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The Potential Outstanding Universal Value of the Dampier Archipelago Site and Threats to That Site

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The Potential Outstanding Universal Value of the Dampier Archipelago Site and Threats to That Site The Potential Outstanding Universal Value of the Dampier Archipelago Site and Threats to that Site A report by the Australian Heritage Council to the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities The Australian Heritage Council acknowledges the Traditional Owners and Custodians of Murujuga (the Dampier Archipelago) and their continuing connection to land, sea and community. We pay our respect to them and their culture, and to their Elders both past and present. Professor Carmen Lawrence Chair Australian Heritage Council 1 Executive Summary On 2 March 2011, in response to a Senate motion, Senator Sterle advised the Senate that the Australian Government would ask the Australian Heritage Council to undertake an emergency assessment of the Outstanding Universal Values of the Dampier Archipelago site and any threats to that site. This resulting report from the Australian Heritage Council is divided into two parts. The first part describes the heritage environment of the Dampier Archipelago site and investigates the potential for elements of that environment to be of Outstanding Universal Value. The second part of the report documents the threats to the heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago and undertakes a risk analysis of those threats. Part One Findings The Dampier Archipelago is home to one of the richest, most diverse and exciting collections of Aboriginal rock engravings in Australia. The heritage features also include quarries, middens, fish traps, rock shelters, ceremonial places, artefact scatters, grinding patches and stone arrangements. However engravings are by far the most numerous type of heritage feature, with images potentially numbering in the millions. Large concentrations are found on inland plateaus, steep valley inclines bordering waterways and on rock platforms next to the ocean. Created by pecking, pounding, rubbing and scratching, the engravings provide a fascinating insight into the past. The Ngarda-Ngarli people have a deep cultural and spiritual connection to the engravings. Some depict ancestral beings or spirit figures, while others relate to sacred ceremonies and songs, but many are representations of the everyday life or events of the traditional ancestors. There is adequate existing research and data to justify that the heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago meet the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value against World Heritage criterion (i) i.e. The Dampier Archipelago represents a masterpiece of human creative genius. The heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago may also meet the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value against criterion (iii) i.e. The Dampier Archipelago bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living. However further work is required with Ngarda-Ngarli people to document the relationship between their beliefs and practices, and the images on the Dampier Archipelago. Part Two Findings The report has found that four categories of potential threats to the heritage values of the Dampier Archipelago site exist, these being: Industrial development; Secondary impacts from industrial development; Recreation, tourism and vandalism; and Knowledge, management and engagement of the Ngarda-Ngarli people. Of these four categories industrial development and knowledge, management and engagement of the Ngarda-Ngarli people present the highest risk threat to the heritage values. Although the area surrounding the site has been heavily impacted by industrial development the site itself maintains high integrity and is in a stable condition. 2 Contents Part One: Study of Outstanding Universal Value............................... 04 1. Introduction and background............................................................................. 07 2. Description and history of the property............................................................. 08 3. Archaeological and cultural resources............................................................... 15 4. Justification......................................................................................................... 29 5. Authenticity and integrity................................................................................... 35 6. References.......................................................................................................... 38 Part Two: Threats to the Dampier Archipelago Site..................... 45 1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 45 2. Industrial development..................................................................................... 49 3. Secondary impacts............................................................................................ 55 4. Recreation, tourism and vandalism.................................................................. 57 5. Knowledge, management and engagement of the Ngarda-Ngarli people....... 61 6. Conclusion......................................................................................................... 63 7. References......................................................................................................... 64 Attachments and Appendix Attachment A - Risk assessment Attachment B - National heritage list boundary Attachment C - National heritage list place report Appendix One - Other World Heritage criteria 3 Part One The Potential Outstanding Universal Value of the Dampier Archipelago Summary For a property to be inscribed on the World Heritage List it must be accepted by the World Heritage Committee as being of Outstanding Universal Value. The Operational Guidelines (UNESCO 2011) specify the key tests that the World Heritage Committee applies to decide whether a property is of Outstanding Universal Value: the Committee considers a property as having Outstanding Universal Value if the property meets one or more of the World Heritage criteria; and, to be deemed of Outstanding Universal Value, a property must also meet the conditions of integrity and/or authenticity, and must have an adequate protection and management system to ensure its safeguarding. The Operational Guidelines (paragraph 49) define Outstanding Universal Value as: ‘Outstanding Universal Value means cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the international community as a whole. The Committee defines the criteria for the inscription of properties on the World Heritage List.’ This must be determined through comparison with similar sites world-wide. There is adequate existing research and data to justify that the heritage of the Dampier Archipelago meets the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value against World Heritage criterion (i). The heritage of the Dampier Archipelago may also meet the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value against criterion (iii) but further consultation work is required with Ngarda-Ngarli people to document the relationship between their beliefs and practices, and the images on the Dampier Archipelago. Due to this lack of documented information on the connection between rock art images and cultural practices on the Dampier Archipelago there is not sufficient evidence to demonstrate that this connection is more significant than that found in the World Heritage Listed Kakadu National Park. Statement of Potential Outstanding Universal Values Criterion i - The Dampier Archipelago represents a masterpiece of human creative genius The density and diversity of the rock engravings on the Dampier Archipelago represents a masterpiece of human creative genius. The place is home to one of the most exciting and significant collections of rock engravings in the world. With its more than one million images in an area of 36,857 hectares, it has the densest known concentration of hunter-gatherer rock engravings anywhere in the world. Over thousands of years, Aboriginal people created these engravings by pecking, scraping, rubbing, abrading, pounding and scoring the very hard granitic rocks of the archipelago. The resultant body of artwork includes one of the most diverse collections of engraved hunter-forager representations of the human form anywhere in the world. 4 These human figures exhibit a wide diversity of poses and activities ranging from: abstract static figures; to standing, running, and squatting figures, some with sinuous arms and legs; to unusual depictions of men climbing and; rare and visually stunning archaic faces. Human figures are sometimes arranged in complex scenes depicting everyday and sacred activities, including hunting scenes and ceremonial activity. Images of terrestrial and marine fauna in plan and elevation occur throughout the Archipelago. Macropods, bird species, identifiable extinct mammals, snakes and reptiles are all portrayed as are fish, turtles, crabs and crayfish. Tracks and groups of engraved animal footprints are also commonly depicted as are a range of geometric and other abstract designs. The art uses naturalism and abstraction in the creation of images and exhibits an extraordinary array of diverse styles. The clever use of profile and perspective to create a sense of movement is an outstanding demonstration of the creativity and artistic genius of the Aboriginal artists. Criterion iii - The Dampier Archipelago bears
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