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Integrated Irrigation and Aquaculture in West Africa: Concepts, Practices and Potential

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Integrated Irrigation and Aquaculture in West Africa: Concepts, Practices and Potential CCOVEROVER [[Converted].aiConverted].ai 33-03-2006-03-2006 12:21:2012:21:20 INTEGRATED IRRIGATION AND AQUACULTURE INWESTAFRICA—Concepts,practicesandpotential ANDAQUACULTURE IRRIGATION INTEGRATED FAO This volume contains background documents and papers presented at the FAO-WARDA Workshop on Integrated Irrigation Aquaculture (IIA) held in Bamako, Mali, from 4 to 7 November 2003, as well as the findings of FAO expert missions on IIA in the West Africa region. The rationale for IIA development lies in its potential to increase productivity of scarce freshwater resources for improved livelihoods and to reduce pressure on natural resources, which is particularly important in the drought-prone countries of West Africa where water scarcity, food security and environmental degradation are priority issues for policy-makers. Irrigated systems, floodplains and inland valley bottoms are identified as C the three main target environments for IIA in West Africa. Many examples M of current practices, constraints and potential for development of IIA are Y provided. The concepts of economic analyses of IIA are reviewed, and an CM overview of regional and international research institutions and networks MY CY and their mandates as they relate to IIA is given. Key factors for successful CMY adoption of IIA – participation of stakeholders and support for local K development, an integrated, multisectoral approach to IIA and improved knowledge management and networking – indicate the way forward and are reflected in a proposal for IIA development in West Africa. INTEGRATED IRRIGATION AND AQUACULTURE IN WEST AFRICA Concepts, practices and potential ISBN 92-5-105491-6 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 5 4 9 1 8 TC/M/A0444E/1/3.06/2500 CCover-IIover-II [[Converted].aiConverted].ai 33-03-2006-03-2006 112:22:302:22:30 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Cover page: FAO photos by A. Conti and M. Halwart FFrontespiziorontespizio [[Converted].aiConverted].ai 33-03-2006-03-2006 112:24:082:24:08 INTEGRATED IRRIGATION AND AQUACULTURE IN WEST AFRICA Concepts, practices and potential Edited by Matthias Halwart Fishery Resources Officer C FAO Fisheries Department M Rome, Italy Y CM MY CY Anne A. van Dam CMY Senior Lecturer K Department of Environmental Resources UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education Delft, Netherlands FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or of The Africa Rice Center concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105491-6 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Publishing Management Service Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2006 Disclaimer new.indd 1 3-03-2006 12:41:44 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This document contains the proceedings, including 12 presented papers, as well as background documents and mission reports prepared for the FAO-WARDA Workshop on Integrated Irrigation Aquaculture held in Bamako, Mali, from 4 to 7 November 2003. Submitted presentations from the Bamako workshop were technically reviewed by the members of the Technical Secretariat of the Workshop (M. Halwart/FAO, I. Beernaerts/FAO, C. Brugère/FAO, P. Kiepe/WARDA and J.F. Moehl/FAO). All material, including the preparatory studies and analyses, were compiled and edited by M. Halwart and A.A. van Dam. Halwart, M.; Dam, A.A. van (eds) Integrated irrigation and aquaculture in West Africa: concepts, practices and potential. Rome, FAO. 2006. 181 pp. iii ABSTRACT This volume contains background documents and papers presented at the FAO-WARDA Workshop on Integrated Irrigation Aquaculture (IIA) held in Bamako, Mali, from 4 to 7 November 2003, as well as the findings of FAO expert missions on IIA in the West Africa region. The rationale for IIA development lies in its potential to increase productivity of scarce freshwater resources, enhance food security and poverty alleviation, and reduce pressure on natural resources, particularly in the drought-prone countries of West Africa. Irrigated systems, floodplains and inland valley bottoms are identified as the three main target environments for IIA in West Africa. In irrigated systems, aquaculture is a non-consumptive use of water that can increase water productivity. Pens and floating cages are often used to grow fish in the source, delivery and disposal subsystems of irrigation schemes (dams and canals). Rice-fish farming is the most common form of aquaculture in the use subsystem of irrigation schemes. Continuity of water supply, the effect of aquaculture on water conveyance and the use of agrochemicals are the main points of attention for aquaculture in irrigation systems. Apart from irrigation schemes, river floodplains and deltaic lowlands also offer opportunities for integration of aquaculture. By enclosing parts of these flooded areas and stocking them with aquatic organisms, food production can be enhanced. Examples of community-based rice-fish culture in Bangladesh and Viet Nam show that fish production can be increased by 0.6 to 1.5 tonnes per hectare annually. Another example is the use of seasonal ponds in the wetlands surrounding Lake Victora (East Africa) which are stocked with water and fish by natural flooding and are managed using locally available resources like animal manures and crop wastes. Following the first three chapters which set the stage for IIA in West Africa, the fourth chapter presents a review of IIA systems in 13 West African countries which demonstrates the considerable potential for further development. Traditional marsh aquaculture systems exist in many West African countries and should be developed further, together with fish culture in irrigation schemes. The following chapters deal with current practices and constraints in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. In addition, examples of development approaches in Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea are given. Concepts of economic analyses of IIA are reviewed and illustrated through an example of integrated aquaculture in Madagascar. This is followed by an overview of regional and international research institutions and networks. The final two chapters summarize the key factors for successful adoption of IIA – participation of stakeholders and support for local development; an integrated, multisectoral approach to IIA; and improved knowledge management and networking – and indicate the way forward in the form of a proposal for IIA development in West Africa. iv CONTENTS Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv List of acronyms vii Foreword FAO ix Foreword WARDA x Introduction xi 1. Characterization of three key environments for integrated irrigation- 1 aquaculture and their local names P. Kiepe 2. A review of experience with aquaculture integration in large-scale 7 irrigation systems J. Gowing 3. Community-based fish culture in seasonal floodplains 17 M. Prein & M.M. Dey 4. A review of the development of integrated irrigation aquaculture 27 (IIA), with special reference to West Africa C. Brugère 5. The potential for development of aquaculture and its integration with 61 irrigation within the context of the FAO Special Programme for Food Security in the Sahel J. Miller 6. A feasibility study of rice-fish farming in Western Africa 75 D. Sanni & G. Juanich 7. The potential for integrated irrigation-aquaculture in Mali 79 J. Peterson & M. Kalende 8. The potential for integrated irrigation-aquaculture (IIA) in Senegal 95 J. Peterson, M. Kalende, D. Sanni & M. N'Gom 9. Integrated irrigation-aquaculture opportunities in Nigeria: the 117 Special Programme for Food Security and rice-fish farming in Nigeria J.Miller, T. Atanda, G. Asala & W.H. Chen 10. Aquaculture associations – rural development in tropical humid 125 Africa B. Bentz 11. Integrated pond aquaculture in Lake Victoria wetlands 129 A.A. van Dam, R.C. Kaggwa & J. Kipkemboi 12. Economics of integrated irrigation-aquaculture 135 C. Brugère v 13. International research support for integrated irrigation and 151 aquaculture development C. Brugère 14. The sustainable fisheries livelihoods programme (SFLP) and the fight 157 against poverty J.C. Njock 15. Integrating aquaculture into agroecosystems in West Africa: the 159 roles of WARDA – The Africa Rice Center and the Inland Valley Consortium P. Kiepe 16. The Worldfish Center and its relevance for integrated irrigation and 161 aquaculture M. Prein & R. Brummett 17. Wageningen University and Research Center's networks and the 165 future role of INREF-POND in integrated irrigation and aquaculture in West Africa R. Bosma, P. Windmeijer & H. Komen 18. The UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education: capacity building 167 and research in integrated water resources management A.A. van Dam 19. Development of integrated irrigation and aquaculture in West Africa: 169 the way forward M. Halwart &
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