Macrofossils from the Maxicar Beds, Southern Perth Basin by SK Martin and JD Stilwell*

Home , Miria Formation, Trigonia, Trigoniida, Trigoniidae, Trigonioidea

GSWA Paleontology Report 2020/1

F53427–F53433: macrofossils from the Maxicar beds, southern Perth Basin by SK Martin and JD Stilwell*

F numbers F53427–F53433 UWI n/a Zone (GDA94) 50

GSWA number 222028 Depth (m) 0 Easting 390616

WAROX site number SKMPER150008 DL AT –33.404234 Northing 6303280 Photo numbers IMG_7990, IMG_7991 DLONG 115.823703

Locality The first part of that task was to re-examine the fossils of the Maxicar bed, in an effort to reassess the age of the unit. F53427–33: breakaway adjacent to Ferguson Falls winery, Lot 201 Pile Road, Ferguson (MGA Zone 50 390616E 6303280N) Materials and methods Maxicar beds (?Lower Cretaceous) Lowry’s (1965) Record includes no images of the reported bivalve impressions, and no locality information or sample numbers are provided in the text. An attempt was made History and background to locate these samples within the Geological Survey of The ‘Maxicar beds’ is an informal unit of fossiliferous Western Australia (GSWA) Paleontology collections, but ferruginous sandstones, which outcrops sporadically in no relevant material was identified and it is assumed that the Maxicar area east of Dardanup. The first recorded the bivalves Dickins viewed were either not returned to usage of the name ‘Maxicar beds’ was in Lowry’s (1965) Perth, or not deemed important enough to retain in the unpublished Record on the southern Perth Basin; the unit collections. An attempt in May 2015 to find fossils in was officially described by Playford and Low (1972). the Maxicar clay pit, where the Maxicar beds are best Although Lowry (1965) considered the units to be a lateral exposed, was also unsuccessful. However, the outcrop equivalent of the Donnybrook Sandstone (as defined at that exposure in this quarry is extensive, and the single visit time), Cockbain (1990) considered the Maxicar beds to be conducted was too short for a comprehensive search. a facies within the unit. Future detailed examination of these outcrops is suggested, both to collect additional fossils for biostratigraphy, and to Lowry (1965) noted the presence of poorly preserved draw up a stratigraphic log to permit comparison to other bivalve impressions in the Maxicar beds, including outcrops and units in the region. forms identified by JM Dickins (of the then Bureau of Mineral Resources) as Pterotrigonia sp. It was based on Examination of Lowry’s field notebooks identified a site this identification, and the assumption of equivalency to which mentioned bivalve fossils and was mapped as the the ‘Donnybrook Sandstone’, that Lowry interpreted an Maxicar beds (DCL64/1, p. 20, point 30); this site was Early Cretaceous age for the unit, although noting that marked on GSWA’s set of Collie 1957 aerial photographs this bivalve genus was (at the time) long ranging, being (run 7, photo 5169), allowing the location to be estimated indicative of both the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Later as 33.405238°S 115.823409°E. This locality lies on the authors considered the Maxicar beds equivalent to the opposite side of Pile Road from the Maxicar clay pit, Nakina Formation in the Collie Basin (Le Blanc Smith, within the confines of what is currently the Ferguson Falls 1993), supporting the perceived Early Cretaceous age. winery. An attempt to obtain palynomorphs from sediments of the Maxicar clay pit (also known as the Monier clay pit) A small group of GSWA geologists, including the first failed, with both samples barren (Backhouse, 1980). author, visited the site on 4 March 2017. Outcrop of ferruginous sandstone forms a flat surface (noted in Due to its restricted distribution and uncertain correlation Lowry’s field notebook as a possible ‘structural terrace’) to nearby stratigraphy, the Maxicar beds are poorly on which the winery and adjacent buildings sit. Hill slopes studied — Lowry (1965) remains the most extensive to the south and east of these buildings are covered with consideration of the unit to date. Therefore, as part large blocks and boulders of the same material, some of of a larger project revising the stratigraphy of the which do not appear to have travelled far from outcrop southern Perth Basin, it was decided to investigate (Fig. 1). the Maxicar beds and determine whether they are a distinctive unit, or a facies of a pre-existing formation. Fossils were observed on both the southern and eastern slope, although they appear more common on the eastern slope, where material is seen in outcrop and as float blocks. Fossils appear to be restricted to a specific layer, * School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800 or layers, within the unit; however, the patchy outcrop at

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The branch is fractured so that only the internal surface of the outermost layer (bark or epidermis?) is observed; this outer layer is approximately 2 mm thick. The internal tissues are mostly absent, apart from a short core of fibrous fragments embedded in the sandstone at one end (Fig. 2b). A single rounded feature, observed centrally, might represent the expression of a side branch or shoot on the underside of the bark; there is no evidence for the external expression of this shoot as the branch’s outer surface is embedded within the sediment. The wood at the Maxicar site appears not to have been strongly permineralized post-deposition, and lichens growing on the rocks may have enhanced the decay of the woody fragments. With time, and upon curation in a dry environment, the wood fragments have hardened SKM192 25.11.19 slightly. Like the surrounding sediment, both the fibres and Figure 1. Typical outcrop of the fossiliferous Maxicar beds, possible epidermis are strongly oxidized. Ferguson As preserved, the short, mostly smooth, branch fragment contains no diagnostic features with which to potentially the locality makes it difficult to determine the number and identify the parent plant, and as such, the specimen geometry of fossil layers. The sediment surrounding the is considered indeterminate. No attempt was made to fossils is generally medium to coarse grained, dominated thin section the branch for microscopic examination, as by poorly sorted and poorly rounded quartz grains; cross- oxidation is known to cause cellular breakdown (C Mays, bedding is observed in some, apparently non-fossiliferous, 2019, written comm., 15 May) and there is little fibrous layers. Fossils appear to be randomly arranged and material available. oriented within the sandstone. Seven large fossiliferous hand samples were collected from a breakaway east of the winery buildings (GSWA a) sample number 222028). As float samples, the original orientation of each block in relation to the outcrop is unknown. The hand samples were cut into sections, primarily to allow easier handling and storage, but also to permit closer examination of fossils within the blocks. b Upon examination, the samples were found to contain numerous bivalve-shell impressions and a single piece of fossilized wood. As a result, the samples were registered in the GSWA Paleontology collection as F53427–F53433, with one catalogue number assigned to each hand sample. 10 mm The best shell impressions from each block were moulded using liquid latex to permit further examination; these b) peels were labelled with roman letters (A, B, C etc.) to permit curation alongside the blocks from which they were derived. None of the samples on block F53432 were well enough preserved to permit moulding. Due to its friable nature, the fossil wood was not significantly prepared, apart from some consolidation.

Paleontology

Wood Fossil wood indet.

Material: F53429H 2 mm SKM193 25.11.19 Comments: The preserved section is 85 mm long and approximately 8 mm wide, and appears to be a thin Figure 2. Fossil wood, F53429H, from the Maxicar beds: branch or twig (Fig. 2a). As this sample was preserved in a) overview; b) close-up of the fibrous tissues a loose block, the orientation of the wood to bedding is embedded within the sediment presently unknown. However, bivalves on the same block are randomly orientated relative to this elongate fossil, suggesting a lack of sedimentary alignment.

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Bivalves Comments: Many of the examined bivalve impressions appear to belong to a single taxon of robust medium-sized Bivalve-shell impressions are by far the most common trigoniids (as defined by Cooper, 2015b); none of these fossils observed in the hand samples (Table 1). However, impressions are complete, but a number of fragments the coarse grain size and strong ferruginization of suggest shell lengths up to approximately 40 mm. the surrounding sediments mean that many of these F53433D is the best-preserved specimen (Fig. 3a,b); impressions are poorly preserved, and therefore difficult other specimens from the Maxicar beds likely assignable to identify. to R. australiensis include F53430C (Fig. 3c,d), F53429F (Fig. 3e,f) and F53429D, which are identified based on CLASS Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 ornament. These four specimens preserve moderately ORDER Trigoniida Dall, 1889 large, inequilateral, tumid shells with strongly inflated FAMILY Pterotrigoniidae van Hoepen, 1929 anterior (height of a single valve approximately ⅓ length), SUBFAMILY Pterotrigoniinae van Hoepen, 1929 and distinctive ornament of widely spaced, radiating, strongly nodulose costae, making them indistinguishable TRIBE Pterotrigoniini van Hoepen, 1929 from Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961). Other Rinetrigonia van Hoepen, 1929 features, such as a pronounced, strongly incurved, Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) opisthogyrous beak, complex schizodont hinge, produced (elongate) posterior region, and apparent absence of 1961 Pterotrigonia australiensis Cox, p. 22, pl. 3, marginal carina and antecarinal sulcus, support this figs 2–5 identification. 1963 Pterotrigonia (Rinetrigonia) australiensis Cox; Skwarko, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 1 Other specimens in the collection are considered broadly reminiscent of the Pterotrigoniidae (F53428C, F53430A, Material: F53433D; F53429D, F; F53430C. F53431A) or Trigoniida (F53427A, F53429B, C), but Also potentially F53427A; F53428C; F53429B, C; cannot be certainly assigned to this species. F53430A; F53431A

Table 1. List of bivalve specimens from the Maxicar bed samples, with identifications and morphological comments (by JD Stilwell)

Catalogue Sample Identification Comments number no. F53427A 1A ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) sculpture similar to nodulose trigoniid bivalves F53428A 2A Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53428B 2B Bivalvia indet. taxodont bivalve? F53428C 2C ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) strongly beaked pterotrigoniid bivalve with broad hinge F53429A 3A Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53429B 3B ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) probably trigoniid bivalve with vestiges of robust axial ribs F53429C 3C ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) vestiges of schizodont hinge teeth, probably a trigoniid bivalve F53429D 3D Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) sculpture of nodulose costae similar to Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) F53429E 3E Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53429F 3F Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) sculpture similar to Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) F53429G 3G Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53430A 4A ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) strongly ribbed bivalve section, probably pterotrigoniid F53430B 4B Bivalvia indet. moderately inflated left valve of moderate-sized bivalve (no ornament preserved) with robust umbones F53430C 4C Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) pterotrigoniid bivalve, probably Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) F53430D 4D Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53431A 5A ?Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) robust, elevated, widely spaced axial ribs of medium-sized left valve of pterotrigoniid bivalve F53431B 5B Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53431C 5C Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53433A 7A Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53433B 7B Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53433C 7C Bivalvia indet. no features discernible F53433D 7D Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) shell moderately large, inequilateral, tumid, strongly inflated anteriorly, ornamentation of widely spaced, radiating, strongly nodulose costae, perfectly aligning with Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961)

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a) b)

10 mm 10 mm

c) d)

10 mm 10 mm

e) f)

10 mm 10 mm SKM194 28.11.19

Figure 3. Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) from the Maxicar beds: a, b) F53433D, relatively complete shell impression (a) and latex mould of the impression (b); c, d) F53430C, shell impression (c) and latex mould of the impression (d); e, f) F53429F, latex moulds of the impression, showing ornament (e) and hinge between valves (f).

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ORDER indeterminate a) Bivalvia indet. Material: F53428A, B; F53429A, E, G; F53430B, D; F53431B, C; F53433A–C Comments: The remaining 12 bivalve impressions cannot be assigned to any particular taxon, and are considered indeterminate. Of these, the taxodont teeth seen in F53428B indicates that it is not a trigoniid, being more likely a protobranch or pteriomorph bivalve (Fig. 4a), whereas F53430B, a moderately inflated, unornamented left valve of a moderate-sized bivalve with robust umbones, contains no other taxonomically distinct features (Fig. 4b). The remaining 10 specimens similarly have no taxonomically distinct features. 10 mm

b) Discussion This material represents the first fossils collected from the Maxicar beds since the 1960s. Further, as Lowry’s original samples cannot now be found, they are the only fossils recovered from the Maxicar beds available for future study.

Despite the poor preservation, the wood described here 10 mm is notable as the first macroplant fossil recorded from the Maxicar beds. Elsewhere in the central and southern c) Perth Basin, Jurassic and Cretaceous fossil wood is relatively common with Upper Jurassic records in the Yarragadee Formation (McLoughlin and Pott, 2009) and Lower Cretaceous records in the Nakina Sandstone near Collie (Backhouse et al., 1996), Leederville Formation near Gingin, and Bullsbrook Formation near Bullbrook (McLoughlin, 1996). Unlike the strongly permineralized or silica-replaced wood seen in the other assemblages (McLoughlin, 1996), the Nakina Sandstone material was 10 mm preserved almost entirely as lignin (Backhouse et al., SKM195 28.11.19 1996), and therefore, the preservation of the Maxicar Figure 4. Bivalvia indet., latex moulds of shell impressions material is most similar to this Lower Cretaceous unit. from the Maxicar beds: a) F53428B, showing taxodont hinge dentition; b, c) F53430B, a partial The identification of R. australiensis within the new shell, showing lateral view (b) and umbo (c) Maxicar beds samples lends support to the original identification of Pterotrigonia‘ sp.’ reported in Lowry (1965), with the material also suggesting at least one other, as yet unidentified, bivalve species in the Maxicar assemblage. Trigoniids (at the ordinal level) are generally It should be noted that the classification of the Trigoniida small- to medium-sized marine bivalves recorded from has changed drastically since the 1960s (e.g. Cooper, the Devonian through to Recent, with only a single extant 2015a,b; 2016a,b), and all of the Australian species genus, Neotrigonia Cossmann, 1912 (Pleurotrigoniidae: previously assigned to the genus Pterotrigonia van Neotrigoniinae), known from Australian waters. In Hoepen, 1929 are now reassigned to other genera within Western Australia, only four fossil trigoniid taxa have the Pterotrigoniini (Pterotrigoniidae: Pterotrigoniinae) been formally described: Coxitrigonia moorei (Lycett — Pterotrigonia australiensis Cox, 1961 has now in Moore, 1870) from the Bajocian Newmarracarra been reassigned to Rinetrigonia van Hoepen, 1929 Limestone (equivalent to, and most likely part of, the as Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961), whereas Cadda Formation), presently the oldest representative of Pterotrigonia (Rinetrigonia) capricornia Skwarko, 1963 the order from the Australian continent (Skwarko, 1963; from the Neocomian–Aptian of the Northern Territory Darragh, 1986); Rinetrigonia australiensis and Iotrigonia and Pterotrigonia (Rinetrigonia) verrucosa Skwarko, nanutarraensis (Cox, 1961) from the Barremian–Aptian 1968 from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland have now Nanutarra Formation; and ‘Trigonia’ miriana Skwarko, been reassigned to the genus Pisotrigonia van Hoepen, 1963 from the Maastrichtian Miria Formation. Informal 1929, as Pisotrigonia capricornia (Skwarko, 1963) and specimens are also recorded, specificallyTrigonia sp. A P. verrucosa (Skwarko, 1968), respectively (Cooper, and Trigonia sp. B from the Nanutarra Formation (Cox, 2015b). Other specimens informally assigned to the genus 1961), and Orbigonina sp. from the Miria Formation Pterotrigonia are known from the Early Cretaceous of (Darragh and Kendrick, 1991; originally described as Queensland (Whitehouse, 1946), although the identity of Linotrigonia (Oistotrigonia) sp.). these specimens is currently unclear. Other taxa belonging

5 Martin and Stilwell to the Pterotrigoniidae have been described from Upper The presence of bivalves with articulated valves (Fig. 5) Cretaceous units across Australia, including Orbigonina at the Maxicar site suggests minimal or no exposure time austronana (Stilwell and Gallagher, 2009) from Victoria, between the animal’s death and burial, which in turn and the aforementioned Orbigonina sp. from the Miria indicates the fossiliferous layers accumulated during Formation (Darragh and Kendrick, 1991). periods of rapid deposition. The random orientation of bivalve shells within the sediment suggests the animals are The identification ofRinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, not preserved in life orientation, and this combined with 1961) at Maxicar represents the first record of this species the surrounding massive sandstone, suggests deposition in outside the type area (Nanutarra Formation of the Northern some type of mass-flow event. Carnarvon Basin), suggesting that the species was more widely distributed along the Western Australian coastline The complete loss of shell material and generally poor than first reported, although uncertainty around the age preservation of fossils within the Maxicar beds appears to of the Maxicar assemblage means that it is unknown be a result of post-burial taphonomic/diagenetic processes, if these communities were continuous, separate but probably a combination of early dissolution of calcite contemporaneous, or involved a shift in distribution over and/or minimal cementation or other mineralization, and time. That the Maxicar bivalves represent an extension of later strong ferruginization and heavy weathering of the a previous species’ distribution rather than a new species, outcrops. This has resulted in the complete loss of the is somewhat unusual due to the apparently highly endemic aragonite and/or calcite that made up the marine bivalve nature of Australasian pterotrigoniids (Cooper, 2015b). shells, with the coarse-grained nature of the sediments Cooper (2015b) noted that trigoniids have a limited reducing the morphological detail preserved in the capacity for dispersal (based on the extant Neotrigonia, resulting impressions. but also likely applicable to pterotrigoniids), and this, plus increasingly fragmented paleogeography from the Jurassic onwards, caused strong provincialization and community localization in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Trigoniida worldwide.

Age In Australia, pterotrigoniids are only recorded from the Early Cretaceous onwards, and Cooper (2015b) notes that the family is predominantly Cretaceous in distribution. Further, as the only other record of Rinetrigonia australiensis (Cox, 1961) is from the Nanutarra Formation, and the plant material superficially resembles that of the Nakina Formation, a Neocomian (Early Cretaceous) age seems most likely for the Maxicar beds. However, the low biostratigraphic resolution of bivalves and lack of other robust age evidence means that this determination is by no means certain, and the age of 10 mm this unit could be refined with additional material. SKM196 25.11.19

Paleoenvironment and taphonomy Figure 5. Bivalve with articulated valves, with top valve preserved as an internal mould, and the bottom Pterotrigoniids are generally considered burrowing valve as an external mould. Although not visible bivalves adapted to the littoral zone (Cooper, 2015b), in this image, the external ornament on the bottom with the moderate sized, robust shell of the Maxicar valve is similar to that of Rinetrigonia australiensis specimens suggesting fast-burrowing animals living in (Cox, 1961). This specimen, preserved on the large block imaged in Figure 1, was not collected a moderate- to high-energy marine environment with sandy substrates. Cooper (2015b) notes that within the Pterotrigoniidae, Early Cretaceous taxa tend to be medium to large in size and living within nearshore environments above fair weather wave base, whereas Late Cretaceous taxa were predominantly small, thin-shelled taxa living Acknowledgements mostly offshore below fair weather wave base, which may lend additional credence to the interpreted age of the unit SK Martin thanks Dr Chris Mays, Swedish Museum of discussed above. The environmental information provided Natural History, for helpful discussion on the Maxicar by the Maxicar pterotrigoniids, coupled with the coarse- fossil wood. JD Stilwell wishes to thank the School of grained nature of the rock and presence of relatively large Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University woody fragments, implies that the Maxicar beds were for support. deposited close to shore.

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