mol/Kg

pH O.C N P Ca Mg K Na C.E.C 1 6.1 0.96 0.102 1.00 1.10 0.45 0.92 0.70 32.8 2 6.9 1.00 0.095 0.99 0.95 0.40 0.92 0.65 32.8 3 7.0 0.42 0.088 0.96 1.00 0.35 0.85 0.78 33.4 4 7.3 0.48 0.088 0.95 0.90 0.55 0.82 0.61 32.6 5 5.8 1.18 0.081 0.93 1.05 0.45 0.74 0.70 34.2 6 6.1 0.96 0.102 1.00 1.10 0.45 0.92 0.70 32.8 7 6.9 1.00 0.095 0.99 0.95 0.40 0.92 0.65 32.8

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186

8 4.0 0.42 0.088 0.96 1.00 0.35 0.85 0.78 33.4 9 7.3 0.48 0.088 0.95 0.90 0.55 0.82 0.61 32.6 10 5.8 1.18 0.081 0.93 1.05 0.45 0.74 0.70 34.2 Down 1 7.0 0.34 0.084 0.81 0..90 0.40 0.95 0.57 34.2 2 6.8 0.38 0.084 0.80 0.95 0.40 0.95 0.83 32.2 3 7.0 0.44 0.074 0.81 0.85 0.45 0.97 0.70 32.4 4 7.8 0.48 0.070 0.80 0.95 0.25 1.00 0.78 32.6 5 7.4 0.52 0.070 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.90 0.74 32.2 6 7.0 0.34 0.084 0.81 0.90 0.40 0.95 0.57 34.2 7 6.8 0.38 0.084 0.80 0.95 0.40 0.95 0.83 32.2 8 7.0 0.44 0.074 0.81 0.85 0.45 0.97 0.70 32.4 9 7.8 0.48 0.070 0.80 0.95 0.25 1.00 0.78 32.6 10 7.4 0.52 0.070 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.90 0.74 32.2

Source: Field work 2018 The soil texture in table A presented above, shows that the result agreed with the finding of Mustapha et al., (2003) who soil in both up and down stream are sandy loam with an conducted research on Fadama soils in Bauchi State Nigeria. average value of 73.3% sand,10.8% silt and 15.7% clay. This Similarly the findings agreed with the result of F.A.O 1969, is in comparison with USDA textural triangle. This might be which reported low organic content, low nitrogen, low attributed to action of wind, leaching and erosion which is phosphorus and low calcium in flood plain of sokoto Rima very common as is due to climatic nature of the area. From Basin. Further more the result show moderate magnesium table B, the finding shows that the soils in upstream is slightly (0.14cmol/kg, low potassium (0.09cmol/kg), high in sodium acidic, while the downstream soils are slightly alkaline, this (0.71cmol/kg) and high in Cec (32.9cmol/kg). The moderate variation might be attributed to effect of flooding and leaching magnesium content of the soil might be attributed to parent which are more pronounced in downstream. Basing the pH material of the soil, which is mad e up of mostly soft rocks. value with the scale of soil science society of America (1987). The low potassium content might also be attributed to sandy The soils in both up and down stream were rated as slightly nature of the area, which is characterized with large pore acidic, and thus appropriate for most agricultural crops. spaces which drains away most of the exchangeable bases including potassium. High sodium content of the soils might From the table B above organic matter content (0.77%), also attributed to climatic nature of the area and poor nitrogen, (0.084%), phosphorus (0.89mg/kg) and calcium management of water during irrigation. The result show high (0.95mol/kg) are rated low. This is in comparison with critical Cec values and this concide with the findings of Singh (1997) limit by Chude et all., (2005). The low organic matter content, who reported values ranging from 6-39 in sokoto River Rima nitrogen and phosphorus were attributed to scanty nature of Basin. vegetation in the area and little or moderate rainfall. This

Table C Profile Soil Sample

Location % % Mg/Kg Mol/Kg % % % Sample Ph Org N P Ca Mg K Na C.E.C Sand Silt Clay Up 1 6.9 0.32 0.091 0.96 1.00 0.45 0.90 0.52 30.4 76.3 12.5 11.2 2 6.9 0.38 0.084 0.95 0.85 0.40 0.87 0.43 29.6 72.4 14.5 13.1 3 6.8 0.16 0.084 0.93 0.90 0.35 0.97 0.57 31.0 74.3 12.6 13.1 4 6.9 0.20 0.077 0.93 0.70 0.65 0.92 0.43 29.2 76.3 12.5 11.2 5 6.8 0.12 0.074 0.90 1.05 0.50 0.95 0.48 29.4 76.3 12.5 11.2 Down 1 6.9 0.06 0.084 0.88 0.75 0.40 0.85 0.52 27.8 80.2 10.6 9.2 2 6.9 0.02 0.077 0.89 0.95 0.30 0.97 0.57 30.2 80.2 12.5 7.3 3 7.0 0.10 0.077 0.86 0.70 0.40 0.92 0.43 28.4 84.1 8.6 7.3 4 6.9 0.04 0.070 0.85 0.95 0.40 0.95 0.43 31.2 84.1 8.6 7.3 5 6.8 0.02 0.067 0.86 0.75 0.45 0.95 0.43 28.4 84.1 8.6 7.3

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186

IV. CONCLUSION [3]. Chude,v.o.i.y. Amadu,P E A Ako and S.G.Pam(2005).Micro nutrient research in Nigeria.A R review.Samaru J.Agric sci The soils in the area is predominantly sandy loam 10pp117. characterized with low organic carbon content, low nitrogen, [4]. FOA. 1969. Soil and Water Resources Survey of the Sokoto Valley, Nigeria. Arid Report. 5. low phosphorus, low calcium, high in sodium and cec and as [5]. Jackson, M.L (1962) Soil chemical analysis advance course such rated low in term of agricultural value. And that department of soil science. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Goronyo dam has little effect on soils characterristic in both [6]. Mustapha, S., G.N. Udom and A.M. Umar, (2003). Profile up and down stream. distribution of some physic-chemical properties of some hydromorphic soils of Buachi State, Nigeria. Journal of Recommendations Agriculture Technology. 11:38 [7]. Page, A.L: R.H. miller and D. R> Kenney. 1982. Methods of soil Based on the finding, the following recommendations are Analysis. 2nd Edition, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, offered. Wisconsin [8]. Singh, B.R. 1997. Potentials and challenges of Fadama farming in The Goronyo dam management and the irrigation farmers the semi-arid East where Sokoto State, Nigeria. Twenty-third Annual Conference, soil science society of Nigeria, 2-5 March, should engaged in wise and judicious utilization of water on 1997. Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. farm lands, in order to maintain current status of salt and to [9]. Walkey, A. and I.A. Black (1934). An Examination of the method avoid salinization. for Determining Soil organic matter and proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method Soil Sci. 37:29-38. The farmers in the area should use both organic manure and [10]. Yu, YG, Shi XF, Wang HJ, Yue CK, Chen SL, Liu YG, Hu chemical fertilizers in order to achieve higher yield. The LM,Qiao SQ (2013). Effect of dams on water and sediment farmers can also use gypsum in order to maintain the acidity delivery to the sea by the Hunghe (Yellow River): the spatial role of water sediment modulation. Anthropocene 3: 72-82 level or neutralize the soil. The farmers should also embark on [11]. Soil Science Society of America (2011). Glossary of Soil Science adequate conservation strategies in order to maintain the Terms Madison, Wisconsin, USA 140 PP. fertility nature of the soils or to improve upon it. [12]. Singh, B. R and Babaji, G.A (1989) Characterristic of soils in Dundaye district: 1. The soils of the University Dryland farm Nigerian Jounal of Basic and Applied Science 3: 7-16. REFERENCES [13]. Soil Survey Staff (1996). Soil Survey Laboratory Method Manuals Soil Survey investigation Report No 4. Version 3.0 [1]. Anonymous (2003). Sokoto state Government Ministry of [14]. Yakubu, M and Singh B. R (2001). Erosional losses of Soil Imformation, Youth sport and Culture, Sokoto Nigeria. nutrients from a dry farm land in Sokoto, Nigeria, Journal of [2]. Bravard JP, Goichot M. Tronchere H. (2014). An assessment of Agriculture and Environment.1: 147-15. sediment-transport processes in the lower mekon River based on deposit grain sizes, the CM technique and flow energy data. Geomorphology 207: 174-189.