DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of Archaeology and Rock Art in the Dampier Archipelago

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of Archaeology and Rock Art in the Dampier Archipelago A review of archaeology and rock art in the Dampier Archipelago A report prepared for the National Trust of Australia (WA) Caroline Bird and Sylvia J. Hallam September 2006 Final draft Forward As this thoughtful and readable survey makes clear, the Burrup Peninsula and adjacent islands merit consideration as an integrated cultural landscape. Instead, the Western Australian government is sacrificing it to proclaimed industrial necessity that could have been located in a less destructive area. Before being systematically recorded, this ancient art province is divided in piecemeal fashion. Consequently, sites that are not destroyed by development become forlorn islands in an industrial complex. Twenty-five years ago the Australian Heritage Commission already had noted the region’s potential for World Heritage nomination. Today, State and corporate authorities lobby to prevent its listing even as a National Heritage place! This is shameful treatment for an area containing perhaps the densest concentration of engraved motifs in the world. The fact that even today individual motifs are estimated vaguely to number between 500,000 and one million reflects the scandalous government failure to sponsor an exhaustive survey before planned industrial expansion. It is best described as officially sanctioned cultural vandalism, impacting upon both Indigenous values and an irreplaceable heritage for all Australians. Instead of assigning conservation priorities, since 1980 more than 1800 massive engraved rocks have been wrenched from their context and sited close to a fertilizer plant. The massive gas complex, its expansion approved, sits less than a kilometre from a unique, deeply weathered engraved panel, certainly one of Australia’s most significant ancient art survivors. Such motifs, which endured centuries, now face the pollutants from these sources. So do some dozen Tasmanian tiger (thylacine) depictions, presumably greater than 3000 years old. The government claims that archaeologists and conservationists irrationally oppose development and employment opportunities. This is nonsense, because prior recording of this landscape should ensure alternative (and less costly) sites for development. In 2006 it perseveres with its negative policy—to construct a road and visitor centre on archaeologically unsurveyed territory. John Mulvaney AO, CMG Emeritus Professor Table of contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................iii Summary ............................................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Background and scope..................................................................................................................... 1 Natural environment........................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 2: Aboriginal people of the Dampier Archipelago ................................................................ 4 Early European observation: explorers ...........................................................................................4 Early European observation: settlers.............................................................................................. 6 Aboriginal cultural associations ...................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 3: Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago....................................................................... 10 Background ................................................................................................................................... 10 Types and distribution of archaeological features..................................................................... 12 Establishing a chronological framework....................................................................................... 16 Regional archaeological context................................................................................................ 17 Dating rock art........................................................................................................................... 18 Radiocarbon dates from shell middens...................................................................................... 19 A model of changing adaptations in the Dampier Archipelago .................................................... 20 Chapter 4. Rock art of the Dampier Archipelago.............................................................................. 23 Background ................................................................................................................................... 23 Studies of Dampier Rock Art ........................................................................................................ 24 Descriptive studies .................................................................................................................... 24 Analytical studies ...................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 5: Industrial development and heritage................................................................................ 34 Initial investigations ...................................................................................................................... 34 Early site recorders.................................................................................................................... 34 Department of Aboriginal Sites, Western Australian Museum................................................. 35 Major surveys: 1980s and 1990s................................................................................................... 37 The Dampier Archaeological Project ........................................................................................ 37 CALM National Estate Grant Project........................................................................................ 39 King Bay-Hearson Cove and Maitland Estate 1997.................................................................. 40 Other surveys............................................................................................................................. 41 Regional planning since 1990 ....................................................................................................... 41 Commonwealth DEH desktop study 2005 .................................................................................... 43 Archaeological Research in the Dampier Archipelago ................................................................. 43 Chapter 6: Cultural heritage values in the Dampier Archipelago ..................................................... 46 i Documentation of the resource...................................................................................................... 47 Data quality in the Site Register................................................................................................ 48 The concept of ‘site’.................................................................................................................. 49 Estimating site numbers ............................................................................................................ 51 Managing cultural heritage........................................................................................................ 51 Assessing significance................................................................................................................... 52 Archaeological research potential ................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 7. Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................... 56 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Significance................................................................................................................................... 56 Land use planning ......................................................................................................................... 57 References ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Appendix 1. Distributions of different site types and development areas........................................ 68 Appendix 2. List of radiocarbon dates from the Dampier Archipelago ............................................ 69 List of Figures Figure 1. The Dampier Archipelago Figure 2. The north-west of Western Australia, showing places mentioned in the text (base mapping from The Macquarie Illustrated World Atlas 1984) Figure 3. The Dampier Archipelago Figure 4. The Burrup Figure 5. Dampier landscape Figure 6. Massive boulder slopes Figure 7. Vertical rock faces Figure 8. Seasonal rock pool Figure 9. Petroglyphs on massive boulders at Skew Valley Figure 10. Petroglyphs are common on rock piles and boulder
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Including Bunbury Day Tours 1300 233
    ABN 22 451 627 039 2016/17 TOUR PROGRAM including Bunbury Day Tours da y t ou rs ext ended Royal tours charters Gala Tours 1300 233 556 Terms and Conditions Itinerary Royal Gala Tours reserves the right to cancel or alter the tour itinerary welcome... as deemed necessary without prior notice. Tour alterations may 2016 is the 10th Anniversary of Royal Gala Tours and we take great occur because of factors outside the control of Royal Gala Tours, i.e. pleasure in presenting our brochure for 2016/2017. We would like to thank our fellow passengers for your wonderful patronage and weather or road conditions. Any / all costs incurred by passengers as look forward to welcoming you and many new passengers aboard a result of cancellations shall be borne by the passengers. Due to the during the coming year. possibility of unforeseen events, the exact arrival and departure times Regards, Peter Gubler, Manager and staff at Royal Gala Tours. cannot be guaranteed by Royal Gala Tours. Tour Cancellation A minimum number of passengers are required to operate each tour. Royal Gala Tours reserves the right to cancel a tour if these minimum numbers are not met. In this case, an alternative tour or full refund shall be arranged as agreed between Royal Gala Tours and the passenger. Conditions of Travel Passengers are to comply with the instructions of the representatives of Royal Gala Tours at all times. Passengers shall not remain on the coach whilst in a position of being unable to care for themselves, or if their behavior, as determined by the representatives of Royal Gala Tours, is offensive to other passengers.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian' Birds
    Q2..4e:.3(; ~2-- Nfb'>i' ~ THE 'LITERA TU·RE OF AUSTRALIAN' BIRDS: .. A HISTORY AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ORNITHOLOGY " , . By HUBERT MASSEY: WHITTELLt a.B.E . .; "~ ,1954 , PLATE 1 PATERSON BROKENSHA PIT. LTD. T'\ •.•_ •.t.. ,V7 Co!oured III-awing of the Lyre-bird by Licutenan1-Grneral Thomas Dn\'ips. I I I 'LOGY A BIBUOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ORNITHOLOGY 769 WHITLOCK. F. L. and WHITTELL, H. M. See WHITIELL. (239), May 15 : 17. I WHITLOCK, F. L.• SERVENTY, D. L., and POLLARD, J. Gaz., 5 (243), .June 1929. Report of R.A.O.U.Committee Appointed at Perth. 1927. Emu, 28 (4), April 1: 285-287. [On the encouragement ::md training of young I rrs' Gaz., 5 (247). collectors.] (252), August 14: 7. WHITTELL, Henry Rawes (1857- AustraZian (Perth), I Born in Sydney, June 8, 1857. From 1874 to 1878 was on survey work in Central Australia under the Government of New South Wales. In Depart• Gaz., 5 (256) Sep• ment of Mines. N.S.W., till 1891. Government Assessor under Land Tax Act of 1895. Secretary Horticultural Society of New South Wales and President, I (260), October 9: 5. Metropolitan Branch, Fanners and Settlers' Association of New South Wales. 6 (269). December An original member of New South Wales Branch Royal Geographical.Society. Member Linnean Society of New South Wales (Council, 1882). His oological ), April 1: 263-267. collection is mentioned by. E. P. Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1882. 's of 1929 and 1930.J 1881. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Meeting of Janual'Y 27, 1881.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue3.7 MB
    Volume Eleven Conservation Science 2016 Western Australia Review and synthesis of knowledge of insular ecology, with emphasis on the islands of Western Australia IAN ABBOTT and ALLAN WILLS i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 17 Data sources 17 Personal knowledge 17 Assumptions 17 Nomenclatural conventions 17 PRELIMINARY 18 Concepts and definitions 18 Island nomenclature 18 Scope 20 INSULAR FEATURES AND THE ISLAND SYNDROME 20 Physical description 20 Biological description 23 Reduced species richness 23 Occurrence of endemic species or subspecies 23 Occurrence of unique ecosystems 27 Species characteristic of WA islands 27 Hyperabundance 30 Habitat changes 31 Behavioural changes 32 Morphological changes 33 Changes in niches 35 Genetic changes 35 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 36 Degree of exposure to wave action and salt spray 36 Normal exposure 36 Extreme exposure and tidal surge 40 Substrate 41 Topographic variation 42 Maximum elevation 43 Climate 44 Number and extent of vegetation and other types of habitat present 45 Degree of isolation from the nearest source area 49 History: Time since separation (or formation) 52 Planar area 54 Presence of breeding seals, seabirds, and turtles 59 Presence of Indigenous people 60 Activities of Europeans 63 Sampling completeness and comparability 81 Ecological interactions 83 Coups de foudres 94 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE 15 FACTORS 94 ii THE TRANSITION FROM MAINLAND TO ISLAND: KNOWNS; KNOWN UNKNOWNS; AND UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS 96 SPECIES TURNOVER 99 Landbird species 100 Seabird species 108 Waterbird
    [Show full text]
  • Editor's Note
    Volume 8: Issue 1 (2021) Editor’s Note CONTENTS Dear ICA Members, Editor’s Note .................. 1 Welcome to 2021! We are now a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, and with vaccines on the market, we are seeing the light at the end Meetings, of the tunnel. Announcements, and Calls for Papers .............. 3 The ICA Interest group will be meeting at this year’s virtual SAA Research Highlights ....... 4 meeting on April 16 from 12-1 PM EDT. Please join us to learn more about the group, get involved, and network with colleagues. All are Lapidary artwork in the welcome! Amerindian Caribbean, a regional, open, online Over the past year, there have been over 1000 new publications in database and GIS ....... 4 81 different journals in our field. In addition, several new books have The La Sagesse been published, four of which are featured in our “Recent Community Publications” section. The quantity and quality of new literature attests to the fact that, despite the pandemic, island and coastal Archaeology Project research is thriving. (LCAP) in Grenada, West Indies ................ 6 As always, please continue to send us your new publications. While Recent Publications ....... 7 we do not rely exclusively on sources sent to us by our members, we usually receive at least one member submission from a journal that Featured New Books: 7 we missed in our biannual literature review. Your submissions help Journals Featuring to provide publicity for your work and assists us in putting together a Recent Island and more thorough bibliography each cycle. Coastal Archaeology Papers: ....................... 8 The last issue of the Current appeared when wildfires and political scandal dominated news headlines, and coastal archaeologists faced New Papers in the reports of accelerating sea level rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Dampier Port Upgrade to 145 Mtpa Capacity
    Dampier Port Increase in Throughput to 145 Mtpa ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STATEMENT Rev 5 September 2007 Dampier Port Increase in throughput to 145 Mtpa ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STATEMENT Rev 5 September 2007 Sinclair Knight Merz 7th Floor, Durack Centre 263 Adelaide Terrace PO Box H615 Perth WA 6001 Australia Tel: +61 8 9268 4400 Fax: +61 8 9268 4488 Web: www.skmconsulting.com COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of Sinclair Knight Merz constitutes an infringement of copyright. LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd’s Client, and is subject to and issued in connection with the provisions of the agreement between Sinclair Knight Merz and its Client. Sinclair Knight Merz accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party. The SKM logo is a trade mark of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd. © Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd, 2006 Environmental Protection Statement Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Proposal 1 1.2.1 Proposal Title 1 1.3 The Proponent 2 1.4 Licensing/Approvals 3 1.5 Current Environmental Approval Process 3 1.5.1 Ministerial Conditions (120 Mtpa) 4 1.5.2 Other Approvals 7 1.6 Project Schedule 8 1.7 Structure of this Document 8 2. Project Justification and Evaluation of Alternatives 11 2.1 Project Justification 11 2.2 Evaluation of Alternatives 11 2.2.1 Development Options beyond 120 Mtpa 11 2.3 No Development Option 12 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Kennedy Range National Park and Proposed Additions 2008 Management Plan No 59 CONTENTS PART A
    Kennedy Range National Park and Proposed Additions 2008 Management Plan No 59 CONTENTS PART A. INTRODUCTION PART A. INTRODUCTION. .1 1. Brief Overview. .1 1. BRIEF Overview 2. Key Values. 1 Kennedy Range National Park is located approximately 150 km PART B. MANAGEMENT DIRECTIONS AND PURPOSE. 3 east of Carnarvon and approximately 15 km north of Gascoyne 3. Vision. 3 Junction. The park and its proposed additions encompass 4. Legislative Framework . 3 319 037 hectares. 5. Management Arrangements with Indigenous People . 4 6. Existing and Proposed Tenure . 4 The range is a remarkable landscape feature which rises about 7. Performance Assessment. .5 100 m above the surrounding plain and comprises an isolated 8. Naming of Sites and Features. .5 remnant of an older land surface. Apart from its outstanding geology and scenic beauty, the park is valued for a variety of PART C. MANAGING THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. 6 natural values. 9. Biogeography. 6 10. Wilderness. 6 The park is located within the Western Australian Planning 11. Climate and Climate Change . .8 Commission’s (WAPC) Gascoyne Planning Region of Western 12. Geology, Geomorphology and Land Systems. .9 Australia and within the Shires of Carnarvon and Upper 13. Hydrology and Catchment Protection. 12 Gascoyne. 14. Native Plants and Plant Communities. 13 15. Native Animals and Habitats. .16 The proposed additions of 177 377 ha were purchased with 16. Threatened Ecological Communities. 20 the intention to add the area to the public conservation estate 17. Environmental Weeds. 20 (nominally as national park). The purchases comprise the Mooka 18. Introduced and Other Problem Animals .
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural History and Cultural Heritage of the Karratha District
    The Natural History and Cultural Heritage of the Karratha District Aboriginal Culture and Heritage Archaeological dating suggests that Aboriginal people have inhabited the Pilbara region for the past 40,000 years. Discoveries in other parts of Australia suggest they arrived on the continent sometime between 45,000 and 60,000 years ago. By the time Europeans settled in Australia, the whole of the continent had been occupied, from the deserts to the high mountains, with people speaking several hundred languages and associated with tribal territories. The evidence of their past lives and activities are present throughout the landscape and comprise a significant cultural heritage asset. Aboriginal culture and land tenure are inextricably interwoven with the creation period known as ‘the Dreaming’. According to Aboriginal belief, mythic beings traversed the country performing heroic deeds, creating physical features, plants and Pansy Hicks on Ngarluma Ngurra Photo by Sharmila Wood 2013 animals, and providing a moral basis for Aboriginal alliances. Ties of marriage influence associations social institutions. Many parts of the landscape between different tribal groups, with some members remain as testament to these ancestral beings spending extended periods outside their own territory, whose spiritual essence resides in places and particularly when going to their spouse’s homeland. objects fundamental to the continued well being and order of the social and natural world. This is the basis of the close and enduring relationship Effects of European Settlement existing between Aboriginal people and their With the rapid development of the pastoral industry traditional lands, forming the focus and control in the 1860s, coastal tribes of the Pilbara suffered of all aspects of Aboriginal life.
    [Show full text]
  • (Burrup) Petroglyphs
    Rock Art Research 2002 - Volume 19, Number 1, pp. 29–40. R. G. BEDNARIK 29 KEYWORDS: Petroglyph – Ferruginous accretion – Industrial pollution – Dampier Archipelago THE SURVIVAL OF THE MURUJUGA (BURRUP) PETROGLYPHS Robert G. Bednarik Abstract. The industrial development on Burrup Peninsula (Murujuga) in Western Australia is briefly outlined, and its effects on the large petroglyph corpus present there are described. This includes changes to the atmospheric conditions that are shown to have been detrimental to the survival of the rock art. Effects on the ferruginous accretion and weathering zone substrate on which the rock art depends for its continued existence are defined, and predictions are offered of the effects of greatly increasing pollution levels that have been proposed. The paper concludes with a discussion of recent events and a call for revisions to the planned further industrial development. Introduction respect for Aboriginal history to do the same. The Burrup is an artificial peninsula that used to be The petroglyphs of the Murujuga peninsula have been called Dampier Island until it was connected to the main- considered to constitute the largest gallery of such rock art land in the mid-1960s, by a causeway supporting both a in the world, although estimates of numbers of motifs have road and rail track. In 1979 it was re-named after the island’s differed considerably, ranging up to Lorblanchet’s (1986) highest hill, Mt Burrup. This illustrates and perpetuates the excessive suggestion that there are 500 000 petroglyphs. common practice in the 19th century of ignoring eminently Except for visits by whalers, pearlers, turtle hunters and eligible existing names of geographical features in favour navigators, this massive concentration remained unknown of dull and insipid European names.
    [Show full text]
  • Adec Preview Generated PDF File
    Records ofthe Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 66: 27-49 (2004). The Burrup Peninsula and Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia: an introduction to the history of its discovery and study, marine habitats and their flora and fauna Diana S. Jones Department of Aquatic Zoology (Crustacea), Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Wester!). Australia 6000, Australia email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Englishman William Dampier who made the first The Dampier Archipelago lies between latitudes recorded European visit to the archipelago in 1688 20°20'5 - 20°45'5 and longitudes 116°24'S -117°05'E (Dampier, 1697). Aboard Captain Swan's Cygnet, he on the Pilbara coast in northwestern Australia, with spent nine weeks on the northwestern coast of the towns of Dampier and Karratha as its focus. Western Australia. Returning in 1699 aboard the The archipelago is situated at the eastern end of an Roebuck, the ship anchored off Enderby Island on 31 extensive chain of small coastal islands between August and on 1 September, Dampier landed on an Exmouth and Dampier and is one of the major island which he named "Rosemary" due to the physical features of the Pilbara coast (Figures 1 and presence of a plant (presently known as Eurybia 2). Western Australia's mineral resources sector is dampieri but awaiting formal publication in Olearia) flourishing and much of the state's investment that reminded him of a herb of that name (George, potential lies in the iron ore and gas and oil-rich 1999). Pilbara region, an area of distinctive climate, The French navigator St Allouarn noted geology, land forms, soils, vegetation and biota.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal.Pone.0233912
    This is a repository copy of Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163057/ Version: Published Version Article: Benjamin, Jonathan, O'Leary, Michael, McDonald, Jo et al. (13 more authors) (2020) Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. PLoS ONE. pp. 1-31. ISSN 1932-6203 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233912 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia 1,2 3 4 1 Jonathan BenjaminID *, Michael O’Leary , Jo McDonald , Chelsea Wiseman , 1 4 4 1 John McCarthy , Emma BeckettID , Patrick Morrison , Francis Stankiewicz , 1 1,5 1,6 1 1,7 Jerem Leach , Jorg Hacker , Paul Baggaley , Katarina JerbićID , Madeline FowlerID
    [Show full text]
  • EPBC Act Referral
    Submission #3836 - Scarborough Development nearshore component Title of Proposal - Scarborough Development nearshore component Section 1 - Summary of your proposed action Provide a summary of your proposed action, including any consultations undertaken. 1.1 Project Industry Type Mining 1.2 Provide a detailed description of the proposed action, including all proposed activities. The Scarborough gas field is located 380 km west-north-west of the Burrup Peninsula in the north-west of Australia. Woodside Energy Ltd (Woodside) will be the development operator, with BHP Billiton Petroleum (North West Shelf) Pty Ltd (BHP) as joint venture participant. The Scarborough gas field development (Scarborough Project) includes drilling of a number of subsea gas wells (which includes wells in the Scarborough, Thebe and Jupiter reservoirs) but may also include additional future tiebacks. Wells will be tied-back to a semi-submersible Floating Production Unit (FPU) moored in approximately 900 m of water, over the Scarborough field. The FPU topsides has processing facilities for gas dehydration and compression to transport the gas through an approximately 430 km trunkline to the Woodside-operated Pluto Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) facility on the Burrup Peninsula. Woodside is proposing the brownfield expansion of Pluto LNG to process third-party gas. Which will require brownfield expansion to process the Scarborough gas. The Proposal, subject of this referral under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the WA Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act), is defined as the State waters components of the Scarborough Project. A detailed scope of the Proposal is presented in Section 2 of the Scarborough Project Nearshore Component Supplementary Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Amanda J Smith, Michael Hughes, David Wood and John Glasson Gasgoyne and Murchison Regions, Western Australia
    INVENTORY OF TOURISM ASSETS ON DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION RANGELAND PROPERTIES Gascoyne and Murchison regions, Western Australia Amanda J Smith, Michael Hughes, David Wood and John Glasson Gasgoyne and Murchison Regions, Western Australia Technical Reports The technical reports present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government or other researchers. Unlike the STCRCs Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. We’d love to know what you think of our new research titles. If you have five minutes to spare, please click visit our website to complete our online survey. Sustainable Tourism CRC Tech Report Feedback National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry Inventory of tourism assets on Department of Conservation and Land Management rangeland properties: Gascoyne and Murchison regions, Western Australia. Smith, Amanda. ISBN 9781920965501 (pbk.). 1. Western Australia. Dept. of Environment and Conservation. 2. Government property – Western Australia – Gascoyne River Region – Evaluation. 3. Government property – Western Australia – Murchison River Region – Evaluation. 4. Tourism – Western Australia – Gascoyne River Region – Evaluation. 5. Tourism – Western Australian – Murchison River Region – Evaluation. I. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. II. Title. Other Authors/Contributors: Hughes, Michael. Wood, David. Glasson, John. 338.47919413 Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2008 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]