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FUELING GROWTH, HEALTH, AND PROSPERITY
Although in many ways 2002 was a year of struggle for the International Potato Center, it was also one of revitalization. Decreases in
funding forced us to make difficult choices I
FUELING GROWTH, NTERNATIONAL involving staff reduction and program HEALTH, AND PROSPERITY restriction, which were offset by a drive to P OTATO heighten efficiencies and build up fundraising C efforts. The result, for which all of CIP staff ENTER deserves great credit, was positive. We A 7
reached the end of the year with a much NNUAL
smaller deficit than we had anticipated (see R EPORT
A shared effort to sustain impact, page 85) 2002 and were able to rebuild our reserves to a level that we could feel comfortable with. All of this set the stage for a balanced budget for
2003 and a period of solid reconstruction.
CIP’s Fifth External Program and
Management Review (EPMR), conducted in early 2002, acknowledged the Center’s
“significant achievements” and signaled the strengths that have contributed to these, as well as areas that required improvement. The CGIAR interim
Science Council (iSC) endorsed the EPMR’s findings with a call for greater support to CIP “as the key
supplier of international public good research for roots and tubers.”
One of the key responses to the EPMR recommendations was the decision to embark upon a CIP
Vision exercise (see A new CIP Vision, page 55). For this exercise, which will culminate in 2003, we
are using the roadmapping approach introduced to CIP by David MacKenzie. Throughout the six years
he served on our Board of Trustees, David was a tremendous source of guidance, inspiration, and 2002 2002
encouragement for the Center, and his unexpected illness and death in the course of the year signified EPORT EPORT R R a great loss to the CIP community. His keen insight, nonetheless, continues to guide us. NNUAL NNUAL At CIP, we are convinced that roots and tubers are the foods of the future. In an era when these crops 88 A A are clearly growing in importance as sources of food, nutrition, and improved livelihoods, especially in the ENTER ENTER C C countries we serve, we are committed to working effectively to realize their enormous potential in fueling OTATO OTATO growth, health, and prosperity. They are tremendously adaptable, demonstrate high production efficiency, P P
provide flexibility for responding to health concerns, are versatile as income generators, and, perhaps most
important, have a potential for improvement in productivity that is nowhere near being exhausted. NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL I I
In 2002 we also confirmed the importance of our work in the areas of natural resource management
and urban agriculture. CIP participated actively in the CGIAR systemwide process of identifying high priority
Challenge Programs, in particular through the formulation of two proposals centered on efforts led by us:
the Global Mountain Program and the Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture. Although
these two initiatives were not chosen within the first group of Challenge Programs to be launched, the
iSC, donors, and other stakeholders insisted that we sustain and strengthen them to guarantee an enhanced response to the real and actual global challenges they address. As we did so, CIP scientists continued to explore ways of contributing to the Challenge Programs that have gone forward: Biofortified
Crops for Improved Human Nutrition, principally with the work of the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership to combat vitamin A deficiency; Water and Food, with our growing capabilities in natural I resource management and development of modeling tools; and Unlocking Genetic Diversity in Crops for I NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL the Resource Poor, an effort that has been at the heart of CIP’s research since the Center’s founding.
In addition, despite the increased demands on our staff, CIP made steady progress in research on many P P OTATO OTATO other fronts. This included outstanding advances, for instance, in bacterial wilt research involving rapid C C ENTER screening for resistance traits and improvements in integrated disease management. More than 20 years of ENTER A investment in breeding for virus resistance also bore fruit with the incorporation of resistance to two major A 99 NNUAL potato viruses—PVX and PVY—into our premier late-blight-resistant populations as well as other promising NNUAL R breeding lines. You will read about many other Center achievements in the pages that follow. R EPORT EPORT
As CIP moves forward into 2003, we are concentrating on rebuilding our capabilities in Asia and Africa, 2002 2002 some of which have been lost through downsizing, others through natural attrition. The Vision exercise will help us to target the areas of extreme need within those regions where CIP’s contribution can make a distinct difference. As always, we thank the donors who have stood by us in 2002, especially those who provide the core funds that are the pillars of our research program, and we look forward to continuing to work with them for a promising—and fruitful—2003.
Hubert Zandstra Director General PRESERVING THE CORE, STIMULATING PROGRESS This Annual Report provides an opportunity to reflect on the process
in which CIP finds itself immersed: the creation of a new Vision for the Center. We see food security, human and
environmental health, and adequate livelihoods as fundamental rights of all people, and our aim is to contribute to
their fulfillment as effectively as possible. To do so, we must be selective. The Vision exercise will help us to focus our
work and increase our impact on the interrelated challenges we face. Recognition of our core competencies—the
pillars of our success—will help us to pinpoint the areas where we can make the biggest difference. At the same time,
the analysis of emerging needs and opportunities in the light of these competencies will allow us to identify where we
need renewed impetus. 2002
In the following pages, you will read about activities that have been at the foundation of our research agenda from EPORT R the outset, and also about areas where we are making new headway. Our work in conservation and breeding has paved NNUAL the way for advances in combating important diseases such as late blight, contributing both to the development of new 10
A potato varieties with durable resistance and to the protection of biodiversity in this crop’s center of origin (Late blight
ENTER research zeros in on a moving target, page 35). More than 30 years of experience in participatory, integrated crop C
management has facilitated the application of new ways of dealing with emerging pest problems (Global cooperation OTATO
P needed to combat leafminer fly, page 21). And in Africa, two decades of cooperative networking has creating a crucial
support system for VITAA (Vitamin A for Africa), a food-based approach to combating vitamin A deficiency that is offering
hope to millions (Neighbors helping neighbors, page 11). Meanwhile, CIP researchers are developing innovative modeling NTERNATIONAL I
tools for systems analysis that support sound decision making on technological change and resource investment (New
modeling tools simplify decision making in complex mountain ecosystems, page 27). In Asia, a fortified regional approach
promises to help us realize the enormous potential of root and tuber crops for responding to urgent food and income
needs (Scientists prepare for new era of CIP–China cooperation, page 45).
We are pleased to share these accomplishments with you on behalf of all of our many stakeholders: the donors,
researchers, agents of change, policy makers, and farmers throughout the world who we labor side by side with to make
it all work, and to make it work for all. NEIGHBORS
HELPING NEIGHBORS: I A STRATEGY FOR NTERNATIONAL In 1988, in an emergency effort to restart SUB AHARAN FRICA -S A Uganda’s national potato program, scientists
working in Rwanda under the umbrella of P OTATO
PRAPACE (the French acronym for the Regional C
FOR TWO DECADES, MANY Network for the Improvement of Potatoes and ENTER
Sweetpotatoes in Eastern and Southern Africa) A
OF AFRICA’S LEADING ROOT 11 supplied their Ugandan colleagues with 9 tons of NNUAL AND TUBER CROP SCIENTISTS high quality potato seed. At the time, Uganda
was recovering from nearly 15 years of political R EPORT HAVE WORKED TOGETHER upheaval that had left the country’s once-thriving 2002 agriculture in disarray. Without an infusion of THROUGH A NETWORK clean seed stocks and improved varieties,
CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF scientists feared that Ugandan potato farmers
would be forced to plant deteriorated seed, all THE DEVELOPING WORLD’S but guaranteeing poor yields and little return on
MOST SUCCESSFUL RESEARCH investment. The effort was a success, and Uganda’s potato program subsequently recovered.
AND DEVELOPMENT Rwanda’s generosity was repaid in 1994
following that country’s own civil war. Weeks PROGRAMS before the nation’s farmers began returning from
camps set up across the border in the SINCE ITS FOUNDING 20 YEARS AGO, PRAPACE HAS HELPED TO STRENGTHEN NETWORKING FOR ROOT AND TUBER CROP DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA.
Democratic Republic of the Congo, aid donors
began looking for a source of high quality potato
seed that could be supplied to thousands of
returning refugees. Uganda’s National Agricultural
Research Organization—a PRAPACE member—
helped avert a crisis by providing 20 tons of
quality potato tubers as part of the CGIAR’s Seeds
of Hope Campaign. As it turned out, much of the
material sent to Rwanda was derived from the 2002 emergency shipment Rwandan scientists had sent EPORT to Uganda six years before. R NNUAL A GOOD-NEWS STORY 12
A “This is the kind of good-news story that you
ENTER don’t hear much about in the media,” says C PRAPACE Coordinator Berga Lemaga, “but it’s not
OTATO all that unusual either. In Africa, when problems P arise neighbors try to help neighbors.”
Today, Rwanda produces nearly three times as
NTERNATIONAL many potatoes as it did 20 years ago, including I
large numbers of improved, CIP-derived varieties countries. German farmers, for example, produced
that have a broader genetic background than the about 11 million tons, while Rwanda—with one
potatoes grown in most industrialized countries. tenth of the population and less than 1 percent of
In Rwanda, as in much of eastern and southern the land—produced nearly 1 million tons.
Africa, potato is a basic food security crop and a
major income generator for the poor. In 2001, NOT JUST POTATOES
per capita potato production equaled that of Originally established as a potato research
some of Europe’s largest potato producing network, PRAPACE now covers sweetpotato as PRAPACE MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS
Burundi Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISAR)
DR Congo Institut National d’Etudes et de Recherches Agronomiques (INERA) I NTERNATIONAL Ethiopia Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO)
Eritrea Department of Agricultural Research and Extension of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Extension (DRE) P OTATO Kenya Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) C
Madagascar Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement ENTER
Rural (FOFIFA/FIFAMANOR) A 13 Rwanda Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR) NNUAL Sudan Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Khartoum R
Tanzania Uyole Agricultural Research and Training Institute (UARTI) EPORT
Uganda National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) 2002
well. The network invests nearly half of its fight against vitamin A deficiency,” says Regina
US$400,000 annual budget in sweetpotato Kapinga, Coordinator of the VITAA (Vitamin A for research and development, with highest priority Africa) Partnership (see page 63). Vitamin A directed to the distribution and testing of orange- deficiency is one of Africa’s most widespread fleshed sweetpotato varieties or OFSPs, which public health problems, and also one of its most contain high levels of beta-carotene, used by the treatable, she says. For example, a CIP study body to make vitamin A. “PRAPACE has been a presented at a recent meeting of the key player in our efforts to promote OFSPs in the International Vitamin A Consultative Group
Continued on page 18 DETECTING VIRUS DISEASES
CIP has used enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
nucleic acid spot hybridization
(NASH) techniques to develop
highly effective detection kits that
are relied upon by PRAPACE seed
producers and tissue culture
laboratories to detect virus-infected
seed tubers. The simple-to-use kits 2002 2002 can detect, with high sensitivity EPORT EPORT R R and accuracy, the world’s four
leading potato viruses and the NNUAL NNUAL viroid PSTVd, which are transmitted 14 A A by aphids and mechanically during
tuber handling. Because African ENTER ENTER C C potato farmers use very little OTATO OTATO insecticide, and because there are P P few sources of genetic resistance
to viruses available, control
depends on eliminating infected NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL I I seed before it reaches farmers’
fields. The kits give seed producers
the ability to detect viruses at high
levels of efficiency, rivaling the
standards obtained in sophisticated
laboratories in developed
countries. A QUESTION OF SEED I NTERNATIONAL Ask any African potato or sweetpotato farmer • In support of that effort, government and what they want most and their response will be private sector laboratories are producing large “high quality seed.” The better the seed, the quantities of “basic seed,” a product that is P greater the return on investment. Farmers who virtually pest- and disease-free. Basic seed, the OTATO use superior quality seed can easily double or highest quality seed, is normally provided in C triple production. small quantities to top seed producers to ENTER Since its inception, PRAPACE has invested heavily produce seed for the market. A in rural seed production projects in an effort to • In Ethiopia, the national potato program—a 15
move improved varieties to where they are needed PRAPACE affiliate—established its first modern NNUAL most. In 2002, more than 1.2 million farmers tissue culture laboratory. The new lab, which is R working through hundreds of nongovernmental and multiplying four potato varieties for the EPORT community-based organizations participated in Ethiopian highlands, has the capacity to 2002 PRAPACE seed programs. produce up to 1 million ultra-high quality plants • In Rwanda, 240 local seed associations per year. distributed nearly 18,000 tons of superior • To jump start potato breeding and quality potato tubers, almost doubling the development efforts in Sudan and Tanzania amount distributed in 2001. PRAPACE, in cooperation with CIP, provided • In Burundi, government agriculturalists set researchers in those countries with a series of rehabilitation of the country’s national potato new breeding lines that have proven successful seed program as priority for the period 2002– elsewhere in the region. The objective is to 2004. Burundi’s goal is to produce 10,000 tons develop varieties that are well suited to local of high quality tubers by the end of 2004 conditions in the shortest possible time and at using CIP/PRAPACE-released varieties. limited expense. AFRICA AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR
Economists and development experts agree that one of the best ways to promote
rural development in sub-Saharan Africa is for farm enterprises to tap into local
and international markets. For African farmers to take advantage of market
opportunities, however, they will need to produce higher quality products that are
delivered on time and in sufficient quantity. To link farmers and markets, PRAPACE
encourages participatory research involving community-based organizations, the
private sector, and national research and development programs. 2002 • In 2002, investments in postharvest research by PRAPACE and Uganda’s National
EPORT Agricultural Research Organization led to the release of a highly nutritious R porridge by the Maganjo Millers, a local food processor. The new high-protein, NNUAL high-beta-carotene product, known as Nutri-Porridge, is made from a combination 16
A of orange-fleshed sweetpotato, maize, and groundnuts. It is reportedly outselling
all of its competitors on the Kampala market and is already in short supply. ENTER C • A partnership established with the Uganda-based House of Quality Spices has
OTATO opened up new opportunities for local farmers to export potato and sweetpotato P flour to Europe. The company also plans to produce snack foods for sale to
neighboring countries including Rwanda, where its products received high marks
NTERNATIONAL from the nation’s President, Paul Kagame, after he performed a taste test. I • A Rwandan company, Potato Enterprises, recently announced that it would
commence commercial chipping operations in 2003 using CIP potato varieties
released through PRAPACE. The firm’s long-term strategy calls for the
manufacture of nearly 5,000 tons of chipped potatoes during its first year of
operations, with a ten-year goal of 15,000 tons. Seventy-five percent of its output
is slated for export. • More than 20 Kenyan companies are currently involved in production of frozen
potatoes and snack foods for the domestic market. One food processor,
Mugumo Family Farms, produces 1.2 tons of processed products per week,
mainly for the hotel and airline industries. Farmers who sell their potatoes to I Mugumo receive twice the going price for their products. NTERNATIONAL
• Researchers working for the commercial feed companies UGACHICK and
NUVITA in Uganda are conducting studies to determine the feasibility of P
using sweetpotato as a principal ingredient in commercial animal feeds. If OTATO
successful, their products will be sold in Burundi, the Democratic Republic C
of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Processors are attracted to ENTER
sweetpotato because of the productive potential of improved varieties and A 17 because of their early maturity, which helps farmers produce up to three NNUAL crops per year. Many of the new varieties are also high in beta-carotene, R
an important ingredient in poultry feed. EPORT
• As Ugandan sweetpotato production reaches record levels, Maganjo Millers in 2002 Kampala has agreed to purchase all of the orange-fleshed sweetpotato produced
by farmers in Uganda’s Soroti and Kumi districts. The agreement is expected to
remove a marketing bottleneck that has limited the crop’s potential.
• Western Kenyan community-based organizations in three districts are involved in
producing and marketing weaning foods that contain orange-fleshed
sweetpotato. The NGO Appropriate Rural Development Agricultural Program, for
example, works with local processors to supply charity homes and midwives
with a product, attractively packaged in 1 kg packets, that they use to improve
the health of their clients. Continued from page 13
concluded that up to 50 million children under Government’s Ministry for Technical Cooperation
five would benefit if African farmers switched (BMZ) and its operating arm, GTZ.
from traditional white-fleshed varieties to
improved orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes. A SHARED MISSION
“We have been working closely with PRAPACE The PRAPACE network, which celebrated its
to distribute orange-fleshed varieties to its twentieth anniversary in 2002, supports the
member countries, and we expect that the region’s farmers by providing a range of technical
network will play an important role in promoting services through the combined efforts of the
a new generation of sweetpotatoes that is just agricultural research and extension programs of 2002 now beginning to reach the region,” Kapinga its ten member countries. EPORT says. She notes that PRAPACE was an early PRAPACE membership is not automatic. To R
proponent of orange-fleshed varieties, and join, a prospective member must apply formally NNUAL invested significant resources to demonstrate the and then agree to commit staff and resources for 18
A feasibility of using OFSPs to eliminate vitamin A research in a specific problem area. Scientists in
ENTER deficiency among young children and their Burundi, for example, play a lead role in C mothers. The early VITAA varieties were high integrated disease management focusing on
OTATO beta-carotene lines selected from farmer varieties bacterial wilt, while researchers in Uganda and P and genebank holdings. Ethiopia work on varietal testing and late blight
CIP plant breeders have produced a new and disease management. In this way, PRAPACE helps
NTERNATIONAL improved set of OFSP materials that not only to pool resources and maximize benefits. Among I
meet local market standards for taste and its newest members, Tanzania joined in 1998
texture, but also can be harvested earlier—a followed by Madagascar and Sudan in 1999.
factor that is important for pest control because “We estimate that the value of the services
it limits exposure in the field—and produce provided by PRAPACE members now totals more
higher yields. The new plant types, which began than US$1.0 million annually, roughly four times
shipping from CIP headquarters at the end of the amount provided by our international
2002, are the first to emerge from a six-year sponsors,“ Lemaga says. PRAPACE receives its
breeding program supported by the German principal funding from the United States Agency ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED AS A POTATO NETWORK, PRAPACE NOW DEDICATES ABOUT HALF OF ITS BUDGET TO SWEETPOTATO, IN PARTICULAR TO THE NEW ORANGE-FLESHED VARIETIES BEING PROMOTED BY THE VITAA PARTNERSHIP (BOTTOM).
for International Development (USAID), with
complementary grants from Canada’s International
Development Research Center (IDRC) and the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO). The network is governed by a steering
committee composed of the leaders of the I national potato and sweetpotato research NTERNATIONAL
programs of its member countries. CIP is the
project’s executing agency and provides technical P
backstopping. OTATO C ENTER ASARECA: A STRENGTHENING ASSOCIATION
While PRAPACE’s overarching mission is to A 19 promote root and tuber research and NNUAL development among its members, the network R
members are particularly proud of their success EPORT
in supporting linkages and communication 2002 between a range of different organizations. Such
linkages are particularly important, Lemaga notes,
as the world globalizes and as the region’s
environmental problems become more
challenging. “No one nation or group of nations
can go it alone and be successful,” he says.
PRAPACE partner agencies currently include
four Future Harvest Centers—CIAT, CIP, ICRAF,
and IITA—and FAO, IDRC, and two dozen
bilateral agencies and nongovernmental
organizations. Its most important relationship, however, is with ASARECA, the Association for example of what can be achieved when
Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern countries and international organizations work
and Central Africa. PRAPACE operates under the together to collectively and equitably promote
auspices of ASARECA and is one of its twelve regional economic growth through agriculture.”
commodity research and development networks. “PRAPACE is also an important part of our
ASARECA, established in 1993, is a regional efforts to promote long-term sustainability of our
coordinating body set up to improve the quality natural resources,” he says. “Maintaining the land
and cost-effectiveness of agricultural research, and the water is not a foreign concept, it is very
support regional collaboration, and improve much in keeping with traditional African culture 2002 information and technology delivery. It is and traditions. Through PRAPACE and ASARECA EPORT considered one of Africa’s most important we are working together to achieve a greater R
research partnerships and an essential mechanism good by combining our traditions with science NNUAL for agricultural development in the region. that serves the public’s greater interest. We 20
A Former USAID project officer Carole Levin says congratulate PRAPACE and all of its members on
ENTER that her agency’s decision to invest in ASARECA its twentieth anniversary.” C was originally linked to PRAPACE’s early success CIP research in sub-Saharan Africa is broadly
OTATO and to its Directors Committee’s willingness to supported by the CGIAR donor community through P lobby for a regional organization that would work nonrestricted funding and, in particular, by
with crops other than potatoes and sweetpotatoes. restricted projects financed by Germany and the
NTERNATIONAL “The PRAPACE Steering Committee laid much of United States. Other important donors include I
the ground work for ASARECA by demonstrating IDRC, the McKnight Foundation, and the UK’s
the value of regional cooperation and the benefits Department for International Development, which
of pooling national resources,” she says. support research and development in the areas of
“We are extremely proud of our early links postharvest utilization, peri-urban agriculture, and
and our ongoing association with PRAPACE,” adds genetic conservation.
ASARECA Director Seyfu Ketama. “PRAPACE is an The tiny leafminer, sometimes known as the pea
leafminer, emerged from its home in the
Americas sometime in the 1970s, invading farms
in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Once thought to have
spread to developing countries from Europe,
scientists now believe that the leafminer traveled I NTERNATIONAL P
GLOBAL COOPERATION OTATO C
NEEDED TO COMBAT ENTER A
LEAFMINER FLY 21 from its place of origin in Central America on NNUAL
vegetable and flower exports. It is now R
considered a significant threat to agriculture and EPORT THE LEAFMINER FLY (LIRIOMYZA
the environment. 2002
HUIDOBRENSIS), AN INSECT PEST “Leafminer is nearly as serious a problem as
the whitefly,” says Pamela Anderson, the THAT ATTACKS POTATOES AND A International Potato Center’s Deputy Director
RANGE OF OTHER HORTICULTURAL General for Research. “It’s found throughout the tropics and is fast becoming a leading cause of
CROPS, IS FAST BECOMING A pesticide abuse.“ Anderson, an entomologist,
was the head of the CGIAR Tropical Whitefly WORLDWIDE CAUSE FOR CONCERN IPM Project until she joined the Center in June
TO FARMERS, CONSUMERS, AND of 2002.
ENVIRONMENTALISTS TEST CASE IN CAÑETE specialist now working with the World Bank’s
CIP first began working on the leafminer fly Department of Sustainable Development.
problem in the 1990s in Peru’s Cañete Valley, “Cañete was a convenient place to start, and
one of the country’s leading agricultural zones. the problems we encountered there were
This work is well known in agricultural circles as significant. In many instances farmers’ fields
the first successful test case of classical looked like they had been attacked by
integrated pest management (IPM) for leafminer flamethrowers,” Lagnaoui says.
fly, says Aziz Lagnaoui, a former CIP IPM At the time, the valley’s potato producers
were spraying pesticides in dangerous chemical 2002 cocktails, mixing compounds such as methyl EPORT parathion with other toxic insecticides. Virtually all R
of the chemicals being used in Cañete had been NNUAL classified by the World Health Organization as 22
A “extremely hazardous.” The Cañete studies, which
ENTER were conducted in cooperation with the NGO C Valle Grande and local farmers, showed that the
OTATO valley’s leafminer fly explosion was directly linked P to pesticide misuse. Even so, as the problem
intensified, farmers used increasing amounts of
NTERNATIONAL chemicals, in some cases spending up to US$800 I
per hectare. It was obvious, Lagnaoui says, that
the insect had developed resistance and that the
chemicals were no longer working.
Research in Cañete Valley eventually led to a
major shift in strategy. Instead of attacking the
pest during its adult stage, farmers were shown
how to use parasitoid wasps to kill the larvae
before they could grow to adulthood and
YELLOW TRAPS, FIRST TESTED IN CAÑETE VALLEY, ARE USED TO MONITOR LEAFMINER FLY POPULATIONS. CIP RESEARCHER WARSITO TANTOWIJOYO AND FARMER-RESEARCHER GUNAWAN INSPECT A FIELD DURING A PROJECT PLANNING WORKSHOP IN TANAH KARO, NORTH SUMATRA.
highlands of Indonesia where they attacked
potato and vegetable crops.
In each of the locations where it was found,
the pest had become increasingly difficult to
control with insecticides, and there were
indications that the natural enemy complex had I NTERNATIONAL reproduce. The tiny wasps, which feed only on leafminers, lay their eggs on or near the larvae, P which serve as a food source. OTATO
Other measures that contributed to the C ENTER success included the use of less toxic pesticides combined with crop rotation when possible, A 23 practices that help prevent the pest from NNUAL developing resistance, or at least delay it. In R
addition, farmers were taught how to monitor EPORT infestation level before spraying. Valle Grande 2002 officials would later testify to the results: the research saved farmers a great deal of money and helped to promote a more sustainable way of controlling the pest. been disrupted. It was agreed that basic studies
on the population dynamics of the pest and its
POPULATION DYNAMICS natural enemies would be needed to make
The progress made in managing the problem was informed recommendations for an integrated encouraging, but by the mid-1990s the pest was management scheme. spreading rapidly to other areas. Leafminers had In 1997, CIP scientists initiated the first in a become a problem in Southeast Asia, for series of population dynamics studies. By example, and were already a major pest in the collecting basic information about the pest and
LEAFMINER DAMAGE (ABOVE) IS EVIDENT IN THE FIELDS OF BANJARNEGARA, CENTRAL JAVA. associated natural enemies, the studies provided ecology of the pest and its natural enemies. One
a better understanding of the pest’s biology and key finding has been that in potato plots where
behavior, as well as its interactions in different no insecticides were applied over three
farming systems and ecologies. Indonesia was cropping cycles, leafminer populations gradually
considered an ideal location to conduct the decreased, along with damage to the crop. The
studies because of its tropical environment and studies also showed that parasitoid species
because the leafminer was a relative newcomer emerging from leafminer pupae had become
to the area. more diverse, increasing the chances
“Population dynamics studies can be tedious of controlling the pest without insecticides. 2002 and even back-breaking research, but without In North Sumatra, where the pest was EPORT them you’re working in the dark,” says Anderson. previously abundant, the studies showed that R
“The natural tendency is to say that leafminer is a the insects had all but disappeared. Moreover, NNUAL problem, so let’s do something about it. Until you when farmers who had stopped potato 24
A have a basic understanding of how the insect production resumed growing the crop, the
ENTER relates to the environment and to the farmers’ leafminer’s natural enemies that had re- C production system, however, it’s unlikely that established themselves continued to suppress
OTATO you’re going to make progress towards the pest. Equally encouraging was the fact that P sustainable management.” participating farmers began to recognize the
negative link between pesticides and leafminer
NTERNATIONAL MAKING WAY FOR NATURAL ENEMIES infestation. I
Working with funds provided by the Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research, CIP GLOBAL PROJECT
scientists studied the leafminer and its natural “We’ve also learned from the studies that the
enemies in close collaboration with local farm best way to tackle leafminer fly is globally and
groups, national research institutes, and a variety collaboratively,” Anderson adds. The problem is
of nongovernmental organizations. The trials, simply too big, too widespread, and too
which are on-going, continue to provide important for any one organization to handle it
important new information on the biology and on its own.
Continued on page 26 I NTERNATIONAL
OPE FOR A LEAFMINER P H - OTATO RESISTANT POTATO C ENTER A
The long-term goal of a population dynamics study lines were developed for other purposes, such as 25
is to set the stage for the development of for resistance to late blight or production from NNUAL recommendations for an integrated pest true potato seed,” she says. “Fortunately, the R management (IPM) program that farmers can use broad genetic base of CIP’s breeding populations EPORT to effectively and sustainably manage pest and their exposure to diverse stress conditions 2002 infestations. IPM “packages” typically include traps, during selection enables us to identify varieties biological control agents, selective insecticides, that will be robust in countering various pest and and, when available, resistant varieties. disease problems beyond our primary targets.” At the present time, there are no commercial Experiments conducted with farmers in Peru’s potato varieties with high levels of resistance to Cañete Valley will help to test whether or not the leafminers. Recent trials, however, have identified new lines can be used to produce a successful crop five advanced lines—two of them with high levels without resorting to pesticides. If the trials are of resistance—that may prove useful in managing successful, it should then be possible to boost the the pest. effectiveness of future IPM schemes by providing “The resistance was discovered by chance farmers with the option of planting resistant varieties. when a series of CIP breeding lines entered The availability of a leafminer-resistant potato, standard evaluation trials in 2002,” says Meredith entomologists say, could reduce the number of Bonierbale, Head of CIP’s Crop Improvement and times a farmer needs to apply insecticides by Genetic Resources Department. “These particular 70 or 80 percent. For example, taxonomists estimate that there major species across a range of cropping
are approximately 3,000 different species of systems and ecologies. It would also involve
leafminers, although only four species cause researchers from many different national and
serious damage to food crops. Those four, international organizations, drawing in financial
however, can be hard to distinguish. “To move resources from multiple sources and eliminating
forward, we will need the services of molecular duplication of effort.
taxonomists who can identify with certainty the “What we would like to see is a program that
existence of the pest at specific locations,” says pulls together the best research currently
Anderson. Similar services would be required for available, fills in the gaps in our knowledge, and 2002 leafminer predators and parasitoids, which are eventually provides us with a comprehensive EPORT also difficult to identify. overview of the problem,” Anderson says. Critical R
“It’s our hope that in the future leafminer to that effort would be the use of modern NNUAL research will be conducted globally so that we molecular techniques, geographic information 26
A can attack the problem from a systems systems, and computer modeling. The project,
ENTER perspective,” Anderson says. At the moment, Anderson estimates, would cost approximately C CIP research is limited to the species that attack US$7.5 million over a five-year period.
OTATO potatoes. A global project would address all P NTERNATIONAL I EW TOOLS SIMPLIFY N Ji Qiumei is one of the first Asian researchers
DECISION MAKING IN COMPLEX to be trained in the use of a new series of modeling tools designed to help policy makers
MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS make better decisions about the management
of mountain ecosystems. Her training also makes
her one of a small but growing cadre of Asian I NTERNATIONAL scientists equipped to take on the challenge of
capturing the bigger picture of the systems in
which agriculture is embedded. P OTATO In 2002, Ji completed 24 months of training
at CIP headquarters as part of her PhD dissertation. C ENTER
Ji, who is Tibet’s first woman to get a PhD in A
27
“IF WE WANT TO CRACK THE NNUAL R
REALLY HARD POVERTY IN EPORT 2002 MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS, THE
NEXT LOGICAL STEP WILL BE TO
agricultural science, used her dissertation research MOVE FROM OUR FOCUS ON THE to conduct an inventory of natural resources on
FIELD TO A BROADER VIEW OF the Tibetan Plateau. “The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is Asia’s water THE SYSTEMS IN WHICH THOSE tower,” says Nyima Tashi, Director General of the
Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal FIELDS ARE EMBEDDED” Sciences (TAAAS). “We once assumed that the
PAMELA ANDERSON, CIP DDG FOR RESEARCH best way to spend our resources would be in
animal production and crops, but Ji’s modeling HI-TECH GEAR FOR HIGHLAND RESEARCH
The environmental health of mountain and hillside areas has a direct impact on
the availability and safety of human drinking water, on our food supplies, and,
increasingly, on political stability, says Hugo Li Pun, CIP’s Deputy Director General for
Corporate Development. In an address to a special session of the United Nations
General Assembly at the launching of the International Year of the Mountains, Li Pun,
an expert on highland agriculture, noted that the importance of mountain ecosystems
was first highlighted at the Earth Summit in 1992. The major issues addressed there
were summarized in Chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment 2002 and Development.
EPORT “The Rio Summit generated the political will to undo hundreds of years of R mismanagement and neglect. Ironically, at the time, we didn’t really have the tools NNUAL to act,” he says. Since then, researchers have armed themselves with new hi-tech 28
A gear, including computer models that can accurately analyze the health of mountain
ecosystems and help governments and local communities make more informed ENTER C decisions about managing natural resources.
OTATO Some of the biggest improvements since Rio have been in the area of P information and computers, Li Pun notes. E-mail and the worldwide web, combined
with the development of computer simulation models, have created opportunities to
NTERNATIONAL exchange information and exciting new ways to solve problems. I Researchers are also better able to judge the potential of new technologies
before they commit resources to them. For example, last year CIP social scientists,
working in tandem with GIS specialists and crop scientists in Africa, used satellite
imagery and newly installed geographic information software to calculate the
potential of new crop varieties to alleviate malnutrition in the East African highlands.
“In the past, it might have taken years to gather that kind of information, if it could
have been done at all,” Li Pun says. THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU IS ASIA’S WATER TOWER. WHAT HAPPENS THERE DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE HEALTH OF THREE OF THE WORLD’S MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS.
animals that farmers produce, she says, have led
to overgrazing and soil compaction, which in turn
increases run off and erosion.
Ji notes that if policy makers would encourage
animal producers to operate only in those areas
that are best suited to the task, and then factor I into the analysis water-related revenues over time, NTERNATIONAL
the policy environment would likely change, as
would Tibet’s priorities for agricultural research. P OTATO
HONEST BROKERS C ENTER “Modelers are like honest brokers,” says CIP
modeler Roberto Quiroz. “If they do their jobs A 29 work showed us that our priorities ought to be in correctly they’ll come to the process without an NNUAL maintaining the integrity of our water supplies.” agenda, without preconceived notions.” R
Water is an important and sometimes “With modeling you can test different options EPORT controversial issue in the Himalayas. What happens up front without committing resources,” adds 2002 on the Tibetan Plateau directly affects the health Quiroz. “It’s a money saver, especially in of three of the world’s major river systems—the mountain environments where it’s often difficult
Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Brahmaputra. to measure things in one place and extrapolate
“Our analysis showed that Tibet’s farming the data to another. With modeling you can look systems are not designed to take advantage of at things from a systems perspective.” our water resources in a way that benefits local Quiroz notes that until recently, modelers had people or our neighbors,” Ji says. The country’s little reason to take on assignments in highland strong focus on maximizing agricultural output is areas. Changes began to occur with the political literally spending down its water resources and commitment provided by the 1992 Earth Summit diminishing the quality of the supply for people in Rio, as well as the availability of new downstream. Efforts to maximize the number of satellite images provided by NASA and the MODELING TOOLS—INCLUDING SATELLITE IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOFTWARE—ARE HELPING SCIENTISTS TO UNDERSTAND COMPLEX SYSTEMS, SUCH AS TIBET’S HYDROLOGICAL NETWORK.
European Space Agency. Nonclassified satellite
images, however, are not sufficiently detailed
to allow scientists to draw accurate conclusions,
Quiroz says.
MOVING TO ANOTHER LEVEL
One of the key features of the CIP models is that
they have the capacity to downscale satellite
imagery to the watershed level and take into 2002 account tiny variations in terrain and climate. EPORT “What the CIP modeling team and its partners R
did was develop tools that can interpolate solar NNUAL radiation, rainfall, and temperature data taken 30
A from historical weather station data and contrast are put into mathematical equations that
ENTER it with the images derived from satellite photos. eliminate the need to physically measure C That was really the key,” he says. runoff. The model also tells you how long you
OTATO Case in point: For years, researchers used can crop the area without eroding the land’s P expensive and hard-to-construct runoff plots to capacity to produce food.
measure soil erosion. If you want to measure “We thought that if we developed tools that
NTERNATIONAL runoff in a watershed accurately, however, you could help policy makers make better predictions I
need an unmanageable number of such plots we could increase the impact of traditional crop
to account for changes in terrain. In this and animal research and in the process save
particular case, the breakthrough came with development agencies a great deal of money.
the construction of mathematical models that That’s why we got into modeling: to build tools
describe the energy released when a raindrop to help people who make difficult decisions,”
hits the soil and then contrasts this information Quiroz says.
with variables such as soil type, rainfall CIP’s Deputy Director General for Research,
patterns, and plowing techniques. The variables Pamela Anderson, is emphatic about the need for NOMAD HERDERS IN TIBET ARE JUST ONE COMPONENT OF A DIVERSIFIED LAND USE SYSTEM THAT DEPENDS ON—AND AFFECTS—THE STABILITY OF WATER SUPPLIES.
need by allocating funds to support the CIP
modeling research.
AND MUCH MORE
“We’re working in a lot of areas now, but we’re
probably best known for our tradeoff analysis I work in Ecuador,” says Quiroz (see Tradeoff NTERNATIONAL
modeling helps make critical connections, page
32). “Before that particular study was released P
two years ago, most people thought that the OTATO
pesticides used on potatoes had their greatest C ENTER impact on the environment. Tradeoff modeling
showed, however, that human health is also A 31 such tools. “I’m not suggesting that we should affected, so that pesticide policies in the Andes NNUAL stop working in the traditional areas of plant needed to be redirected to prevent poisonings R
breeding or integrated pest management,” says and that investment in health care for farm EPORT
Anderson. “We need to continue strengthening workers who are exposed to the chemicals is 2002 our core competencies. But, in addition, we need essential.” to target our work at the system level. That This is just one in a range of studies means developing analytical and modeling tools conducted by CIP modelers, including a project to increase our understanding of complex, that produced a solar radiation atlas for the dynamic systems, and training people to use Peruvian national weather service. To construct those tools.” the atlas, scientists gathered historical records
The Ecoregional Fund to Support from Peru’s weather stations and ran them
Methodological Initiatives, the Swiss Agency through CIP’s climate interpolation model. Peru’s for Development and Cooperation, and the Ministry of Energy and Mines is now using the
CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Program are atlas as a guidebook in a project that will put in among those who have acknowledged this place thousands of solar panels to bring
Continued on page 34 2002 EPORT R NNUAL
32
A Following on the success of CIP’s pesticide
ENTER tradeoff work in Ecuador (see CIP’s Annual Report C TRADEOFF MODELING HELPS 2001), project scientists are preparing to use the
OTATO MAKE CRITICAL CONNECTIONS tradeoff analysis approach to demonstrate the P importance of coordinating research on environment, health, and natural resources. “Our hypothesis is that if you want to crack the cycle NTERNATIONAL I of poverty and resource degradation, you need to look at the way that food production interacts with health and the environment,” says John M. Antle, a production economist at Montana State University and long-time CIP collaborator. Antle believes that there are substantial connections between crop productivity, the health of farm households, and soil and water degradation. Until now, however, each of these topics has been treated by separate scientific disciplines and diverse government agencies other study will examine nutrition, infectious diseases, and land degradation in the Peruvian Andes, a more marginal agricultural environment.” To accomplish these objectives the current generation of tradeoff modeling tools will be expanded and efforts will be made to acquire and use data more efficiently. Advances made in I these areas over the past 5 years will be NTERNATIONAL incorporated into existing software, Antle says. The studies are unlikely to provide a quick
technological fix, however. Rather, the research P OTATO should facilitate a more complete understanding
of existing strategies, as well as their limitations. C ENTER “If a quick fix is out there we may find it, but a A more likely outcome is that we can bring about 33 operating with independent agendas. “There’s a a more realistic and balanced assessment of the NNUAL clear correlation between poverty and short-term technology and policy options that exist. That planning horizons, which means that people kind of assessment could help research R EPORT often don’t make the needed long-term administrators and policy makers take into 2002 investments. If you’re an African farmer suffering account the health and environmental from tuberculosis or parasites, let alone AIDS, it’s dimensions of agricultural systems.” unlikely that you’ll have the inclination to do To illustrate the point, Antle notes that if this much about the long-term health of your soil,” type of integrated assessment of agricultural Antle says. systems had been available in the 1970s or Starting in 2004, Antle proposes to use an 1980s, agricultural policy makers might have upgraded version of the tradeoff simulation invested more heavily in integrated pest model used by CIP in Ecuador to make the case management and natural resource management to policy makers. “What we are proposing are as complements to the introduction of high- two contrasting studies. One will investigate yielding crop varieties. Those investments could economic–health–environment interactions have helped avoid some of the adverse associated with pesticide use in the intensive consequences that are now associated with horticultural cropping systems typical of the peri- agricultural development based on intensively urban agricultural zone surrounding Nairobi. The managed monoculture systems. electricity to isolated mountain areas. The atlas CIP’s modeling programs are available free of
will allow them to determine where solar charge as CD-ROMs and on the internet, in
radiation is sufficient to make investment in the interactive environments for distance education.
panels worthwhile. To learn more, please visit CIP’s Virtual World,
The atlas is also expected to benefit agriculture. an interactive website where researchers and
Its maps will help agricultural policy makers target development experts can communicate with CIP
areas where Peru has potential to initiate intensive, modelers and exchange experiences in a 3D
competitive agriculture that will hopefully lift environment (see http://inrm.cip.cgiar.org/res.htm).
subsistence farmers out of poverty, Quiroz says. 2002 EPORT R NNUAL
34 A ENTER C OTATO P NTERNATIONAL I LATE BLIGHT RESEARCH ZEROES People thought they knew late blight. It has an
infamous history as the disease that caused the IN ON A MOVING TARGET Irish potato famine, and entire books have
been written about it. But recent studies on
the biology and population dynamics of SCIENTISTS WORLDWIDE HAVE Phytophthora infestans—the fungus-like I NTERNATIONAL MADE NOTABLE ADVANCES IN organism that causes late blight disease—have demonstrated that the pathogen has far more
COMBATING LATE BLIGHT, THE genetic diversity than previously realized. P
“Over the past three or four years we’ve OTATO MOST DAMAGING POTATO DISEASE been finding new forms of P. infestans—what C ENTER KNOWN. BUT AS THIS PATHOGEN scientists call isolates—that have never been
seen before,” says CIP late blight project leader A 35 Greg Forbes. “The pathogen is adapting faster NNUAL than the control measures used to combat it, R and new approaches are urgently needed.” The EPORT
picture is complicated by global warming, 2002 which is opening up new opportunities for
P. infestans in areas where it was previously
TRAVELS AROUND THE WORLD AND
EVOLVES, RESEARCHERS ARE
REALIZING THAT THEY MUST BE AS
ADAPTABLE AS THEIR ELUSIVE
not a problem, because low temperatures kept ENEMY TO KEEP IT AT BAY it under control. BLITECAST, A LATE BLIGHT FORECASTING MODEL, HAS BEEN LINKED WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY TO HELP RESEARCHERS ESTIMATE POTENTIAL GLOBAL SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE (EXPRESSED AS THE NUMBER OF FUNGICIDE SPRAYS REQUIRED FOR CONTROL).
A HISTORY LESSON
A review of late blight history helps to
understand the evolving problem. Part of this
pathogen’s adaptability results from the fact that
it can reproduce either asexually or sexually. To
date science has recognized two main “mating
types,” commonly distinguished as “A1” and “A2.”
An emerging theory has it that these two types
co-evolved with potato’s wild relatives among the 2002 Solanum species—which include wild potatoes, EPORT tree tomatoes, pear melons, and numerous R
weedy species and woody vines—in the Andes. NNUAL This contrasts with the commonly held view that 36
A P. infestans originated in the central highlands of
ENTER Mexico, where it is thought to have “jumped” to C cultivated potatoes. “There are many hypotheses
OTATO about the origins of the pathogen,” says Forbes, P “and the evidence is still coming in. The fact is
that to date, we’ve generated a lot more
NTERNATIONAL questions than answers.” I
At any rate, pathologists believe that the A1 was not until the 1970s that the A2 mating type
mating type traveled from Mexico to northeastern reached Europe, probably carried in a shipment
USA sometime around 1840. It went on to Europe of potatoes imported from Mexico to offset the
where, in the late 1840s, it caused one of the effects of a major drought. From there, history
greatest famines in human history. The A1 type was repeated as this “new” form of the pathogen
eventually made its way to Africa, Asia, and back spread around the world.
to South America. The vehicle: potatoes being When A1 and A2 are present in the same
traded and sold to meet worldwide demand. It environment they can “recombine” through I NTERNATIONAL P OTATO C ENTER A
37 NNUAL R EPORT 2002
sexual reproduction. The result is an explosion of disease. But as late bight evolves, these farmers new types of the pathogen, which makes it even are being forced to use increasingly large more difficult to manage. Almost all potato- amounts of fungicides, and to use them with growing countries are now affected by the greater frequency. What’s more, a class of problem. Even so, in North America and Europe chemicals that used to be considered invincible is farmers are willing to grow highly susceptible losing its effectiveness in the face of the new potato varieties that fetch good prices on the disease types. market, resorting to chemicals to control the
Continued on page 40 LATE BLIGHT APPROACHES A SEXUAL FRONTIER
Working from new data sets and reports of increasing late blight damage in highland areas of
the Andes, CIP pathologists believe that the emergence of previously unknown forms of the
late blight disease—and its appearance in areas previously unaffected—could have significant
consequences for ancient potato varieties and the farmers who grow them. Their concern is
focused on the Lake Titicaca region and surrounding areas. This region is thought to be the
potato’s genetic center of origin, a theory borne out by the significant diversity of potatoes
found there.
“What we are seeing is the convergence of two mating types, one moving south from
2002 Colombia and Ecuador, and the other coming up through Bolivia from Brazil,” says CIP
pathologist and late blight project leader Greg Forbes. “Our fear is that farmers in the high EPORT
R Andes—the people who have served as the traditional custodians of potato biodiversity—may
NNUAL lose native varieties that have been grown for many centuries, and thereby their means of
38 survival.” Local consumers hold these potatoes in high esteem. Not only are their varied A tastes, textures, and colors a source of culinary diversity, native potatoes are also important in ENTER traditional culture and are often used in ceremonies or as gifts. C
Maria Scurrah, a CIP adjunct scientist who has spent years working with farmers in the high OTATO
P Andes, can testify that this is no longer just a theoretical problem. “Late blight is encroaching
on areas that were rarely affected by it in the past. Essentially, the pathogen is moving up the
mountainside, showing up in places where farmers have hardly ever encountered it.” NTERNATIONAL I
BIODIVERSITY FIGHTS BACK
“Traditional varieties are not going to disappear because of late blight,” says CIP potato breeder
Juan Landeo, “but it’s likely that they will be under greater pressure than in the past.” Landeo
bred one of Peru’s most popular and widely grown potatoes, known as Canchan. Depended on
for years as a late-blight-resistant variety, Canchan’s ability to withstand the disease has, in
recent years, broken down. To help farmers cope, Landeo has developed a new series of
blight-resistant potatoes, suitable for production under extreme highland conditions. The new “populations”, now ready for selection and release, were derived from materials of the andigena subspecies collection held in CIP’s genetic resources complex in Lima. The genebank safeguards about 85 percent of all known native potato varieties, including 15,000 farmer-selected andigena potatoes collected in nine countries during the 1970s and 1980s.
The CIP genebank collections, which also include sweetpotato and other Andean roots and
tubers, are protected under an agreement with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization I NTERNATIONAL that charges the Center with conserving genetic resources so as to make them available equitably and without restriction. CIP uses these materials, for instance, to help preserve the
diversity of native varieties in the Andes through restoration programs (see Next steps for P OTATO Chayabamba, page 43).
Bred over a 12-year period using conventional plant breeding techniques, the new andigena C ENTER plant types carry multiple late blight resistance genes, which should help them compete A against many forms of the disease. Most native Andean varieties belong to the subspecies 39
andigena, but generally lack such resistance. For this reason, the search for the resistance traits NNUAL incorporated in the new varieties involved a long and careful process of screening and R EPORT selection. The new materials have some added advantages: they produce higher yields than conventional varieties in less time, a characteristic that should reduce their exposure to the 2002 disease in farmers’ fields, while offering most of the eating and market characteristics valued by highland farmers.
“What we’ve tried to do is breed a highland-type potato that has most of the qualities that will make it acceptable to processors and allow it to compete in urban markets,”
Landeo says. It is Landeo’s hope that these new andigena potatoes, now being distributed in the Andes through farmer field schools, will eventually enable people in Africa and Asia to enjoy the special taste and texture of native Andean potatoes. Because of their unique features, they are much better prepared to adapt to areas outside of their Andean home than their native relatives. LATE BLIGHT SYMPTOMS ON TUBERS (BELOW). AT 3,500 MASL, HUANUCO, PERU, SERVES AS A GOOD TESTING GROUND FOR LATE-BLIGHT-RESISTANT VARIETIES AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (FOLLOWING PAGE).
AN EXPANDING PORTFOLIO
The situation is even more complex in the potato-
growing areas of the developing world, where
seasons, day-length regimes, altitudes, and socio-
economic and agro-ecological conditions are
diverse, especially compared with those found in
industrialized countries. “The solutions used in the
northern hemisphere just don’t work here,” says More than 20 developing countries—including
Pamela Anderson, CIP’s Deputy Director General major potato producers such as China, Peru, and 2002 for Research. “CIP has the mandate for late blight Kenya—are in the process of releasing the latest EPORT research in the tropics, and one of our main goals
R lines of late-blight-resistant potatoes produced by
is to reduce farmer dependence on chemicals. CIP plant breeders in Lima (see Late blight in NNUAL This makes the replacement of susceptible China: A cause for concern, page 47). Unlike 40
A varieties with more resistant ones a pivotal point early late-blight-resistant populations, these new
ENTER of our late blight control programs.” potatoes carry multiple resistance genes to help C them survive under high, and varied, disease
OTATO pressure. But breeding is not a one-time fix, and P there is no miracle potato. Disease resistance
must not only be matched with local require-
NTERNATIONAL ments and preferences, it must also be I
continually improved to keep up with and
withstand the evolving forms of the disease
(see Late blight approaches a sexual frontier,
page 38).
In a similar manner, resistant potatoes cannot
do the job alone. Fungicides are still needed, but
they need to be used rationally to protect the
environment, human health, and the investments
CIP SCIENTISTS ARE CONCERNED THAT LATE BLIGHT IS “MOVING UP THE MOUNTAINSIDE,” BECOMING A SERIOUS THREAT IN PLACES WHERE IT WAS RARELY ENCOUNTERED IN THE PAST. of resource-poor farmers. A recent study in learning to increase farmers’ understanding of developing countries revealed that the number control options that will enable them to use of fungicide sprays used to control the disease is chemicals sparingly while protecting profits and often far more dependent on purchasing power productivity. Field schools have not only helped than it is on best practice recommendations. At speed up location-specific selection and the same time, farmers’ decisions to use resistant introduction of new varieties, farmer input has I also contributed to reorienting ongoing breeding NTERNATIONAL
research.
Modeling research has also been integrated P
into CIP’s late blight portfolio. For instance, OTATO
tradeoff modeling is helping farmers to visualize C ENTER how they can make better decisions about
optimum use of pesticides and avoid unnecessary A 41 health risks (see CIP’s Annual Report 2001). At NNUAL the same time, disease forecast models are R
increasing researchers’ understanding of relative EPORT
late blight severity in the diverse agro-ecological 2002 areas of the developing world, where information
of this sort is scarce. The data will serve as a
guide for allocation of resources to the areas varieties may be overturned by local consumer where they can make the biggest difference in preferences or by market considerations that production, food security, and poverty alleviation. affect the supply of high quality seed.
CIP scientists have made headway by RECOMBINING RESEARCH developing and adapting integrated control “We are just beginning to scratch the surface,” programs using the farmer field school says Forbes. ”We need to move quickly because methodology. In these programs, variety the picture is changing rapidly and there are new introduction is balanced with discovery variables, like climate change, that need to be factored in. Basically, we need to expect the
unexpected. Innovative kinds of research—like
modeling and pathogen studies—will help. The
question is, how can we do it with the resources
now at our disposal?”
Partnership will help to achieve some of these
objectives. Simulations of management tactics and
scenarios are being conducted, for example,
through strategic alliances with researchers at 2002 Israel’s Volcani Institute, the Brazilian Agriculture EPORT Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Plant Research R
International in the Netherlands and the USA’s NNUAL Cornell University. The models, which allow 42
A scientists to process huge amounts of information,
ENTER are helping researchers visualize how variables C such as climate, socio-economic conditions, and
OTATO local preferences can make or break a control P strategy. The Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB),
a worldwide network of researchers, technology
NTERNATIONAL developers, and agricultural knowledge agents, I
lends communication and information support to
these initiatives.
At the core of the problem, nonetheless, is
the understanding of the elusive Phytophthora
infestans pathogen and the way it reproduces
and interacts with its host, and the fact that this
information is still incomplete. Continued studies
in population dynamics are fundamental if
Continued on page 44 NEXT STEPS FOR CHAYABAMBA I NTERNATIONAL The potato farmers of Chayabamba, an Andean guarantee that traditional varieties survive. When community some 300 kilometers east of the old disaster strikes, as it did last year in Inca capital of Cusco and more than 4,000 Chayabamba, we are there to help,” says Willy P meters above sea level, are facing a period of Roca, head of CIP’s genetic conservation project. OTATO consider-able uncertainty. Late blight not only Seed return programs are not just the right C cost them last year’s potato harvest, it also thing to do, Roca adds, they are also the smart ENTER devastated the stores of planting materials thing to do. “We not only provide planting A needed to sow next year’s crop. material, we also work with local NGOs and 43
As a coping strategy, Chayabamba farmers community groups to multiply seed at locations NNUAL would normally try to borrow seed from nearby close to where it will be needed.” R communities, but neighboring farmers may have Future restoration efforts will be aided by EPORT also suffered losses and have little seed to the development of community field 2002 spare. A second possibility would be to purchase genebanks, closely linked to the CIP seed on the open market. Commercial seed collections, in strategic microcenters of genetic suppliers, however, are unlikely to have the diversity. According to Roca, “Traditional brick varieties that farmers need and want, and there and mortar genebanks with their cold storage are few guarantees that purchased seed will rooms are a last line of defense. If you want to meet adequate quality standards. maintain genetic diversity and encourage The CIP genebank is poised to help by evolution, your best option is help farmers providing local communities with “starter seed” grow traditional varieties in the fields where for their rebuilding programs. “One of the they first evolved, rather than in test plots at principal functions of a genebank is to an experiment station.” scientists are to fill the gap. Forbes notes, “Late blight is CIP’s biggest challenge,”
however, that it will take at least three years of says Pamela Anderson. “It is also our biggest
additional research and more than US$1 million opportunity. It gives us a chance to show
to fully understand the dynamics of the late how all that we are doing—in conservation,
blight pathogen in the Andes alone. Special characterization, and breeding; integrated
project funding for population studies has thus crop management and systems analysis; and
far been provided by the Netherlands Ministry of partnerships for development—can fit together
Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries to make a difference in people’s lives and
(LNV), the Swiss Agency for Development livelihoods.” 2002 Cooperation (SDC), and the United States Agency EPORT for International Development (USAID). R NNUAL
44 A ENTER C OTATO P NTERNATIONAL I CIENTISTS PREPARE S The new CIP-China Center will build upon more
than two decades of research cooperation that FOR NEW ERA OF have produced one of the highest rates of return
CIP–CHINA COOPERATION on investment since the Green Revolution. In the
early 1990s, CIP introduced virus cleanup
technology that boosted Chinese sweetpotato I NTERNATIONAL CIP AND CHINESE SCIENTISTS production more than 30 percent on an estimated 600,000 hectares in Shandong. This increase was ARE GEARING UP TO BEGIN said to be equivalent to an almost 3 percent boost P OTATO WORK AT A NEW RESEARCH in food production worldwide.
According to the UN Food and Agriculture C ENTER FACILITY, THE CIP-CHINA Organization (FAO), China is now the world’s A largest producer of potatoes and sweetpotatoes CENTER FOR ASIA AND THE 45 and, increasingly, one of its more efficient ones. NNUAL PACIFIC, SLATED TO BEGIN Even so, the country faces numerous hurdles, R
including the need to raise rural income in EPORT OPERATIONS IN 2004 several of its western provinces. 2002
“The new Center will help meet China’s
challenges,” says Yi Wang, CIP’s resident scientist
in Beijing. “We expect to have a seasoned team
of experts on site once the Center is up and
running.” Counterpart staff will be drawn from a
variety of Chinese agencies including the Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Chinese
Academy of Engineering, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Science and vine cuttings. This means that it takes
Technology. The Center’s research priorities will considerable amounts of time to produce large
be established through participatory planning and quantities of planting material. The existence of
project design, and all projects will be cofunded such a facility in Asia should greatly speed up
by CIP and national institutions. utilization by allowing for rapid, local
Center research will focus initially on multiplication of “seed.”
geographical areas where potato and sweetpotato In addition, a plant breeding center in China
can contribute most to hunger alleviation and would provide access to the full range of biotic
income generation. Authorities in several and abiotic stresses, many of which are not 2002 provinces have already pledged human and present at CIP headquarters in Lima. According EPORT to Zhang, “Scientists at CIP headquarters in R financial support to the new venture.
Peru cannot efficiently breed for resistance to NNUAL
A PLANT BREEDER’S DREAM the bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of 46
A “One of the Center’s top priorities,” Yi notes,
Continued on page 49
ENTER “will be to create a regional mechanism for the C introduction, enhancement, and distribution of
OTATO new potato and sweetpotato varieties.” At the P present time, most of the CIP-derived materials
distributed in Asia originate in Lima, which
NTERNATIONAL involves high shipping costs and limits the I
scope of the materials that can be provided to
regional cooperators.
“CIP plant breeders have often dreamed
about establishing a plant breeding center on
the Asian mainland,” says Dapeng Zhang, CIP’s
senior sweetpotato breeder. Potatoes and
sweetpotatoes, unlike grains, are not grown
from conventional seeds, but from tubers and
YI WANG, CIP LIAISON SCIENTIST IN BEIJING, HAS LAID IMPORTANT GROUNDWORK FOR THE CENTER. LATE BLIGHT IN CHINA: A CAUSE FOR CONCERN
Chinese researchers working with the Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB) report new evidence of greater virulence of the late blight pathogen and the increasing susceptibility of potato varieties previously considered resistant to the disease. According to He Wei of the
Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, late blight is spread principally through infected seed stocks, and damage is concentrated mainly in the southwest and northeastern parts of the country. Yield losses have been estimated at US$170 million annually, a figure that does I not include vast amounts of potatoes lost in storage. NTERNATIONAL
Both the A1 and A2 pathogen types (see Late blight research zeroes in on a moving target, page 35) are present in China, although as yet there is no evidence that they have P
recombined into a more dangerous variant of the pathogen. The A2 type was first detected OTATO in northern China in 1996, and has since spread as far south as Yunnan, near the border C with Vietnam. ENTER
With the breakdown of resistance in China’s older varieties, CIP is working with A 47 Chinese scientists to evaluate large amounts of genetic material in the hope of identifying NNUAL resistant potato lines. A number of potentially resistant potatoes are also being multiplied for use by farmers or are being utilized in breeding programs in Hubei, Yunna, Sichuan, R EPORT and Chongqing provinces. 2002 Meanwhile, Chinese researchers are alarmed by a reduction in the effectiveness of the popular fungicide metalaxyl, which is used throughout China as a primary defense against the disease. This situation, combined with the breakdown in resistance, means that farmers may soon be forced to turn to so-called contact fungicides, which adversely affect soil flora and fauna and can be hazardous to health. Contact fungicides also must be used more frequently than metalaxyl. The fact that China is committed to protecting the environment and reducing adverse effects associated with the use of agrochemicals makes this a highly unattractive scenario.
Derived from reports posted by the Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB), which maintains a website with reports from researchers in 78 countries. For more information please visit http://www.cipotato.org/gilb POTATOES: A NORTH KOREAN OBSESSION
Although he has no training in agriculture, North headquarters in Lima and returned home with Korean leader Kim Jong Il is said to be obsessed new potato varieties and large quantities of CIP with potatoes, spending weeks at a time publications. Collaboration increased 5 years later 2002 providing guidance to his nation’s farmers. when CIP seed specialist Rolando Cabello visited
EPORT According to reports broadcast by CNN, Kim is the country. “I have never seen that kind of R convinced that improved potato varieties will one poverty or hunger even in the poorest
NNUAL day solve his country’s food problems. In fact, he communities in the Peruvian highlands,” says
48 is so certain of the importance that potatoes will Cabello, a Peruvian national. A play in feeding his country that he once opened CIP will provide every assistance that it can to
ENTER a restricted facility to international inspection in aid North Korea’s people,” adds Roger Cortbaoui, C exchange for technical assistance that would aid CIP Director for International Cooperation. “In the
OTATO Korea’s potato farmers. months ahead we will be working to produce P According to FAO, potato production in North starter seed of improved varieties under a grant Korea has increased more than four-fold since provided by the Common Fund for Commodities. 1995, mainly through area expansion, and In addition, we hope to reduce storage losses by NTERNATIONAL I potatoes now rank third in importance after rice introducing improved management practices and and maize. Today, North Korea produces potatoes training people in their use.” on nearly 200,000 hectares with yields that The new CIP-China Center, Cortbaoui notes, average 9 tons per hectare. In neighboring China will also provide much needed technical yields are, on average, 40 percent higher. assistance to North Korea and will help to CIP has worked intermittently with North speed up the introduction of potatoes adapted Korea since 1993, when diplomats visited Center to local conditions. CIP SCIENTISTS, SUCH AS SEED SPECIALIST FERNANDO EZETA, ARE WORKING WITH COLLEAGUES IN CHINA TO EXPLORE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NEW CENTER.
most important goals for the Center is to work
with China, where there is extensive experience
in biotechnology, to build the capacity of Asian
national research programs to use transgenic
root and tuber crops safely and responsibly,”
Zhang says. I NTERNATIONAL
A CENTER FOR THE REGION
By design, the benefits of the CIP-Asia Center are P
slated to extend beyond China, reaching many OTATO
neighboring countries. “Our Chinese collaborators C ENTER expect the Center will serve as a regional
platform for research and development, building A 49 sweetpotato because the disease pathogens are upon China’s reputation for hard work, NNUAL not prevalent there.” Such diseases, Zhang notes, innovation, and impact while extending the R
represent serious constraints in China and other benefits of an accelerated program of EPORT
Asian countries where sweetpotato production is international cooperation to many of the 2002 becoming increasingly important. Similarly, CIP country’s neighbors,” says Roger Cortbaoui, CIP potato breeders cannot test their most promising Director for International Cooperation. potato lines under the long-day conditions that Current plans call for the establishment of a typify places like Afghanistan and the new chain of research stations in the country’s major republics of Central and Western Asia. potato- and sweetpotato-producing areas. The
The new Center will not only help to resolve stations will allow researchers to test new these problems, it will also provide a platform for breeding lines and management techniques in upgrading biotechnology research on root and climates and conditions that are representative of tuber crops and for training large numbers of Asia’s predominant agro-ecologies. “The
Asian researchers in the use of molecular marker Government of China,” Cortbaoui notes, “is eager technology and other genomic tools. “One of our to see CIP’s capability to contribute to the region strengthened, and to facilitate this it will provide Harvest Center to open a scientific liaison office
the Center with field, laboratory, and office in Beijing.
facilities, as well as funding for in-country In 1978 China—which had once been entirely
operations.” Chinese researchers are also dependent on potatoes supplied by the Soviet
expected to play a major role in the Center’s block—received a disease-resistant potato from
regional research and training activities. CIP that it subsequently named CIP-24. Although
The Center’s annual operating budget,
including the work at its ecoregional substations,
is estimated at US$2.0 million, a quarter of which 2002 is slated for training and information activities. EPORT “We cannot emphasize strongly enough the R
importance of training and information, especially NNUAL long-distance training using the Internet, video 50
A conferencing, and other forms of electronic
ENTER technology,” Cortbaoui says. ”Asia is a big place C and we will be relying on electronic
OTATO communication to get information quickly and P efficiently to where it is needed most.” Thus far,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Myanmar,
NTERNATIONAL Thailand and Vietnam have expressed interest in I
the Center, as have Australia and Austria.
A TRADITION OF COOPERATION
Although informal contacts had been established
in the 1970s, formal cooperation with China
began in 1985 when CIP became the first Future THE NEW CENTER WILL ENABLE PLANT BREEDERS TO SPEED UP THE SUPPLY OF NEW POTATO VARIETIES TO CHINA AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, WHERE THE DEMAND IS HIGH (BELOW AND PREVIOUS PAGE).
characteristics that is grown in Burma, China,
and Vietnam (see CIP Annual Report 2001).
“The expectation is that the creation of the
new Center will lead to many more success
stories, and will multiply the effect of past
achievements in China and throughout the I region,” Cortbaoui adds. “With the new Center NTERNATIONAL
CIP-24 has since been surpassed by more we will be moving significantly beyond what is modern varieties, it was considered highly possible to achieve at the present liaison-office P successful in its day and continues to be grown level.” Once the Center is up and running, CIP OTATO on 70,000 hectares, principally in the country’s plans to station most of its Asia-based staff in C ENTER drought-prone northern provinces. A more recent China and relocate additional staff from Lima, success story is Cooperation 88, an exceptionally bringing together plant geneticists, seed specialists, A 51 high yielding potato with outstanding processing pest control experts, and social scientists. NNUAL R EPORT 2002 CIP SCIENTIST WINS AWARD FOR WORK IN CHINA
In November 2002, virologist Luis Salazar, head of CIP’s
Crop Protection Department, was presented with the
prestigious Qilu Friendship Award by the Government of
Shandong, China, for his contribution to the development
of pathogen detection technology in the province. This 2002 2002 technology has helped to eliminate virus disease in EPORT EPORT sweetpotato planting material in Shandong and neighboring R R provinces, and forms the basis for the largest economic NNUAL NNUAL impact in CIP’s history. The value of this technology to date
52 is estimated at well over US$550 million. A A Salazar, who has been helping establish the Virus-Free ENTER ENTER C C Seed Production program in Shandong since 1985, was
chosen for the prize from a list of 2000 nominees from all OTATO OTATO P P parts of the world. He was nominated for the award by the
Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), which
five years ago named him Principal Scientific Advisor for NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL I I the same research.
China is the world’s largest producer of root and tuber
crops. Sweetpotato farmers are now planting an estimated
330,000 hectares of virus-free sweetpotato annually in
Shandong Province alone, according to recent reports.
A NEW CIP VISION We are in times of dramatic change. Globalization, free trade, and increasing control of agricultural trade by multinationals are redefining needs and opportunities in agriculture.
Funding from traditional public sector donors is I declining, while investment by the private sector in WAYS OF WORKING NTERNATIONAL agricultural research and development is growing dramatically. Meanwhile, there is increasing P OTATO concern over rural–urban linkages, a new C
biotechnology revolution is underway—with ENTER
proponents and opponents highly polarized—and A 55 issues of proper governance, transparency, and NNUAL broad participation are becoming fundamental R concerns. EPORT 2002 One of the primary challenges that CIP and other research centers of excellence face is that of maintaining a relevant, coherent, high-quality research agenda in the context of an increasingly complex and dynamic external environment. A well- articulated vision—to support the definition of guidelines for decision making and to prevent compromising long-term strategic needs and responsibilities in the face of immediate, external pressures—is critical. With the endorsement of our Board of Trustees, CIP launched a vision and strategic planning exercise in October 2002.
We recognized that our past priority-setting exercises had been primarily internal in nature. In order to open up the
process and make it more participatory, we created a CIP vision plenary comprising CIP’s Board of Trustees and staff, as
well as representatives from our key stakeholders: donors, international organizations, advanced research organizations,
regional research networks and organizations, national research systems, and nongovernmental organizations.
In October and November 2002, we conducted the first plenary consultation. The broad objectives were: to explain
the process we were using for the visioning exercise; to agree upon the boundaries for the exercise; and, within the
agreed boundaries, to generate a “map” of CIP’s specific development challenges. 2002
We proposed the Millennium Development Targets, which contribute to eight broad Development Goals, as the EPORT R starting point for setting the boundaries for CIP’s vision exercise. These 18 Development Targets—ratified in the year NNUAL 2000 by 192 countries after several years of meetings and discussions—affirm, in quantitative terms, what the 56
A international development community within which we operate expects to accomplish in the decades to come. The
ENTER vision plenary accepted the Millennium Development Targets as the general boundaries for the vision exercise. Within C
those boundaries, it selected eight development challenges to which the Center could make significant contributions OTATO
P (see CIP’s development challenges, page 95).
CIP’s Vision Statement, which will be published in 2003, will spell out our potential contribution to these
challenges, forming the basis for our strategic research and implementation plan. An exercise on impact targeting and NTERNATIONAL I
assessment, a needs and opportunities evaluation, and a realignment analysis will help us to answer the questions of
where we should be working, what we should be doing, and how we realign to get there. These are also scheduled for
2003. The CGIAR priorities and strategy exercise being led by the Science Council will provide critical input during this
process, allowing us to ensure that our new vision and strategy will continue to contribute to and support the overall
vision and strategy of the CGIAR system. The following section illustrates some of the ways of working that have been
hallmarks of CIP’s past success and will surely contribute to the accomplishment of our challenges—and the fulfillment
of our vision—in the years ahead. SWIMMING
AGAINST THE TIDE: I INTEGRATING BIOLOGICAL NTERNATIONAL In what was a radical proposal in 1978, CIP’s AND SOCIAL SCIENCE social scientists tried to convince a skeptical P
audience of biological scientists that technology OTATO
development must go beyond simply addressing C
“OF ALL THE CGIAR CENTERS the biological constraints that limit food ENTER
production to consider the social context in A THAT I HAVE WORKED WITH, 57 which agriculture takes place. First and foremost, NNUAL CIP DEMONSTRATES BY they argued, this meant understanding and
working with farmers, who they saw as R EPORT FAR THE CLOSEST INTEGRATION innovators conditioned by social, cultural, and 2002 economic factors, as well as by their physical OF THE SOCIAL AND THE environment. That particular point of view
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES” contrasted with the predominant thinking then
guiding CGIAR research, according to which G. EDWARD SCHUH, CHAIR, CIP EXTERNAL centers were seen as the major source of PROGRAM AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW, 2002 innovation, producing technologies that were
passed down to farmers through national
research and extension programs.
“At the time, most CGIAR research was
conditioned by notions that undervalued farmers’
capacities and idealized the production of finished technologies,” says anthropologist social science disciplines and methods within the
Gordon Prain. “In this way of thinking, farmers Center’s research program during the 1980s.
occupied the fields of tradition, while high-tech
laboratories and experimental stations FARMER BACK TO FARMER
represented modernity.” The first formal expression of CIP’s new approach
Placing the focus on technology was difficult to the social sciences was the farmer-back-to-
to resist. The Green Revolution was at its height farmer (FBF) model developed by an
and its results seemed almost miraculous. Even anthropologist and a plant physiologist. The
so, problems were emerging that raised model holds that research begins and ends with 2002 important questions about the effects of the farmer and the community and, of necessity, EPORT technology on the environment and health, and involves an interdisciplinary focus. Within the FBF R
the extent to which it was reaching poorer philosophy, research and technology transfer NNUAL farmers who worked in complex, marginal were seen as parallel activities rather than as 58
A farming systems. sequential steps in which responsibilities were
ENTER Prain credits CIP’s founding Director General handed off from agency to agency as a C Richard Sawyer—a powerful exponent of technology moved through the so-called
OTATO traditional biological science—and Gelia Castillo— development pipeline. P the Center’s first female board member and a Prain recalls that the FBF model grew out of
rural sociologist—with the institutionalization of work in the high Andes on potato management
NTERNATIONAL interdisciplinary methods at CIP. “Sawyer and practices designed to reduce postharvest losses. I
Castillo were swimming against the tide,” Prain In the early 1970s the Center’s postharvest
says, “a fact that was evident in the Center’s specialists, all of whom were trained in
1975 external program and management review industrialized countries, recommended the
which cautioned against using “core” resources to purchase of solar dehydration machines, so-called
support noneconomist social science positions.” “black box” drying units, to improve traditional
Nevertheless, with Sawyer and Castillo’s backing, processing of potato products. CIP social
CIP social sciences department head Douglas scientists, however, determined that farmers
Horton was able to establish an eclectic mix of were unlikely to adopt the technology if it SOCIAL SCIENTIST THOMAS WALKER EXCHANGES VIEWS WITH PLANT BREEDER JUAN LANDEO AND FARMERS DURING A FIELD DAY IN HUANUCO, PERU, ORGANIZED TO CELEBRATE THE RELEASE OF THE AMARILIS POTATO VARIETY.
stores or the adaptation of existing spaces within
the home led to significant reduction in losses
and improvements in seed quality.
The lessons learned: farmers’ involvement
shortens the time needed to evaluate and
eliminate unacceptable technologies that are not I suited to the social context in which they live NTERNATIONAL
and operate, and farmer innovation improves
adaptation to local conditions. P OTATO
A GENETICIST’S POINT OF VIEW C ENTER The FBF approach provided the first decisive
example of how the social sciences could be A 59 involved additional cost. Farmers reported that integrated into and even help shape CIP’s NNUAL their most important constraint following the research portfolio. “Today, the social sciences are R
harvest was the time required to peel potatoes a basic part of how CIP plans, conducts, and EPORT for processing. In short, what they needed was evaluates its science,” says plant breeder 2002 better peeling equipment, not black box dryers. Meredith Bonierbale, who heads up the Center’s
Research on storage issues provided similar crop improvement and genetic resources results. While the initial focus of CIP’s postharvest program. She points out that the Center’s research was on reducing storage losses of economists and anthropologists provide potatoes headed for the consumer market, perspectives that help biological researchers to surveys by CIP anthropologists showed that seed make better decisions and establish boundaries deterioration was a far more urgent problem. The for priority setting. “Because of social science solution that emerged was diffused-light seed involvement in technical research at CIP, our storage, which contributes to slower, sturdier biological scientists are working earlier with sprout growth and toughening of the skin of the farmers than they might ordinarily. The result is tuber. The inexpensive construction of household that we can target resources more effectively and are far more likely to produce successful farmer selection of late-blight-resistant potatoes,
technologies,” she says. integrated pest management, and sustainable
For example, in the Center’s breeding urban agriculture. Bonierbale notes that the field
program the perspective provided by social school methodology—developed by the UN
scientists greatly improves the chances of Food and Agriculture Organization for use with
producing varieties that not only are suited to rice farmers—was first adapted to root and
local conditions and constraints, but will also tuber crops by biological scientists working in
respond to farmers’ particular circumstances and Asia and was later championed at CIP
to the demands of the marketplace. “What headquarters by a plant pathologist. 2002 we’re trying to avoid is having a backlog of In a similar vein, the Center’s postharvest EPORT technologies on the shelf and the added expense team of biologists and social scientists is using R
of then finding ways of getting them out into the concept of “positioning” products in the NNUAL the world,” Bonierbale says. Interaction between marketplace to safeguard biodiversity and reduce 60
A the disciplines, and especially with farmers, rural poverty. By creating product development
ENTER Bonierbale says, also optimizes the time and models that link subsistence farmers to potential C resources of individuals with different but markets, they hope to improve rural livelihoods
OTATO complementary points of view. In this way and at the same time contribute to conserving P research products become collective outputs of the diversity of traditional root and tuber crops by
scientists and farmers, and stand a better chance giving farmers an added incentive to grow them.
NTERNATIONAL of succeeding. “The 2002 external program and management I
review,” Bonierbale concludes, “was right to
NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY EXPERIENCES recognize CIP’s integration of the biological and
In recent years CIP has worked hard to social sciences. At many research institutions the
incorporate farmers into mainstream research social sciences are considered to be a service
through farmer field schools. This program, activity; at CIP they are part of the mainstream,
spearheaded by a social scientist specialized in an irreplaceable part that we would not want to
extension, has been successful in advancing do without.” Unique in its time, CIP was designed as a
decentralized organization with a minimum of
facilities—what might now be called a center
without walls—and a philosophy that placed a
premium on teamwork and collaboration.
“Partnership has always been a serious issue at I NTERNATIONAL P
PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE OTATO C
NEW MILLENNIUM ENTER A
61 CIP,” says André Devaux, coordinator of the NNUAL WHEN CIP FIRST Center’s Papa Andina program. “It’s the way we R
do business and it’s an important part of our vision EPORT OPENED ITS DOORS MORE
for the new millennium.” In 2002, CIP scientists 2002
THAN 30 YEARS AGO, partnered with colleagues working at more than
500 agencies and organizations in some 90 PARTNERSHIP QUICKLY countries (see CIP’s partners, pages 100–103).
BECAME A HALLMARK OF ITS “Partnership is ingrained in the CIP psyche, but it requires special skills and extra effort to do
CORPORATE CULTURE it right,” Devaux adds. “For a partnership to
succeed you need to have a culture of
cooperation that supports actors with diverse
interests and philosophies, and your approaches
need to evolve over time.” Devaux points out
that when CIP was established in 1971, Center scientists and their partners in national research urban demand for potatoes, especially traditional
and development agencies focused primarily on varieties. Poor farmers who grow potatoes above
increasing food production. Today, the issues they 3,500 meters are currently the only source of
confront are vastly more complex. these varieties, almost all of which are grown
“Our agenda now includes improving human without pesticides. “In the past, we thought this
health, combating poverty, and helping farmers was a disadvantage because of the losses farmers
to cope with global markets,” Devaux says. incurred from insect pests,” Devaux says. “Market
“These are not the issues that CIP was set up to studies conducted by Papa Andina, however,
address, but they are part of today’s reality and showed the opposite was true. Not only is there 2002 must be part of the solutions that we propose for demand for traditional varieties, but, increasingly, EPORT the future.” Devaux notes that to make progress for pesticide-free potatoes.” R
in these areas, an international center such as CIP These are the types of findings that are NNUAL must find innovative ways of helping its national derived from what Papa Andina refers to as 62
A partners to evolve institutionally. “institutional platforms,” or processes set up to
ENTER support the exchange of views and experiences C PAPA ANDINA: MARKETS AND POVERTY
OTATO This emphasis on local institutional development is P one of the centerpieces of the Papa Andina
program, in which CIP scientists join forces with
NTERNATIONAL researchers from Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru to I
improve market access and income for smallholder
farmers. Building on the success of three Swiss-
sponsored national research projects conducted in
the 1980s and 1990s, the partners promote cross-
border technology and information exchange.
One immediate priority is to help subsistence
farmers—who are normally unable to compete in
commercial markets—take advantage of growing
PAPA ANDINA IS OPENING UP MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRODUCTS SUCH AS CHUÑO AND TUNTA, POTATOES PROCESSED USING A TRADITIONAL FREEZE-DRYING TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED IN THE ALTIPLANO OF PERU AND BOLIVIA. among diverse actors in the food chain. “One of in the three countries where we operate, we are their most important contributions,” says Devaux, optimistic Papa Andina will help create a regional
“is that people who usually have no voice in culture of cooperation among all the organizations decision making—such as subsistence farmers— that work within the agri-food chain, whatever are able to enter into the dialog.” Wide their philosophy or specific interest.” participation in the fora helps producers and Papa Andina partners include the Andean I consumers, for instance, to work back from the Products Research and Promotion Foundation NTERNATIONAL known characteristics of a variety or of Bolivia (PROINPA), CIP, the National Root management practice and develop strategies and Tuber Program of Ecuador (FORTIPAPA), P that can boost farm profits and overcome quality the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation OTATO and delivery issues. (COSUDE), and the Technical Innovation and C ENTER The platforms also help identify the need to Competitiveness Project of Peru (INCOPA). further improve technology available to farmers A 63 and to refine program priorities. For example, VITAA: CHILD AND MATERNAL HEALTH NNUAL Bolivian and Peruvian farm groups associated with CIP’s partnership philosophy is also evolving in sub- R
Papa Andina have used information derived from Saharan Africa. Here, researchers from seven EPORT the platforms to experiment with simple countries are working under the banner of the 2002 postharvest techniques that extend potato storage VITAA partnership (Vitamin A for Africa) to improve life. With the new practices, farmers can supply human health by reducing vitamin A deficiency, the market over an extended period of time and one of Africa’s most serious public health problems. reserve a portion of their harvest until late in the “Until recently, no one gave much thought to season when prices tend to peak. using sweetpotatoes to achieve a public health
“What Papa Andina does is use “poverty filters” objective,” says VITAA coordinator Regina or “lenses” that help researchers spotlight Kapinga. “Researchers focused their work on strategies that build on whatever competitive things like agronomy and plant heath, and gave advantage farmers might have,” adds Graham little consideration to micronutrients,” she says.
Thiele, a Papa Andina scientist based in Ecuador. All of that changed, however, with the
“Because potato is such an important commodity establishment of VITAA. NUTRITIONIST BERNADETH EKEMU WORKS THROUGH THE VITAA PARTNERSHIP TO PROMOTE THE USE OF ORANGE-FLESHED SWEETPOTATOES AMONG SMALL-SCALE PROCESSORS, PARTICULARY WOMEN.
professionals, and private sector food processors
from seven sub-Saharan African countries. VITAA
donors include the German Ministry for Technical
Cooperation (BMZ), the Micronutrient Initiative,
the OPEC Fund for International Development,
the PRAPACE and SARRNET regional networks
(see Neighbors helping neighbors, page 11),
the Senior Family Fund (see Donors large and
small, page 70), and the United States Agency 2002 for International Development’s Micronutrient EPORT Program (MOST) and Micronutrient Global R
Leadership Project. While the partnership also NNUAL includes a number of government ministries, a 64
A During its first full year of operations in 2002, growing percentage of VITAA members are
ENTER VITAA began the process of helping African nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and C farmers replace white-fleshed sweetpotatoes— community groups that provide basic services
OTATO which are grown entirely for their starch—with a to the region’s poor (see A royal sweetpotato, P new series of orange-fleshed, high-beta-carotene page 65).
varieties. The body uses beta-carotene to “What we are seeing in VITAA,” Kapinga says,
NTERNATIONAL synthesize the vitamin A needed to maintain the “is the coming together of agencies working in I
immune system. “Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes health and agriculture and an acknowledgement
are a novelty in this part of the world and they that difficult problems require innovative
are attracting a lot of interest,” Kapinga says. “Not solutions.” Kapinga notes that in the past,
only are the health benefits to children researchers looked upon farmers as clients.
substantial, food products made from the new “Increasingly,” she says, “we see them as
varieties are helping farmers to earn considerable important collaborators.” Case in point: In 2002,
cash income.” VITAA partners, she notes, include farmers from Uganda’s Lira District, one of the first
agricultural researchers, nutrition experts, health areas to benefit from the new orange-fleshed
Continued on page 66 A ROYAL SWEETPOTATO
In 2002, nearly 40,000 Ugandan farmers received vine cuttings of improved orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes thanks to the personal initiative of Her Royal Highness the Queen of Buganda, and the Buganda Cultural and Development Foundation (BUCADEF), a royal NGO.
The Queen appealed to her subjects to fight malnutrition and poverty by growing and consuming the orange-fleshed varieties. Known locally as the Nabagereka, the Queen is the wife of the Kabaka, Buganda’s traditional ruler. She is held in high esteem by Ugandans and plays a I NTERNATIONAL pivotal role in mobilizing development efforts throughout Buganda, Uganda’s largest traditional kingdom. Because of her support, local officials have named one of Uganda’s most popular orange-
fleshed sweetpotato varieties in her honor. P OTATO The Nabagereka’s initiative builds on the research and community mobilization efforts of the
Child Health and Development Center of the Makarere University Health Department, together C ENTER with partner agencies that include CIP, the National Agricultural Research Organization, the US A
Agency for International Development’s Micronutrient Program (MOST) and Micronutrient Global 65
Leadership Project, the Vitamin A for Africa partnership (VITAA), and a local NGO known as NNUAL
Volunteer Efforts in Development Concerns (VEDCO). In locations where farmers have planted R improved varieties, on-farm yields have reportedly tripled. EPORT 2002
THE UGANDAN SCHOOL MARKET
• In Uganda, schools and universities are major markets for sweetpotato roots and vines. One peri-
urban farmer, Ruth Musoke, sells more than one ton of fresh roots to primary schools each
week. Her net profit over a 16-week season is US$1,000, far above the annual per capita income
in Uganda, which according to the World Bank is just US$310.
• In Kampala, commercial farmer Kakoza Mubirigi earns more than US$3,000 during Uganda’s four- to
five-month sweetpotato production season. Because of his success he was dubbed “Mr Sweetpotato”
by residents of Nabyewanga, his home village. But Mubirigi was not content with simply supplying
schools with orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes. He has used his earnings to build a modern boarding
school, the Bwaise Parents’ School, which is now home to over 600 students.
Continued on page 66 UPWARD PARTNERS IN INDONESIA (RIGHT) AND NEPAL (BELOW) USE FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS TO STIMULATE DISCOVERY-LEARNING AND TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION.
varieties, provided more than 800,000 sweetpotato
vine cuttings as planting material for distribution to
refugees in war-torn parts of northern Uganda.
UPWARD: EMPHASIZING THE USERS’ PERSPECTIVE
The nature of CIP partnerships is likewise
changing in Asia, where agro-ecological and
socio-economic shifts are redefining the arena in
which agricultural research takes place. 2002 “Government decentralization in many Asian EPORT countries and the mobilization of stronger R
community-based groups within civil society are NNUAL reshaping the way agricultural researchers 66
A operate,” says Dindo Campilan, coordinator of the
ENTER UPWARD network (Users’ Perspectives with C Agricultural Research and Development). “New
OTATO stakeholders need to be brought into existing P partnerships if they are going to be effective in
such a dynamic environment,” Campilan notes.
NTERNATIONAL The 42 organizations currently involved in I
UPWARD projects include traditional partners— gender components, which involve farmers,
such as national agricultural research processors, and consumers in a range of research
organizations—as well as NGOs, local government and development ventures focused on bringing
units, and community-based organizations. the benefits of research to marginalized areas
Although their perspectives may vary, all and to people who are frequently overlooked by
contribute to forging the network’s collective mainstream development projects.
vision of sustainable development. Together, the Industrialization and urban migration have
partners carry out projects, many with strong also worked to realign food production priorities in Asian societies, once anchored by cereal- To that end, UPWARD partners are using based food systems. “Over the past two farmer field schools—previously adapted to decades, the demand for roots and tubers has sweetpotato production by CIP researchers in grown steadily throughout the region,” Campilan Indonesia—to stimulate discovery-learning and says. The UPWARD agenda has focused on root technology dissemination. This not only helps crops since the late 1980s, but the network’s local farmers to acquire the skills they need, it I systems approach has helped it to keep up with has also inspired researchers to redesign NTERNATIONAL these trends, going beyond the bounds of equipment using local materials to expand the conventional commodity research to look at the benefits. By the end of 2002, more than 800 P broader picture. For example, UPWARD sweetpotato farmers and extension workers OTATO facilitates the activities of the CGIAR Systemwide from 11 municipalities had learned the new C ENTER Program on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in virus cleanup techniques through participation the Philippines (see Urban agriculture initiative in field schools and on-farm experiments. In A 67 gives Manila farmers “flower power”, page 68). addition, local stakeholders not only financed NNUAL UPWARD’s dynamic, hands-on approach to participatory research activities, they also R
development allows the network to make the established 46 community nethouses for use in EPORT most of innovations developed elsewhere, the cleanup process. Preliminary economic 2002 adapting them to local needs and circumstances. analyses indicate that the use of virus-free
In the Philippines, UPWARD partners are helping planting materials has increased farmers’ net farmers take advantage of low-cost systems for income by 40 percent. producing virus-free sweetpotato planting UPWARD’s participating countries include materials. The new “cleanup” technology—which China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nepal, and is already used on a vast scale in China—greatly Vietnam. The network is funded by the increases production efficiency, but requires Government of the Netherlands through the farm groups to acquire new knowledge and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its Directorate operating systems (see Scientists prepare for General for International Cooperation. new era of CIP–China cooperation, page 45). 2002 EPORT R NNUAL
68 A
ENTER Researchers in the Philippines are helping C URBAN AGRICULTURE improve the country’s flower garland industry,
OTATO INITIATIVE GIVES MANILA a key income-generating activity for the urban P FARMERS “FLOWER POWER” and peri-urban poor, by incorporating production mechanisms that will enhance flower productivity and cut pesticide use. In the capital NTERNATIONAL I city of Manila and surrounding communities, it is estimated that over 100,000 households—from flower producers and traders to garland makers and street vendors—are involved in the sampaguita flower garland industry. Sampaguita, or local jasmine (Jasminum sambac), is the Philippines’ national flower. A sophisticated yet informal garland production system operates on a daily basis with great efficiency and coordination: in just 15 hours the industry and determine research needs and opportunities. Only one sampaguita variety is traditionally grown in the area. This limited genetic base has led to a drop in plant productivity and flower quality. The project has initiated on-farm trials to introduce new varieties, which offer a greater range of colors and sizes of I flowers, in the hope of improving productivity NTERNATIONAL while stimulating the market to put premium prices on these exotic alternatives.
Meanwhile, studies undertaken by the project P OTATO detected pesticide residues in flower samples
provided by farmers, garland markers, and even C ENTER traders. Pesticide residues can have serious A human health consequences. Industry workers 69 reported symptoms of chemical poisoning such NNUAL the highly perishable flowers are harvested, as skin allergies, vomiting, and dizziness. And the transported, sold to wholesalers/retailers, made effects are probably much more widespread, R EPORT into garlands at the household level, passed on since there is usually less than 24 hours from 2002 to garland wholesalers/retailers, and finally sold spraying to the time a customer inhales the by street vendors to the local population—who fragrance of the flowers. In order to curb farmers’ value them for use in ceremonies, celebrations, extremely high pesticide use, the project is and as bearers of good fortune—and to tourists. developing low-cost integrated pest management Though this complex production process—passed mechanisms. The first step, already underway, is down from generation to generation—works to determine seasonal occurrence and abundance quite well, the industry is beset by declining of major pests. flower yield and excessive pesticide use. SIUPA was launched by the CGIAR in 1999 in Working with scientists from the University response to growing urbanization and increasing of the Philippines, farmers’ groups, and traders’ dependence of city dwellers on farming. It associations, the CIP-coordinated Strategic directs knowledge and technologies to urban and Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture peri-urban issues though collaboration with many (SIUPA) launched a project in 2001 to analyze national and international efforts. DONORS LARGE AND SMALL
The Senior Family Fund is not only CIP’s newest donor, it is also the
Center’s smallest. In 2002 the Fund, a small New England philanthropy,
provided CIP’s Vitamin A for Africa program (VITAA) with two grants
totaling US$3,000, about 0.001 percent of the Center’s budget.
“You can’t always judge a donor’s importance against the dollar
amount of a contribution,” says Hubert Zandstra, CIP’s Director General
and a former donor representative of Canada’s International 2002 2002 Development Research Center (IDRC). In 2002, the Senior family EPORT EPORT financed two field days in Uganda, including events in two war-torn R R provinces that are bringing improved sweetpotato planting materials to NNUAL NNUAL hundreds of refugee families. 70 A A “The amounts are small, but the money is being used in ways that
support our collaborators and provide them with greater latitude to ENTER ENTER C C operate,” Zandstra says. “The NGOs and community organizations OTATO OTATO that have received the Fund’s support have expressed not only a P P feeling of gratitude, but also a sense of encouragement from the
fact that people overseas are aware of the situation in rural Uganda NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL and are willing to help.” I I Zandstra adds that contributions from private investors are likely to
play an increasingly significant role at CIP in the years ahead. He notes
that the CIP Board of Trustees recently approved a US$32 million fund-
raising initiative for genetic conservation that will, in part, target
smaller donors. HUTTLE SEED S In 2002, these efforts extended to Afghanistan,
PRODUCTION AIDS AFGHAN one of Central Asia’s largest potato producers. Immediately following the cessation of hostilities,
POTATO FARMERS CIP researchers began planning an emergency
program that would speed up the supply of
quality potato seed to Afghan refugees returning I NTERNATIONAL from Pakistan. Seed quality, especially the
absence of diseases and pests, is one of the
major factors that determines the success or P OTATO failure of a potato crop. Operating under the
umbrella of the Future Harvest Consortium to C ENTER
Rebuild Agriculture in Afghanistan—an initiative A
71
CIP HAS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT NNUAL R
ROLE IN NUMEROUS HUMANITARIAN EPORT 2002 RELIEF INITIATIVES. IN THE FACE OF
EMERGENCIES, THE CENTER STANDS
funded by the United States Agency for READY TO RELIEVE SUFFERING AND International Development—and in
PROMOTE LONG-TERM RECOVERY cooperation with colleagues from national and international organizations, CIP scientists AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH began working in January to produce large
quantities of superior quality potato seed TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO BOLSTER adapted to Afghan growing conditions.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION “Our first visit to Afghanistan in March
2002 confirmed our worst fears,” says a CIP researcher associated with the project. “The SHUTTLE SEED PRODUCTION
country’s potato seed stocks had not been Producing high quality potato seed is an exacting
regenerated in over a decade and there was no process. Only the best farmers can do it and
evidence of a seed supply system. In almost even then it can be an extremely arduous job.
every field that we visited we found virus- For every tuber planted, a farmer generates just
infected plants, a sure sign that the country’s eight seeds that can be planted during the
potato producers were replanting contaminated following season. In contrast, a maize farmer
seed stocks harvested from their own fields.” planting a single kernel can easily harvest a
Virus infection is a major yield reducer. hundred or more seeds. The answer to the 2002 From the outset, the intention was to help problem is “shuttle” seed production, a process in EPORT Afghanistan’s farmers produce their own seed which potato seed tubers produced in one area R
rather than import from abroad. CIP scientists are taken to a new location where weather NNUAL had concluded that without local capacity to conditions are suitable for a second planting. The 72
A produce quality planting materials, Afghan potato Continued on page 74
ENTER production was unlikely to recover. To initiate the C process, in September project staff received
OTATO 22 tons of commercial “starter” seed—enough to P plant 7 hectares. Ninety percent of the shipment
was brought in by road from Pakistan through
NTERNATIONAL the Khyber Pass, with the remainder coming in I
as air cargo from India. To ensure that the
imported starter seed would be well used, seed
production training programs were initiated for
staff from Afghanistan’s Ministry of Agriculture,
local NGOs, and Kabul University. Course
graduates, working alongside CIP scientists and
researchers from Pakistan, in turn trained a small
group of local farmers.
THESE FARMERS ARE PARTICIPATING IN SHUTTLE SEED PRODUCTION TRAINING IN JALALABAD, AFGHANISTAN. FROM THERE, STARTER SEED IS TAKEN TO THE HIGHLANDS FOR SPRING PLANTING. SEEDS OF LIFE FOR EAST TIMOR
Over the past two years, CIP researchers have worked with government and private voluntary agencies to introduce improved sweetpotatoes to the newly independent nation of East Timor. Working with funds from the Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research under the Seeds of Life project, I CIP scientists provided local agencies with a small but select group of NTERNATIONAL promising lines, a number of which out-produced the best local variety and received high marks from consumers. P
In East Timor, as in much of Oceania, sweetpotato is an important food OTATO security crop. In the future, however, it will likely also prove to be a major C contributor to improved human health. Although accurate figures are not ENTER available, vitamin A deficiency is one of East Timor’s most challenging public A 73 health problems, affecting the eyesight and immune systems of thousands of NNUAL children under the age of five. Researchers believe that this deficiency can be addressed through the regular consumption of small amounts of orange-fleshed R EPORT sweetpotatoes, which are high in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, 2002 which the body uses to sustain the immune system. To help resolve the problem, plans are being made to introduce a series of locally adapted, orange- fleshed sweetpotatoes early in 2003.
CIP scientists are building on a lesson learned in Mozambique, where orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes were introduced as part of a disaster relief effort to assist families who had lost all of their sweetpotato planting materials to flooding. Mozambique is now a full member of the VITAA partnership (see page 63) and over 120,000 families have benefited from the introduction of the new materials. objective is to compress two or three production Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
cycles into the time normally used to produce (ICARDA), notes that shuttle seed production
just one seed crop. should go a long way towards developing a
In the case of Afghanistan, the key to the sustainable production system that addresses
shuttle system is planting in the Jalalabad area in the seed requirements of Afghan farmers.
the southeast part of the country where potato ICARDA is the coordinating center of the
can be grown in the mild winter season, and Future Harvest Consortium to Rebuild
then taking the harvested seed to the highlands Agriculture in Afghanistan.
around the city of Bamiyan for spring replanting. “This is not a short-term effort,” says 2002 Bamiyan, located in the Hindu Khush mountain El-Beltagy. “It is an example of innovative EPORT range, was the site of the two ancient Buddhas planning that will contribute to peace and R
which were destroyed in 2001. security. I am confident that once a functioning NNUAL A critical part of the process is avoiding late- seed production system is in place, Afghanistan’s 74
A season frost in Jalalabad. Before participating in potato farmers will begin to see even bigger
ENTER seed production training, local farmers didn’t benefits in the form of better varieties, improved C know they could manage frost by planting early methods for controlling diseases and pests, and
OTATO and irrigating the crop. Taken together, early better harvesting and storage practices.” P planting and irrigation help avoid frost while “The aim of the Future Harvest Consortium,”
eliminating the aphids that spread virus diseases he notes, “is to bring to bear the best that
NTERNATIONAL and generally toughening the tubers for science has to offer in ways that will reduce I
transport and storage. Adel El-Beltagy, Director poverty in rural Afghanistan, benefit consumers,
General of the International Center for and contribute to environmental well-being.” ·-· -- ... - IN BRIEF I NTERNATIONAL
VARIETIES BRING RELIEF TO PERUVIAN FARMERS
In an effort to reinvigorate the production of P
sweetpotato in Peru’s Cañete Valley, CIP and a local OTATO research institution set out to find replacements for
two of the valley’s most popular sweetpotato C varieties, whose yields had dropped drastically ENTER following the El Niño weather phenomenon in A
1997. Unusual temperatures and rainfall caused by 77 El Niño led to an outbreak of harmful pests and diseases; this in turn provoked a steep decline in the NNUAL productivity of the traditional sweetpotato varieties that had dominated the valley, namely Jonathan R EPORT and Milagrosa.
Sweetpotatoes are an important source of food 2002 and income for farmers in Cañete Valley. The crop also helps sustain the area’s milk production, another important revenue-generating activity, as the vines are fed to dairy cows. After years of testing and recombining material from the genebank collections held by CIP and the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), scientists came up with INA-100 and Huambachero. These new varieties greatly resemble Jonathan and Milagrosa in terms of color, appearance, and taste. But more importantly, they produce higher yields than their counterparts and have good commercial and culinary characteristics. CIP and INIA, who together financed the project, officially released INA-100 and Huambachero in 1997 and 2001, respectively. By May 2002, the two varieties occupied 90 percent of the total sweeetpotato cultivation area in Cañete Valley, agriculture is a major source of food and income approximately 6000 hectares. Jonathan and for them. Though the main crops in Kampala, Milagrosa remained on less than 10 percent. which boasts a hilly and fertile terrain, are The net value-added benefit of replacing sweetpotato and plantain, most of the farming Jonathan with INA-100 and Milagrosa with systems are based on complex interactions Huambachero is estimated at US$579 and between multiple crops and livestock. US$328 per hectare, respectively, according to The economic sustainability of these agricultural studies developed by INIA. activities, however, is under serious threat CIP scientists continue to search for and because of diminishing land availability, scarcity of quality seed, increasing presence of pests, and the use of inappropriate farming methods, among other things. In light of these concerns, SIUPA is spearheading efforts to determine the hazards and increase the benefits of urban agriculture in 2002 the Kampala area. At the forefront of these efforts is a health impact assessment study, which forms EPORT
R part of a three-year research project conducted jointly with the University of Toronto.
NNUAL In Kampala, there is concern that health hazards
78
A develop better adapted and higher yielding varieties that can resist the pests and diseases ENTER
C present in Cañete Valley, the country’s largest sweetpotato-producing area. The most recently
OTATO developed breeding line, 199062, is expected to P gradually replace INA-100 because of its superior level of resistance to nematodes. In addition to 199062, several other breeding lines are in CIP’s breeding pipeline for Cañete Valley. NTERNATIONAL I may result from food being grown in unhealthy NEW OPTIONS FOR KAMPALA CITY FARMERS areas. As in many cities, the land available for agricultural activities has diminished Improving the livelihood of urban families through tremendously, forcing many Kampala farmers, the development and dissemination of better especially poor households, to seek other options farming techniques is the underlying objective of for producing food and livestock feed. Crops are a number of projects being implemented in grown in polluted swamps and on lands Kampala, Uganda through the CIP-coordinated previously used as dump sites or contaminated by Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban other urban practices, while grass for animal feed Agriculture (SIUPA). Food insecurity continues is cut from the roadside or unused land. to threaten large numbers of low-income Officers of the Kampala City Council participate households in and around Kampala, and actively in the SIUPA research teams. The health impact study will help them to accurately assess posing a threat to human health. Although risks associated with these urban farming extensive safety testing conducted by universities, practices, and to develop appropriate plans and regulatory agencies, and the private sector over by-laws to ensure that farmers’ families and city the last decade has demonstrated that antibiotic residents eat better and more safely. SIUPA resistance genes currently in use in plant partners are also working to improve production transformation do not pose new or additional systems through technical interventions and to threats to human health, these concerns persist. identify better market opportunities for farmers. CIP biologists, recognizing that such concerns In the long run, SIUPA hopes to use and adapt were limiting the use of plant transformation I
technology to solve urgent food problems in NTERNATIONAL developing countries, began to search for options. After years of research and development, they came up with two highly effective breakthroughs. The first system involves the use of a plant P
gene, originally isolated at a laboratory in Belgium, OTATO which confers resistance to toxic compounds. The
main advantage of this system is that antibiotic C
resistance is no longer involved, hence the ENTER perceived threat to human health is reduced. A
79 the knowledge gained in Kampala to develop NNUAL similar programs in other countries. R EPORT
POWERFUL TOOLS FOR PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2002
Molecular biologists at CIP have developed two systems for producing transgenic potatoes that are free of controversial antibiotic resistance genes. These genes are used as “selectable markers,” which are key to the efficient Regeneration of transgenic plants with this gene, production of transgenic plants with valuable however, occurs at a lower frequency than with properties ranging from pest and disease antibiotic resistance genes. New support from resistance to herbicide tolerance and increased the Rockefeller Foundation will give a significant robustness to permit cultivation on marginal or impulse to this research, helping to overcome degraded lands. this drawback. Antibiotic resistance genes have been widely An equally important innovation, developed used as markers in plant transformation, and many at CIP’s Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, of today’s cultivated transgenic crops contain such allows scientists to remove antibiotic genes. There is widespread concern among resistance genes from transgenic potato plants consumers, however, that infectious bacteria using a heat-inducible self-excision system, could become more resistant to these antibiotics, which makes the gene “jump” out of the genome and disappear completely. This 2001 has concerned a number of Peruvian farming, method is currently being used by CIP in cultural, and environmental organizations. The generating transgenic virus-resistant potato and companies—which obtained patents on key sweetpotato varieties. components of the maca plant as well as on related These systems are complementary and are processes, but not on the plant itself—allege to expected to provide genetically improved have found the best method to extract maca’s varieties that will be more readily accepted by active ingredients. consumers who seek freedom from antibiotic The basic argument for opposing the patents is resistance genes in their food. that they claim ownership of products and processes that have been known for centuries by the Andean people. The group challenging the patents is actively seeking evidence to support this claim. The patents not only deny prior NPTII ANTIBIOTIC existence of knowledge, but perhaps more
2002 RESISTANCE GENE importantly, they potentially exclude from the market other maca products of similar EPORT
R composition by creating restrictions on the sale or use of maca and its derivatives.
NNUAL Given its wide experience in biodiversity
80 A
ANCIENT CROP AT THE CENTER OF A HEATED DEBATE ENTER C In an ongoing effort to increase the benefits of
OTATO Andean plant genetic resources for the populations
P that have developed these resources over time, CIP was invited to participate in a coalition of Peruvian organizations to study, and to challenge if necessary, the patents of two US companies that
NTERNATIONAL claim maca-based processes and products. I Maca, a plant of the mustard family, was probably conservation, genebank management, and first domesticated in Peru’s highlands between utilization of Andean root and tuber crops, CIP’s 1300 and 2000 years ago. Andean people have role in the broad-based group, led by Peru’s grown it for centuries as a food and medicinal plant. Consumer Defense Institute, is to research, Local people claim it boosts physical and mental compile, and evaluate published technical capacities and enhances fertility, which is naturally information and analytical procedures that reduced at high altitudes. could be used in demonstrating prior Although Peruvian and international companies knowledge, both traditional and contemporary, have marketed the root and its derivatives since regarding the patents. 1995 as a nutritional supplement—which they Currently no national or international have exported to Japan, Europe, and the USA— regulations monitor the production of maca. the granting of patents to two US companies in Moreover, international law does not yet recognize the legal validity of indigenous and pathogen attacks and nutritional disorders knowledge, so there is no forum to legally continue to have a devastating effect on the protest the patents. Only the World Trade crop, significantly reducing its yield. Organization provides a legal framework for Recognizing that the correct diagnosis of challenging trade issues. disorders can lead to better corrective Through efforts similar to these, CIP will management—and therefore improve yields continue to contribute to—and influence— and reduce economic and environmental national and regional deliberations on access to costs—in January 2001 the team set out to and benefit sharing of genetic resources. develop a computerized diagnostic system I
for sweetpotatoes. NTERNATIONAL After two years of research and development, the scientists from CIP, the Centre for Pest Information Technology and Transfer (Australia), the University of P
Queensland (Australia), and the PhilRootcrops OTATO Center (Philippines) produced a diagnostic key
that assists in identifying observed disorders C
and provides recommendations on appropriate ENTER management response. The project involved, A
81 NNUAL A KEY FOR SWEETPOTATO PROBLEMS R
Under the coordination of the Australian Centre EPORT for International Agricultural Research, a multi- institutional team of scientists recently 2002 developed a comprehensive interactive tool that aims to improve the diagnosis and management of sweetpotato disorders. Scientists anticipate that the knowledge farmers and researchers gain from this tool—a multimedia product to be among other things: collecting and structuring distributed as a CD-ROM and via the Internet— existing information, images, and other will result in better sweetpotato crops. (See http:/ relevant material; constructing and field /www.cpitt.uq.edu.au/software/sweetpotato/) testing the diagnostic key; and evaluating its Sweetpotato is an important source of food usefulness. CIP’s role was to provide expertise and income for farmers in developing countries, on insect and disease disorders, and to which account for 98 percent of the crop’s coordinate field tests. global production. It is not only a staple crop for As an added value, this project is expected the poor, but is also rapidly becoming an to help in evaluating the usefulness of important source of raw material for animal multimedia diagnostic keys as training and feed, starch, and industrial products. Despite its decision-support tools, and the potential for high versatility and adaptability, however, insect developing diagnostic keys for other crops. A SWEET ALTERNATIVE Nutriplús, a “just-add-water” powder concentrate comprised of sweetpotato, rice, corn, barley malt, A sweetpotato-based nutritional supplement animal protein, vegetable oil, and vitamins and developed by CIP scientists is being introduced in minerals. Two daily portions of the product— Peru to help alleviate chronic malnutrition in formulated according to the Ministry of Health young children. Close to 25 percent of Peruvian standards for nutrition of children from six children under the age of five experience months of age to three years old—cover close growth problems and one in every two suffers to 30 percent of the daily recommended dose from anemia, a direct result of inadequate diet. of calories and proteins and 60 percent to 100 percent of the daily recommended dose of vitamins and minerals. Unlike other baby food supplements, which contain added sugar, Nutriplús is sweetened naturally by the yellow- or orange-fleshed 2002 sweetpotatoes contained in the formula. This makes the mix even more effective, as these EPORT
R colored sweetpotatoes are rich in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.
NNUAL Nutriplús is expected to serve as a substitute for similar products used in government programs 82 that reach areas of extreme poverty to combat A “Aside from breast feeding, many mothers infant malnutrition. “Nutriplús’s easy-to-package
ENTER have limited knowledge on how to properly instant powder and locally available ingredients
C nourish their infants,” explains Nelly Espinola, CIP will make it highly competitive with the products nutritionist. “Not only do they feed them too usually offered through these government OTATO little and not frequently enough, but they feed programs, as well as with similar imported baby P them diluted pottages that are low in nutrients food sold in local supermarkets,” Espinola explains. and minerals.” Studies suggest that 25,000 to 1 million To confront this problem, a group of scientists children from 6 to 36 months of age living in from CIP and the Peruvian Instituto de Peru’s poorest areas could benefit from this NTERNATIONAL I Investigación Nutricional (IIN) began to search for product. An added bonus of Nutriplús is the an infant nutritional supplement that was easy to increased demand it is expected to create for prepare, affordable, and that contained the proper local agricultural products, particularly balance of necessary nutrients. They came up with sweetpotato, Espinola asserts. A SHARED EFFORT TO SUSTAIN IMPACT In 2002, CIP and its sister centers continued to suffer the effects of diminishing financial support to international agricultural research, despite a renewed interest from investors in efforts to reduce poverty, promote I social development, and protect the environment. CIP IN 2002 NTERNATIONAL
To cope with this situation, CIP took action on various fronts. We participated in the formulation of P OTATO various Challenge Program proposals while C
continuing to seek support for the systemwide and ENTER
ecoregional initiatives that CIP convenes or A 85 participates in. We stepped up fundraising efforts. NNUAL
We embarked on a stringent program to heighten R efficiencies and underwent a painful downsizing EPORT 2002 process to reduce our budget deficit. Thanks to these efforts, we were able to rebuild reserves and produce a balanced budget for 2003. We thank all
CIP staff for their tremendous dedication and decisiveness and their active participation in securing these achievements.
Over the years, CIP has placed emphasis on documenting the impact of its work. A series of case studies has been conducted, on the diffusion of new varieties (in six countries), the implementation of integrated pest management strategies (in four countries), and seed systems (in five countries). The composite net grand
benefits from these investments alone are estimated at over US$155 million per year. These results are only partial and do
not reflect the benefits accrued from many important areas, for instance in human resources development. CIP has trained
more than 5,000 scientists and professionals involved in research and development in various parts of the world.
It is also important to note that it took more than 15 years of dedicated research to prepare the ground for this
impact charted, mainly supported by unrestricted funding generously provided by our investors. CIP technologies did not
begin to show impact until 1987, although the upward trend has continued steadily since 1993 (see Annual net benefit
from investments in CIP between 1971 and 2001, page 91). 2002
Unrestricted support to international centers is critical for long-term research whose payoff requires sustained efforts, EPORT R such as the collection, characterization, and conservation of genetic resources. CIP holds in trust a world collection of over NNUAL 20,000 accessions of potatoes, sweetpotatoes, and Andean roots and tubers. Some impact can be readily appreciated from 86
A these efforts, for example through the CIP program that has restored more than 2,000 potato accessions to 21 native
ENTER communities in Peru to replace crops lost to climatic change, terrorism, and other disruptions. But there is also great C
promise for benefits in the longer term, for instance through the identification of genes that can help cope with the OTATO
P effects of climate change.
At CIP we believe that impact is the result of a collective effort by investors, scientists, development agents, farmers,
and support staff, and that all of us deserve to be proud of it. Patient and systematic research and training does pay off for NTERNATIONAL I
the poor in developing countries.
CIP thanks the investors who have contributed with unrestricted and restricted funding over the years, as well as our
partners in research. Without their strong commitment to research for development, their sustained support, and their
efforts to diffuse and promote new technologies, these accomplishments would not have been possible. IN MEMORY OF
DAVID MACKENZIE I NTERNATIONAL
David Robert MacKenzie was CIP Board member P
from 1996, and Chair of the Board from 1998 until OTATO C
his death on 23 October 2002. CIP remembers ENTER A
with gratitude David MacKenzie’s personal and 87 NNUAL
professional contributions, which will continue to R EPORT
bear fruit at the Center for many years to come. 2002
His vision, wisdom, personal warmth, and gentility
were appreciated by all who were fortunate
enough to know him. The Center is currently
carrying out a vision exercise, based on his
roadmapping approach, which is inspired by and
dedicated to his memory. BOARD OF TRUSTEES
DR ALEXANDER BORONIN (FROM MARCH 2002) Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia 2002 2002 DR RUTH EGGER (FROM MARCH 2002) Intercooperation EPORT EPORT Switzerland R R MR J AMES G ODFREY Scottish Crop Research Institute NNUAL NNUAL UK
88 DR CHUKICHI KANEDA (UNTIL MARCH 2002) Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture A A and Forestry Japan ENTER ENTER
R IM ANG KWUN (ACTING CHAIR FROM OCTOBER 2002) C C D K , K - College of Natural Science, Konkuk University Republic of Korea OTATO OTATO
P HAIR DIED CTOBER P DR DAVID R. MACKENZIE (C ) ( O 2002) Northeastern Regional Association of State Agricultural Experiment Station Directors USA
DR ORLANDO OLCESE Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina NTERNATIONAL NTERNATIONAL I I Peru
DR E IJA PEHU The World Bank USA
DR CARLOS ANTONIO SALAS (FROM MARCH 2002) Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria Peru
DR T HERESA S ENGOOBA Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute Uganda
DR M ADHURA S WAMINATHAN Indian Statistical Institute India
DR H UBERT Z ANDSTRA International Potato Center Peru DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS
The International Potato Center is grateful for the generous support of all its donors, particularly those who contribute with unrestricted donations. The funding received enables CIP to carry out high quality research and training designed to contribute to reducing poverty and achieving food security on a sustained basis in the poorest countries of the world.
CIP’s revenues in 2002 were lower than in 2001, which shows a continuing general trend of decreasing funding to agricultural research. CIP is actively seeking new partners and additional sources of funding to maintain operations at a sustainable and stable level. This will enable us to make a solid contribution in the years to come to our goal: food security, healthy environments, and less poverty through research, training, information, and technical assistance on potato, sweetpotato, Andean root and tuber crops, natural resources, and mountain ecologies. I
Donor(ranked by level of contribution) US$000 NTERNATIONAL
Swiss Agency for Development 2,701 a Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria 106 and Cooperation (SDC) (FONTAGRO)/Red Internacional de Metodología de International Bank for Reconstruction and 2,268 Investigación de Sistemas de Producción (RIMISP)
Development (IBRD/World Bank Group) Government of Belgium 103 P a United States Agency for International 2,117 Ford Foundation 85 OTATO Development (USAID) Food and Agriculture Organization of the 68 Department for International 1,505 United Nations (FAO) C
Development (DFID), UK CARE Peru 68 ENTER European Commission (EC) 1,422 b Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK 67 Government of the Netherlands 1,064 a Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (SAREC) 62 A Government of Japan 713 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 62 89 Government of Luxembourg 694 (OPEC) Fund for International Development
Swedish International Development 686 Micronutrient Initiative 58 NNUAL Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Government of South Africa 50 Danish International Development 612 a Government of France 47 Agency (DANIDA) Government of India 37 R EPORT Canadian International Development 584 Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 35 Agency (CIDA) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 26 Government of Spain 486 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration 25 2002 Government of Peru 371 (NOAA), USA Australian Centre for International Agricultural 358 International Research Institute for Climate 21 Research (ACIAR) Prediction (IRI) Government of Germany 309 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)’s 18 Government of Norway 267 Agricultural Research Fund International Development Research Centre 252 Conservation, Food & Health Foundation Inc., USA 17 (IDRC), Canada International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) 16 Government of Italy 235 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 14 Rockefeller Foundation 202 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) 10 The McKnight Foundation 148 International Foundation, USA 10 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 131 Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical, Bolivia 6 Government of the Republic of Korea 130 Government of Mexico 5 Government of China 120 Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Peru 2
TOTAL 18,393
a Includes contributions for associate experts and/or university partners in the USA. b Includes US$412,000 for conservation and characterization of root and tuber crops genetic resources, US$378,000 for gene discovery evaluation and mobilization for root and tuber crops improvement, and US$632,000 for integrated management on late blight.
A donation from the Senior Family Fund (see page 70) was received in 2002, but will appear in CIP’s revenues in 2003. 90 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 contingency reserve.Thereservewouldcover US$0.95 millionwasestablished,inorderforittoserveasa accruals andprovisionswasredefinedanewtargetof better alignfinancialreservestopotentialrisks,theaccount US$2.1 millionin2001toUS$1.82002.Inorder The financialresultsreducedtheoperatingreservefrom research program. costs willcontinuetodeclineasthecenterexpandsits percent in2002.Itisexpectedthatthefuture,indirect to reduceindirectcostsfrom14percentin200113 In addition,austereandprudentpoliciesmadeitpossible stable atUS$19.5million. backlog ofprojectspendingapprovalfromdonorswasfairly previous yearandthreetimesthoseapprovedin1999.The funding, reachedUS$10.8million,23percentabovethe During theyear,donationapprovals,excludingearmarked New projectdonationapprovalsincreasedsubstantially. revenues. were US$1.3million,whichcompensatedfallingbudgeted donations. Totalsavingsachievedcomparedtothebudget especially inthoseexpenselinesfundedbyunrestricted Expense reductionswerepossibleinallcategories, in 2002,8percentbelowthetotalbudgetforyear. Accumulated expendituresreachedUS$19.3million significantly theexpecteddeficittoUS$0.6million. raising. Theseactionswerefundamentaltoreduce closely monitorexpenditures,andtoraiseeffortsinfund took measurestoimprovetheoperationalefficiency, underwent adownsizingexercise.Inaddition,theCenter In responsetothecontinuingdropinrevenues,CIP exchange gainofUS$0.32million. depreciated againstthemajorcurrenciescreatingan currencies (25percent).In2002,theUSdollar yen (4percent,orUS$0.71million),andvariousother million), Swissfrancs(12percent,orUS$2.20 or US$7.54million),euros(19percent,US$3.46 CIP’s donationsarereceivedinUSdollars(40percent, been received. 2002, US$4million(21percentoftotalrevenues)hadnot US$10.36 millionofrestricteddonations.Attheend included US$8.36millionofunrestricteddonationsand 2 percentlowerthanthe2001revenues.Totalrevenues CIP’s totalrevenuesin2002wereUS$18.72million, F NNILREPORT INANCIAL CIP headquartersinLima,Peru. the DeputyDirectorGeneralforCorporateDevelopmentat financial statementsmayberequestedfromtheofficeof as ofDecember2002.Acopythecompleteaudited The statementbelowsummarizesCIP’sfinancialposition account accrualsandprovisionstotheoperatingfund. made itpossibletoreallocateUS$0.35millionfromthe losses, unplannedstaffrelocations,etc.Thenewdefinition expenses, suchasdonorcancellations,exchangerate unexpected risksthatreducerevenuesorincrease oa e ses5555,908 3,846 5,535 3,736 13,915 14,508 8,007 Total liabilitiesandnetassets 8,973 Total netassets Unappropriated Appropriated Net assets Total currentliabilities dacs42324 667 432 489 4,850 Prepaid expenses Advances Inventories 5,969 Accounts receivable Cash andcashequivalent Current assets Assets Year ending31December2002 Statement offinancialposition oa ses1,0 13,915 14,508 10,641 Accounts payable Current liabilities 11,648 Liabilities andnetassets Total assets Property andequipment,net Total currentassets tes28244 368 4,052 238 311 4,025 Others Employees Donors tes6795,402 1,030 6,709 1,063 Accruals Others Donors 022001 2002 (compared with2001) 14 184 1,799 1,201 ,6 3,274 2,860 (US$000) 136 2,062 1,575 Allocation of funds to CIP activities, 2002 and 2001
Research activity 2002 2001
Potato
Sweetpotato
Andean roots and tubers NRM (including CONDESAN) I GMP NTERNATIONAL
GILB
SIUPA
10 8 6 4 2 0 01020304050 P
US$ millions Percent OTATO C ENTER
Annual net benefit from investments in CIP between 1971 and 2001 (in 1996 dollars) A
91 (US$ millions)
180 NNUAL 160 140 R
120 EPORT 100
80 2002 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 1971 1981 1987 1991 2001
Year
Prepared by CIP's Social Science Department, based on CIP impact case studies 92 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Late blightinpotato,causedbytheoomycete P integrate componentsfordisease control.Cropanddisease farmer fieldschoolparticipatoryapproach isbeingusedto to complementhostresistancein overallIDMstrategies.The integrated diseasemanagement (IDM) arebeingdeveloped tapping newersourcesofresistance. Componentsof development anduseofstate-of-the-artmoleculartoolsfor efforts byProjects1and9arebeingdirectedtowardsthe utilization bydevelopingcountriesinparticular.Combined advanced cloneswithdurableresistancetothisdisease,for techniques) anddeployedimprovedpopulations scientists havealreadyproduced(throughclassicalbreeding technologies formanaginglateblightofpotato.CIP research priorityistodevelop,adapt,andintegrate particularly inlessdevelopedcountries.CIP’shighest disease worldwideandthecauseofhugecroplosses, and urbanagriculture)regional(Andeanecoregional)themes. increasing successinconveningandfacilitatingresearchamongalargenumberofpartnersaroundglobal(potatolateblight exploiting underutilizedAndeanrootandtubercrops.Withinthe13projectsarethreethatformallyrecognizeCIP’s potato andsweetpotatoproductionuse,managingnaturalresourcesinmountainecosystems,preserving CIP’s researchprogramcomprises13projectsthataddressthemostpressingconstraintstoimprovinglivelihoodsthrough infestans ROJECT CIP’s researchprojectsandprojectleaders 2GL Goa ntaieo aebih)G. Forbes G. Prain GILB(Globalinitiativeonlateblight) G2 SIUPA(Strategic initiativeonurbanandperi-urbanagriculture) G1 1CNEA Cnotu o h utial eeomn fteAda crgo)H. Cisneros CONDESAN(ConsortiumforthesustainabledevelopmentofAndeanecoregion) R1 T. Walker Globalcommodity analysisandimpactassessmentofpotatosweetpotatotechnologies 10 weptt mrvmn n iu oto D. Zhang Bonierbale M. W. Roca Quiroz R. A. Lagnaoui J. Landeo Hermann M. Gene discovery, evaluation,andmobilizationforcropimprovement 9 Integratednaturalresourcemanagementinmountainagro-ecosystems 8 C. Crissman Biodiversity andgeneticresourcesofroottubercrops 7 Postharvestquality,nutrition,andmarketimpactofroottubercrops 6 Sweetpotatoimprovementandviruscontrol 5 pestmanagementforrootandtubercrops Integrated 4 Truepotatoseed 3 Uptake andutilizationofimprovedpotatoproductiontechnologies 2 Integrated managementoflateblight 1 Project 1.I , continuestobethemostdevastatingpotato TGAE AAEETO AEBLIGHT LATE OF MANAGEMENT NTEGRATED T ERSAC PROGRAM RESEARCH HE Phytophthora systems, isakeyfactorinimproving potatoproductivity.The potatoes, eitherinformalprograms orininformalfarmer diseases, improvedproductionand managementofseed for newtechnologies.Becauseseeds transmitpestsand either clonalortruepotatoseed, as adeliverymechanism centered thematicallyandphilosophicallyonseedpotatoes, and hencethewelfareoffarmfamilies.Theprojectis production technologiesthatcanimproveon-farmyields The aimofthisprojectistodevelopanddisseminate P simple decision-supportsystemsfordiseasemanagement. epidemiology acrossdiverseagro-ecologiesandtodevelop used tounderstandthecomplexitiesofdisease’s models linkedtogeographicinformationsystemsarebeing ROJECT 2.U RDCINTECHNOLOGIES PRODUCTION TK N TLZTO FIPOE POTATO IMPROVED OF UTILIZATION AND PTAKE E. Chujoy / G.Forbes Leader / K.Fuglie (until Nov2002) (until Sept2002) (interim leader) project is the venue in which clonal and true seed output reducing pest losses, while protecting the health of from CIP breeding and biotechnology programs are producers, consumers, and the environment, this project introduced to countries, screened, tested in multiple adopts a systematic and comprehensive approach to crop locations, and entered into local variety release schemes. protection. More specifically, this implies maintaining pest In addition to new genetic materials, our products include populations at acceptable levels using combinations of improved integrated bacterial wilt management, virus and control techniques and practices, giving emphasis to bacterial wilt disease testing kits, and technical and biological control agents and other nonchemical control institutional backstopping to seed systems and the potato measures, and with due consideration of the socio-economic sector. (including aspects related to access to new markets) and environmental consequences. I NTERNATIONAL PROJECT 3. TRUE POTATO SEED PROJECT 5. SWEETPOTATO IMPROVEMENT AND VIRUS CONTROL True potato seed (TPS) enables a crop to be grown in areas where traditional production systems fail, for example This project aims at improving the productivity, nutritional where seed tubers are scarce or not available. By facilitating quality, and utilization of sweetpotato through the the transfer of improved TPS hybrids in such areas of the development and adoption of new varieties with enhanced P tropics and subtropics, CIP aims to expand potato cultivation postharvest characteristics and of technologies for OTATO and increase its efficiency (reduce production costs, increase controlling sweetpotato virus diseases. Current project yields). This project concentrates on breeding parents for activities include vitamin A biofortification through hybrid TPS production and improving TPS hybrids for needed development and deployment of beta-carotene-rich C specific traits such as late blight resistance, earliness, and sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa and southwest Asia, ENTER seed set. This research is backstopped by the TPS utilization genetic improvement of dry matter and starch yields to activities in CIP’s Project 2 and by the work of local facilitate diversified use of sweetpotato in China and A Southeast Asia, and application of technologies for organizations (private sector, nongovernmental 93 organizations, national agricultural research systems) in producing healthy planting material in regions where efforts to commercialize TPS systems and thus underpin sweetpotato virus disease is an important production NNUAL developing small industries. constraint. R EPORT PROJECT 4. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR ROOT AND PROJECT 6. POSTHARVEST QUALITY, NUTRITION, TUBERCROPS AND MARKET IMPACT OF ROOT AND 2002 TUBER CROPS Root and tuber crops are among the world’s most important food crops, with a great potential to improve food security, This project has two main objectives. The first is to alleviate eradicate starvation, and alleviate poverty in resource-poor rural poverty by linking farmers with markets and thus countries. For many farmers, these crops are not only their assisting them in income generation through diversified and food staple but also their principal source of cash income, expanded postharvest use of roots and tubers; in this context because of the growing demand for tubers in the cities. the identification of market opportunities, equitable rural Root and tuber crops are commonly grown in production enterprise development, and product development are systems where biotic factors such as weeds, nematodes, central concerns. Project activities aim at improving pests, and diseases limit yields and quality, reducing farmer processing technologies and farmer access to markets; income. In the developing world, insect pests pose a serious identifying novel root and tuber products; developing constraint to potato and sweetpotato production and hence methodologies for successful product and small agro- to the capacity of farmers to secure a livelihood; losses in the enterprise development; and increasing awareness of field and in storage can easily reach 50 percent of total yield. specific health benefits from eating roots and tubers. The Besides the economic losses, current farmer control second objective is to prevent vitamin A deficiency by practices rely on the use of highly toxic pesticides applied promoting the increased use of orange-fleshed with little or no protective equipment, causing substantial sweetpotatoes in regions where this nutritional disorder is damage to the health of people and the environment. And rampant. Initially concentrating on East Africa, the project the use of chemical pesticides is increasing rapidly, has established a partnership, called VITAA (Vitamin A for particularly where farmers are intensifying production Africa), which engages the agriculture, health, and nutrition methods in order to sell in urban markets, and where the communities in seven sub-Saharan countries in an effort to crops are expanding into agro-ecological regions and boost the demand for, and use of, orange-fleshed planting seasons outside their traditional range. To achieve sweetpotatoes by those most threatened by vitamin A its goal of increasing farmer income and food security by deficiency. 94 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 the tradeoffsofinterventions. search forwindowsofopportunity, andtoassess,ex-ante, researchers andauthoritiestoanalyzetheirproblems, training, willenhancethecapabilityoflocalandnational research systems,andcomplementedwithappropriate tools beingdevelopedjointlywithnationalagricultural methodologies, policyrecommendations,andanalytical in selectedmountainareas.Themanagementpractices, productive andsustainablenaturalresourcemanagement areas. Thegoalofthisprojectistocontributemore food security,andprotecttheenvironmentinmountain Harvest centersareworkingtoalleviatepoverty,increase resource managementresearch,CIPandotherFuture continue toliveinpoverty.Throughintegratednatural Development in1992,manymountaincommunities lead oftheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentand recognition oftheimportancetheseareasfollowing resource managementstrategies.Despitetheglobal areas haveincreasedproblemsforplanningeffective and rapidincreasesinpopulationdensitiesmountain domestic. Inthepastfewdecades,environmentalchanges sources ofplantandanimaldiversity,bothwild raw materials,energy).Mountainareasarealsoimportant on theseecosystemsforfoodandotherresources(water, In addition,billionsofpeoplelivinginthelowlandsdepend sustain anestimated10percentoftheworld’spopulation. Mountain ecosystemsarefoundoneverycontinentand P databases togeoreferencedandgeneticinformation. root andtubercropgeneticresources,linkingthese traits; andupgradingtheinformationdocumentationof identification andevaluationofnewsourcespriority promoting accessto,anduseof,genebankholdingsbythe integrating morpho-agronomicandmolecularmethods; redundancies, clonalidentity,corecollections)by rationalization ofgermplasmcollections(coverage, carried outbyfarmers(insitu/onfarmconservation); linking collectionswiththeconservationofbiodiversity assurance forworldwidedistributionofhealthyclones; Project activitiesincludepathogeneliminationandhealth methods forthelong-termconservationofpotatoclones. research toexploretechnologiesoncryopreservation field, andinvitrogenebanks.Theprojectalsoincludes regional collaborativeresearchonthemanagementofseed, root andtubercropgeneticresourcesthroughglobal term conservationofpotato,sweetpotato,andotherAndean The overallobjectiveofthisprojectistosecurethelong- P ROJECT ROJECT 8.I 7.B ONANAGRO MOUNTAIN NTBRCROPS ANDTUBER TGAE AUA EOREMNGMN IN MANAGEMENT RESOURCE NATURAL NTEGRATED OIEST N EEI EORE FROOT OF RESOURCES GENETIC AND IODIVERSITY - ECOSYSTEMS breeding programs. variety developmentincollaborationwithnational the productivityandusecharacteristicsthatareneededfor advanced potatoclonesandparentallinesthatalsopossess levels ofmultiplevirusresistancearedevelopedin conventional breedingdoesnotofferreadysolutions.High mobilized toconfrontprioritydiseasesandpestsforwhich mechanisms areengineered,andforeigngenes carbohydrate genenetworks.Inaddition,novelresistance understanding andmoreefficientmanipulationof and marketvalueofsweetpotatopotatothroughbetter improve productivity,postharvestquality,andnutritional resistance topotatolateblightandviruseshelp tools andinformationareusedtoidentifymonitor production ofhealthyvegetativeseedislimited.Molecular regions wherevectorpressuresarehighandcapacityforthe degenerative diseasesthatareimportantintropicallowland potato virusY,andX)toprotectcropsfromthe resistance tomajorpotatoviruses(potatoleafrollvirus, inputs. Theproject’sappliedbreedingprogramdevelops potato varietieslessdependentonpesticidesandother resistance sourcesareneededtodevelopbroad-based resistance tolateblight,bacterialwilt,andviruses;suchnew (Project 7)toidentifyandcharacterizenewsourcesof collaboration withCIP’sbiodiversityconservationproject Strategic germplasmevaluationisconductedin P with specializedinstitutions. generating themostinformativecommodityprojections benefiting developingcountries;andparticipatein sweetpotato marketingandinternationalpotatotrade groups insociety;assistimprovingdomesticpotatoand evaluate theeffectsofpotatopriceinstabilityondiverse maintain priceandproductiondatabasesforprioritysetting; improvement indevelopingcountries;assembleand adequacy ofinvestmentinpotatoandsweetpotatocrop the effectonpovertyofCIP’sresearch;assessleveland sweetpotato technologies;documenttherateofreturnand social, andenvironmentaleffectsofimprovedpotato specific objectivesareto:quantifytheagronomic,economic, sweetpotato improvementandutilization.Someofthe formulation, andinvestmentoptionsrelatedtopotato making ontechnologydesign,resourceallocation,policy administrators, policymakers,anddonorsfordecision This projectgeneratesinformationforscientists,research P ROJECT ROJECT 9.G 10.G O RPIMPROVEMENT CROP FOR TECHNOLOGIES SWEETPOTATO AND POTATO FOR ASSESSMENT N DISCOVERY ENE OA OMDT NLSSADIMPACT AND ANALYSIS COMMODITY LOBAL , EVALUATION , N MOBILIZATION AND PROJECT G1. SIUPA (STRATEGIC INITIATIVE ON URBAN AND additional opportunities for collaboration. To assist these PERI-URBANAGRICULTURE) groups, GILB has sponsored meetings and developed world wide web pages for each group. To facilitate access to The strategic initiative on urban and peri-urban agriculture information, a global late blight information system, with (SIUPA) was launched by the CGIAR in late 1999 in response numerous resources and links, has been established online at to growing urban populations and urban poverty and the the GILB web address. A newsletter is distributed three increased dependence of city dwellers on farming. CIP is the times a year to GILB members in 79 countries. GILB convening center for the initiative. SIUPA’s goals are to sponsored international conferences in 1999 and 2002. GILB contribute to increased food security, improved nutritional is managed by a steering committee representing different status, and higher incomes for urban and peri-urban farmers regions of the world where late blight is important.
while mitigating negative environmental and health I NTERNATIONAL impacts; and to establish the perception of urban and peri- urban agriculture as a positive, productive, and essential PROJECT R1. CONDESAN (CONSORTIUM FOR THE component of sustainable cities. SIUPA has established a set SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANDEAN of research activities in regional sites collectively known as Urban Harvest. CIP is one of several Future Harvest centers ECOREGION) implementing research activities with other international P and national agencies in such fields as sustainable CONDESAN is an open and dynamic consortium of diverse OTATO agroprocessing and livestock enterprises, quality aspects of organizations, each one contributing its knowledge and vegetable production systems, and the contribution of urban expertise on research and/or rural development, that agriculture to human nutrition. works on the interlocking issues of sustainable natural C resource management, increasing rural incomes, and social ENTER equity. The objective is to strengthen local capacity to understand natural resource management and to develop PROJECT G2. GILB (GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON LATE BLIGHT) environmentally sound production systems and policies that A can enhance life in the Andes. Focusing mainly on poor 95 The global initiative on late blight (GILB) was convened by farmer groups of the highlands, CONDESAN concentrates its
CIP in 1996 in response to the escalating agricultural crisis fieldwork at seven benchmark sites that broadly represent NNUAL brought about by the evolution of more aggressive and the major ecological zones. Cross-sectional and common fungicide-resistant forms of the potato late blight pathogen, themes, however, are promoted for the entire region. Phytophthora infestans. GILB stimulates collaborative and InfoAndina, the electronic information system, is a key R complementary research and technology transfer among component of the Consortium’s team-building strategy. EPORT developing and developed countries by improving Through coordination and facilitation activities by a small
communications among researchers and institutions. GILB coordination unit, the project aims to create effective and 2002 has established regional and thematic linkage groups to strong linkages between research and rural development encourage people to work together and to identify partners.
CIP’S DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
• Contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population in extreme poverty (Millennium Development Target 1) • Contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Millennium Development Target 2) • Contribute to reducing by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate (Millennium Development Target 5) • Contribute to reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (Millennium Development Target 6) • Contribute to integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and to reversing the loss of environmental resources (Millennium Development Target 9) • Contribute, by 2020, to achieving significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (Millennium Development Target 11) • Contribute to addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Millennium Development Target 13) • Contribute, in cooperation with the private sector, to making available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies (Millennium Development Target 18) 96 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 214 pp. Cochabamba, Bolivia,February2001. GILB/CIP,Lima,Peru. Environmental and Occupational for Journal International production: Assessingimpactsanddevelopingresponses. E. Cole D,SherwoodS,CrissmanC,BarreraV,andEspinosa sweetpotato pestsanddiseases:cultivardecline. WJ. Clark CA,ValverdeRA,FuentesS,SalazarLF,andMoyer Policy Brief.www.scidev.net/dossiers/indigenous_knowledge conserving cropdiversity.SciDevNetIndigenousKnowledge Campilan D. Netherlands. Pyburn, eds),pp.135–146.VanGorcum,Assen,The disease managementinNepal.In: of innovationthroughsociallearning:thecasepotato Campilan D. agroindustria. vincular alospequeñosproductoresdepapaconla Bernet T,LaraM,UrdayP,andDevauxA. irrigation toshifttowardmilkproduction. economic assessmentofestablishingsmall-scalesprinkler Improving landuseofslopefarmersintheAndes:An Bernet T,HervéD,LehmannB,andWalkerT. infestans Phytophthora disease report.TheAndeanfruitcrop,pearmelon( Adler NE,ChacónG,FlierWG,andForbesGA. Uganda throughaFarmerParticipatoryApproach. ( Hermann M,andCareyEE. Abidin PE,vanEuewijkFA,StamP,StruikPC,ZhangDP, Fernández-Northcote EN(ed.). Lima, Peru,96pp. Devaux AandThieleG. Health Horticulturae International Workshop on Complementing Resistance to Resistance Complementing on Workshop tizón al International resistencia la Complementando Internacional: (1998–2002) fase primera la de experiencias y logros Horticulturae International management. resource rural in learning Social Development and Research muricatum Ipomoea batatas Ipomoea Phytophthora infestans oaoLt lgt( Blight Late Potato ( Reflections and Research 2002. PesticidesandhealthinhighlandEcuadorianpotato 2002. Researchforimprovedmanagementof 8:182–190. ), isacommonhostforA1andA2strainsof 2002.Linkingsocialandtechnicalcomponents 583:61–68. 583:103–110. 2002. Theimportanceoflocalknowledgein Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa la de Latinoamericana Revista (L.)Lam)germplasmfromNorth-eastern Phytophthora infestans inEcuador. ) en los Andes [Proceedings of the of [Proceedings Andes los en ) (CeesLeeuwisandRhiannon 2002. 22:375–382. 2002. Evaluationofsweetpotato Compendio de Papa Andina, Papa de Compendio 2002. S Wheelbarrow full of frogs: of full Wheelbarrow Plant Pathology Plant LCE ULCTOSBY PUBLICATIONS ELECTED Memorias del Taller del Memorias ) in the Andes], the in ) Mountain 2002. Elretode 2002. 2002.New Acta 13:1–23. Acta 51:802. Solanum . CIP, distribution ofsweetpotatoarea. and analysisofageo-referenceddatabasetheglobal Hijmans RJ,HuacchoL,andZhangDP. Wallingford, UK. Brown, andM.T.Jackson,eds),pp.387–404.CABI, and useofplantgeneticresources.In: Geographic informationsystems(GIS)andtheconservation Guarino L,JarvisA,HijmansRJ,andMaxtedN. in tetrasomicpotato.IV.Syntheticcultivars. Golmirzaie AMandOrtizR. open-pollinated populations. in tetrasomicpotato.III.Earlyselectionforseedlingvigoron Golmirzaie AMandOrtizR. de Cañete.CIP,Lima,Peru.24pp. liberadas porelINIAenlacostacentral,Perú.Casodelvalle de impactolaadopciónnuevasvariedadescamote Fonseca C,ZugerR,WalkerT,andMolinaJ. radioactive nucleicacidspothybridization(NAS). sweetpotato chloroticstuntcrinivirus(SPCSV)bynon- Muller G,FuentesS,andSalazarLF. 94. determine stableperformanceinsweetpotato( Manrique KandHermannM. threat. Lizárraga C(ed.). 317–322. enrichment ELISA. solanacearum Ralstonia Kumar A,SarmaYR,andPriouS. Genetic ResourcesInstitute,Rome,Italy.130pp. Cruz J. Hijmans RJ,SpoonerDM,SalasAR,GuarinoL,anddela 41–45. yellow veinviruscapsidproteinminorgene. RHA. Livieratos IC,MüllerG,SalazarLF,EliascoE,andCoutts 35–40. genetic diversity genetic Genetics Applied Genetics Horticulturae batatas Conference 2002. Identificationandsequenceanalysisofpotato (L.)Lam.)regionaltrials. Proceedings of the Global Initiative on Late Blight Late on Initiative Global the of Proceedings 2002. 104:157–160. CIP , Hamburg,Germany,July2002.CIP,Lima,Peru. 583:129–133. Atlas of wild potatoes wild of Atlas (J.M.M.Engels,V.RamanthaRao,A.H.D. 104:161–164. 2002.Lateblight:Managingtheglobal Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops Aromatic and Spices of Journal STAFF ingingerrhizomesusingpost 2002. Inbreedingandtrueseed 2002. Inbreedingandtrueseed Theoretical and Applied and Theoretical 2002. Comparativestudyto Acta Horticulturae Acta Acta Horticulturae Acta 2002. Detectionof . InternationalPlant Managing plant Managing 2002. Detectionof 2002.Description Theoretical and Theoretical Virus Genes Virus 2002. Estudio Ipomoea Acta 2002. 583:87– 583: 11: 25: Mwanga ROM, Kriegner A, Cervantes JC, Zhang DP, Moyer Sherwood S and Pumisacho M. 2002. Facilitators’ guide for JW, and Yencho C. 2002. Resistance to sweetpotato implementing farmer field schools in potato IPM. FAO/CIP/ chlorotic stunt virus and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus INIAP. 120 pp. is mediated by two separate recessive genes in sweetpotato. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 127: Thiele G and Devaux A. 2002. Adding value to local 798–806. knowledge and biodiversity of Andean potato farmers, the Papa Andina Project. InfoAgrar News No. 12/02, pp. 2–3. Mwanga ROM, Moyer JW, Zhang DP, Carey EE, and Yencho GC. 2002. Nature of resistance of sweetpotato to Torres H. 2002. Manual de las enfermedades más sweetpotato virus disease. Acta Horticulturae 583: 113–119. importantes de la papa en el Perú. CIP, Lima, Peru. I Olanya OM, Lambert DH, Johnson SB, and Dwyer JD. Triki MA, Priou S, and El Mahjoub M. 2001. Effects of soil NTERNATIONAL 2002. Assessment of the impact of mid-season late blight solarization on soil-borne populations of Pythium infection on disease development and yield of potato variety aphanidermatum and Fusarium solani and on the potato Russet Norkotah in Maine. International Journal of Pest crop in Tunisia. Potato Research 44: 271–279. Management 48: 139–146. Triki MA, Priou S, El Mahjoub M, and Baudry A. 2001. Leak Oliva RF, Erselius LJ, Adler NE, and Forbes GA. 2002. syndrome of potato in Tunisia caused by Pythium P Potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted aphanidermatum and Pythium ultimum. Potato Research 44: OTATO populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador. 221–231.
Plant Pathology 51: 710–719. C Trognitz F, Manosalva P, Gysin R, Niño-Liu D, Simon R, del ENTER Ortiz O, Nelson R, Palacios M, and Orrego O (eds). 2002. Rosario Herrera M, Trognitz B, Ghislain M, and Nelson R. Guía para facilitar el desarrollo de escuelas de campo de 2002. Plant defense genes associated with quantitative agricultores: Manejo integrado de las principales resistance to potato late blight in Solanum phureja x A enfermedades e insectos de la papa. CIP/CARE-Peru. 264 pp. dihaploid S. tuberosum hybrids. Molecular Plant–Microbe 97 Interactions 15: 587–597.
Peters D, Nguyen TT, and Pham NT. 2002. Sweet potato NNUAL root silage for efficient and labor-saving pig raising in Van de Fliert E and Braun AR. 2002. Conceptualizing Vietnam. AGRIPPA Peer Reviewed Electronic Journal integrative, farmer participatory research for sustainable www.fao.org/docrep/article/agrippa/554_en.htm agriculture: From opportunities to impact. Agriculture and R Human Values 19: 25–38. EPORT Pray CE and Fuglie K. 2002. Private investment in
agricultural research and international technology transfer Van de Fliert E, Dilts R, and Pontius J. 2002. Farmer 2002 in Asia. CIP, Bogor, Indonesia; Rutgers University, and researcher teams, farmer field schools and community IPM: Economic Research Service. 155 pp. different platforms for different research and learning objectives. In: Wheelbarrow full of frogs: Social learning in Priou S, Salas C, de Mendiburu F, Aley P, and Gutarra L. rural resource management. International Research and 2001. Assessment of latent infection frequency in progeny Reflections (Cees Leeuwis and Rhiannon Pyburn, eds), pp. tubers of advanced potato clones resistant to bacterial wilt: 121–133. Van Gorcum, Assen, The Netherlands. a new selection criterion. Potato Research 44: 359–373. Zhang BY, Liu QC, Zhai H, Zhou HY, Zhang DP, and Wang Priou S, Torres R, Villar A, Gutarra L, and de Mendiburu F. Y. 2002. Production of fertile interspecific somatic hybrid 2001. Optimization of sample size for the detection of latent plants between sweetpotato and its wild relative, Ipomoea infection by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato seed tubers in lacunosa. Acta Horticulturae 583: 81–85. the highlands of Peru. Potato Research 44: 349–358.
Pumisacho M and Sherwood S (eds). 2002. Technical guide to potato production in Ecuador. INIAP-CIP. 320 pp. 98 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Main grouptrainingevents and regionaloffices,byCIP-relatednetworks. CIP continuestodevelopitswebsiteandinteractiveCD-ROMssupporttrainingactivitiesorganizedbyheadquarters manuals, articles,andreportsfromCIP’strainingwebsite(www.cipotato.org/training),e-conferencesworkshops. locations bydistributingpublicationsandmanuals,aswellthroughtheuseofelectronicmedia,includingdownloads headquarters, individualtrainingwasprovidedforparticipantsfrom23countries.CIPalsosupportedatdistant building forsustainableproduction,targetedatNGOs,governmentorganizations,anddevelopmentagencies.AtCIP activities focusedonresearchmethodologies,tools,andtechniquesfordeveloping-countryscientists,capacity The 32maintrainingeventsconductedacrosstheworldin2002wereattendedbyparticipantsfrom64countries.These CIP leadstrainingsessionsandworkshops,organizessponsorsinternationalconferences,developsmaterials. material. demand fortrainingonnaturalresourcemanagementinmountainareasandconservationofroottubergenetic production anduseofCIP’smandatecropstheconservationmanagementnaturalresources.Thereisagrowing The topicscoveredbyCIP’strainingcurriculumresponddirectlytotheCenter’smainresearchareascenteredon Event goidvriycnevto n aaeet(9 Mozambique,Peru,SouthAfrica, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Spain OPEC, Initiative, CTB, FAO, IPGRI Peru, Uganda, UK Kenya agrobiodiversity conservationand management(19) Workshop onapplicationofmolecular markersin Af ICRAF, ILRI, PRAPACE design (17) Bangladesh, Bolivia, of Ministry ICARDA, China, Ethiopia, Workshop onstatisticalanalysisand experimental B Agriculture, Bangladesh Course onintegratedcropmanagement(70) Micronutrient ISTI, (22) (VITAA) Africa Steering committee meeting IFAD of Vitamin A for strategies throughfarmerfieldschools(11) diseases: refiningandimplementinglocal Italy,Kenya,Mexico,Peru,Philippines, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Philippines Integrated managementofpotatolateblight Canada, Brazil, Belgium, Argentina, TCRC I production (59) Senegal, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, UK Course onimprovedtechniquesofsweetpotato CAF, Benin, FAO, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Peru Regional, Desarrollo World MeetingonMountainEcosystems(278) Bangladesh Fundación para el harvest andpostharvest(14) CGIAR, SDC pest managementandvarietiesforindustry, Workshop onparticipatoryresearch,integrated Inter-Center WorkingGroupoftheCGIAR(19) Management: Annualmeetingofthe Systemwide ProgramonIntegratedPest TCRC Advanced virologycourse(5) application topotatoseedproduction(12) Workshop onbacterialwiltdetectionandits (number ofparticipantsinparentheses) T ANN HIGHLIGHTS RAINING xenlsosr Participating countries External sponsors SI Tanzania,Uganda,USA,UK Afghanistan USAID Nepal, Nigeria,Pakistan,Peru, France,Germany, Ghana,Italy,Mexico, Chile,Colombia,CostaRica, Ecuador, SDC Affairs, Foreign of Ministry Peruvian CGONCAGRO Venezuela Puerto Rico,SouthAfrica,USA, razil, Canada,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya, ghanistan GILB conference: Managing the global threat (173) DANIDA, Technical Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Brazil, Centre for Agricultural Cameroon, Canada, China, Czech Rep., & Rural Cooperation Denmark, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Luxemburg, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, Ukranian SSR, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam
Workshop on analysis of agroproduction systems (17) Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru I NTERNATIONAL Conference on alternatives for funding and CONDESAN Canada, Peru, Switzerland investment in poor rural environments (62)
Course on potato seed production in ICARDA Afghanistan Afghanistan (38)
P Course on technology of autotrophic and Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, OTATO hydroponic systems (8) Venezuela
Workshop on genetic improvement and FONTAGRO Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, C perspectives for the industrial use of potato (21) Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela ENTER
Course on utilization and promotion of true potato India seed (89) A
99 Workshop on urban policy implications of FAO, SIUPA Kenya enhancing food security in African cities (35) NNUAL Course on cassava and sweetpotato research and CRS Uganda development (30) R
Workshop on watershed management (25) MANRECUR, PROMSA Ecuador EPORT
Course on computer simulation and GIS (50) DINAREN, INAMHI, Ecuador 2002 INIAP, INPOFOS
International workshop of the China-ASEAN Ministry of Agriculture, China Potato Forum China
International conference on farmer field schools FAO, Rockefeller Indonesia Foundation
UPWARD annual review and planning meeting UPWARD Philippines
Course on participatory research and development UPWARD Philippines
Sweetpotato study tour China
Workshop on sweetpotato IPM farmer field schools Vietnam
Seminar-workshop on the potentials of NVH Foundation Philippines sweetpotato in improving household income and nutritional status (15)
Workshop on sweetpotato ICM project validation (12) UPWARD Philippines
Potato ICM project summative workshop (14) UPWARD China
Project team workshop for the development of IDRC Philippines an agrobiodiversity sourcebook (18)
Full names of external sponsors can be found in the list of CIP’s partners (pages 100–103). 100 100 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Agriculture andForestry,InstituteforBiologicalControl,Germany• of Agriculture,Philippines• Uganda AppropriateTechnology• para elDesarrolloRuraldeCajamarca,Peru• ASARECA Institute, Tanzania• Agricultural ResearchandExtensionAuthority,Yemen• ARCS ture ResearchCentre,Egypt• de Papa,Bolivia• Science, China• tion, Switzerland• Technology AssessmentInstituteWestSumatra,Indonesia• African HighlandEcoregionalProgram,EastAfrica• A Agro-Forestry, Uganda• for InternationalAgriculturalResearch• Agricultural Sciences,NorthKorea• AARI Vietnam • Biodiversidad yGenética,Peru• Centre, Ethiopia• Promotores, Peru• University ofLeuven,Belgium• Cooperative forAssistanceandReliefEverywhere,USA• Forestry, Vietnam• Academy ofAgriculturalSciences• SA, Chile• People, Canada• Entomopatógenos, Cuba• Agrícola Tropical,Bolivia• de CañeteyMala,Peru• Bartolomé delasCasas,Peru• Agriculture, PhichitHorticulturalResearch Center,Thailand• Group, WorldBank,USA• Department ofAgriculturalResearch andHumanResourceDevelopment,Eritrea• India • for AgriculturalandRuralCooperation• public –GabrielLippmann,Luxembourg• Institute forFoodCrops,Indonesia• Research Station,India• perfectionnement etderecyclageagricoleSaïda,Tunisia• Instituto ColombianoAgropecuario,Colombia• COPASA Development oftheAndeanEcoregion,Peru• Ambiente, Peru• Hortaliças, Brazil• Philippines • Consorcio LatinoamericanodeAgroecologíayDesarrollo,Peru• Desarrollo RegionalCajamarca,Peru• internationale enrechercheagronomiquepourledéveloppement,France• Desarrollo, Peru• Cultivos Andinos,Peru• tural Development,China• C hristian AID,DRCongo• gricultural ResearchCouncil,SouthAfrica• AegeanAgriculturalResearchInstitute,Turkey• AustrianResearchCentersSeibersdorf,Austria• DAE CooperacionPeruanoAlemandeSeguridadAlimentaria,Peru• AssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEasternandCentralAfrica,Uganda• BRRI BUCADEF DepartmentofAgriculturalExtension, Bangladesh• CNCQS BangladeshRiceResearchInstitute• APPRI A BADC A CGIAR CONCYTEC CENA CIMMYT CODESE rapai College,Uganda• lemaya UniversityofAgriculture,Ethiopia• C ARO ChineseNationalCentreforQualitySupervisionandTestofFeed • BugandaCulturalDevelopmentFoundation,Uganda• amBioTec, Canada• AgriculturalPlantProtectionResearchInstitute,Egypt• AFRICARE BangladeshAgriculturalDevelopmentCorporation• CivilEngineersNetworkAfrica,SouthAfrica• AgriculturalResearchOrganization,Israel• ConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearch,USA• CIDA CRIBA CIAAB C CERGETYR CEDEPAS ComitedeSemilleristas,Peru• CentroInternacionaldeMejoramientoMaizyTrigo,Mexico• entro deInvestigaciónenBiotecnología,CostaRica• D CIAT BARI ConsejoNacionaldeCienciayTecnologia,Peru• ARC epartment ofAgriculture,Philippines • CCAP CAU CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency• CentroRegionaldeInvestigaciónenBiodiversidadAndina,Peru • CentrodeInvestigacionesAgrícolasABoerger,Uruguay• CentroInternacionaldeAgriculturaTropical,Colombia• AgriculturalResearchCorporation,Sudan• , Uganda• BRAC BangladeshAgriculturalResearchInstitute• ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,• ChineseCenterforAgriculturalPolicy,China• CABI AB-DLO CentroEcuménicodelaPromociónyAcciónSocial,Peru• CRIH CIRNMA CentroRegionaldeRecursosGenéticosTuberosasyRaíces,Peru• ADT Bangladesh RuralAdvancementCommittee• Bioscience,Kenya,UK• CTB CARDI CRS CentralResearchInstituteforHorticulture,Indonesia• AVRDC ARARIWA InstituteforAgrobiologyandSoilFertility,Netherlands• A AGDIA ATDTP AkukuranutDevelopmentTrust,Kenya• CatholicReliefServices,Kenya,Uganda,Sudan,Indonesia• CentrodeInvestigaciónRecursosNaturalesyMedioAmbiente,Peru • gricultural ResearchInstitute,Tanzania• Belgium TechnicalCooperation• C onservation, Food&HealthFoundationInc.,USA• CaribbeanAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentInstitute,Trinidad• AsianVegetableResearchandDevelopmentCenter,Taiwan• CIP' BSU Inc,USA• AgriculturalTechnologyDevelopmentandTransferProject,Rwanda• A CPPS AssociationforAndeanTechnical-CulturalPromotion,Peru• inshams University,FacultyofAgriculture,Egypt• AARI ARDC ARI BenguetStateUniversity,Philippines• CARE PARTNERS S ChongqingPlantProtectionStation,China• AIT AgriculturalResearchInstitute,Pakistan• C AyubAgriculturalResearchInstitute,Pakistan• CPRI AgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentCentre,Uganda• omunité deYaounde,Cameroon• DFID -Bangladesh • A AGERI AsianInstituteofTechnology,Thailand• ngola SeedsofFreedomProject• DANIDA C lemson University,USA• CentralPotatoResearchInstitute,India• CAB DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment, UK• ASAR BCNC C AgricultureGeneticEngineeringResearchInstitute,Egypt• endrawasih University,Indonesia• International,Kenya• D DanishInternationalDevelopment Agency• C epartment ofAgriculture,Thailand • AsociacióndeServiciosArtesanalesyRurales,Bolivia• C BaguioCityNutritionCouncil,Philippines• avSU CaviteStateUniversity,Philippines• ornell University,USA• B CARE vumbwe ResearchStation,Malawi• BAR APROSEPA ARC CTCRI CIPDER -Kenya • BureauofAgriculturalResearch,Department BBA C CECOACAM CONDESAN AgriculturalResearchCouncil,SouthAfrica• CIED entros deReproducciónEntomógenosy DECRG FederalBiologicalResearchCentrefor CentralTuberCropsResearchInstitute, A CentrodeInvestigación,Educacióny griculture andAgri-Food,Canada• AFRENA CNPH BRC ConsorcioInterinstitucionalparael AsociacióndeProductoresSemilla CARE CLSU , DevelopmentEconomicsResearch CIAD C BiotechnologyResearchCenter, CICA CentraldeCooperativasAgrarias ConsortiumfortheSustainable CAF hiang MaiUniversity,Thailand• CentroNacionaldePesquisa BTA -Peru • CentralLuzonStateUniversity, CIRAD A CONAM CenterforIntegratedAgricul- AfricanResourceNetworkin CRP-CU CentrodeInvestigaciónen nhui AcademyofAgricultural CollegeforAgricultureand BiotecnologíaAgropecuaria CORPOICA C CEMOR onsorcio Surandino,Peru• ARI ACIAR ASPADERUC CRIFC CARE Centredecoopération C AKF entro deInvestigación AgriculturalResearch AIAT-WS CTA Consejo Nacionaldel Centrederecherche CPRS CemorEditores& AgaKhanFounda- CFP -Rwanda • CentralResearch AustralianCentre CPRA AAS TechnicalCentre Corporacióndel A D CentralPotato CitiesFeeding wasa Research CAAS epartment of Academyof ARC Agricultural Centrede CBC Asociación DINAREN DARHRD Chinese Agricul- CLADES BIOGEN C Centro atholic AREA CARE AHI AT- Direccion Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ecuador • Dinas Peternakan Wamena, Indonesia • Dirección Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal, Cuba • Directorate of Root Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia • DPP Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • DRCFC Dalat Research Center for Food Crops, Vietnam • DRDS Department of Research and Development Services, Bhutan • EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (for- merly IAR), Ethiopia • EARRNET Eastern Africa Rootcrops Research Network, Uganda • EC European Commission • ECABREN Eastern and Central Africa Bean Research Network, Uganda • EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazil • Empresas de Cultivos Varios del Ministerio de Agricultura, Cuba • ENEA Comitato Nazionale per la Ricerca e per lo Sviluppo dell’Energia Nucleare e delle Energie Alternative, Italy • Erbacher Foundation, Germany • ESH Ecole supérieure d’horticulture, Tunisia • ETH Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Switzerland • FAO Community IPM Program, Vietnam and Indonesia • FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy • FAPESP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, I
Brazil • FCRI Food Crops Research Institute, Vietnam • FDR Fundación para el Desarrollo Rural, Peru • FIELD Farmer Initiatives for NTERNATIONAL Ecological Livelihood and Democracy, Indonesia • FOFIFA/FIFAMANOR Centre national de la recherche appliquée au developpément rural, Madagascar • Food Crop Research Institute, Vietnam • FONTAGRO/RIMISP Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria/Red Internacional de Metodología de Investigación de Sistemas de Producción • FOODNET (ASARECA network implemented by IITA) • Ford Foundation • FORTIPAPA Fortalecimiento de la Investigación y Producción de Semilla de Papa, Ecuador • FOVIDA Fomenta de la Vida, Peru • FSP Forages for Smallholders Project, CIAT, Colombia • FUNDAGRO Fundación para el Desarrollo Agropecuario, Ecuador • FUNDANDES Fundación para el Ambiente Natural y el Desarrollo, Argentina • GAAS P Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • GILB Global Initiative on Late Blight, Peru • GKF Grameen Krishi Founda- OTATO tion, Bangladesh • GLKS Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany • Government of Belgium • Government
of China • Government of France • Government of Germany • Government of India • Government of Italy • Government of Japan • C
Government of Luxembourg • Government of Mexico • Government of Norway • Government of Peru • Government of South ENTER Africa • Government of Spain • Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran • Government of the Netherlands • Government of the Republic of Korea • HAAS Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • HARI Humeng Agricultural Research Institute, A China • HAU Hanoi Agriculture University, Vietnam • Hong Doc University, Vietnam • Hong Kong University, China • HORDI, Horticultural Research and Development Institute, Sri Lanka • HRI Horticulture Research Institute, Egypt • HUAF Hue University 101101 for Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam • Huanzhong Agricultural University, China • Hubei Agricultural University, China • Hung Loc Agriculture Research Center, Vietnam • Hasanuddin University, Indonesia • IAC International Agricultural Centre, Nether- NNUAL lands • IAF Inter-American Foundation, USA • IAI-ISP Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Initial Science
Program, Brazil • IAN Instituto Agronómico Nacional, Paraguay • IAO Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare, Italy • IAS Institute of R
Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • IASA Instituto Agropecuario Superior Andino, EPORT Ecuador • IAV Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Morocco • IBC Institute for Breeding of Crop Plants, Federal Center for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Germany • IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development • ICA Instituto Colombiana Agropecuaria, Colombia • ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India • ICASA International 2002 Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications, USA • ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal • ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya • ICO CEDEC Instituto de Capacitación del Oriente, Bolivia • ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Kenya • ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India • ICRW International Center for Research on Women, USA • IDEA Instituto Internacional de Estudios Avanzados, Venezuela • IDIAP Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, Panama • IDRC International Development Research Center, Canada • IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam • IESR/INTA Instituto de Economía y Sociología Rural del INTA, Argentina • IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development • IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center, USA • IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, USA • IHAR Polish Plant Breeding and Acclimati- zation Institute, Poland • ISHS International Society for Horticultural Sciences, Belgium • IIN Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Peru • IIRR International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Philippines • IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria • ILRI International Livestock Research Institute, Ethiopia and Kenya • IMA Instituto de Manejo de Agua y Medio Ambiente, Peru • INAMHI Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Ecuador • INCAGRO Innovación y Competitividad para el Agro Peruano, Peru • INERA, Institut nationale d’etudes et de recherches agricoles, DR Congo • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigacão Agronómica, Mozambique • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, Peru • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chile • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Uruguay • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Venezuela • INIAP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador • INIFAP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Mexico • INIVIT Instituto Nacional de Investigación de Viandas Tropicales, Cuba • INPOFOS Instituto de la Potasa y el Fósforo, Ecuador • INRA Institut national de la recherche agronomique, France • INRA Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Morocco • INRAT Institut national de la recherche agronomique de Tunisie, Tunisia • Instituto Rural Valle Grande, Cañete, Peru • INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina • International Accord, Rwanda, Uganda • Interna- tional Foundation, USA • IPAC Instituto de Promoción Agropecuaria y Comunal, Peru • IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor Indonesia • 102 102 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Legume andTuberCrops,Indonesia • Fruits andVegetables,Vietnam• and DevelopmentCentre,SriLanka • Dinajpur RuralSociety,Bangladesh • Bangladesh • Bangladesh • Hidrográficas yConservacióndeSuelos,Peru• Programa deModernizaciónServiciosAgropecuarios,Ecuador• Andinos, Bolivia• for ParticipatoryResearchandGenderAnalysis,CGIAR,USA• PREDUZA PRCRTC Programme régionaldel’améliorationlaculturepomme terreetdelapatatedouceenAfriquecentralel’est• Department, MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,Vietnam • Research Centre,AgricultureandAgri-Food,Canada• Nacional deSemillasdelProyectoDesarrolloIntegralSemillas, Peru• Expression Center,UniversityofCalifornia–Berkeley,USA• PICTIPAPA Center • Cadena AgroalimentariadelaPapa,Ecuador• Desarrollo Lechero,Bolivia• Philippine CouncilforAgriculture,ForestryandNaturalResourcesResearchDevelopment,Philippines• Fund forInternationalDevelopment• Oficina deDesarrolloRural–Chalaco,Peru• UK • National PotatoResearchCentreTigoni,Kenya• Carolina StateUniversity,USA• USA • Netherlands • Evaluation andSeedCertification,Vietnam• Research Organization,Uganda• NARC Agricultural andAnimalResearchInstitute,Uganda•NagoyaUniversity,Japan Sugar IndustryResearchInstitute• Philippines • de Plagas,DominicanRepublic• Research andDevelopment,Tanzania• China • M USAID's MicronutrientGlobalLeadershipProject• Research Institute,Indonesia• Río elAngel,Ecuador• etrangères, France• Landscape DevelopmentIntervention,Madagascar• Health InspectorateService• Tani TanahKaro,Indonesia• J Management Institute,SriLanka• Science andTechnologyInitiative• Horticultural Sciences,USA• sciences agronomiquesduBurundi• tional ResearchInstituteforClimatePrediction• pour ledéveloppement,Cameroon• Institute forPotatoResearch,Poland• IPDA erusalen dePorconCooperative,Peru• icronutrient Initiative,Canada• InstitutodePromociónyDesarrolloAgrario,Peru• NRSP-6 NationalAgriculturalResearchCentre,Pakistan• NOMIARC M , PhilippineRootCropResearchandTrainingCenter• PIA inistry ofAgriculture,Ecuador• ProyectodeMejoramientoparaResistenciaDuraderaenCultivosAltos enlaZonaAndina,Ecuador• ProgramaInternacionaldeCooperacióndelTizónTardíolaPapa,México• ProgramadeInvestigaciónAgropecuaria,Bolivia• M USDAPotatoProductionIntroductionStation–Wisconsin,USA• PRP RAU N ontana StateUniversity,USA• jabini FarmerGroup,Kenya• NorthernMindanaoAgriculturalResearchCenter,Philippines• PROMETAS PotatoResearchProgramme,Nepal• RajendraAgriculturalUniversity,Bangladesh• M akerere University,Uganda• MARDI KARI PromociónyMercadeodeTubérculosAndinos,UniversidadMayor SanSimón,Bolivia• PDP L ISNAR M a HabanaUniversity,ChemistryFaculty,Cuba• M MalaysiaAgricultureResearchDevelopmentInstitute,• RIFCB ax PlanckInstituteforPlantBreedingResearch,Germany• NPRCRTC KenyanAgriculturalResearchInstitute•Kaugu&KatheriFarmers,Kenya PotatoDevelopmentProgram,Nepal• ississippi StateUniversity,USA• M M NCGR inisterio Presidencia,Peru• IZ REFSO InternationalServiceforNationalAgriculturalResearch,Netherlands• ISTPC unicipalidad DistritalBañosdelIncaPeru• IRD RIV RIAP ResearchInstituteforFoodCrops Biotechnology,Indonesia• M IRA ISAR Instytut Ziemniaka,Poland• O JKUAT inistry ofAgricultureandLandReclamation,Egypt• Institutderecherchepourledéveloppement(formerlyORSTOM),France• NationalCenterforGenomeResources,USA• ResearchInstituteforVegetables, (formerlyLEHRI),Indonesia• regon StateUniversity,USA• M NorthernPhilippinesRootCropsResearchandTrainingCenter,• InstitutoSuperiorTecnológicoPúblicodeCañete,Peru• Institutderechercheagronomique,Cameroon• RuralEnergyandFoodSecurityOrganization, Kenya• ResearchInstituteforAnimalProduction, Indonesia• O InstitutdessciencesagronomiquesduRwanda• inistry ofAgriculture,Eritrea• hio StateUniversity,USA• PGS N MOST NIAH JomoKenyattaUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology,Kenya• NPRP kozi University,Uganda• P royecto PapaAndina,Peru• PlantGeneticSystems,Belgium• MANRECUR IRRI L NationalInstituteofAnimalHusbandry,Vietnam• M NationalPotatoResearchProgram,Nepal• ouisiana StateUniversity,USA• USAID's MicronutrientProgram• ianning AgricultureBureau,China• InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,Philippines• NARC P PSPDP otato SeedProgram,CanaryIslands,Spain• P PROINPA lant ResearchInternational,Netherlands• IPGRI NepalAgriculturalResearchCouncil• ManejoColaborativodeRecursosNaturalesenlaSubcuencadel PRECODEPA M Pakistan-SwissPotatoDevelopmentProgram• PICA M inisterio RelacionesExteriores,Peru• InternationalPlantGeneticResourcesInstitute,Italy• itra Tani,Indonesia• PRONAMACHCS RDA JAAS FundaciónparalaPromocióneInvestigacióndeProductos PPRI ProgramadeInvestigaciónCultivosAndinos,Peru• O RuralDevelopmentAgency,Korea• ORS NOAA rganization ofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC) M JiangsuAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,China• REDCAPAPA Plant PathologyResearchInstitute,Egypt• P ProgramaRegionalCooperativodePapa,Mexico• inistry ofAgricultureandCooperatives,Division ontificia UniversidadCatólicadelEcuador• OficinaRegionaldeSemillas,Bolivia• N L PROSHIKA NI NationalOceanicAtmosphericAdministration, NUS ake BasinDevelopmentAuthority,Kenya• anchong AgriculturalResearchInstitute,China• VavilovInstitute,Russia• N P NationalUniversityofSingapore• ProyectoNacionaldeManejoCuencas L hilippine RootCropsResearchandTraining omorionteetab Kibagenge,Kenya• ucana, Bolivia• M MMSU RedEstrategicaparaelDesarrollode ountain Forum,USA• P , ACentreforHumanDevelopment, NCVESC lan International,Kenya• M IRAD MIP M cMaster University,Canada• MarianoMarcosStateUniversity, ichigan StateUniversity,USA• ProgramadeManejoIntegrado NRI ISHS R Institutderechercheagricole egional AgriculturalResearch RIFAV NationalCenterforVariety NaturalResourcesInstitute, RILET NARO MARS MAE InternationalSocietyfor IWMI PNS-PRODISE M RCRC–VASI ResearchInstitutefor PPD ResearchInstitutefor Ministèredesaffaires NationalAgricultural inistry ofAgriculture, N MwaraAgricultural KEPHIS ijmegen University, International Water ISABU NAARI PlantProtection ISTI MSIRI RDRS PRGA PDL JTTK International RANTIK Institutdes KenyaPlant Namulonge IRI P RootCrop PRAPACE Programa Mauritius Proyecto lant Gene Rangpur PROMSA Program Jaringan PCARRD Interna- P ODER N NPRC otato MGL Ltd, orth LDI IPR Research Center, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • RNC-RC Jakar, Bhutan • Rockefeller Foundation • Rothamsted Experi- ment Station, UK • RUAF Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture and Forestry, Netherlands • SAAS Shangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute, Australia • SARDI–UMCOR Sustain- able Agricultural and Rural Development Initiative–United Methodist Committee on Relief, DR Congo • SAREC Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation • SARIF Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia • SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network • SASA Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, UK • Sasakawa-Global 2000, Ethiopia • Save the Children (UK Ltd), Ethiopia • SCRI Scottish Crop Research Institute, UK • SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation • SEAG Servicio de Extensión Agrícola y Ganadera, Paraguay • SEARCA Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Philippines • SEMTA Servicios Múltiples de Tecnologías Apropiadas, Bolivia • SENASA Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Peru • SENASAG Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad I
Alimentaria, Bolivia • SENASEM Service national de semances, DR Congo • SEPA Unidad de Producción de Semilla de Papa, Bolivia • SESA NTERNATIONAL Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria, Ecuador • SGRP System-wide Genetic Resources Program, CGIAR • SGUA Support Group on Urgan Agriculture, Canada • ShAAS Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SHDI Self-Help Development International, Ethiopia • SiAAS Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency • SINITTA Sistema Nacional de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agraria, Peru • SITIOS Servicios Inteligentes y Tecnologías Complejas Superiores Ltd, Bolivia • SIUPA Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture •
SLART Sociedad Latinoamericano de Raíces y Tubérculos, Peru • SM-CRSP Soil Management Collaborative Research Support P Program, USA • SNSA Service national des statistiques agricoles, DR Congo • SOCADIDO Soroti Catholic Diocese Development OTATO Organization, Uganda • Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania • South China Agricultural University • South China Potato
Center • Southern Regional Agricultural Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia • Southwest Agricultural University, China • SPG C
Sociedad Peruana de Genética, Peru • SPI Smart Plant International, USA • SPPC Centro de Investigación de Semilla de Papa, ENTER Yemen • Sukarami Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute, Indonesia • Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden • SYNGENTA, USA • TAAS Tianjing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • TALPUY Grupo de Investigación y A Desarrollo de Ciencias y Tecnología Andina, Peru • TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute • TCA Tarlac College of Agricul- ture, Philippines • TCRC Tuber Crops Research Centre, Bangladesh • Technova Inc, Japan • Teso Community Development Project, 103103 Kenya • TFNC Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre • Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam • Thang Binh District Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Vietnam • The McKnight Foundation • The Sainsbury Laboratory, UK • Tibetan Academy of Agricultural and NNUAL Animal Science, China • TP4 Tim Petani Pemandu PHT Pengalengan, Indonesia • UANRDEN Urban Agriculture National Research,
Development and Extension Network, Philippines • Ugunja Community Resource Centre, Kenya • UNDP United Nations Develop- R
ment Programme • UNEP United Nations Environment Programme • UNHAS Hasanudin University, Indonesia • UNIDO United EPORT Nations Industrial Development Organization • Universidad Austral, Chile • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad Católica de Santa Maria, Peru • Universidad Central, Ecuador • Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba • Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador • Universidad de Caldas, Colombia • Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela • Universidad Federal Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • 2002 Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna, Peru • Universidad Jujuy, Argentina • Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia • Universidad Nacional Agraria, Peru • Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Peru • Universidad Nacional de Bogotá, Colombia • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Peru • Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizan, Peru • Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru • Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco, Peru • Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru • Universidad Politécnica del Ejército, Ecuador • Universidad Privada Huánuco, Peru • Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru • Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Peru • Universidad Tecnológica Equinocial, Ecuador • University of Asmara, Eritrea • University of Bangor, UK • University of Birmingham, UK • University of British Colombia, Canada • University of California (Berkeley), USA • University of California (Davis), USA • University of Edinburgh, UK • University of Georgia, USA • University of Göttingen, Germany • University of Hohenheim, Germany • University of Kassel, Germany • University of Kiel, Germany • University of Minnesota, USA • University of Missouri, USA • University of Nairobi, Kenya • University of Naples, Italy • University of New Brunswick, Canada • University of Queensland, Australia • University of the Philippines–Los Baños • University of Tübingen, Germany • University of Veszprem, Hungary • University of Wisconsin, USA • University of Yaounde, Cameroon • UNSPPA Uganda National Seed Potato Producers’ Association, Uganda • UPM University Putra Malaysia • UPWARD Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Develop- ment, Philippines • USAID United States Agency for International Development • USDA United States Department of Agriculture • US Potato Genebank, USA • USVL United States Vegetable Laboratory, USA • VASI Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • VECO/ FADO, Indonesia • Vietnamese–German Technical Cooperation Potato Promotion Project • Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA • Virus-free Potato Tubers and Cutting Production Centers of Yunnan Agricultural Department, China • VISCA Visayas State College of Agriculture, Philippines • Volcani Institute, Israel • VSSP Vegetable Seed and Seed Potato, Pakistan • WE World Education (and local partner NGOs) • Winrock International, Uganda • World Vision, Angola, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, USA • WRC Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh • WUR Wageningen University Research Centre, Netherlands • XSPRC Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, China • YPPP Yemeni Plant Protection Project • YPPSE Foundation for Socio-Economic Development, Indonesia • Yunnan Agricultural University, China 104 104 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Jorge Locatelli,SecuritySupervisor Atilio Guerrero,VehicleProgrammer Ximena Ganoza,PurchasingSupervisor Hugo Davis,VehicleMaintenanceOfficer Silvia Córdova,BilingualSecretary Pilar Bernui,BilingualSecretary Aldo Tang,LogisticsandGeneralServicesManager Logistics andGeneralServices Yoner Varas,CompensationandBenefitsAssistant María AmeliaTávara,BilingualSecretary Lucero Schmidt,Nurse Martha Piérola,SocialWorker,Supervisor Estanislao Pérez,CompensationandBenefitsAssistant Gicela Olivera,OrganizationandMethodsAssistant Sor Lapouble,AuxiliaryServicesAssistant Mónica Ferreyros,AuxiliaryServicesSupervisor Janneth Carballido,CompensationandBenefitsAssistant Lucas Reaño,HumanResourcesManager Human Resources F Rosario Marcovich,BilingualSecretary Ruth Arce,AdministrativeAssistant Director forInternationalCooperation Lilia Salinas,AdministrativeAssistant Charlotte Lizárraga,PlantPathologist,Assistant Bertha Ferreyros,InformationSystemAnalyst Carmen Dyer,AdministrativeAssistant Deputy DirectorGeneralforResearch Deputy DirectorGeneralforResearch Haydée Zelaya,AdministrativeAssistant Ana MaríaSecada,Head,TravelOffice María InésRíos,BusinessDevelopmentAssociate Amalia Lanatta,AdministrativeAssistant Marcela Checa,AdministrativeAssistant Hector HugoLiPun Deputy DirectorGeneralforCorporateDevelopment Gladys Neyra,AdministrativeAssistant Mariella Altet,ExternalRelationsManager Director General D and greatlyappreciatetheeffortsofallourstaff. of CIP’sworkingteam.Becausespace,wearenotabletolistallnamesinthisAnnualReport;nevertheless,dorecognize to clericalstafffieldworkers,contributesthismissioninthevariousfunctionstheyperform,andallformanessentia protecting theearth’snaturalresourcebase.EachandeveryoneofCIP’smorethan400employeesworldwide,fromscientists diversity isintegratedintoacoordinatedefforttoachievecommongoal:alleviatepovertyandincreasefoodsecuritywhile CIP’s staffiscomprisedofadiversegrouphighlyqualifiedindividualswithvariedbackgroundsandnationalities.This challenges. financially securebaseonwhich we cannowmoveforward.Allstaffarethankedfortheirhelpinrisingtothismostdifficult toachieveamorestable, therebyhelping they alsorespondedablytothechallengeofredoublingeffortsinfundraising, downsizing, community metwiththedemandsofaccommodatingresponsibilitiesandadjustingstrategiestohandlethis CIP wasforcedtoreduceitsstaffin2002,asoneofthemeasuresmeetshortfallsfunding. As themembersofCIP NNEAND INANCE IRECTOR Coordinator, GILB G ENERAL A DMINISTRATION —Hubert Zandstra ’ S O FFICE 2 2 —Wanda Collins —Pamela Anderson —Roger Cortbaoui 3 2 — 2 2 S 1 TAFF Gloria Solís,AdministrativeAssistant José Pizarro,PurchasingSupervisor Antonio Morillo,MaintenanceSupervisor Jorge Luque,WarehouseSupervisor Sven Jacobsen,PlantBreeder Miguel Holle,AndeanCropsCoordinator Michael Hermann,AndeanCrops Specialist* Marc Ghislain,MolecularBiologist Anne Forbes,PlantBreeder,AssociateScientist(CIP-Quito) Nelly Espinola,Nutritionist,ResearchAssociate Ramzy El-Bedewy,PlantBreeder(CIP-Nairobi) Stefan DeHaan,PotatoBreederandAgronomist Enrique Chujoy,Geneticist* Hyun-Mook Cho,PotatoBreeder Carlos Arbizu,AndeanCropsSpecialist Walter Amorós,Agronomist,ResearchAssociate Merideth Bonierbale,SeniorPotatoBreeder,Head* C Sonnia Solari,ChiefCashier Milagros Patiño,Treasurer Lenny Guazzotti,TreasuryAssistant Treasury Unit Alberto Monteblanco,SeniorAccountant Budget Unit César Tapia,AssistantAccountant Katrina Roper,BilingualSecretary Eduardo Peralta,Accountant Blanca Joo,Accountant Willy Hermoza,AssistantAccountant Rodmel Guzmán,AssistantAccountant Denise Giacoma,Supervisor Andrés García,AssistantAccountant Edgardo delosRíos,SeniorAccountant Eliana Bardalez,SeniorAccountant Miguel Saavedra,GeneralAccountant Accounting Unit Martina Solís-Rosas,BilingualSecretary Carlos Alonso,ChiefFinancialOfficer O ROP FC FTHE OF FFICE I POEETAND MPROVEMENT C HIEF F INANCIAL 2 G ENETIC 2 O 1 R 2 FFICER ESOURCES 2 2 2 1 3 2 D 2 EPARTMENT 3 1 l part of 2 Regina Kapinga, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Kampala) Rosa Salazar, Bilingual Secretary Juan Landeo, Plant Breeder* Reinhard Simon, Visiting Scientist (University of Rafael Mora, Visiting Scientist1 Jena, Germany) Carlos Ochoa, Taxonomist, Scientist Emeritus Tjintokohadi, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) William Roca, Plant Cell Physiologist* Judith Toledo, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Alberto Salas, Agronomist, Research Associate Andrés Valladolid, Plant Breeder, Research Assistant2 Asep Setiawan, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Bogor) Fanny Vargas, Agronomist, Research Assistant Mahesh Upadhya, Plant Breeder, Visiting Principal Scientist ad honorum2 Dapeng Zhang, Plant Breeder, Bioinformatics Unit Head* CROP P ROTECTION D EPARTMENT
Luis Salazar, Virologist, Principal Scientist, Head I
Sammy Agili, Sweetpotato Breeder, Research Assistant NTERNATIONAL Nicole Adler, Plant Pathologist (CIP-Quito) (CIP-Nairobi) Jesús Alcázar, Agronomist, Research Associate Jairo Aginyah, Potato Breeder, Research Assistant Gregory Forbes, Plant Pathologist* (CIP-Nairobi) Edward French, Scientist Emeritus Mercedes Ames, Biologist, Research Assistant3 Segundo Fuentes, Plant Pathologist, Research Associate Ciro Barrera, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant2 Upali Jayasinghe, Virologist (CIP-Bogor)2 Ida Bartolini, Biochemist, Research Assistant P 3 Magnus Kuhne, Entomologist, Associate Scientist Carolina Bastos, Research Assistant OTATO Aziz Lagnaoui, Entomologist* Jorge Benavides, Biologist, Research Assistant 3 Berga Lemaga, Agronomist, PRAPACE Coordinator Gabriela Burgos, Biologist, Research Assistant 3 (CIP-Kampala) C Rolando Cabello, Agronomist, Research Assistant 2
Modesto Olanya, Pathologist (CIP-Nairobi) ENTER Giselle Cipriani, Biologist, Research Assistant2 María Palacios, Biologist, Research Associate2 Wilmer Cuéllar, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Sylvie Priou, Bacteriologist Lorena Danessi, Bilingual Secretary A Lod J Turkensteen, Adjunct Scientist (based in Netherlands) Silvia de la Flor, Bilingual Secretary= Elske van de Fliert, IPM Specialist (CIP-Bogor) 105105 Felipe de Mendiburu, Statistician, Research Assistant Yi Wang, Plant Physiologist, Liaison Scientist (CIP-Beijing) Luis Díaz, Agronomist, Research Assistant Ednar Wulff, Molecular Plant Pathologist NNUAL Jorge Espinoza, Agronomist, Research Assistant3 Rosario Falcón, Biologist, Research Assistant Pedro Aley, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant3
Manuel Gastelo, Agronomist, Research Assistant Mónica Blanco, Bilingual Secretary R
René Gómez, Agronomist, Research Assistant Verónica Cañedo, Biologist, Research Assistant EPORT Enrique Grande, Technician Maria Gabriela Chacón, Pathologist, Research Assistant María Luisa Guevara, Biologist, Research Assistant2
(CIP-Quito) 2002 2 Carmen Herrera, Biologist, Research Assistant Carlos Chuquillanqui, Agronomist, Research Assistant María del Rosario Herrera, Biologist, Research Assistant Violeta Flores, Biologist, Research Assistant2 2 Oscar Hurtado, Research Assistant Soledad Gamboa, Biologist, Research Assistant 2 Fedora Itabashi, Systems Analyst, Research Assistant Govinda Guevara, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant Philip Kiduyu, Technician, Plant Quarantine Station (CIP-Quito) (CIP-Nairobi) Liliam Gutarra, Agronomist, Research Assistant Mariana Martin, Bilingual Secretary Francisco Jarrín, Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito) Iván Manrique, Research Assistant Joseph Mudiope, Entomologist, Research Assistant Isabel Mel, Bilingual Secretary (DFID-CRF Project, Soroti) (CIP-Kampala)3 Elisa Mihovilovich, Biologist, Research Assistant Norma Mujica, Agronomist, Research Assistant 2 María Cecilia Miki, Research Assistant Giovanna Muller, Biologist, Research Assistant Sam Namanda, Potato Breeder/Pathologist, Research Ricardo Orrego, Agronomist, Research Assistant Assistant (CIP-Kampala) Wilmer Pérez, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant George Ngundo, Chief Technician, Plant Quarantine Station Karina Petrovich, Bilingual Secretary2 (CIP-Nairobi) Magnolia Santa Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant Luis Ñopo, Biologist, Research Assistant Ana María Taboada, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Matilde Orrillo, Biologist, Research Assistant Jorge Tenorio, Biologist, Research Assistant Ana Luz Panta, Biologist, Research Assistant Roger Torres, Research Assistant3 2 Giovana Perazzo, Biologist, Research Assistant Alcira Vera, Biologist, Research Assistant 3 Leticia Portal, Biologist, Research Assistant Warsito Tantowijoyo, Entomologist, Research Assistant Daniel Reynoso, Agronomist, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor) 2 Flor de María Rodríguez, Research Assistant Julia Zamudio, Bilingual Secretary Genoveva Rossel, Research Assistant3 Octavio Zegarra, Biologist, Research Assistant 106 106 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 Thomas Walker,Economist,Principal Scientist,Head* S Percy Zorogastúa,ResearchAssistant Siny Varughese,ProgramAssociate(Publicationsand Ivonne Valdizán,BilingualSecretary Fannia VirginiaSuri,SeedTechnologist,ResearchAssistant Zareen Siddiqi,Secretary(CIP/SDCProject,Islamabad) Yasmín Raygada,BilingualSecretary Ana MaríaPonce,InfoAndina,CONDESAN L Mony,Secretary(CIP-Delhi) Atif Manzoor,Accountant(CIP/SDCProject,Islamabad) Kurt Manrique,Agronomist,ResearchAssistant María delosAngelesLaura,BilingualSecretary,CONDESAN Henry Juárez,Agronomist,ResearchAssistant Jose Jiménez,ComputerSystemsSpecialist(CIP-Quito) Raúl Jaramillo,SoilScientist,ResearchAssistant(CIP-Quito) Mariana Cruz,Biologist,ResearchAssistant Paola Campodónico,BilingualSecretary Musuq Briceño,ResearchAssistant Ghanashyam Bhandari,Accountant Jimena Bazoalto,ResearchAssistant Carolina Barreda,Agronomist,ResearchAssistant Guillermo Baigorria,Climatologist,ResearchAssistant Sushma Arya,Accountant/ProgramCoordinator(CIP-Delhi) Manuel Araujo,ResearchAssistant P KMukherjee,SweetpotatoScientist(CIP-Delhi) Elias Mujica,Anthropologist,AdjunctScientist,CONDESAN Carlos León-Velarde,AnimalProductionSystemsSpecialist Berhane Kiflewahid,ASARECA/CIP,Coordinator,Technology M SKadian,Agronomist(CIP-Delhi) Sarath Ilangantileke,PostharvestSpecialist,CIP-SWA Robert Hijmans,GeographicInformationScientist Vital Hagenimana,FoodScientist(NRI)(CIP-Nairobi) Alberto Gonzáles,Phytopathologist,ResearchAssociate Fernando Ezeta,Agronomist,CIP-LACRegional André Devaux,Agronomist,Coordinator,AndeanPotato Hector Cisneros,CoordinatorCONDESAN Coen Bussink,GeographicInformationScientist Walter Bowen,SoilScientist(IFDC)(CIP-Quito) Sreekanth Attaluri,SweetpotatoScientist(CIP-Delhi) Roberto Quiroz,LandUseSystemsSpecialist,Head* D P Dindo Campilan,Sociologist,UPWARD Coordinator Thomas Bernet,Economist,Swiss Associate Expert OCIAL RODUCTION EPARTMENT Documentation) (CIP-Delhi) (CIP-Bogor) (CIP/SDC Project,Kathmandu) (ILRI) Transfer Project(CIP-Nairobi) Regional Representative(CIP-Delhi) Representative Project (PapaAndina,Peru) (CIP-Los Baños) S CIENCES 4 S SESAND YSTEMS 2 D EPARTMENT N ATURAL 2,3 3 1,2 3 R 3 3 1 ESOURCE 2 1, 3 * 3 2,4 M 3 ANAGEMENT 3 2 3 2 2,4 ,2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 David Yanggen,AgriculturalEconomist,AssociateScientist Graham Thiele,ParticipatoryTechnologyDevelopment Steve Sherwood,TrainingSpecialist(CIP-Quito) Sonia Salas,FoodTechnologist,ResearchAssociate Gordon Prain,SocialAnthropologist,SIUPACoordinator* Oscar Ortiz,SpecialProjectCoordinator Diana Lee-Smith,UrbanAgriculturalResearchand Keith Fuglie,AgriculturalEconomist,CIP-ESEAPRegional Peter Ewell,Economist,CIP-SSARegionalRepresentative Pei Zhou,Secretary/Accountant (CIP-Beijing) Yuan JunYang,AdministrativeAssistant (CIP-Beijing) Caecilia AfraWidyastuti,RuralSociologist, Researcher Zandra Vásquez,BilingualSecretary Víctor Suárez,StatisticsAssistant Lorna Sister,Socioeconomist,UPWARDResearchFellow Simon Obaga,AccountsClerk(CIP-Nairobi) Alice Njoroge,Secretary(CIP-Nairobi) Mary Njenga,ResearchAssistant,SIUPA(CIP-Nairobi) Emily Ndoho,Secretary(CIP-Nairobi) Kusye Nawawi,Accountant(CIP-Bogor) Mayette Nadal,Secretary,UPWARD(CIP-LosBaños) Rosemary Muttungi,Secretary(CIP-Nairobi) Ana LuisaMuñoz,BilingualSecretary Luis Maldonado,Economist,ResearchAssistant Sukendra Mahalaya,ResearchandInformationManagement Dessy Kusbandi,ExecutiveSecretary(CIP-Bogor) Elijah Igunza,AdministrativeAssistant(CIP-Nairobi) Toteng Hidayat,FacilitiesManager(CIP-Bogor) Cristina Fonseca,Agronomist,ResearchAssistant Patricio Espinoza,AgriculturalEconomist,Research Raúl Boncodin,Botanist,UPWARDProgramAssociate Lorna Belulia,UPWARDAccountant(CIP-LosBaños) Carlos Basilio,SoilScienceSpecialist,UPWARDResearch Cherry LeahBagalanon,HumanEcologist,UPWARD Rini Asmunati,Socioeconomist,ResearchAssistant Mylene Aquino,Secretary,UPWARD(CIP-LosBaños) Jairo Anginyah,PotatoBreeder,ResearchAssistant Regula ZugerCaceres,AgriculturalEconomist Rubén DaríoEstrada,NaturalResourcesEconomist Charles Crissman,Economist,CIP-SSARegional (Montana StateUniversity) Specialist, AndeanPotatoProject(CIP-Quito) Development CoordinatorforSSA(CIP-Nairobi) Representative (CIP-Bogor)* (CIP-Nairobi) (CIP-Bogor) (CIP-Los Baños) Officer (CIP-Bogor) Associate (CIP-Quito) (CIP-Los Baños) Fellow (CIP-LosBaños) Program Associate(CIP-LosBaños) (CIP-Bogor) (CIP-Nairobi) (SDC MountainAgriculture)(basedatCIAT) Representative (CIP-Nairobi)* 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 COMMUNICATION AND P UBLIC A WARENESS D EPARTMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY U NIT Christine Graves, Head Anthony Collins, Head John Stares, Managing Editor, Head of Publications Unit2 Liliana Bravo, Server Administrator Candelaria Atalaya, Photographer2 Andrea Cáceres, Systems Development Support Mariella Corvetto, Communication Services Coordinator Oscar Carmelo, Helpdesk Administrator2 Ruth Delgado, Exhibits/Display Assistant Moisés Fernández, Systems Analyst, Database Administrator2 Nini Fernández-Concha, Graphic Designer Erika Orozco, Server Administrator Milton Hidalgo, Graphic Designer Dante Palacios, Systems Support Cecilia Lafosse, Chief Designer Giancarlo Rodríguez, Systems Support Godofredo Lagos, Print Chief2 Saúl Rodriguez, Web Systems Analyst Maria Elena Lanatta, Administrative Assistant Edgardo Torres, Systems Development Administrator I Paul Moncada, Webmaster Alberto Vélez, Systems and Network Administrator NTERNATIONAL Anselmo Morales, Graphic Designer Roberto del Villar, Maintenance Administrator Zoraida Portillo, Spanish Writer/Editor Diana Zevallos, Administrative Systems Analyst3 Alfredo Puccini, Graphic Designer
FIELD R ESEARCH S UPPORT P TRAINING D EPARTMENT Víctor Otazú, Head OTATO Patricio Malagamba, Head César Aguilar, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor, Gisella Canessa, Training Liaison Officer2 Research Assistant (San Ramón)2
Edda Echeandía, Multimedia Developer Magaly Aspiazu, Administrative Assistant (Santa Catalina) C
Martha Huanes, Training Coordinator (CIP-Quito) ENTER Mercedes Suito, Bilingual Secretary Susana Barriga, Accountant (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito) Library and Bookshop Roberto Duarte, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor A Cecilia Ferreyra, Head Librarian (La Molina) Rosa Ghilardi, Bilingual Secretary Hugo Goyas, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor 107107 Griselda Lay, Library Assistant (Huancayo) Félix Muñoz, Distribution Assistant2 Carmen Lara, Secretary NNUAL Glenda Negrete, Library Assistant2 Ricardo Rodriguez, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito)2 R EPORT 2002
* Project leader 1 Joined CIP in 2002 2 Left CIP in 2002 3 Funded by special project 4 Joint appointment = Died 2002 108 108 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 cip-international-cooperation@cgiar.org. CIP Headquartersaddressbelow,orbyemail: please contacttheInternationalCooperationOfficeat CIP's maincontactpointsarelistedbelow.Formoredetails, Contact: CharlesCrissman,SSARegional Representative email: [email protected] Fax: +25420630005/631559 Tel: +25420632054 Nairobi 00603,Kenya PO Box25171 International PotatoCenter Regional Office S Contact: GrahamThiele,LiaisonScientist Website: www.quito.cipotato.org email: [email protected] Fax: +59322692604 Tel: +59322690362/363/923 Quito, Ecuador Apartado 17-21-1977 Sector CutuglaguaCantonMejía Km 147.5PanamericanaSur Santa CatalinaExperimentalStation International PotatoCenter Ecuador LiaisonOffice email: [email protected] Deputy DirectorGeneralforCorporateDevelopment Contact: HugoLi-Pun Peru email: [email protected] Director forInternationalCooperation Contact: RogerCortbaoui All regionalmattersexceptPeru (same address,telephoneandfaxasCIPheadquarters) Regional Office L Website: www.cipotato.org email: [email protected] Fax: +5113175326 Tel: +5113496017 Lima 12,Peru Avenida LaMolina1895,POBox1558 International PotatoCenter(CIP) CIP H ATIN UB -S A EADQUARTERS AHARAN EIAADTHE AND MERICA A FRICA (SSA) C ARIBBEAN (LAC) G OA OTC POINTS CONTACT LOBAL Contact: SarathIlangantileke,SWARegionalRepresentative email: [email protected] Fax: +911125731481 Tel: +911125850201/25823437 New Delhi110012,India c/o IARICampus,Pusa International PotatoCenter Regional Office S Contact: ReginaKapinga,LiaisonScientist email: [email protected]@infocom.co.ug c/o PRAPACE(seeaddressbelow) International PotatoCenter Uganda LiaisonOffice Contact: AndréDevaux,ProjectCoordinator Website: www.cipotato.org/papandina [email protected] email: [email protected]@cgiar.org (same address,telephoneandfaxasCIPheadquarters) Peru Andean PotatoProject — G Contact: YiWang,LiaisonScientist email: [email protected] Fax: +861068975503 Tel: +861068975504 Beijing, People’sRepublicofChina West SuburbsofBeijing Zhong GuanCunSouthStreet12 c/o TheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences International PotatoCenter China LiaisonOffice Contact: KeithFuglie,ESEAPRegionalRepresentative Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org email: [email protected] Fax: +62251316264 Tel: +62251317951 Bogor 16610,Indonesia Jalan RayaCiapus Kebun PercobaanMuara International PotatoCenter Regional Office E S AND AST OUTH LOBAL , W , R S EST GOA AND EGIONAL OUTHEAST , AND C ENTRAL A S Pp Andina Papa I N THE AND SIA YSTEMWIDE A SIA (SWCA) P I ACIFIC NITIATIVES (ESEAP) Ecuador Kampala, Uganda (same address, telephone and fax as Ecuador Liaison Office) Tel: +256 41 286 209 email: [email protected] Fax: +256 41 286 947 Contact: Graham Thiele email: [email protected] or [email protected] Contact: Berga Lemaga, PRAPACE Coordinator CONDESAN—Consortium for the Sustainable Develop- ment of the Andean Ecoregion SIUPA—CGIAR Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri- (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) urban Agriculture email: [email protected] (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) Website: www.condesan.org email: [email protected] Contact: Héctor Cisneros, Coordinator Contact: Gordon Prain, SIUPA Coordinator I NTERNATIONAL GILB—Global Initiative on Late Blight UPWARD—Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) Research and Development email: [email protected] c/o IRRI Website: www.cipotato.org/gilb DAPO 7777 Contact: Gregory Forbes, GILB Coordinator Metro Manila, Philippines For courier: PCARRD Complex P GMP—Global Mountain Program Los Baños, Laguna, 4030 Philippines OTATO (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) Tel: +63 49 536 0235
email: [email protected] Fax: +63 49 536 1662 C Contact: Roberto Quiroz, Program Coordinator email: [email protected] ENTER Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward PRAPACE—Regional Potato and Sweetpotato Contact: Dindo Campilan, UPWARD Coordinator Improvement Program for East and Central Africa A Plot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru 109109 PO Box 22274 NNUAL CIP IN THE WORLD R EPORT SOUTH, WEST,AND CENTRAL ASIA (SWCA) 2002
CHINA INDIA
PHILIPPINES
UGANDA VIETNAM ECUADOR LATIN AMERICA AND KENYA INDONESIA THECARIBBEAN PERU (LAC) EASTAND SOUTHEASTASIA AND THE PACIFIC ( ESEAP)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ( SSA) 110 110 I NTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER ANNUAL REPORT 2002 America. Formoreinformationvisitwww.futureharvest.orgorwww.cgiar.org and sponsorson-the-groundprojectsthatbringtheresultsofresearcheffortstofarmers’fieldsinAfrica,Asia,Latin renowned leaderstospeakonitsbehalf.FutureHarvestraisesawarenessandsupportforresearch,promotespartnerships, population, anddevelopmentresearchorganizations,aswelltopolicymakerscivilsociety,itenlistsworld- Harvest reachesouttomedia,academics,scholars,andscientistsintheworld’spremierpeace,environment,health, action foraworldwithlesspoverty,healthierhumanfamily,well-nourishedchildren,andbetterenvironment.Future to advancethedebateonhowfeedworld’sgrowingpopulationwithoutdestroyingenvironment,andcatalyze In 1998theCenters,supportedbyCGIAR,createdFutureHarvestasacharitableandeducationalorganizationdesigned International AgriculturalResearch(CGIAR). the 58countries,privatefoundations,andregionalinternationalorganizationsthatmakeupConsultativeGroupon increase foodsecuritywhileprotectingthenaturalresourcebase.TheFutureHarvestCentersareprincipallyfundedthrough around theworld,conductresearchinpartnershipwithfarmers,scientists,andpolicymakerstohelpalleviatepoverty CIP isoneof16foodandenvironmentalresearchorganizationsknownastheFutureHarvestCenters.Thecenters,located IFPRl ICRISAT C I ICARDA CIP C C C CIMMYT CIFOR ClAT MEXICO CIMMYT Maíz yTrigo l Semi-Arid Tropics I Research intheDryAreas nternational FoodPolicyResearchInstitute nternational CropsResearchInstitute forthe nternational CenterforAgricultural entro InternacionaldelaPapa entro InternacionaldeMejoramiento enter forInternationalForestryResearch entro InternacionaldeAgriculturaTropical COLOMBIA CIAT PERU CIP IFPRI USA OED COTE WARDA ' IVOIRE F F NETHERLANDS ISNAR UTURE ITALY IPGRI UTURE NIGERIA IITA H ARVEST H Wll W WARDA IWMl I l ISNAR I l IRRl I IPGRI ILRl IITA ARVEST C ENTERS CENTRE ICARDA AGROFORESTRY W W Agricultural Research nternational WaterManagementInstitute nternational LivestockResearchInstitute nternational ServiceforNational nternational RiceResearchInstitute nternational PlantGeneticResourcesInstitute nternational InstituteofTropicalAgriculture SYRIA orldFish Center orld AgroforestryCentre est AfricaRiceDevelopmentAssociation R LANKA SRI IWMI AND WORLD KENYA ILRI ICRISAT INDONESIA CIFOR INDIA OLFS CENTER WORLDFISH PHILIPPINES MALAYSIA IRRI CREDITS
Editor
Christine Graves
Writers 66 D. Campilan • 4, 42 A. Balaguer • Christine Graves, Ed Sulzberger, Lisa Wing
Copy editor/proof reader ima Tashi • 32 S. Sherwood razzo • 80 (left) D. Solorzano I
Anne Moorhead NTERNATIONAL
Production coordinator
Cecilia Lafosse P
Design and layout OTATO
Nini Fernández-Concha C ENTER Contributors A
Carlos Alonso, Mariella Altet, Pamela Anderson, 111
John Antle, Meredith Bonierbale, Rolando Cabello, NNUAL
Dindo Campilan, Roger Cortbaoui, R EPORT Charles Crissman, André Devaux, Adel El-Beltagy, 2002 Nelly Espinola, Fernando Ezeta, Greg Forbes,
Marc Ghislain, Sarath Ilangantileke, Regina Kapinga,
Seyfu Ketama, Aziz Lagnaoui, Juan Landeo,
Diana Lee-Smith, Berga Lemaga, Hugo Li Pun,
Charlotte Lizarraga, Gordon Prain, Ji Qiumei,
Roberto Quiroz, Lucas Reaño, Willy Rocca,
Luis Salazar, Sonjia J. Scheffer, G. Edward Schuh,
Maria Scurrah, Merle Shepard, Nyima Tashi, Front cover: C. Atalaya • 11, 19 (top), 32/33, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 57 Crissman 12, 78 (right), 79 (left) D. Lee-Smith 1 Graham Thiele, Elske van de Fliert, Surendra Varma,
Hubert Zandstra, Haydée Zelaya, Dapeng Zhang, Photo credits: 19 (bottom), 64 R. Kapinga • 21, 22, 23, 67 E. van de Fliert 25 Fliert/W. Tantowijoyo 27, 29, 30, 31 Ji Qiumei/Ny 35, 40 (both), 59, 80 (right), 81 (right) CIP archives • 36/37 GIS unit 41 W. Perez 48 R. Cabello 61, 62 A. Devaux 68, 68/69 C. de Guzman • 71 O. Hidalgo 72 S. Ilangantileke 77 H. Matos (INIA) 78 (left), 87 Atalaya 79 (right) G. Pe 81 (left) Instituto de Fitoterapia Americano • 82 N. Espinola 88 P. Baca Regula Zuger
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