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Effect of Goronyo Dam on Soil Physical & Chemical Characteristic

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Effect of Goronyo Dam on Soil Physical & Chemical Characteristic International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186 Effect of Goronyo Dam on Soil Physical & Chemical Characteristic in Upstream and Down Stream Soils Abubakar Aminu1*, Hadiza Jibril2, Zayyanu Muazu Gwadabawa3, Nasiba Sahabi Gada4, Dr. Mohammad Sirajo5 1Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 2Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 3Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 4Lecturer, Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. 5Department of Chemistry, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria Abstract:-With dam construction thousand hectares of land are reservoir of the dam. And this have direct implications on cleared off vegetation especially for the reservoir of the dam, ecosystem of the area, making the area to have little or no there by subjecting the land to erosion, land degradation and vegetation. poor fertility. Also with dam construction thousand tones of sediment are trapped within the reservoir of the dam and as such Similarly soil erosion is facilitated down stream, as the flow not allowed to reach downstream, thereby causing variation in of water increase most often downstream (Bravard et al., soil nutrients (chemical constituent) in both up and down stream. 2014). The aim of this research is to examine the effect of Goronyo dam Dam construction in conjunction with poor water on soil physical and chemical characteristic in upstream and management aided salinization which many atimes ruined downstream, both systematic and purposive sampling irrgable land area (Mohammad, 2004). Previous studies on techniques were employed in taking the soil samples. Similarly the data generated after laboratory test was subject to both dam shows that the soil textures around most dams are descriptive and inferential statistic. The findings shows that the predominantly sandy loam due to the fact that suspended soil in the area are predominantly sandy loam, (with an average materials, primarily silt and clay are trapped and deposited in value of 73.3% sand,10.8%silt and15.8%silt). And the soils were the reservoir of the dam due to slower flow regime and rated low in organic carbon content (0.77%), low Nitrogen decrease sediment carrying capacity (Yu et al., 2013; Bravard content (0.084mg/kg), low phosphorus (0.89mg/kg), low calcium et al, 2014). ( 0.95mol/kg), moderate in sodium and Magnesium and high in Cec (32.9cmol/kg). And in term of pH, the soils in both upstream In general building dams in valleys is much likely to increase and down stream was slightly acidic. In conclusion, the Goronyo erosion, because dam open up remote areas to all sort of dam has no statistically significance effect on soils characteristic human activities including irrigation agriculture, road in the area as there is little variation between soil parameters construction, logging, farming, and mining in some cases. tested. The study recommended addition of both organic and These accelerate deforestation and soil lost. Similarly with chemical fertilizers for higher yield. resettlement, the displaced forming families may have no Key words: Dam, soil, upstream, downstream, reservoir. choice but to clear lands further upland for their upland farming. All these afore-mentioned continue to affect soils I. INTRODUCTION and it is characteristic in both up and down stream of Goronyo dam. Some of the problems experienced by farmers around ith dam construction, thousand tones of sediment and Goronyo dam include Gully erosion, especially in upland W soils are trapped within the reservoir of the dam and as farms aridity and Salinization, this in conjunction with the such not allowed to reach down stream, there by need for adequate data and researches on effect of dam on affecting both physical and chemical characteristic of soils in soils characteristic, which seem to be inadequate is the motive up and down stream,. This many atimes may have implication behind conducting this research. on soil fertility and crop production. Also with dam construction large land area is cleared off vegetation for the II. STUDY AREA www.rsisinternational.org Page 396 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186 Figure 2.1: Study area Source ESRI (Adopted by GIS Lab. Department of Geography UDUS) The study are for this research was Goronyo dam site, located the Sahara desert) period and a hot dry spell (February-May). between Latitude 1303’ 50’N and longitude 0.5052’56’E near The mean maximum temperature is about 400 and 150 mean keta village, some twenty five kilometers east of Goronyo minimum (Armborg, 1988, Yakubu and Singh, 2001). town and ninety kilometers away from sokoto town, in North- Method of data collection Western region of Nigeria. The area is situated in semi and Sudan Savanna Zone of the North western Nigeria and share In this research both purposive and systematic sampling was common boundaries with Niger Republique in the North, adopted in taking the soil sample. 20 soil samples was took in Zamfara Satte to the east and kebbi state to the south and both upstream and downstream (surface soils) and 10 samples west. The area experienced a short raining season (June- was took in both up and downstream soils (profile soils). September and a long dry (October-May) season. The rainfall (wet season) start between April and June and end around The sampling site consists of ten kilometer from the dam October. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 450mm to upstream and 10 kilometer from the dam downstream. The surface soil sample was took using soil auger with 15cm- 600mm (Anonymous, 2013). The rainfall is usually erratic, 30cm dept. while the profile sample has been taken from each unpredictable and associated with periodic draught. The long horizon using hand shovel after digging pit of (1.5m depth). dry season consist of a cold dry spell (November-January), the harmattan (dust-laden) strong wind from north-east through www.rsisinternational.org Page 397 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186 The sample taken was put in polythene bag labeled and taken measured on pH meter. Total nitrogen was determined by to laboratory for test. macro-kjeladhl digestion and distillation method as described by Jackson (1962). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was Testing of soil parameters determined by ammonium-saturation method. Ca and Mg The physical characteristics of soils were observe in the field. were determined by atomic spcetro photometer method, K and And the chemical characteristic was tested using the method Na by flame photometry (Maclean, 1964). Phosphorus was described by page et al (1982). determined by Bray and Kutz method (Bray-1). Organic carbon was determined by Walkley-bLack (1934) method. The particle size distribution was determined by the hydrometer method (soil survey staff 1996). The textual III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION classes determined using USDA textural triangle. Soil pH was Table A: Textural Classes of the Selected Soils in Up and Downstream Particles Distribution (%) Sample Sand Silt Clay Soil Texture Upstream 1 72.4 10.5 17.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 2 70.4 8.6 21.0 Loamy Sand Upstream 3 74.3 10.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 4 72.4 12.5 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 5 72.4 12.5 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream6 73.2 10.5 16.3 Loamy Sand Upstream 7 75.4 8.5 16.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 8 76.2 8.4 15.4 Loamy Sand Upstream 9 76.3 8.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Upstream 10 76.3 8.6 15.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 1 74.3 12.6 13.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 2 76.3 12.5 11.2 Loamy Sand Downstream 3 78.2 10.6 11.2 Loamy Sand Downstream 4 70.4 8.6 21.0 Loamy Sand Downstream 5 74.3 8.6 17.1 Loamy Sand Downstream 6 75.4 12.2 12.4 Loamy Sand Downstream 7 76.1 12.6 11.3 Loamy Sand Downstream 8 74.5 12.0 13.5 Loamy Sand Downstream 9 75.3 12.0 12.7 Loamy Sand Downstream 10 76.1 11.5 12.4 Loamy Sand Source: Field work 2018 Table B: Surface Soil Sample B Sample % % Mg/Kg Mol/Kg pH O.C N P Ca Mg K Na C.E.C 1 6.1 0.96 0.102 1.00 1.10 0.45 0.92 0.70 32.8 2 6.9 1.00 0.095 0.99 0.95 0.40 0.92 0.65 32.8 3 7.0 0.42 0.088 0.96 1.00 0.35 0.85 0.78 33.4 4 7.3 0.48 0.088 0.95 0.90 0.55 0.82 0.61 32.6 5 5.8 1.18 0.081 0.93 1.05 0.45 0.74 0.70 34.2 6 6.1 0.96 0.102 1.00 1.10 0.45 0.92 0.70 32.8 7 6.9 1.00 0.095 0.99 0.95 0.40 0.92 0.65 32.8 www.rsisinternational.org Page 398 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume II, Issue XII, December 2018|ISSN 2454-6186 8 4.0 0.42 0.088 0.96 1.00 0.35 0.85 0.78 33.4 9 7.3 0.48 0.088 0.95 0.90 0.55 0.82 0.61 32.6 10 5.8 1.18 0.081 0.93 1.05 0.45 0.74 0.70 34.2 Down 1 7.0 0.34 0.084 0.81 0..90 0.40 0.95 0.57 34.2 2 6.8 0.38 0.084 0.80 0.95 0.40 0.95 0.83 32.2 3 7.0 0.44 0.074 0.81 0.85 0.45 0.97 0.70 32.4 4 7.8 0.48 0.070 0.80 0.95 0.25 1.00 0.78 32.6 5 7.4 0.52 0.070 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.90 0.74 32.2 6 7.0 0.34 0.084 0.81 0.90 0.40 0.95 0.57 34.2 7 6.8 0.38 0.084 0.80 0.95 0.40 0.95 0.83 32.2 8 7.0 0.44 0.074 0.81 0.85 0.45 0.97 0.70 32.4 9 7.8 0.48 0.070 0.80 0.95 0.25 1.00 0.78 32.6 10 7.4 0.52 0.070 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.90 0.74 32.2 Source: Field work 2018 The soil texture in table A presented above, shows that the result agreed with the finding of Mustapha et al., (2003) who soil in both up and down stream are sandy loam with an conducted research on Fadama soils in Bauchi State Nigeria.
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