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A Case Study of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River System

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A Case Study of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River System DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS AND FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING RIVER HEALTH IN PERI-URBAN LANDSCAPES: A CASE STUDY OF THE HAWKESBURY-NEPEAN RIVER SYSTEM Mihindukulasooriya Uthpala Ananda Pinto A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree School of Science and Health University of Western Sydney Australia FEBRUARY 2013 This thesis is dedicated my parents and beloved wife for their endless support and encouragement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is with great pleasure that I express my sincere gratitude to my principal supervisor, Prof. Basant Maheshwari, for his continuous encouragement, advice, and guidance. He has been a source of generosity, insight and inspiration; guiding me in all my efforts throughout my candidature. I owe my research achievements to his enthusiastic supervision. I extend my profound gratitude to my co-supervisors Assoc. Prof. Charles Morris and Assoc. Prof. Surendra Shrestha who provided me with the unflinching encouragement, support, and feedback during the candidature. Successful completion of this thesis would not have been possible without your invaluable insights and comments on my work. I gratefully acknowledge the University of Western Sydney and the Australian Government for granting me the Australian Postgraduate Award, which gave me the opportunity to be exposed to a new knowledge base. I appreciate the travel support given by the School of Science and Health for my attending national and international conferences. A large number of experts from government agencies involved in this project through provision of historical data and valuable feedback. Especially, I want to acknowledge Maree Abood and Shane Barter from Office of the Hawkesbury-Nepean, Bill Dixon, Diana Shanks and Paul Bennett from the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Authority, David Makin from the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Tracey Schultz from Sydney Catchment Authority. I would like to thank all current and previous technical staff, general staff and academics of University of Western Sydney including Prof. Robert Hodge for assistance and feedback on key informants’ interviews and community surveys, Adj. Assoc. Prof. Bruce Simmons for providing valuable resources about the river system and suggesting key people in the relevant areas, Prof. Richard Ollerton for providing feedback on time series analysis, Michael Franklin, Mark Emmanuel, Maree Gorham, Julie Langford and Liz Kabanoff for friendly assistance in laboratory analysis, Jocelyn Applebee for editing this thesis, and all others who directly or indirectly helped me during my candidature. I am also thankful to Derek Cannon for phytoplankton identification and feedback on Chapter 7. My gratitude also goes to Mary Howard for her ongoing feedback on various issues related to river health of the Hawkesbury Nepean River, Michael Miller and Gayle Miller for their generous support in data collection on the river. As always, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my mother, father, and uncle for their love and constant support throughout my life and for inspiring me to pursue an academic career. I can never forget their warmth and inspiration. Finally, my most tender and sincere thanks go to my loving wife, Harshini Pinto, who has been a shadow behind all my success during the last three years. Her understanding throughout these years has meant more than I can ever express........................................................... DECLARATION Author: M. Uthpala A. Pinto Degree: Ph. D Date: Monday, 29 April 2013 I certify that the work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original, except as acknowledged in the text, and that the material has not been submitted, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. I certify that I have complied with the rules, requirements, procedures, and policy relating to my higher degree research award of the University of Western Sydney. Author’s Signature TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 4 1.1 RIVER SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES ............................................................. 4 1.2 THE EXPANSION OF PERI-URBAN LANDSCAPES .............................................. 4 1.3 ISSUES WITH RIVER HEALTH MEANING AND ASSESSMENT ............................. 6 1.3.1 WHAT IS RIVER HEALTH ........................................................................... 6 1.3.2 RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING ............... 7 1.4 OVERALL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 8 1.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES, VALUES AND BENEFITS ............................................ 9 1.5.1 WHY IS THIS PARTICULAR PIECE OF RESEARCH WORTH DOING? .................. 9 1.5.2 WHAT SPECIAL GROUPS STAND TO BENEFIT? ............................................. 9 1.5.3 WHAT FURTHER AVENUES OF RESEARCH WILL THE INFORMATION OPEN UP? …………………………………………………………………………………10 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..............................................................................10 1.7 FORMAT OF THE THESIS .............................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................14 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................14 2.1 THE HAWKESBURY-NEPEAN RIVER SYSTEM ................................................14 2.2 THE HAWKESBURY-NEPEAN CATCHMENT ....................................................16 2.3 THE CATCHMENT IN TRANSITION- PRESSURES OF URBANISATION .................17 CHAPTER 3 MEANING OF RIVER HEALTH : COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES ........................19 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................19 3.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................19 3.1.1 RIVER HEALTH VERSUS HUMAN HEALTH ..................................................20 3.1.2 ISSUES WITH CURRENT RIVER HEALTH MEANINGS ....................................21 3.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................................22 3.2.1 FORMULATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE ..........................................................22 3.2.2 PILOT SURVEY AND HUMAN ETHICS CLEARANCE ......................................23 3.2.3 RECRUITMENT OF SURVEY PARTICIPANTS ................................................24 3.2.4 ANALYSIS OF DATA .................................................................................25 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .........................................................................25 i 3.3.1 GENERAL ...............................................................................................25 3.3.2 SUSTAINING ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY .......................................................30 3.3.3 VISUAL APPEAL ......................................................................................32 3.3.4 MAINTAINING HYDROLOGIC BALANCE .......................................................34 3.3.5 RIVER WATER FIT FOR PURPOSE .............................................................35 3.3.6 INFLUENCE OF AGE AND GENDER ............................................................37 3.3.7 THE MEANING OF RIVER HEALTH: COMMUNITY VERSUS EXPERTS ..............38 3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS ..............................................................................39 CHAPTER 4 MEANING OF RIVER HEALTH : KEY INFORMANTS’ PERSPECTIVES ...............41 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................41 4.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................41 4.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ...............................................................42 4.2.1 DEVELOPING THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................42 4.2.2 SELECTION AND BACKGROUND OF KEY INFORMANTS ................................43 4.2.3 THE INTERVIEW PROCESS .......................................................................45 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .........................................................................46 4.3.1 MEANING OF RIVER HEALTH ....................................................................46 4.4 IMPACTS ON PERI-URBAN RIVER HEALTH ......................................................49 4.4.1 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................49 4.4.2 LEISURE ACTIVITIES AND WATER QUALITY ................................................50 4.4.3 POLICY IMPACTS .....................................................................................51 4.5 INDICATORS FOR RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT.............................................52 4.6 RIVER MANAGEMENT - WHO IS MORE EFFECTIVE? .......................................55 4.7 COMMUNICATION OF RIVER HEALTH ............................................................56 4.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS ..............................................................................57 CHAPTER 5 MANAGING RIVER HEALTH: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ...............................59 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................59 5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................59
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