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Evaluating Physical Changes in Aquatic Zones and Their Relation with Precipitation in Fars Province

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Evaluating Physical Changes in Aquatic Zones and Their Relation with Precipitation in Fars Province Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment Available online at http://jhe.usb.ac.ir/ ISSN: 2345-5608 Evaluating Physical Changes in Aquatic Zones and Their Relation with Precipitation in Fars Province 1 2 3 4,* M. Khosravian , A. R. Entezari , M. Baaghideh , R. Zandi 1. Ph.D. student of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran. 2,3. Associate Professor of Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran 4,*. Assistant Professor of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Given the recent droughts, it has become increasingly valuable to plan for water Article history: resources management and conservation as well as the protection of local communities. Received: 9 September 2019 Investigating the trend of water resource changes, especially those that are restricted Accepted: 15 December 2019 and have undergone transformations over a short period of time, is applicable for optimal resource management. The present study aims to evaluate physical changes in Fars province's aquatic zones, i.e. Bakhtegan, Tashk, Maharloo, and Parishan lakes, using the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) service and its Keywords: relationship with precipitation over the period 2001-2017. Due to land-use and Water resources, precipitation changes, the areas of these aquatic zones have decreased dramatically. As Land-use, the results show, the area of the province's water surface along with the wetland class Precipitation, 2 MODIS, was 1346.31 km in 2001, comprising 1.09% of the total land use of the province, while Fars Province the amount of water in the province (wetland and aquatic land-use classes) was 99.59 km2 (about 0.75%) in 2017. This indicates a decline of more than 25%. Then, using precipitation data, the relationship between the area of aquatic zones and the precipitation rate was measured. The results indicated a direct and positive correlation between these two factors as 0.76. The highest precipitation concentration was observed in the studied aquatic zones. The reverse was also true in the years when the lakes reached their minimum areas. Gesit, 2006). Wetlands and lakes are useful for local 1. Introduction communities because of the many services that they provide Iran is located in a dry and semi-arid region where dryness (Bagheri et al., 2016). These services are sometimes is an integral part of life. Appropriate water resources referred to as wetland ecological functions. Examples of management should be implemented during droughts in these services and functions include flood control, erosion such areas (Moghimi and Babies, 2016). Among the control, water purification, vital habitat provision, concerns about global environmental change, issues related migration, recreational, economic, educational, research, to land-use changes have become increasingly important and other uses (Rabbani, 2012). over time. User change is a term that describes human works Remote sensing techniques have been employed to track (Meyer and Turner, 1994). and detect the effects of climate change events, droughts Land-use and land cover changes are one of the most and their effects, changes in riverbanks and their effects, important environmental change problems at the local and alteration of river delta vegetation, and changes in protected global levels (Riebsame et al., 1994; Lambin and Geist, areas (Rahdari et al., 2016). Providing land-use and land 2006). Land cover and land-use changes have a direct effect cover maps to inform land uses and planning for arbitrary on climate change. There is also a complex relationship land uses are essential measures for optimal resource between climate change and land cover change (Dale, utilization. This is especially important in sensitive areas, 1997). Moreover, human factors such as land-use change especially wetlands. One of the most important steps taken the climate (Feddema et al., 2005). in planning and implementing integrated water resources management is evaluating water resources (Fussel & Klein, Climate change is now widely recognized as a global 2006). In fact, awareness of the poor quality of water problem with adverse effects on the natural and man-made resources and how it evolves is one of the key prerequisites environments (IPCC, 2007). Evaluating land-use change for rational planning and management of water resources trends is a process that leads to a better understanding of (Rahdari et al., 2012). The system is also monitored to how humans and the environment interact (Lambin and determine the success rate of projects after execution (MacDonald et al., 1991). Monitoring land use in an ________ ecosystem and their dynamics in order to understand the * system in question helps to respond to actions such as [email protected] regeneration, restoration, and protection of ecosystems (Wang, 2009). Assessment and monitoring techniques are 22 wetlands in Iran listed on the Ramsar Convention. As a precise and regionally relevant systems that are flexible in result of the destruction of the aforementioned aquatic scale and combine economic, social, and biophysical zones, lake ecosystem services are being destroyed, aspects to plan various projects such as resuscitation becoming salt marshes. Subsequent saline dust storms also (Dregne, 1994). Nowadays, employing remote sensing pose a serious threat to human health and other local technology in field studies (water, soil, vegetation, etc.) is organisms. In addition, dusts rising from salt marshes are increasingly expanding, and the variety of precision effective in reducing the yield of the region's crops, so it is techniques used in this field is growing (Mainguet, 1994). essential to maintain, revitalize, and manage lake ecosystems. Due to the increasing number of studies Remote sensing techniques and the resulting data have a conducted today, the use of remote sensing technology is high speed and accuracy in surveying and interpreting increasingly used in studies of terrestrial phenomena (water, applications (Roberts et al., 2003). That is why remote soil, vegetation, etc.) and the use of various techniques. And sensing techniques play key roles in determining the exactly this branch is expanding. The purpose of this study availability of wetlands, monitoring and assisting their is to investigate physical changes in and areas of water conservation and management (Garg, 2015), and zones in Fars province (2001, 2010 and 2017) as well as the completing conventional approaches to conserving and possible relationship between physical changes in water monitoring lakes (Bukhara, 2013). zones and the rate of precipitation in the studied years. Remote sensing data have been used to evaluate environmental models and theories as well as change factors 2. Study site in a large number of aquatic ecosystems (Palmer et al, Fars province covers an area of about 122,608 km2 2015). Sima and Tajrishy (2006) used remote sensing to between the latitudes of 27°02' and 31°42' N and the determine changes in the Shadegan wetland surface and its longitudes of 50°42' and 55°36' E. The most important vegetation cover as a part of the wetland water requirement water resources in Fars province include Bakhtegan, Tashk, calculation process. Alesheikh et al. (2007) used Landsat Maharloo and Parishan lakes which have undergone imagery to monitor the shores of Lake Urmia and to significant changes in water potential and land use due to determine the reduction of lake area between 1976 and the weather conditions in the last decade. The average 2009. Mozaffari and Narrangi Fard (2014) investigated the temperature in Fars province is between 15 and 23°C and effect of precip the average monthly rainfall is 48.45 mm, with a maximum changes using remote sensing data. The findings showed of 184.2 mm in December and a minimum of zero mm in that the lake area in 2009 was 107 km2 lower than that in July, October, and November. 1999, mainly due to a 200-mm decrease in precipitation over the same period. Conditions indicate that the lake is heavily influenced by the precipitation rate. Samiei et al. 3. Materials and Methods (2017) investigated the impact of climate change on Lake The materials used in the present study were the MODIS Land Cover Type product and two Terra and Aqua To achieve this, they used the Blue Index (NDWI) for an satellites. The Land Cover product is available with the 18-year period. The results showed that in spite of some acronyms MCD12Q1 and MCD12C1, whose difference is fluctuations in the lake area, it has been decreased in the in the size of their pixels. It shows a great variety of spatial long run. characteristics. Using a maximum likelihood algorithm, maps of land-use and land cover changes in northwestern Egyptian coastal regions were obtained via remote sensing techniques, geographic information systems, and Landsat imagery during a period from 1987 to 2002 (Shalabye & Tateishi, 2007). Rimal (2009) examined changes in vegetation and urban land use in Nepal. The results showed a high level of Fig.2. Land cover flowchart urban land-use development as opposed to reduced vegetation cover from 1976 to 2009. Hwang et al. (2016) investigated changes in the level of 23 lakes in the The pixel size of the first product is 500 × 500 m and that Quaternary Plateau from January 1993 to December 2014. of the second product is 5600 × 5600 m. But, in terms of The results showed that the lake levels were mainly time, both the annual data and the available data are from increased in the eastern lakes and decreased in the western 2001 onwards. In terms of location, it covers the whole part. The surface of the lake was affected by the monsoons planet. The positions and coordinates defined for the Earth's and the location of the lakes.
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