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Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW Angus Skorulis Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Skorulis, Angus, Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW, BSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/120 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW Abstract Changes in the amount of riparian vegetation can vary significantly over large spatial extents, and this variation is influenced yb an array of factors. Riparian vegetation is an important component of riverine ecosystems and acts as a filter for terrestrial runoff, a control on bank stability and a key habitat area. Following European settlement in New South Wales (NSW) Australia in the late 18th century, extensive areas of floodplain and riparian vegetation were cleared to allow farming of the rich alluvial soil with close proximity to a water supply. As a result of broad scale vegetation clearing, the extent and connectivity of riparian vegetation suffered. Increased awareness of the role played by a healthy riparian zone resulted in the legislated cessation of riparian vegetation clearing in the 20th and early 21st centuries. To counteract the post-settlement land clearing, the monitoring, revegetation and rehabilitation of these areas has become increasingly important for state and federal governments. This study assessed the changes that have occurred in the levels of riparian vegetation along easterly flowing, coastal draining rivers of NSW over a 30-year period. This study measured riparian vegetation density and coverage using Landsat Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery across 28 river catchments in eastern NSW, assessing 19,750km of channel length overall with the study area representing 2970km2 of riparian zone. The initial and final state images were composed of five-year averages from 1987-1991, and 2009-2015 representing change over two decades. Changes in the spatial extent of riparian vegetation between the two time periods were identified using an image differencing change detection method. GIS software was used to analyse the results of the change detection operation, with various tools implemented to assess the levels of positive and negative change occurring in all major catchments that drain to the eastern seaboard. Gross net change has been assessed in addition to a stratified analysis investigating the change relative to adjacent land use. Utilising a change detection threshold in the NDVI analysis to delineate between significant and non-significant change highlighted spatial patterns across the state. Positive or negative change above the threshold was interpreted as an increase or decrease in vegetation density. Average positive change for the catchments in the study area was 8.6%, negative change was 2.5%, but 89% of the area investigated showed no NDVI change. Further analysis of the change detection results indicated that significant NDVI change was occurring most commonly in or alongside channels bordered by agricultural land. Different climates and land use types across the large spatial extent of the study area create a range of factors driving vegetation change with the study finding ariationsv in streamflow, active conservation, restoration, and rehabilitation of riparian zones being the most influential. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BSci Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Science Advisor(s) Tim Cohen Keywords Riparian vegetation, remote sensing, vegetation change, NDVI This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/120 Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health School of Earth and Environmental Science Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW Angus Skorulis A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the Honours degree of Bachelor of Science Advanced in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong 2016 The information in this thesis is entirely the result of investigations conducted by the author, unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted in part, or otherwise, for any other degree or qualification. Angus Skorulis 06/04/2016 Acknowledgements Firstly, to my supervisors Tim and Laurie. Many thanks for the guidance you provided when the way forward was shrouded in a mist of uncertainty. To my loved ones for their emotional support and provision of snacks. To the academics who have come before me and left their knowledge behind so that I may use it. And finally to the Western Polynesian people who, three thousand years ago, pioneered the greatest form of stress relief. Hang loose. i Abstract Changes in the amount of riparian vegetation can vary significantly over large spatial extents, and this variation is influenced by an array of factors. Riparian vegetation is an important component of riverine ecosystems and acts as a filter for terrestrial runoff, a control on bank stability and a key habitat area. Following European settlement in New South Wales (NSW) Australia in the late 18th century, extensive areas of floodplain and riparian vegetation were cleared to allow farming of the rich alluvial soil with close proximity to a water supply. As a result of broad scale vegetation clearing, the extent and connectivity of riparian vegetation suffered. Increased awareness of the role played by a healthy riparian zone resulted in the legislated cessation of riparian vegetation clearing in the 20th and early 21st centuries. To counteract the post-settlement land clearing, the monitoring, revegetation and rehabilitation of these areas has become increasingly important for state and federal governments. This study assessed the changes that have occurred in the levels of riparian vegetation along easterly flowing, coastal draining rivers of NSW over a 30-year period. This study measured riparian vegetation density and coverage using Landsat Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery across 28 river catchments in eastern NSW, assessing 19,750km of channel length overall with the study area representing 2970km2 of riparian zone. The initial and final state images were composed of five-year averages from 1987-1991, and 2009-2015 representing change over two decades. Changes in the spatial extent of riparian vegetation between the two time periods were identified using an image differencing change detection method. GIS software was used to analyse the results of the change detection operation, with various tools implemented to assess the levels of positive and negative change occurring in all major catchments that drain to the eastern seaboard. Gross net change has been assessed in addition to a stratified analysis investigating the change relative to adjacent land use. Utilising a change detection threshold in the NDVI analysis to delineate between significant and non-significant change highlighted spatial patterns across the state. Positive or negative change above the threshold was interpreted as an increase or decrease in vegetation density. Average positive change for the catchments in the study area was 8.6%, negative change was 2.5%, but 88.9% of the area investigated showed no NDVI change. Further analysis of the change detection results indicated that significant NDVI change was occurring most commonly in or alongside channels bordered by agricultural land. Different climates and land use types across the large spatial extent of the study area create a range of factors driving vegetation change with the study finding variations in streamflow, active conservation, restoration, and rehabilitation of riparian zones being the most influential. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................
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