7 0 0 2
r INTERNACIONAL D o O f E
R n L a A l T
P P
N A g P E n i
INTERNACIONAL A D c O C E The International Potato Center (CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and
R L n A
T Medium-Term Plan C I P
achieve food security on a sustained basis in developing countries a P N A n P E i
A through scientific research and related activities on potato, C F C I P sweetpotato, and other root and tuber crops, and on the improved
d 2007–2009 and
management of natural resources in the Andes and other mountain n a areas. 9 0
0 Financing Plan for 2007 The CIP Vision 2 The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing - 7
poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, 0 0
sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving 2
access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and n a
l October 2006 technologies. CIP will address these challenges by convening and P conducting research and supporting partnerships on root and m tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain r e T
systems and other less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to -
the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development. m u
www.cipotato.org i d CIP is supported by a group of governments, private foundations, e M and international and regional organizations known as the P I
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). C www.cgiar.org
International Potato Center
Medium-Term Plan 2007–2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
October 2006
International Potato Center
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 i ii International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
CONTENTS
Science Council comments on CIP’s MTP...... iv CIP’s Response to the Science Council Commentary on CIP’s MTP, 2007-2009 ...... vii MEDIUM TERM PLAN OVERVIEW...... 1 Introduction...... 1 CIP Research Program Context...... 1 CIP Research Program Discussion: 2005 Highlights...... 6 Progress Report on Implementation of EPMR Recommendations...... 8 Highlights of the 2007 Project Portfolio ...... 15 Project 1: Impact Enhancement...... 15 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization...... 16 Project 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement...... 16 Project 4. Integrated Crop Management...... 17 Project 5: Natural Resources Management...... 19 Project 6: Health and Agriculture ...... 19 Project 7: CONDESAN ...... 20 Project 8: Global Mountain Program...... 21 Project 9: Urban Harvest...... 22 Changes in collaborative arrangements...... 23 Other CGIAR Collective Action Initiatives ...... 24 Medium-term Financing Plan...... 25 Center Financial Indicators ...... 25 Financial results of 2005 operations...... 26 Regional Funding Trends...... 27 Development of 2006 Operations ...... 28 Financing Plan 2007–2009 ...... 28 Challenge, Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs ...... 29 MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT NARRATIVES ...... 31 Project 1. Impact Enhancement ...... 31 Project 2. Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization...... 37 Project 3. Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement ...... 41 Project 4. Integrated Crop Management ...... 51 Project 5. Natural Resources Management ...... 58 Project 6. Agriculture and Human Health...... 62 Project 7: Ecoregional Program: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (CONDESAN)...... 65 Project 8. Global Mountain Program ...... 70 Project 9. Urban Harvest ...... 75 Annex 1. The Urban Harvest research framework...... 80 MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT LOGFRAMES...... 81 Project 1: Impact Enhancement...... 81 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization...... 85 Project 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement...... 93 Project 4. Integrated Crop Management...... 108 Project 5: Natural Resources Management...... 119 Project 6: Health and Agriculture ...... 122 Project 7: CONDESAN ...... 124 Project 8: Global Mountain Program...... 128 Project 9: Urban Harvest...... 131 Annex 2. Financial tables ...... 135
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 iii
Science Council comments on CIP’s MTP
September 2006
Research agenda The CIP MTP 2007-2009 Project portfolio includes 9 Projects for an approximate total of US$ 22M. The portfolio remains the same as last year. CIP clearly describes the minor changes from last MTP in Outputs, which are mostly mergers of previous planned Outputs.
The MTP project narratives and logframes also reflect the changes in response to the last EPMR (2002). CIP reports that the Center has nearly completed the implementation of the 18 EPMR recommendations: two of them have 2006 as a target (conduct a priority setting of NRM and relocation of social sciences resources); and two will be fully addressed in 2007 (consistent framework and skills on sophisticated statistical approach for collection and analysis of basic data and, budgetary quality and transparency). The SC notes that the implementation process has been slow, as the Center’s next EPMR is scheduled to start in 2007.
Nature of research CIP’s MTP is very detailed and appears to be based on solid empirical evidence about potential payoffs from the Center’s activities. It is explicit about the Center’s contribution to the MDGs and clearly defines the Center’s research themes, which reflect a move from development activities to research for development with a broadening of partnerships. CIP is increasing its involvement in Africa, Asia and the Caucasus Region, including making knowledge and training materials produced by research activities in LAC available to research and extension groups in Asia and Africa.
CIP provides rational justification for the changes in the MTP: taking advantage of prior research (Projects 2 and 3); reflecting new projects (Project 1); attending NARS demands (Project 4); implementing SC recommendations (Project 6); reflecting emphasis in policies, innovation systems and technology results (Projects 7, 8 and 9). The MTP does not reflect an effort to adjust the agenda specifically for alignment with the System Priorities, but the alignment is shown merely through a different accounting.
The MTP attempts to show the alignment of outputs to CGIAR priorities but is not very explicit about that. Despite a clear articulation of changes in the MTP, where SP alignment has been stated as one cause, many activities seem to be forced into the SPs (statements such as “the objectives are cradled in the new priorities of the CGIAR”). Some activities are suggested to relate to virtually all the SPs. This has also led to accounting that does not appear logical. For example, in Project 4 (Integrated Crop Management), Output 1 (strategies for improving formal and farmer based seed systems towards enhancing potato and sweet potato production efficiency and competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA and Asia), there is a link made to priority 3A (increasing income from fruits and vegetables). The SC believes that the claim for 100% fit is not justified and that there are components in Projects 5 and 6, for instance, which do not address priority research.
The MTP presentation is generally convincing in that most of CIP’s activities are likely to contribute to IPGs; projects 1 (Impact enhancement), 2 (Genetic resources conservation and utilization), 3 (Genetic enhancement and crop improvement), 4 (Integrated crop management) and 9 (Urban harvest) most clearly do. The integration of Project 7 (CONDESAN) with Project 8 (Global Mountain Program) should be improved as a strategy to contribute to IPGs. While Project 5 (Natural resources management) concentrates research activities in 3 target ecoregions, it should strengthen its approach by applying multiple-site analysis and increasing its partnerships, to develop IPGs. In Project 8, the identification of specific problems to be tackled by the research should be improved, as Opportunity 1 and Output 1 are more pre-research activities.
iv International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 6 (Agriculture and Human Health), which focuses on pesticide risk reduction in Andean communities, is still an “outlier”, and the issues raised by the SC commentary to CIP’s 2006-2008 MTP, including concerns about the IPG nature of the project’s expected achievements and whether CIP has a comparative advantage in this kind of research, remain un-resolved. Although the narrative talks about the Project’s broader focus (understanding the “culture of pesticide use”; expansion to other contaminants; addressing food safety in addition to obesity; addition of SSA), further details are not given to be convincing about what CIP ought to do. The MTP contains vague references to “obesity” and it is not clear what CIP has in mind in this respect. The SC notes that in the emerging trend’s table (p. 4) obesity is not mentioned.
The SC does not recognize the Urban Harvest systemwide program as part of the SPs. Thus, the continuation of the program should be considered part of the 20% of the system's resources spent on research. The SC will continue to monitor the development of this program (and the IWMI program on Urban Waste Water) to determine whether research on urban agriculture may eventually qualify to be a SP.
In its commentary to last year’s MTP the SC noted that CIP has a clear advantage in clarifying the role of potatoes in the human diet, particularly in the Andean region. Efforts to increase vitamin C and zinc content in potatoes, one of CIP’s goals, are important as are efforts to promote a better mix of foods (diets) that poor people can afford.
Research planning The MTP reflects very good research planning. Nearly all of CIP’s output targets describe research achievements and most of them are sufficiently clear for monitoring achievement. In some cases (Projects 3 and 9) the logframe includes outcome and impact statements for each output target, which increases the specificity of the plan for monitoring purposes.
Although the content changes within Projects are well explained, the SC notes quite large changes, mostly reduction, in the resource allocations to Projects, projected this year for 2007, in comparison to projections made last year for 2007, which are not very well reflected in the work plans.
The impact pathway description details on the target ecoregions of each project, as defined by CIP’s Visioning exercise are quite informative. What is lacking in the descriptions are the specific conditioning factors (e.g. institutional, policy) potentially inhibiting outputs, outcomes and or impact. In the logframes, the impact statements occasionally need greater specificity about the expected change resulting from CIP’s intervention.
Partnerships CIP’s partners and their roles at the output level are clearly identified in the MTP. The role of NARS is well elaborated, differentiating among SSA, South Asia, East Asia and the Andean Region. There is a strong participation of some Universities and NGOs. Many of CIP’s projects operate with a relevant research and innovation network with well-defined roles and responsibilities defined for the partners. Hopefully, and based on such strong partnerships, CIP will be able to delegate more of its more locally-focused activities to the collaborating NARS.
CIP’s diverse and appropriate partnerships include its involvement in eleven SWEPs, including those convened by the Center: Urban Harvest, Global Mountain Program and CONDESAN. All SWEPs included in CIP’s MTP appear relevant for the CGIAR. Although CIP does not convene any CP, it has considerable input into the Generation, Harvest Plus, and Water and Food CPs, and its research integration with these CPs is clearly explained.
The Urban Harvest program plan is improved with an adequate IPG research agenda, and it seems that sufficient and appropriate networks and individual R&D centers have been identified to implement it.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 v
The Global Mountain program’s research on strengthening rural-urban linkages, finding livelihood options in mountainous regions, and designing national policies for their sustainable development are also likely to generate IPGs. The program’s output targets are not defined in sufficient detail and do not appear in the partner Centers’ MTPs either.
CONDESAN is region specific and therefore the IPGs produced under the Project will be of regional relevance. Integrated water management and improving the livelihood of the target regions are the two main areas of concern which are to be addressed through this project. Stronger links with IWMI and ILRI would greatly complement the research efforts in the project. Following the EPMR recommendations the use of CODESAN’s benchmark watershed sites as the basis for regional projects has increased, and this also brings opportunities to strengthen CIP’s collaborative research in themes that range from biodiversity conservation in the Andes, to development of methodologies to measure poverty dynamics and for instance to adaptation of the participatory Farmer Field Schools research methodology.
vi International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
CIP’s Response to the Science Council Commentary on CIP’s MTP, 2007-2009
September 2006
Introduction CIP thanks the Science Council for its generally positive commentary on our MTP. The MTP continues to be a useful planning device in the center. As the Science Council notes, our research agenda remains largely unchanged from the previous year.
Nature of Research Related to the nature of research, the Science Council mixes commentary on presentation style and the substance of the content. We are happy that the science council recognizes that our research agenda is designed to contribute to the realization of the MDGs through specific impact pathways. We group our research into themes that provide a general categorization of the potential impact pathway. We concur with the Science Council assessment of the IPG nature of our research and that the evidence we supplied about potential payoffs is appropriate.
We acknowledge the Science Council concerns about the style of presentation of the nature of our research. Our reading of the guidelines provided by the Science Council led us to choose the particular presentation of the alignment of our research agenda with system priorities that concerns the Science Council. We also note that our presentation is further complicated by the uneven structure of the System Priorities document. In that document some priorities and specific goals are quite explicitly defined, while in others the wording is vague contributing to possible broadly divergent interpretations of how to define and where to designate research as system priority x, y or z.
CIP acknowledges the Science Council ruling that the TAC-endorsed system wide program Urban Harvest does not have an agenda that is encompassed by the system priorities and will change its reporting accordingly. We will bring this to the attention of the CIP Board Program Committee.
Research planning CIP thanks the Science Council for recognizing our efforts in research planning, we find the MTP to be useful in that regard. We are puzzled by the Science Council concerns about reductions in resource allocations to Projects. Since the majority of our research agenda is financed by restricted purpose contracts, by definition the total value of those contracts progressively declines as planning moves forward in time. We choose to report our future year output targets conservatively. If we do not have a high assurance of future funding, we do not report future output targets.
We note the Science Council concern with a lack of discussion of specific conditioning factors. We decided that following this guideline was not useful. As the Science Council acknowledges, potential impact is conditioned by many factors. Many of those are generic and the discussion of them in the MTP is not an informative exercise. At 139 pages, the document is already long enough.
Partnerships CIP pays particular attention to partnerships and continues to experiment with and refine ways to coordinate, facilitate and network to extend our reach and impact. In particular, we use our position on the steering committees of various of the SWEPs to encourage these system wide programs to seek, define and clarify appropriate roles for their presence in the innovation system. We are happy that the Science Council recognizes that effort.
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viii International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
MEDIUM TERM PLAN OVERVIEW
Introduction During 2005 we continued implementation of the CIP research program resulting from the CIP Vision, focused on contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. In 2005 CIP prepared a new strategic plan, based on its traditional global agenda and aligned with the newly approved CGIAR System priorities. The strategic plan shows that we are well positioned to contribute to the MDGs. This MTP shows we are well aligned with the System priorities.
CIP’s program construct of Research Divisions and Partnership Programs includes the Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs (SWEPs) that CIP convenes. These are clearly described as Partnership Programs and their funding is included as separate and clearly identifiable components in CIP’s financial tables in the text and the tables of this MTP. We continue with the same six projects and three SWEPs programs as reported in the 2006-2008 MTP. There is however, considerable re-definition of Outputs within the projects that is presented below and in the project narratives.
CIP Research Program Context
The CIP Strategic Plan 2006-2016 During 2005 CIP prepared a new Strategic Plan. The Plan guides the implementation of the CIP Vision. As reported in this same section of the 2006-2008 MTP, in 2003 CIP published a new Vision that commits the Center to prioritize and contribute significantly to 8 of the 18 Millennium Development Targets (www.cipotato.org). In 2004 we aligned our research program into Research Divisions that are centers of expertise and Partnership Programs that are important linkages to users. That alignment was described in this section of the 2006-2008 MTP. The Strategic Plan for Research concludes this cycle of programmatic visioning and strategic planning.
In the Strategic Plan we seek to position CIP within the constantly changing external context to best contribute to the MDGs as a research partner for development. To serve our mandate to the CG system and to fulfill our Vision we conclude that we must grow considerably and in particular we must increase our presence and impact in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and East Asia.
In their comments on the research program we presented in the 2006-2008 MTP, the Science Council noted with approval the alignment of our program with the new System priorities and the orientation towards producing international public goods. The strategic plan affirms our continuation of the existing program with refinements in targeting. One significant development in the strategic plan is the signal of our intent to open research on sustainable and healthy horticulture. Our experience hosting Urban Harvest, the Systemwide Program on urban agriculture and advances in genomics among the wide and diverse Solanaceae family offer opportunities for an expanded agenda that can serve our Vision.
The Strategic Plan continues the MDG targeting we began in the Vision. CIP has long maintained regional offices serving different regions of the world: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); South, West and Central Asia (SWCA); and East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP). Because the MDG targets are real people in real places with unique needs and opportunities, we have four research-for-development plans designed to optimize our contributions in these parts of the world. However, because we are primarily a global institution dedicated to producing international public goods, we also have a global science strategy to maintain and strengthen our position as a center of excellence.
We identify several global trends and conceptual shifts that are important for our Plan. Global trends include: climate change, pandemics, urbanization, conflicts and security concerns, together with the many facets of globalization including North-South inequalities, a networked world via modern information and communication technologies and changing market access from local to global. Conceptual shifts important
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 1
Box 1. The CIP Vision
The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and technologies. CIP will address these challenges by convening and conducting research and supporting development partnerships on root and tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain systems and less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to the achievement of healthy, sustainable human development.
Box 2. The Millennium Development Challenges relevant to CIP
CIP can contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population in extreme poverty (Millennium Development Target 1).
CIP can contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Millennium Development Target 2).
CIP can contribute to reducing by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate (Millennium Development Target 5).
CIP can contribute to reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (Millennium Development Target 6).
CIP can contribute to integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and to reversing the loss of environmental resources (Millennium Development Target 9).
CIP can contribute to achieving, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (Millennium Development Target 11).
CIP can contribute to addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Millennium Development Target 13).
CIP can contribute, with the private sector, to making available the benefits of information and communications technologies (Millennium Development Target 18).
2 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 for our research agenda are the emergence of Complex Systems theory and the rapid changes in organizational structure and knowledge management.
Complex Systems theory provides new approaches to conduct research at the multiple scales at which it is necessary to address the MDGs. We are simultaneously concerned with poverty, hunger, reducing nutrition-related mortality among women and children and providing sustainable alternatives for agriculture and the environment. The sum of the parts is more than the whole and the relationships are non-linear among the parts. Complex Systems theory offers conceptual frameworks and tools to define and address these problems. A hallmark of this approach is the need for multi-disciplinary research teams with broad and sometimes intangible skills.
Organizational structures and knowledge management are rapidly changing towards simpler, flatter more decentralized systems involving knowledge workers connected to global exchange. This is combined with increased interest in global, regional and national organization of agricultural research for development. The combination of modern information and communications technology, low shipping costs and institutional innovation leads to a new practice for conducting research and interacting with development partners. We anticipate a further fragmentation of the traditional research method where a single individual or institution develops hypotheses, devises methods, collects and analyzes data and writes up results. In the new setting, knowledge workers in distinct institutions can create virtual teams that can address each of these steps separately. CIP will continue to tailor its research program to contribute to and participate in this fragmented, decentralized research process by taking advantage of services from other centers of excellence and providing our services to others.
Impact pathways, themes connecting research to MDGs In the strategic plan we identified key themes which create a logical connection between our research program and our contribution to the MDGs. These themes are a statement of our intended impact pathways and organizational devices to facilitate team formation. The table provides an overview of these themes, impact pathways and the associated MDGs.
The Guidelines for preparing the 2007-2009 MTPs request in the project narratives a description of the anticipated impact pathway from research outputs, through outcomes to ultimate impacts. The Guidelines caution “…that generic assumptions applying to nearly all research should not be repeated.” We define the impact pathway aspect of the themes here and simply make reference to this description in the project narratives.
Reduce temporal and chronic hunger in vulnerable communities The unfortunate reality of the world is that despite the great increase in global food production many individuals and communities do not have physical or financial access to food year round. Many of the hungry can be reached through our work in rural and urban areas. Vulnerability can be created by many factors. Remoteness, poverty, marginal ecosystems, pest and disease outbreaks, political instability, climate variability, pandemics and urbanization can all create conditions for temporal and chronic hunger. Within communities and families, gender is unfortunately a common explanation for hunger. This theme creates a space where we can focus our own and partners’ expertise to reach the vulnerable with solutions that can reduce constraints, create opportunities, improve productivity and reduce risks in the farming systems where the vulnerable live.
Link farmers to markets Many farm families are in poverty traps where their livelihood options conspire to keep them poor. These livelihoods need either slight or radical reworking to provide consistent income that enables the family to move out of and stay out of poverty. Local markets once safe from outside competition now face increased penetration from a wide range of suppliers due to processes of globalization and urbanization. These are realities that these families need to confront without being excluded by the large actors in these commercial systems. Learning to innovate, to collaborate, to engage with market actors and to become more competitive in regional and global markets are challenges for these families.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 3
Price and costs are important competition points when engaging in regional or global markets. Despite low production costs, low yields reverse that advantage and make many farmers high cost suppliers. The desire to compete in markets creates a demand for yield-improving and input-saving technologies to help close the persistent yield and cost gap. Linking farmers to markets is a theme where we can focus our expertise with partners to assist families out of poverty once and forever.
Improve access to safe and nutritious food Malnourishment puts a vulnerable individual on a downward spiral of bad health that frequently kills. Disrupted access to traditional sources of nutrition, HIV/AIDS and social and political conflicts create large groups of at-risk individuals. The malnutrition “double burden” also involves unhealthy diets and lifestyles associated with urbanization and the large-scale consumption of modern processed foods.
Solutions to malnutrition can be through supplementation, fortification, dietary diversification and food- based approaches. We will create and provide nutrient-enriched cultivars to vulnerable groups, enabling individuals to improve their diets and break that downward spiral towards bad health. We will seek to provide alternatives that reduce agrichemicals and other contaminants in the foods they eat, particularly from urban systems.
Sustainable use of biodiversity This theme embraces the core reason for the establishment of CIP, namely to protect and make available the rich biodiversity of potato, sweetpotato and little used Andean root and tuber crops. In this increasingly networked world we must continue to strive to make diverse crops available for multiple uses. This diversification of our diets and uses of agricultural crops helps sustain this important natural resource. This theme captures the range of actions needed to protect, preserve and utilize the valuable diversity CIP holds in its genebanks.
Sustainable intensification of potato- and sweetpotato-based farming systems Most of the world’s farms are less than two hectares in size. In Sub-Saharan Africa and many parts of Asia, farms are still shrinking and may continue to do so for the next several generations. As the farm size shrinks many farm families switch to root and tuber crops to meet subsistence and income goals because of the reduced energy produced per unit area and per unit time relative to grains and legumes. Potatoes respond well in cool growing conditions and are important in tropical mid-elevation and highland agro- ecosystems. Thus these small farms are frequently found on steeply sloping land.
Farms with declining area are managed more and more intensively. The processes of intensification often mine resources, cause erosion or create ecological imbalances that result in pest and disease outbreaks. These families want and need to intensify their farming practices to produce more food, more reliably and sustainably. This theme will focus our attention on solutions for sustainable intensification of farming systems that will stop or reverse the loss of environmental resources.
Sustainable and healthy horticultural in and around cities The world is rapidly urbanizing. Cities are increasingly concentrations of poverty that also put enormous strains on the environment. Because of the chaotic nature of city growth in our target countries, agricultural production is marginalized both politically and spatially. The political marginalization creates challenges to recognize and thus be able to support sustainable production. The spatial marginalization means that agriculture occupies spaces that are frequently unhealthy. This theme opens a new research area in CIP’s program and brings our focus on health and agriculture to issues of food safety, occupational safety and sustainable management of intensive systems. We will build on our existing expertise because of the energy produced per unit area per unit time relative to grains and legumes and acquire new expertise to be able to effectively partner and contribute to sustainable horticulture in cities.
The theme will draw on global science assets in genetic enhancement, especially where potato and sweetpotato are target horticultural crops, but also through synergistic research partnerships involving
4 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 other horticultural crops. It will also draw on existing assets of integrated crop management (ICM) and natural resources management (NRM) to reduce pesticide use and safely benefit from available nutrients in urban organic wastes. Political marginalization will be addressed through global social science assets in innovation systems and institutional change. New expertise will also be acquired to ensure our ability effectively to partner and contribute to sustainable horticulture in cities.
Institutional learning for pro-poor change CIP’s research program is designed to serve the needs of the poor. Beyond the provision of particular technologies the poor need to have sustainable access to better technologies. They need to participate in innovation systems where their voices and opinions can be heard, they need access to prototype technology that broadly satisfies their multiple livelihood requirements and they need to be appropriately involved in learning about and testing this technology.
CIP has a long history of developing participatory research and more recently has taken on discovery- based learning approaches such as farmer-field schools as a vehicle to build farmer capacity in managing cropping systems and linking with markets. CIP has also begun to acquire expertise in addressing the broader institutional factors that can inhibit innovation. CIP’s role in this theme is to investigate how these methodologies, approaches and policy leveraging functions can be improved and what are the benefits that accrue to their use. This theme will directly complement and enhance CIP’s other themes and enriches and strengthens its capacity to implement the pro-poor research and development (R&D) cycle as a whole.
Table 1: Emerging Trends, Needs, Themes and MDGs
Global trends Needs of Poor R&D MDT Themes Challenges for CIP Climate change Access to stable and Link farmers to markets Halve number of people profitable markets suffering from extreme poverty Pandemics Sufficient food all year Reduce temporal and Halve number of people chronic hunger in suffering from hunger vulnerable communities North-south Healthy diet for the Improve access to safe Reduce under five inequalities family and nutritious food mortality rate Reduce maternal mortality rate A networked world Profitable and healthy Sustainable intensification Reverse the loss of farming of potato and sweet potato environmental resources based farming systems Increased market Diverse crops for Sustainable use of Reverse the loss of penetration multiple uses biodiversity environmental resources Conflicts and Enhanced capacity for Institutional learning for Integrate principles of security innovation pro-poor change sustainable development into country policies Urbanization Secure and safe crop Sustainable and healthy Improved lives of slum production horticulture in and around dwellers cities
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 5
CIP Research Program Discussion: 2005 Highlights
In 2005, a new potato genetic identification kit comprising 25 microsatellite molecular markers was mapped and used to analyze the genepool structure of cultivated potato collections and 10 markers were tested for identity verification of wild potato species and for refining the potato core collection. True resistance to the sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and extreme resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) were identified through screening and evaluation of collection sets. On the conservation work, quality monitoring tools like the barcode system and workflows have been improved and incorporated as standard best practice. Over 1,500 accessions of potato, sweetpotato and Andean root and tuber crops (ARTCs) were distributed internationally in 2005 and a set of 49 sweetpotato landrace accessions from Papua New Guinea were acquired for conservation in the CIP genebank. Curators from the most important potato genebanks of the world met at CIP to develop the potato global conservation strategy to support the development of the Global Crop Diversity Trust.
New tools, practices and protocols to aid the evaluation, selection and diffusion of new potato varieties were improved and implemented. Elite materials with late blight or virus resistance and high tuber quality were established in ESEAP, Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC) and new countries of SSA and new families of true potato seed (TPS) were evaluated for adaptation in CAC. Private sector collaboration on variety development was strengthened in LAC and bottlenecks in variety development and uptake pathways were documented in SSA. National agricultural research system (NARS) partners in China identified resistant clones from CIP with good adaptation, yield and processing characteristics, one of which is in China’s northwest regional variety trials.
Methods were established for measuring potato response to drought stress at the agronomic, physiological and molecular levels. An early generation selection method was applied to selecting germplasm for adaptation to the warm, long-day conditions of northern China and CAC.
Baseline information and preliminary estimates of heritability of micronutrient contents were used to set breeding objectives for enhancement of Fe, Zn and vitamin C in potato, demonstrating potential for measurable biological impact. New capacity was established to characterize pre-infection events in late blight and hybrid stocks were developed with new wild species sources. Materials and capacity were acquired for monitoring the bacterial wilt pathogen in plants using a fluorescent mutant. A new source of high levels of resistance to potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) was mapped to chromosome 5 and marker development is in progress. Marker kits for detection of PVY resistance genes were provided to NARS and candidate gene collections for resistance and response to day length were assembled and use to develop a custom microarray for gene discovery.
Sweetpotato breeding materials were dispatched to ESEAP, SWCA, LAC and CIP-Nairobi. Fifty landraces of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) were collected in SSA and their evaluation initiated. New OFSP seeds were developed by open pollination and biparental crosses. Genetic parameters of the “Jewel” population were estimated and used for model calculations, revealing that sweetpotato can be a significant source of Fe and Zn. An OFSP clone (CIP 19906.12) is close to release in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania and others are in final evaluation in Mozambique and Ethiopia. Advanced breeding clones were also selected in ESEAP and SWCA.
Near-infrared methods were developed for estimating of protein, carotenoids, Fe, Zn, Ca and P contents in freeze-dried storage root samples, demonstrating sufficient accuracy for quality screening in breeding programs. Twenty-six new simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and characterization of germplasm was initiated. Microarrays were developed containing cDNA clones from two stages of root development and leaves and more than 10,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced. Three populations to map genes for ß-carotene and starch biosynthesis were developed and planted for evaluation.
6 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Environmental concerns for the deployment of genetically engineered crops in centers of diversity prompted a two-year field study of naturalized hybrids between potato landraces and wild species in the Peruvian Andes. Only 4% of the plants remained with a lower rate of survival of hybrids as compared to wild species and no botanical seeds were produced for subsequent generations.
A transgene-based system to eliminate the selectable marker gene after use in transgenic plants was provided to several partners in developed and developing countries. Gene technologies for virus resistance appeared to be successful for potato, whereas in sweetpotato no resistance could be observed. Out of eight tested, three Bt toxins were identified as effective against sweetpotato weevils in bioassays conducted to identify candidates for a transgenic strategy for improvement of African cultivars.
Late blight management research established new information on early emergence epidemiology. In the tropics with inoculum always present, late blight can strike a crop just at emergence. Modeling and field research established new prediction rules for managing first fungicide spray. Bacterial wilt (BW) management research established the relationship of soil properties and the persistence of BW in soil. Soils that are hostile hosts to BW have high pH, good electrical conductivity, high clay, K, Ca, Mg and B content. Soils that are good hosts to BW have low pH, high sand, Al and Fe content. The bactericide effects of lime and ashes were established in greenhouse and field where lime applications reduced yield losses by 85% to 100%. The biological control effectiveness with antagonistic bacterium, Pseudomonas. putida BA28, was confirmed in greenhouse with 60% to 90% reduction in tuber infection.
Biological control measures provided by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and two strains of Paecylomices fumosoroseus were tested and shown effective against populations of leaf miner fly (LMF) and potato tuber moth (PTM). The nematodes Heterorhabditis sp. were demonstrated to be effective as a field control mechanism for Andean potato weevil (APW). The same nematodes isolated from APW larvae were highly pathogenic to PTM larvae. Neem products and the botanical insecticide Meila azedarach showed a translaminar effect on LMF by increasing pupae mortality.
New findings on livelihood strategies in the highlands and the coast of Peru and how farmers cope with climatic risks related to El Niño climate change effects were documented. It is evident that poor farmers are the most vulnerable to climate variability and change. Environmental change is also influencing the rate of appearance and the severity of damage of pest and diseases. A method using remotely sensed data which can identify potato plants infected with potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) two weeks before human visual identification is ready for introduction.
An Internet-based dynamic drought risk-mapping calculator together with digital soil mapping in SSA and new method for rainfall interpolation are combined to simulate potato production potential and risks in eastern Africa. This work is combined with growth chamber experiments to develop protocols to increase the speed for evaluating germplasm under abiotic stresses. The capability of pinpointing vulnerable areas is complemented with fieldwork to build adaptive capacity in farming systems management.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 7
Progress Report on Implementation of EPMR Recommendations
Name of Center: The International Potato Center (CIP) Dates of EPMR Report Presentation and Discussion: Science Council: 82nd meeting of iSC held in Lima, Peru in April 2002 Executive Council: not applicable CGIAR Annual Meeting: AGM 2002, Manila, Philippines, Oct 28 to Nov 1, 2002
Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion 1. Integration of breeding efforts One of the results of the CIP Vision exercise (see Recommendation 18), conducted from Fully under single leadership 2002-2004, was the re-structuring of CIP’s research program. The current research implemented program, which became operational in 2004, includes the Research Division of Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement (MTP Project 3). This Research Division brings together CIP’s breeding efforts for all commodities under the leadership of Division Leader Dr. Merideth Bonierbale. 2. Urgent identification of A high throughput (HTP) genotyping facility was established at CIP in early 2004 with Fully resources to establish a state-of- special project funds from Spain and Germany. We purchased an automated sequencer implemented the-art high-throughput needed to reliably produce high quantities of DNA fingerprints (Licor 43000 with 5 user genotyping facility; skills and licenses producing minimum of 480 DNA fingerprints per day). Simultaneously, we competency strengthening in increased our capacity in DNA extractions by purchasing from Qiagen a tissue lyser bioinformatics and computational devise using DNAeasy 96 plant kit, which processes 2 x 96 samples in 1.5 hours. biology The main research activity of the HTP lab has been the production of microsatellite (SSR) marker data for potato for the Generation Challenge Program (50 SSR markers on 716 native potato genotypes and 2 mapping populations). Recently, a new research project has started to look at diversity of native potatoes conserved in situ. By the end of 2005, we expect to produce a SSR marker data set for sweetpotato. Our capacity in bioinformatics was significantly increased (4 new assistants) in parallel with the acquisition of a high power computer (HPC) system, with Generation Challenge Program (CP) funds. And, one full-time internationally recruited scientist (IRS) is now leading the Research Informatics Unit (RIU). CIP has led the effort of installing the HPC for the Generation CPand in collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is co-leading the identification and customization of additional software for the
8 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion HPC. CIP has been recognized in the Generation CP bioinformatics community as a leader in geographical information systems (GIS), data-warehouse technology and certain best practices in programming and development for computational biology. New skills in bioinformatics were acquired through training given by a senior programmer of the European Bioinformatics Institute in November 2004 (on web-services and EMBOSS). Several international collaborations have been initiated or revived through training events and visits to further strengthen capacity in: Expressed sequence tag/single nucleotide polymorphism (EST/SNP) pipelines (EMBRAPA, Brazil), in comparative genomics (National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Cornell) and genotyping databases (Scottish Crops Research Institute, Germinate). Funding for these activities is provided through a variety of collaborations under the Generation CP.
3. Within overall Center strategy, As part of the Visioning and Targeting Exercises (see Recommendation 18), we have NRM CCER to Incremental October 2006 conduct a priority setting of NRM targeted and prioritized research and intervention in potato and sweetpotato production be conducted in implementation to ensure balance between: systems. In some of the highland potato production systems, livestock is one of the 2006 applications vis-à-vis process; system components. However, work on mountain systems that do not include potato CIP mandate crops vis-à-vis production is being phased out. livestock-based production As shown in the NRM logframe (MTP Project 5), described outputs clearly indicate that systems EPMR recommendations have been taken into account by the NRM Project, as there is an emphasis on the application of analytical methods and tools on CIP mandate crops. More than 70% of output targets included in the MTP deals with potato and sweetpotato systems. The MTP indicates that most of the specific problems to be tackled by the project are related to the need to improve root and tuber crop statistics and yield forecasts in target areas with high population of resource-poor farmers and to enhance the capacity of complex systems to absorb shocks and maintain function, benefiting poor farmers. As to application, several NARSs in LAC, Asia and Africa are already using analytical tools developed by the NRM Project for agro-ecological zoning and priority setting. The new Strategic Plan confirms the importance of NRM research in potato and sweetpotato systems research. A CCER will be conducted during 2006 to obtain expert evaluation on our progress on this recommendation. 4. All CIP scientists to work CIP reminded the EPMR Panel that CONDESAN is an official CGIAR Ecoregional Fully together in the Consorcio para el Program with its own Board; CIP has a seat on the Board and hosts the Coordination implemented Desarrollo Sostenible de la Unit of CONDESAN. As such, we could only recommend to the CONDESAN Board that
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 9
Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion Ecorregion Andina partners use CONDESAN as a mechanism for development, evaluation and (CONDESAN) benchmark dissemination. watersheds and use them as a CONDESAN benchmark sites are the basis for recent Consortium regional projects; mechanism for development, these projects increasingly offer opportunities for collaboration with CIP. In 2005, evaluation and dissemination of CONDESAN is implementing activities with four of the six CIP Research Divisions and integrated technologies and two of the Partnership Programs. Selected examples of on-going collaboration include: policy. (a) comparison of conservation and traditional agricultural practices; (b) joint initiative to conserve biodiversity in the extremes of the Andes (see MTP Project 2 log frame) (c) a methodology on measuring poverty dynamics;(d) design of the Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI) with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); (e) adaptation of the participatory Farmer Field Schools research methodology; (f) study on CONDESAN as a pilot case to analyze CIP's role as a Convening Center of partnership programs with the backstopping of the Future Harvest Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC); (g) InfoAndina implementation of the e-consultation on the worldwide Mountain Partnership Action Plan, a responsibility undertaken by CIP. Additionally, CIP’s new Strategic Plan will result in focused learning sites where CIP staff will work together with partners to implement (and learn from) the new research and development paradigm. In Latin America, the first learning site has been identified as the Peru-Bolivia Altiplano. 5. CIP to continue to have strong The Technical Committee has been revived under a new format. It is now composed of Fully scientific vision and CIP and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) representatives and by the implemented methodological input in the leaders of the so-called CONDESAN Initiatives (benchmark sites and regional projects). CONDESAN consortium; Dr. Peter Trutmann, Coordinator of the Global Mountain Program (GMP), is CIP's Technical Committee and representative of the Technical Committee of CONDESAN. CIP scientists have been coordinators of crosscutting actively involved in the participatory exercise to build the Road Map of CONDESAN for themes to be revived the next five years. The Road Map emphasizes areas of innovation in agricultural systems and integrated management of water resources.
In 2005, CIP created an Andean Coordinating Committee as a new standing committee of the Center, where CONDESAN and other Center representatives meet to facilitate joint action in Andean-based activities. 6. Continue the interaction of CIP has a strong history of effective integration of the biological and social sciences, Fully social scientists with biological which has yielded strategically useful knowledge to biophysical researchers. This implemented and physical scientists but with integration has kept the research agenda that is led by social scientists focused on
10 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion broader involvement of partners problems relevant to their colleagues, thus the social sciences in CIP have never and constituency groups suffered from isolation or marginalization within the Center. CIP Management is committed to maintaining that historical strength. The new Strategic Plan provides for full
integration of social scientists in the research for development cycle. Within the new research program, MTP Projects 1 and 4 are lead by social scientists, with social scientists also housed in Project 6 and collaborating across all of the research projects. Two of our Partnership Programs are led by social scientists. Our new regional leader in SSA is an economist. In addition to engaging with their biological scientist colleagues in CIP, the social scientists at CIP have pioneered participatory approaches to research not only in focused agricultural technologies but also empowerment of rural communities and institutional arrangements that connect different market chain actors. 7. Reallocate social sciences Progress on this recommendation has been slow pending the completion of the 2005- Internal Incremental 2006 resources to do more work on 2006 strategic planning exercise. With the completion of the Strategic Plan for Research, exercise implementation science and technology policy the Board of Trustees recognized that there is policy-relevant research being conducted issues across the Center. In April 2006, the BoT recommend we conduct an internal exercise to document the policy-relevant information that is being generated for decision-makers. 8. Develop a consistent With respect to the framework for collection and analysis of data and statistical New round of Incremental 2006-2007 framework for the collection and approaches, in late 2002 CIP created a Research Informatics Unit (RIU). RIU has variety adoption implementation analysis of basic data on developed a basic generic framework, tentatively called CIPEX, to manage and analyze and impact adoption and constraints; data on field and laboratory experiments. The framework passed the prototype stage in studies initiated strengthen skills on sophisticated March 2005 and is now (June 2005) in the pilot phase with selected users. We expect statistical approaches for broader use by end of July 2005. The framework is web-based, thereby allowing easy collection of such data sharing of data on both intranet and internet. This will also allow global analysis of data across localities. Components in the framework include a system for micro-management of projects and experiments and a statistical package with custom procedures to generate designs and automate analyses and reports wherever appropriate. The latter is intended to lessen the burden of repetitive tasks and promote best practices in statistical analysis. Additionally, the custom statistical procedures are also based on a freely available statistical package (“R”, http://www.r-project.org ) – thus promoting their re-use by collaborators. CIP’s statistician has conducted several training courses at CIP headquarters and abroad using this package and the custom procedures. Specifically responding to the adoption and constraints of CIP’s improved varieties, within the new Research Program the Research Division on Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement has created an entire project on Germplasm Uptake and
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 11
Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion Utilization. This project includes an initiative to promote CIP materials more aggressively in targeted regions and production systems that are ripe for varietal change. In 2006, A post doctoral student with strong statistical skills was posted in Africa to begin adaptation constraint studies on CIP’s orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties. CIP has also made a greater commitment to participatory plant breeding to incorporate users’ criteria, thereby speeding up the process of varietal selection and enhancing the odds that suitable varieties will be forthcoming. CIP has had more success with smaller NARS having less potato-growing area than with larger, stronger NARS. Efforts to increase Center presence in countries where potato-growing is more important, such as China, will help to redress these historical disparities in CIP-related varietal change. 9. Formulate a strategy for From its inception, CIP has put a premium on partnerships. As a consequence, we have Fully engaging in different types of long-established practices and habits for engaging with partners. However, noting the implemented partnerships, including the dynamic external institutional environment in which CIP operates, the EPMR panel is private sector correct in noting that the Center should systematize the knowledge of past experience and maximize future effectiveness of partnering through a conscious policy for engagement. The re-structuring of the CIP Research Program resulted in one constellation of Partnership Programs, which include the CGIAR SWEPs that CIP hosts, as well as several other Partnership Programs specific to potatoes and sweetpotatoes. This restructuring reflects our partnership strategy of creating an identifiable space for partners within the larger context of CIP. The new Strategic Plan establishes the strategy for engaging in different types of partnerships in different stages of the research for development cycle. 10. Encourage more frequent In 2003, the Office of the Director of Research implemented a new on-line reporting Fully publications in refereed journals system for CIP Information Outputs, which specifically tracks 16 different types of implemented and set more demanding annual publications, including peer-reviewed publications. As of 2005, the new individual work publication performance targets plans for CIP scientists explicitly include publication plans. In the 2004 and 2005 Performance Measurement Reports, CIP reported 1.16 and 1.17 peer-reviewed publications, respectively. That is, each IRS scientist is, on the average, publishing more than one peer-reviewed publication per year. Given CGIAR scientists are actively involved in capacity strengthening activities as well as research, we deem 1 peer- reviewed publication per year to be an appropriate performance target. 11. Reallocate resources from Resource Mobilization at CIP has continued to grow, primarily through restricted grants. Fully
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Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion management staff to hire a Since the last EMPR in 2002, funds approved in grants have totaled US$38.4 M. implemented competent international Additionally, in response to this EPMR Recommendation, CIP hired a full time IRS as development officer and use the Chief of Resource Mobilization in 2004 and allocated two support staff positions to the leadership of that officer, Resource Mobilization Office. together with a marketing The Chief of Resource Mobilization took up her office in September 2004. She is survey, to develop a strategic prioritizing efforts to re-define the project development process, developing business plan for increasing external plans together with project leaders and re-assigning responsibilities for fund-raising funding among Directors, project leaders and Regional Leaders. A preliminary strategic plan for increasing external funding was presented to and accepted by the Board at the April 2006 Annual meeting. 12. That the Board of Trustees A new External Auditor, Deloitte and Touche, was contracted immediately in April 2002. Fully change CIP’s External Auditor at In 2005, the Board’s Internal Audit Committee recommended a change auditors; this implemented the conclusion of the current was endorsed by the full Board at the March 2005 Board Annual meeting. Accordingly, end-of-year audit/reporting cycle at the April 2006 Board Annual meeting, BOD was appointed as the External Auditor for and every 3-5 years thereafter the 2006-2008 period. 13. Completion, as soon as The CIPFIS enhancements to implement forward commitment for goods and services Implementation Incremental 2006-07 possible, of the changes were advanced and fully implemented in November 2002, in order to provide more of MIS Task implementation required to transform CIPFIS into complete budgetary information for project leaders. In November 2005, the new Director Force a full-fledged Management General appointed an MIS Task Force. A 150-page Task Force report with recommendatio ns Information System; managers recommendations was presented to the Board of Trustees at the April 2006 Annual at all levels to be given access to Meeting. The Center is now considering alternate recommendations to integrate all complete and transparent systems, including human resources management and to establish a fully-integrated budgetary information on the Management Information System by 2007. activities they are accountable for; CIP management to devise incentives to encourage and increase cost-consciousness and efficiency 14. The Board to ensure that it As of 2002, the Internal Audit Committee stepped up oversight functions. The Board Fully receives adequate financial and currently receives Quarterly Financial Reports from the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). implemented budgetary information from Financial and budgetary matters are addressed at the Executive Committee meetings (in management and that it spends October and March each year) before the Annual Board meeting. A CCER on CIP sufficient time exercising its Financial Management was called for by the Board at the March 2005 annual meeting. A
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Implementation Recommendation Center's Response Progress Target date of Milestones Achieved completion budgetary and financial oversight Financial CCER was conducted in April 2005, with very positive findings. functions 15. Board to be more The Board Program Chair co-chaired (with the DDG-Research) the entire process for the Fully challenging and forward looking Visioning, Targeting and Research Realignment Exercises. The entire Board of Trustees implemented in its discussions of the Center’s was involved in the review and approval of the CIP Vision. The Program Committee is long-term scientific strategy overseeing the Strategic Planning process. The BoT Program Committee also formed a sub-committee on Science and Technology Policy in 2004, in order to address critical longer-term issues related to scientific strategy (e.g. GMO research, Intellectual Property issues). 16. The DG not be a member of The CIP Board of Trustees accepted the first point of this Recommendation and Fully the Nominations Committee and removed the DG from the Nominations Committee in 2002. However, the Center’s implemented that the DDG-F/A (Finance and founding statues prescribe that the DDG-F/A serve as the Secretary to the Board. The Administration) not be the Board continues to work actively to improve corporate governance. Secretary to the Board and its Executive Committee 17. Develop a vision and From 2002-2003 CIP conducted Visioning, Targeting and Research Realignment Fully strategic plan that integrate crop Exercises. The process and outcomes of these Exercises have been published and implemented improvement and protection, widely distributed (see The CIP Vision: Preserving the Core, Stimulation Progress, natural resource management www.cipotato.org). As a result of these Exercises, the CIP Research Program was re- and the social sciences in an structured and this new Program became operational in 2004. approach that will guide the In 2005, CIP conducted a Center-wide exercise on organizational change and strategic understanding of problems planning for research. The Strategic Plan for Research was presented to the BoT and developing countries face as was the sole topic of discussion and debate at the full-day Program Committee meeting they experience economic in April 2006. The Strategic Plan has been approved by the Board and will shortly be development posted on the CIP website for public comment. 18. The Vision statement and the As stated under Recommendation 17, the Strategic Plan for Research is being Fully strategic plan be connected and completed. Out of this programmatic strategic planning will come a more complete implemented used to establish a robust set of Corporate Plan including an analysis of financial realignment for both human and priorities to guide resource economic allocations across the Research Divisions and target Regions. The priorities allocation in CIP in the coming defined within programmatic strategic plans will also inform the evolution of business years. plans and inform a final strategic plan for resource mobilization that supports and drives achievement of CIP’s Vision.
14 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Highlights of the 2007 Project Portfolio
The 2007 project portfolio presented in this document differs from the 2006 portfolio mainly in the redefinition of project outputs. We add a few new output targets to this year’s logframes. Most new targets reflect activities resulting from new funding. These are noted below and in the project narratives.
We do not report any non-System Priority activities such as free standing training or development activities. We may report development activities in next year’s MTP as we believe we will be successful in a proposal invited by the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen the potato system there. This would be administered through the Future Harvest Consortium to Rebuild Agriculture in Afghanistan.
To put the strategic plan into operation and to align our internal reporting to the external reporting requirements of the MTP and the project management (PM) system, we redefined several project outputs, seeking to reduce their number and reach consistency in size and scope of the effort portrayed in them. As we described in last year’s MTP, our internal research structure is arrayed in six Divisions. We report those Divisions here as MTP projects. We continue to host the same Systemwide and Ecoregional programs: Urban Harvest, Global Mountain Program and CONDESAN, and those are reported separately as required.
The Science Council comments on our presentation of last year’s program noted that ‘…CIP has a strong international public goods research program with a relatively limited set of activities on national programs and development activities.’ We were pleased with that endorsement and interpret it to mean that our research program is well aligned with the new System priorities (SP) and correctly balanced between SP and non-SP activities.
Elsewhere the Science Council commented ‘…the activities in the Research Divisions have a strong research focus. Regarding research content, Projects 1 through 4 …are particularly noteworthy and deserve praise.’ These projects continue without major changes from last year. Our projects five and six received less favorable comments from the Science Council. We respond to those critiques below.
Project 1: Impact Enhancement Our Impact Enhancement project is designed to assist the center implement the research for development cycle. The research for development cycle is described in last year’s MTP and in greater detail in the Strategic Plan. The project provides information on targeting, needs and opportunities assessment, including facilitation of linkages to dissemination and impact analysis. Impact analysis is an integral feedback loop in the research for development cycle. Thus there is an output and output targets associated with impact analysis. In the context of the research for development cycle, we concluded that our output for information provision on commodity trends was part of our targeting strategy and the databases and analyses related to global trends will be included as output targets in a new output on targeting and needs and opportunities assessment.
We note with interest that the guidelines for this year’s MTP exclude reports of impact assessment as output targets, while this year’s Performance Measurement guidelines suggest that the Center should conduct several impact studies each year. Since the guidelines request that the Center’s entire approved research agenda be reported in the project logframes, we wonder where such activities should be recorded.
New results or projects The HarvestPlus Challenge Program Reaching End Users project contains an important monitoring and evaluation component for its work on OFSP in Uganda and Mozambique. Activities related to this new project will be reported as new output targets in Output 1. New projects seeking novel methods for encouraging institutional innovation and connecting farmers to markets in the Andes will create new output targets in Outputs one and two.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 15
Project 1: Impact Enhancement Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Reliable and up-to-date information on potato Output 1 Improved data and methods 06-08 Outputs 1 and 2 and sweetpotato commodity trends strengthened for research targeting and resource merged. Output targets also (3 years) allocation developed (3 years) merged. Output 2 Impact of CIP-related technologies on livelihoods determined (3 years) Output 3 Value added to CIP commodities through Output 2 Value added to CIP 06-08 Output 3 is moved here. post-harvest innovations (3 – 5 years) commodities through linking farmers to markets and post harvest innovations (3-5 years) Output 4 Pro-poor policies and institutions identified Output 3 Pro-poor policies for Contains output and targets and documented (3 years) institutional learning and change from 06-08 Output 4 plus new identified and documented (3 years) targets on institutional learning.
Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization This project is unchanged with the exception of a merger of an output that provided for distribution and capacity strengthening. Activities related to this output have been incorporated into the other two outputs.
New results or projects:
Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Wild and cultivated genetic resources of Output 1 Wild and cultivated Same output targets with potato, sweetpotato and nine other root and tuber genetic resources of potato, additions of distribution and species and associated information collected and sweetpotato and nine other root and capacity strengthening- securely conserved through integrated ex situ and in tuber species and associated related output targets from situ approaches (2006-08) information collected and securely 06-08 Output 3. conserved through integrated ex situ and in situ approaches (2006-08) Output 2 The diversity of wild and cultivated genetic Output 2 The diversity of wild and Same output targets with resources of potato, sweetpotato and nine other root cultivated genetic resources of additions of capacity and tuber species characterized and useful biotic and potato, sweetpotato and nine other strengthening-related output abiotic traits and nutritional and health-related at- root and tuber species is targets from 06-08 Output 3 tributes identified and documented (2006-08) characterized and useful biotic and abiotic traits and nutritional and health-related attributes are identified and documented (2006-08) Output 3 Wild and cultivated potato, sweetpotato and The output targets nine other root and tuber species distributed to users associated with this were worldwide. NARS institutional capacities enhanced for moved to new Outputs using modern genetic and informatics technologies in 1 and 2 genebank management (2006-08)
Project 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement We reduced the number of outputs from seven to four in this project. The development of improved planting material from the search for genes to varietal release is a continual process with many intermediate steps. The decision to divide that process into many or few outputs depends on individual
16 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
preference for lumping or splitting. We are now favoring the lumping school and systematically considering the production of improved stocks, tools, information and methods as an intermediate step towards the production of improved families and lines.
New results or projects A new project to screen Bt isolates for toxicity to sweetpotato weevil, incorporate those into gene constructs and transform an appropriate East African sweetpotato cultivar creates new output targets for this project. Last year we reported putative BW resistance. Further testing has thrown that conclusion into doubt and is being followed up again this year. The successful calibration of the Near Infrared Spectrophotometry (NIRS) method for estimating nutrient content in sweetpotatoes resulted in a new project to test this rapid screening method to other HarvestPlus crops.
Project 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Effective strategies for the identification and Output 1 Effective strategies for the dissemination of high-yielding, resistant and nutritious identification and dissemination of potato and sweetpotato varieties available for each high-yielding, resistant and nutritious CIP region (3-5 years) potato and sweetpotato varieties available for each CIP region (3-5 years) Output 2 Improved clonal and sexual varieties, Output 2 Potato populations, 06-08 Outputs 2 and 3 parental lines and populations of potato with clones and true seed varieties with merged. Output targets also resistance, nutritional and market traits are resistance, nutritional and market merged. developed, assessed and disseminated traits are developed for SSA, LAC, Output 3 Genetic stocks, genomic tools, information ESEAP and SWCA and breeding and methods are developed to enhance the use of methods tools, information and diversity for resistance, stress tolerance and capacities are enhanced (3-5 years) nutritional traits in potato (3-5 years) Output 4 Sweetpotato populations and clones with Output 3 Sweetpotato populations 06-08 Outputs 4 and 5 superior agronomic and end-use quality and clones with superior agronomic, merged. Output targets also characteristics are developed for SSA, LAC, ESEAP nutritional and end-use quality merged. and SWCA (3-5 years) characteristics are developed for Output 5 Genetic stocks, genomic tools, information SSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCA and and methods are developed to enhance the use of breeding methods tools, information diversity for improved productivity and nutritional and capacities are enhanced value in sweetpotato (3-5 years) (3-5 years) Output 6 Transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes for Output 4 Transgenic potatoes and 06-08 Outputs 6 and 7 resource-poor producers and consumers are sweetpotatoes for resource-poor merged. Output targets also developed and tested (3-5 years) producers and consumers are merged. Output 7 Best practices for transgenic potato and developed and tested using good sweetpotato management to increase beneficial practices (3-5 years) impacts are available (3-5 years)
Project 4. Integrated Crop Management During the next several years, our Integrated Crop Management project will show shifts towards more component focused research consistent with the objective to produce international public goods. Output 5 shows we will continue with selected testing of integrated solutions as a research question seeking to identify synergistic or antagonistic technical and economic effects. The integrated evaluation will typically be done with participatory approaches and thus take the appearance of pilot trials putting together local solutions to local problems but they are not.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 17
New results or projects The HarvestPlus Challenge Program Reaching End Users project contains an important seed-system research component for its work on OFSP in Uganda and Mozambique. Activities related to this new project will be reported as new output targets in Output 1.
Project 4: Integrated Crop Management Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Strategies for improving formal and informal Output 1 Strategies for improving Greater emphasis on farmer seed systems for potato and sweetpotato validated in formal and farmer-based seed productivity and LAC, SSA and Asia (3-5 years) systems towards enhancing potato competitiveness and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA and Asia (3-5 years) Output 2 Strategies for conservation agriculture and Output 2 Strategies for improved This output was previously soil fertility management as components of ICM in agronomy management as oriented specifically to potato and sweetpotato cropping systems developed components for ICM for subsistence develop strategies for in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia (5 years) and semi-commercial potato and conservation agriculture and sweetpotato growers developed in soil fertility management as key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia components of ICM. (5 years) However, NARS require strategies and methods for improving technical integration of crop management components, which includes soil fertility and conservation agriculture but as integration mechanisms in relation to seed, disease and insect management Output 3 Management components against potato Output 3 Management components Greater emphasis on and sweetpotato diseases, late blight (LB), bacterial against potato and sweetpotato component development wilt (BW) and viruses developed, tested and dis- diseases – late blight (LB), BW and seminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and viruses – developed, tested and Asian priority countries (3-5 years) disseminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian priority countries (3-5 years) Output 4 Management components against potato Output 4 Management components Greater emphasis on insect pests (APW, PTM, LMF) developed as part of against potato and sweetpotato component development ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority insect pests (APW, PTM, LMF) countries (3-5 years) developed and part of ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority countries (3-5 years) Output 5 Strategies and methods for technical and Output 5 Strategies and methods In the last MTP this output socioeconomic integration of ICM components devel- for socioeconomic integration of ICM included the development of oped and made available for NARS in LAC, SSA and components developed and made strategies and methods for Asia conditions. available for improving potato and both technical and sweetpotato innovation systems in socioeconomic integration. LAC, SSA and Asia (5 years) Now the development of methods for technical integration is part of Output 2. Here the emphasis is
18 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 4: Integrated Crop Management Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change specifically on the development of participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of ICM
Project 5: Natural Resources Management As noted in last year’s MTP, the NRM project focuses on landscape level challenges in potato and sweetpotato agro-ecosystems where other CIP Divisions are present. This is a change from the past when the NRM project focused on mountain systems. The logframe presented last year reflects that change. The logframe this year is largely unchanged.
The outputs and output targets are designed to overcome the natural site-specificity dilemma of most NRM research and produce international public goods. The NRM project focuses on selected elements of the INRM approach expounded by CGIAR’s INRM group.
New results or projects During 2005 a major new project for implementation in the Peru and Bolivia Altiplano was awarded. Several new output targets were added to Outputs one and three.
Project 5: Natural Resources Management Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Methods, options and strategies for Output 1 Methods, options and Unchanged improved targeting and Environmental Vulnerability strategies for improved tar- Analyses, preparedness and mitigation in the Andes, geting and Environmental SSA and SWCA developed (5 years) Vulnerability Analyses, preparedness and mitigation in the Andes, SSA and SWCA developed (5 years) Output 2 Tradeoffs between productivity and the Output 2 The effect of external Title of output changed to clarify environment in target systems in the Andes, SSA and dynamics on targeted expanded category of analytical India evaluated (3 years) ecosystems in the Andes and subjects. Output targets East Africa documented unchanged. (3 years) Output 3 Principles and approaches to develop Output 3 Principles and Unchanged adaptive capacity in agricultural systems in the approaches to develop Andes, SSA and Asia identified (5 years) (with GMP) adaptive capacity in agricultural systems in the Andes, SSA and Asia identified (5 years) (with GMP)
Project 6: Health and Agriculture In their comments on the Health and Agriculture project presented in last year’s MTP, the Science Council observed that many of the outputs and output targets were about localized activities from which it was difficult to deduce the contribution to research and even more difficult to perceive the links to international public goods type research. In our response to the comments we acknowledge these concerns and
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 19
promise to correct them. As result the project outputs are restated and the number and nature of output targets are changed to accurately reflect our goals for this project.
New results and projects A new project to examine the cultural attachments to pesticides and investigate the linkages to pesticide reducing crop management options in the Andes will add new output targets to output one.
Project 6: Health and Agriculture Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Framework for integrated production- 06-08 Output 1 eliminated environment-health analysis established Output 2 Human health risks from exposure to Output 1 Human health risks Output broadened to include pesticides are reduced in communities in Peru and from exposure to dangerous additional issues of farm workers Ecuador contaminates are reduced in exposed to other contaminated LAC and SSA (3 years) conditions in addition to pesticides. Output 3 Importance of nutrition rich roots and tubers Output 2 Importance of safe Output broadened to include is established and healthy roots and tubers is issues of assuring food safety in established (3 years) addition to proper nutrition (malnutrition and obesity)
Project 7: CONDESAN As reported in last year’s MTP, the CONDESAN Steering Committee authorized major revisions in the agenda of the consortium. This year’s narrative and logframe reflect the implementation of those changes. CONDESAN now is concentrated on two major themes, sustainable water management in the Andes and fostering the establishment and functioning of innovative institutions that promote sustainable rural development. Both these themes clearly fall within the new System priorities. The consortium is moving to end activities that are not related to these two themes and output targets that are related to these are removed from this year’s logframe.
In their comments on the presentation of last year’s CONDESAN program, the Science Council observed ‘…CONDESAN…would be more appropriately presented as a regional network for delivery of research results, rather than a project charged with new cutting edge research…’ While it is certainly true that the consortium seeks to develop a regional agenda that delivers research results, this year’s logframe will demonstrate that CONDESAN partners working together through their coordination office, will administer the Water and Food Challenge Program Andean Basins project and other similar science-focused activities that will be contributing to cutting edge research.
The SC also notes, ‘In the context of providing solutions to sustainable development of an eco-region, which is a complex task, the contribution of CONDESAN …deserves praise. The continued operation…will also provide CIP with feedback for maintaining a relevant research agenda…’ While reminding the Science Council that CONDESAN provides feedback to all the CGIAR centers, we appreciate their observations. We believe that the current disintegration of regional bodies in South America and the lack of effective national extension services leaves a serious facilitation, communication and coordination gap on these themes that will persist long into the future. This gap is effectively filled by CONDESAN. Unlike the sub-regional organizations found in SSA, there is no similar effort in LAC and CONDESAN fills a vital role.
New Projects During the year CIP on behalf of CONDESAN was awarded several significant new projects that target conservation and sustainable development of the high altitude grasslands of the northern Andes called
20 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Paramos. There are new output targets to account for these projects. Support for CONDESAN coordination was received from the World Bank SWEPs support grant.
Project 7: CONDESAN Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 Strategy for influencing integrated Output 1 Policies and local, This title was changed to reflect management of land and water resources (IMWR) national and regional the greater emphasis on policy developed for the Andean ecoregion recommendations for improved related to water management. integrated water resource New targets were added to reflect management (IWRM) in newly funded projects Andean countries from Venezuela to Argentina (4 years) Output 2 Strategy of poverty reduction based on Output 2 New institutional This title was changed to reflect agricultural innovation system options developed for innovations, forms of increased emphasis on innovation the Andean ecoregion organization and mechanisms systems as a research topic to for cooperation, training and facilitate cooperation and dialogue are developed and information sharing in policy promoted in the Andean dialogue agricultural systems to take advantage of the region’s natural diversity (5 years) Output 3 Platform influencing sustainable This content of this output was development at the local, national and regional levels mostly process for facilitation, strengthened in the Andean ecoregion coordinating and networking and has thus been eliminated. Selected output targets were moved to Output 2
Project 8: Global Mountain Program The GMP opened collaborative agreements with the World Agroforestry Center convened African Highlands Initiative (AHI) and Urban Harvest for supporting the Africa node of the Mountain Forum and an Addis Ababa, Ethiopia based project on rural-urban linkages in mountain environments.
New projects Support for GMP coordination was received from CIDA SWEPs support grant.
Project 8: Global Mountain Program Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 A platform is available that enables The principal research products of the Change in emphasis to shift from a more unified and effective inter-CGIAR CGIAR centers for mountains are available process to product offering center interaction and thrust for sustainable and accessible in the form of a mountain development (3 years) supermarket or market place of innovations and opportunities. (5 years with individual CGIAR Centers and the Mountain Forum (MF) ) Output 2 Models for planning, policy and Policy and technology options to improve Change in emphasis to shift from technical support are developed using better use and minimize adverse impacts of rural single focus on modeling result to knowledge of rural–urban interactions in urban linkages in mountains are policy and technology results mountains and information on livelihood documented (5 years) (with AHI and SIUA, constraints and options, product demand, IFPRI, CIFOR, CIP, ICRAF, IWMI, CIAT
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 21
Project 8: Global Mountain Program Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change water and forest management and use and national partners) (3 years) (with AHI and UH) Output 3 Policies that promote sustainable Strengths and weaknesses of policies in Wording change to capture breadth mountain development in the Andes are the Andes for water, soil and forest of policies to be examined. Note the identified (3 years) (with CONDESAN) management in mountains are documented reduction in time to completion of (2 years with CONDESAN in Andes and this output Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Mountain Regions (SARD-M) partners globally)
Project 9: Urban Harvest Urban Harvest established a collaborative research project on rural-urban linkages in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with GMP and AHI.
New projects During the year CIP on behalf of Urban Harvest was awarded several new projects that create new output targets. These include major projects that sponsor research in Nakuru, Kenya and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. There are new output targets to reflect this in Outputs 2 and 3. Support for Urban Harvest coordination was received from the World Bank SWEPs support grant.
Project 9: Urban Harvest Outputs Outputs Description 2006-2008 2007-2009 of Change Output 1 The contribution of urban and peri-urban Output 1 The contribution of UPA This output will end next year agriculture (UPA) to improving the livelihoods of poor to improving the livelihoods of city households and the condition of urban poor city households and the ecosystems is documented and validated (until 2007) condition of urban ecosystems is documented and validated (until 2007) Output 2 Innovative technologies and practices Output 2 Innovative technologies Output 3 merged with Output 2 developed for increasing productivity and marketing and practices developed for of agricultural commodities produced in UPAs (3-5 increasing productivity and years) marketing of agricultural Output 3 Strategies for enhancing the contribution of commodities produced in UPAs urban food production to child nutritional health and and their contribution to human other health benefits established (3-5 years) nutrition and health (3-5 years) Output 4 Methods developed to mitigate human Output 4 Methods developed to Unchanged health risks to urban producers and consumers and to mitigate human health risks to improve use of urban sources of nutrients for urban producers and consumers agriculture (5 years) and to improve use of urban sources of nutrients for agriculture (5 years) Output 5 Policy options and institutional and planning Output 5 Policy options and Unchanged strategies to support safe and sustainable agricultural institutional and planning production in urban areas are developed (3-5 years) strategies to support safe and sustainable agricultural production in urban areas are developed (3-5 years)
22 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Changes in collaborative arrangements In last year’s MTP we described in detail our participation in CGIAR and non-CG collaborative arrangements. This year in this space we only document major changes in those relationships. The project highlights above also capture some of these changes as they result in new outputs or output targets.
Generation Challenge Program (GCP) No changes in Generation CP relations.
HarvestPlus Challenge Program The Reaching End Users component of HarvestPlus is now in execution. CIP is implementing partner for seed systems development in Uganda and Mozambique. This participation is reported in our Impact Enhancement and Integrated Crop Management projects.
CIP finished its participation in the Impact program of HarvestPlus with the completion of a report on the contribution of OFSP to improved nutrition using the concept of dietary adjusted life years (DALYs) in Uganda.
Water and Food Challenge Program CONDESAN continues as benchmark basin coordinator for the Andean system of basins.
Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program During 2005 CIP participated in planning meetings for the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site. We also participated in two concept notes to the SSA-CP competitive grant process. In both cases full proposals were invited. We were lead institute on a proposal to the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site and entered an IITA-led proposal as cooperating center for the Zimbabwe-Mozambique-Malawi Pilot Learning Site. Neither proposal was selected and CIP will not participate in the SSA-CP during 2006 or until a new funding call is issued.
Systemwide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP) No changes in CIP-SGRP relations.
Systemwide Livestock Program (SLP) With the completion of the existing grant on sweetpotato-pig systems in SE Asia, CIP has no funded activities with the SLP for 2006.
Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM) CIP currently chairs the SP-IPM and participates in the steering committee. We continue to participate in the third phase of the SP-IPM flagship project on Tropical Whitefly IPM coordinated by CIAT. Contrary to our report last year, the coordination of SP-IPM will remain with IITA, which will present the program in their MTP.
Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA) With PRGA, CIP was awarded a grant to draw global lessons from strengthening innovations systems work in Bolivia. This will result in new output targets reported in our Impact Enhancement project.
Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) No changes in CIP-CAPRi relations to report.
EcoRegional Program for Sustainable Agriculture Development in CAC The present activities in the CAC are under two of CIP’s Research Divisions. The first is in the Division of Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement and the second in the Integrated Crop Management Division. There are no changes to report.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 23
EcoRegional Program on AHI The CIP-convened GMP initiated two activities with AHI. The first was placing the Africa regional coordinator for the Mountain Forum as a World Agroforestry Center employee in the AHI office in Kampala to manage Mountain Forum communications and liaison activities. The second was to fund a joint project on rural-urban linkages with AHI and the CIP-convened Urban Harvest System-wide Program. This included hiring a post-doctoral fellow as a World Agroforestry Center employee and placing him on the ILRI campus in Addis Ababa.
EcoRegional Program on Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains CIP has no funded activities with the Rice-Wheat Consortium during 2006.
Other CGIAR Collective Action Initiatives
CIP-CIAT Safety back-ups of the sweetpotato and cassava collections CIP continues to exchange black box collections with CIAT. The sweetpotato back up collection is held as a “black box” in CIAT and the cassava as a “black box” collection in CIP.
Information and Communications Technology-Knowledge Management (ICT-KM) program No changes in the CIP-ICT-KM program.
Future Harvest Consortium to Rebuild Agriculture in Afghanistan CIP continues as an active partner in the Consortium. The CIP first phase project was terminated early due to early completion of results. With ICARDA, CIP has presented a continuation proposal to the Afghanistan Government Ministry of Agriculture.
Strengthening Regional Capacity for Participatory Research and Development (PR&D) in South Asia This UPWARD Network convened training-field research-mentoring project, jointly funded by IDRC and IFAD, aims to strengthen PR&D capacity among key research and development organizations in five countries of South Asia. Implemented in 2004-2006, the project brings together IRRI, ICRISAT and ICIMOD and their national partners in applying PR&D for sustainable agricultural livelihoods and natural resource management.
CIP-CIAT Project on Participatory Research for Development in the Uplands (PRDU) in Lao PDR, Vietnam and China No changes to report in this program. Output targets are recorded in our Integrated Crop Management Project.
Development of a Sourcebook on PR&D This collective action with CIAT, CIFOR, IRRI, ICARDA, World Agroforestry Center and WorldFish Center resulted in the publication of the source book and an on-line version of the sourcebook available on the website of CIP-UPWARD website, as well as of IDRC and IFAD. This collective action terminated with the completion of its objectives.
24 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Medium-term Financing Plan
Center Financial Indicators CIP attaches a high priority to maintaining a healthy financial position. Sound financial indicators reflect the Center’s ability to cope with external shocks, ensure that research activities will continue in cases of unexpected funding shortfalls and provide a sound base to support future growth. To this end, CIP will strengthen further its financial indicators in the medium run and will continue to exercise caution in financial planning and budget design (Table 1).
Short-term solvency (liquidity) In 2005, the short-term solvency indicator decreased to 93 days. CIP is forecasting an increase in its short-term solvency indicator for 2006, as a result of an estimated higher surplus and lower daily expenditures due to a temporary fall of total expenditures and a rise of depreciation. The Center estimates that the liquidity ratio will grow to 116 days by 2009.
Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves) The Center’s long-term financial stability indicator reached 91 days in 2005. CIP will continue building up its long-term reserves indicator over the medium term as a result of growing liquidity and surplus. CIP is estimating that the long-term financial stability indicator will increase to 111 days in 2009, which is above the recommended range of reserves.
Indirect Cost Ratio CIP continued with its austere and prudent financial policies in order to control the expansion of indirect costs. According to the CGIAR indirect cost ratio guidelines, the indirect cost ratio declined from 14% in 2004 to 12% in 2005. CIP has the lowest indirect cost ratio in the System. Reducing the indirect cost ratio further seems unwise; promoting and sustaining growth will require increasing investment in research- support services.
Restricted Accounts Receivable/Payables Ratio In 2005, the ratio of accounts receivable over accounts payable of restricted donations reached 0.8. This ratio reflects conservative financial policies when managing special projects. CIP expects that the ratio will increase slightly in the medium term.
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 25
Table 1 CIP’s Financial Position 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Current assets and investments 16.0 16.2 16.6 16.6 16.8 Net fixed assets 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 Total assets 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.5 19.8 Liabilities 10.5 10.2 10.2 9.9 9.8 Net assets 8.2 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.0 Total liabilities and net assets 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.5 19.8 Ratios / indicators Working capital 5.5 6.1 6.5 7.0 7.4 Short term solvency (days) 93 104 109 113 116 Adequacy of reserves (days) 91 101 106 108 111 Indirect cost ratio (%) 12 12 12 13 13 Restricted accounts R/P ratio 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
Figure 1. Financial reserves (2001 – 2009)
7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09
Financial results of 2005 operations CIP achieved a net surplus of US$ 0.1M in 2005. As shown in Table 2, revenues dropped by 2% with respect to 2004, while expenditures increased by 3%. These results were below budget and reflect less favorable conditions than previous years.
26 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Table 2 CIP’s 2005-2006 budget summary (US$M) 2005 2006 Income Actual Estimated Unrestricted 8.1 8.2 Restricted 12.7 11.9 Other 0.3 0.5 Total 21.1 20.6 Challenge Programs 1.2 1.6 Grand Total 22.3 22.2 Expenses Operations 21.6 20.9 Indirect Cost Recovery (1.0) (1.0) Depreciation 0.4 0.5 Total 21.0 20.4 Challenge Programs 1.2 1.6 Grand Total 22.2 22.0 Surplus (Deficit) 0.1 0.2
Several events explain a less favorable 2005 operating environment. First, unrestricted contributions dropped mainly due to reductions from specific donors to the CG system. Second, restricted contributions were below planned because two projects suffered delays in disbursements from donors and implementation. Third, the rise of the US dollar reduced non-dollar denominated revenues. Fourth, cost recovery was lower than expected. Lower revenue projections for the year induced expenditure controls that produced a balanced budget for the year.
Regional Funding Trends CIP continues to be committed to poverty and hunger alleviation in Africa, Asia and Latin America with special emphasis on the Andes. In 2005, CIP has expanded its involvement in Africa and the Central Asia and the Caucasus Region. These target regions, together with other poor countries of Asia (Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, etc), will see increased research and capacity strengthening activities.
In 2005, increased funding opportunities were available for projects in the LAC region. Donors such as Canada, Spain and Global Environment Facility (GEF) allocated resources to address the use and conservation of germplasm and the development and dissemination of new approaches and technologies to improve livelihoods in high poverty areas of the Andes.
Increased funding was also available for Africa. Early in 2006, CIP opened offices in Mozambique and Malawi, with three new IRS postings to the region (including one IRS position relocated from Headquarters to East Africa). If CIP’s proposals are successful, in the coming years the Center will increase growth and investment in the region by expanding work to Ethiopia, Angola and West Africa.
Several of the LAC-based research activities are yielding knowledge and technologies that are now directly benefiting Asia and Africa. The Natural Resources Management tools, elaborated in the LAC “Laboratory”, have produced extremely useful methodologies for vulnerability studies, allowing CIP and partners to refine its targeting in the African highlands. More recently, the pro-poor Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) that was developed and refined in three Andean countries has been adapted to the needs of the market chains in Uganda. The investment in developing knowledge, analytical tools and
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 27
training tools in the Andes is now being leveraged for the improvement of livelihoods for East African potato and sweetpotato farmers.
The majority of LAC-based research is yielding knowledge and training materials, which gradually will be made available on-line to researchers and extensions of Asia and Africa. This includes the methodologies for impact assessment refined within the LAC-based activities. Other examples include: the development of virus-free sweetpotato techniques in Peru with a subsequent application in China that has generated hundreds of million dollars for the Chinese economy; late blight resistant varieties developed in Peru and adopted by poor farmers in Africa and Asia, accruing substantial economic benefits and reducing the use of pesticides.
Because of its geographical location, CIP is channeling some donor funds to support the National Agriculture Research Institutions. This is the case of the Spanish support to the Latin American national institutes of agrarian or agricultural investigation (INIAs).
Development of 2006 Operations In 2006, total revenues are expected to be US$ 22.2M. We project unrestricted revenues to increase slightly due to US dollar losses against the Euro and other donor currencies. Restricted contributions are expected to fall by US$ 0.4M, or 3%, but we expect that this decline will be temporary. Restricted and earmarked donations, including Challenge Program income, will account for 61% of total revenues. Other income growth, mainly interest income from rising interest rates, is expected to partially compensate for the fall of restricted contributions.
Total expenses are expected to fall by US$ 0.3M, or 1% during the year. Positive fund raising results obtained in the first quarter will allow for an expansion of restricted expenditures in the second semester, which will carry on into 2007. Net unrestricted expenses are expected to grow at a low pace, US$ 0.1M, or 2%.
The Center is forecasting a net surplus of US$ 0.2M by the end of the year. This surplus will increase the Center’s net working capital.
Financing Plan 2007–2009
Budgeting and Financing
Medium-term financial forecasts take into account the likely appreciation of the US dollar, which would have a direct negative impact on CIP’s revenues and a gradual increase of interest rates. Program expansion relies heavily on new restricted funding, which means that to a large extent expenditure growth will be dependant on success of restricted project funding. This means that we must retain the liberty to adjust these projections on short notice.
During the years covered by this MTP, CIP projects a total 7% revenue growth as illustrated in Table 3. These figures include revenues derived from Challenge Programs, which are estimated at US$ 1.6M for 2006. The medium-term forecasts reflect new opportunities in a highly volatile environment and will demand increased effectiveness in donor targeting.
CIP will continue to emphasize its work on its mandate crops, linking research to activities that will eventually have a strong development impact and contribute to the prioritized Millennium Development Targets. To that end, the Center plans to raise the share of its project portfolio in Africa and Asia, but the effects of a higher presence in those regions will be more noticeable in 2007 and 2008. Increasing staff time is being allocated to work in Asia (especially the CAC region) and Africa as well as to fund-raising for projects in those priority regions.
28 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
An analysis of the project pipeline shows gradual funding increases in conservation and characterization activities for potato and sweetpotato, integrated crop management, natural resource management, health and agriculture and in VITAA. We expect most of CIP’s growth to come from new restricted grants.
Table 3 CIP’s 2007-2009 budget summary (US$M)
Income 2007 2008 2009 Unrestricted 8.1 8.1 8.1 Restricted 14.0 15.0 15.5 Other 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 22.6 23.6 24.1 Expenses Operations 23.0 24.1 24.6 Indirect cost recovery (1.3) (1.4) (1.4) Depreciation 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 22.2 23.2 23.7 Surplus (deficit) 0.4 0.4 0.4
A key element of CIP’s MTP and future development is maintaining sound financial management and achieving sustainable growth. Improving fund raising and controlling costs are critical to maintaining financial stability and achieving growth. Fund raising will continue to be a top priority and a challenge in the medium term. Improved donor targeting, matching donor interests with CIP’s program priorities, broadening and diversifying the donor base and delivering high impact products are critical for continued fund-raising success.
Controlling costs is also important for achieving sustainable growth. Cost control requires reinforcing cost awareness and fiscal discipline and pursuing efficiency gains on a consistent basis. Looking for new ways of doing business by implementing simple and effective procedures will help to reduce budgetary pressures and release additional resources for research. In addition, increased cost recovery by charging direct costs to projects will help to identify new ways to control costs and will reduce pressure on limited unrestricted resources.
Challenge, Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs CIP does not convene any Challenge Program, but it participates actively in three of them. The income forecast for these programs is difficult as it depends on the outcome of competitive grants and CP donor support. Table 4 presents CIP’s funding expectations during the planning period.
Table 4 2005-2009 Challenge Programs (US$M) Actual Estimate Proposed Plan Plan 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Water and Food 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Harvest Plus 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.9 Generation 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 TOTAL 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.3
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 29
In 2004, CIP convened three SWEPs and participated in another eight Programs. Because these Programs are an integral part of Center research and capacity-building activities, they have been included in the CIP MTP Project Portfolio as discrete components. The table below summarizes the SWEPs actual, estimated or planned income for 2005 to 2009. We have presented income flowing through and to CIP as well as other income, which supports these Programs through direct donor grants to participants.
Table 5 Ecoregional and System-wide initiatives (US$M) Estimated Proposed Plan Plan
2006 2007 2008 2009 CONDESAN 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 Global Mountain Program 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 Urban Harvest 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.6 TOTAL 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5
30 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT NARRATIVES
Project 1. Impact Enhancement
Problem analysis The Project addresses the problem of where and how CIP should use its limited resources for agricultural research to maximize impact on potential beneficiaries and contribute to meeting the MDGs. The Pro-Poor R&D Cycle as the compass for CIP’s program requires additional research to improve geographical targeting, research and innovation strategies and linkages for development. In addition, rapid growth of markets has created new opportunities for farmers to improve their incomes and research on new strategies and their outcomes is needed. Finally, the institutional environment for agricultural innovations has grown more complex. New ways of coordinating and networking with national innovation systems and influencing agricultural technology policies are necessary in order for CIP to achieve desired outcomes.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research This Project will enhance CIP’s impact through improving strategies for research resource allocation, promoting innovation processes and helping partners go to scale. Improved methods for needs and opportunity assessment will help CIP and R&D partners and clients make better choices about technology design and location targeting and understand how they are likely to influence impacts of research on multifaceted dimensions of poverty. Improved knowledge about particular research and delivery strategies used by CIP and its partners should improve the way in which resources are used. Ex post impact assessments contribute to monitoring actual outcomes and explore reasons for divergences with expectations. As CIP’s impact evaluation is broadened from an emphasis on productivity changes to include effects on livelihoods, so new methodologies will be developed, validated and shared for understanding and documenting these effects.
The Project can also enhance impact through research on ways of improving access of poor producers to markets, including post-harvest innovations, market chain analysis and marketing policy research.
In the more complex institutional context facing NARS the project will conduct research on agricultural innovation systems to improve R&D coordination and networking. The Project’s research on innovation systems, particularly on CIP’s extensive experience with managing R&D networks and partnerships, should improve the design, coordination and impact of these systems and increase the rate of uptake of CIP’s physical and information outputs. The Project will also help develop evidence-based recommendations for technological policy formulation to achieve pro-poor impacts in national agricultural innovation systems. For example, changes in market structures may be working to exclude small farmers from more profitable opportunities and corrective policy to give them equal opportunities may be necessary.
Objective The objective of this project is to enhance the impact of CIP and its partners on the broader array of prioritized Millennium Development Targets through improved targeting, priority setting, allocation of R&D activity, strategies for innovation, more rapid uptake of CIP’s physical and information outputs and enhanced value and utilization of CIP commodities.
All of the outputs presented in last year’s MTP have been changed. In each we indicate the change, the contribution of the output to System priorities, the uptake pathway and the nature of the international public goods produced:
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 31
Output 1. Improved data and methods for research targeting and resource allocation developed Outputs 1 and 2 from last year’s MTP have been merged into a single output which is consistent with CIP’s Pro-Poor R&D Cycle. Several targets included last year were “Impact studies”, which according to the CGIAR guidelines are not legitimate output targets. Where relevant these have been reformulated to highlight the knowledge relevant to improving the Pro-Poor R&D cycle that was generated rather than simply the evidence that impact was achieved.
This output is linked to Priority 5D. The output will be used by other CIP Research Divisions but it will also contribute to Priorities 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The impact pathway that is envisaged is that enhanced methods for the Pro-Poor R&D Cycle will improve the quality of CIP and its partners investments in R&D, which will lead to research that is better focused on the needs of the poor and more likely to achieve impacts in livelihoods and substantial contributions to MDGs.
This output will develop methodologies and strategies for enhancing impact of CIP research of global relevance that could be used by other CGIAR centers, agricultural research institutes and national agricultural research institutes. The output will also develop recommendations for the improvement of a range of delivery systems for seeds and late blight resistant varieties that are of global relevance.
Output 2. Value added to CIP commodities through linking farmers with markets and post-harvest innovations This Output has been expanded to include “linking farmers with markets”. Enhanced market linkages are critical to improving incomes and addressing MDG 1.
The output is linked to System Priority 3 and 5B.
The impact pathway which is envisaged is that a limited number of strategic partner organizations will acquire capacity in participatory market chain approach (PMCA) in each target country. They will work with a larger group of partners in capacity development (including training). This will lead to a series of iterations of the PMCA approach with CIP’s target commodities and others that are relevant to the livelihoods of potato and sweet potato farmers. PMCA will build trust between market actors, stimulate market oriented innovations, create more profitable market opportunities, generating higher incomes for farmers linked to market chains and help move farmers out of poverty.
Strategies, methodologies and tools for linking farmers with markets are international public goods (IPGs).
Output 3. Pro-poor policies and strategies for institutional learning and change identified and documented This Output has been slightly modified to make it clear that it is the “strategies for institutional learning and change” which will be identified and documented, rather than just the institutions. “Institutions” are understood here as the rules of the game governing the interactions between actors, “institutional learning and change” has to do with improving these rules to favor pro-poor innovation processes.
This output is linked to System Priority 5A.
The impact pathway envisaged operates at three levels of increasing specificity.
1. The Project will seek to influence the formulation of national policy through the provision of evidence about the effects of current policy in favoring or otherwise the participation of the poor in innovation systems. One of the principal policy obstacles is that the poor are excluded from having an effective voice in setting R&D agendas.
32 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
2. At the level of NARS the Project will promote learning about the effectively of different partnership and networking arrangements so that CIP, its partners and clients can more effectively engage in collective action towards common goals. Collective action is essential for resolving problems in complex systems where a number of different constraints have to be simultaneously addressed. For example, innovation in varietal use in a more market driven context needs to simultaneously address constraints of seed production and input supply, on-farm agronomic and post-harvest issues and also quality criteria in final markets. This requires collective action between actors along the market chain and with service providers including NARS. Hence the impact pathway moves from the use of improved partnership arrangements, to social learning, to collective action for a shared goal and innovation in a complex system.
3. At the level of individuals, teams and organizations the Project will enhance capacities to increase the overall ability to conduct scientific research (research capacity), manage technical change (technological capacity) and innovate in dynamic environments (innovation capacity). Based on a systems model of performance improvement this Project will research structured approaches to needs-based training that increase the motivation to improve performance and improve the organizational environment to facilitate the transfer of learning. For example, an analysis of individuals who participated in capacity strengthening in PMCA will help to understand the factors that motivate a person to improve work through learning and to apply the knowledge or skills in PMCA to work settings. At the same time this analysis will help to identify the capabilities needed by organizations or wider systems to understand the factors affecting transfer and so facilitate scaling-up of PMCA. This would also permit international comparisons of learning transfer systems in partner-organizations that operate under different cultural, political and social conditions.
Policies to promote pro-poor innovation, strategies for partnering and managing networks and structured systemic approaches to needs-based training are IPGs, which are potentially mutually reinforcing when promoted together.
External conditions The main external forces driving the Project’s research agenda are: (a) Greater emphasis of international agricultural research on contributing to Millennium Development Goals; (b) Increasing integration and expanding diversity of demand in regional and global markets; (c) Growing complexity of food and agricultural innovation systems.
Achieving the Project’s objectives depends on mobilizing new research resources.
Target ecoregions The target ecoregions of the project are defined by CIP’s Visioning exercise, i.e., countries and regions with a high correlation between potato/sweetpotato production and poverty indices.
Partners’ roles Among the principal users of the knowledge generated by the Project are CIP’s Research Divisions and Partnership Programs who will benefit from increased clarity, precision and methodologies for the operation of the Pro-Poor R&D Cycle. The capacity of NARS is strengthened through access to a range of strategies and methodologies to promote innovation and understand it, through training in impact assessment, post-harvest and marketing research methods, through improved capacity development incorporating a needs based approach; through better coordination and partnering in innovation systems; and through provision of publications, commodity data sets and other information outputs in different delivery formats (e.g., print, CD-ROM, Web).
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Collaborators
Partner Country Type Strategic role and complementary Outputs to advantage (what capabilities the which partner has, that CIP does not have, partner to facilitate the work) contributes American USA ARI Skills in economic analysis, poverty 1, 2, 3 University, assessment and new institutional Washington, DC economics (AU) Benguet State Philippines University Social and economic analysis of potato 1 University seed systems and impact CESA Ecuador NGO Links with farmers’ organizations, 1, 2 knowledge of local contexts and local logistical capacity Chinese Academy Beijing NARI Analysis of economic and poverty 1 of Agricultural (China) impacts of potato in China Sciences CIAT Colombia CGIAR Post-harvest innovations for upland 2, 3 agriculture in SE Asia, analysis of participatory interventions in Andes CIAT, Santa Cruz Bolivia NARI Analysis of participatory interventions 2, 3 de la Sierra in Andes CONDESAN Andes Ecoregion Facilitate contacts with local institutions 2 region of al Program and provide framework for sharing South knowledge of participatory America interventions Department of Philippines Min Ag Agriculture Manila Department of Nepal Min Ag Agriculture, Kathmandu FAO Internation Contribute framework and resources 3 al for understanding impacts of the new Organizati agricultural economy on farmers’ on welfare and biodiversity Hanoi Agricultural Vietnam University Feed-related work University, Hanoi Harvest Plus CGIAR Commodity biofortification for reducing Challenge malnutrition and assessment of impact Program in Africa INCAGRO, Lima Peru Min Ag Contribute to development and assessment of market chain approaches Indian Statistical India NARI Development of models of potato price 2 Institute, Delhi behavior and market risk Institutional CGIAR Contribute to methodology 3 Learning and development for innovation systems Change (ILAC) and institutional learning INIAP (Ecuador) NARI Contributes with human resources for 2, 3 development of market chain approaches and analysis of policy implications
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KARI (Kenya) NARI Facilitate access for technology 1 evaluation with farmers. Kurmi Bolivia NGO Links with farmers’ organizations, 2, 3 knowledge of local contexts and local logistical capacity Local Initiatives for Nepal NARI Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI- BIRD), Pokhara Marco Foundation Ecuador NGO Links with farmers’ organizations, knowledge of local contexts and local logistical capacity Mi Chacra Peru NGO Links with farmers’ organizations, knowledge of local contexts and local logistical capacity NARO Uganda NARI Facilitates evaluation of participatory 1, 2 research and training methods with farmers. National Lao PDR Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute National Peru NARI Developing impact evaluation 1 Agricultural methodology University La Molina (UNALM) National Institute Vietnam NARI Feed-related work for Animal Husbandry, Hanoi (Vietnam) Nepal Participatory Nepal NARI Action Network (NEPAN), Kathmandu Papa Andina Bolivia, Research Strategic capacity in developing market 1, 2, 3 Peru and Network chain approaches and promoting Ecuador spillover in the Andes PRAPACE East and Research Facilitates contacts with research 2 Central Network institutions in SSA for market chain Africa related research Program on CGIAR Analyzing participatory interventions, 1, 2, 3 Participatory developing evidence based policy for Research and pro-poor innovation and promoting Gender Analysis spillover (PRGA) PROINPA (Bolivia) NARI Contributes with human, financial 1, 2, 3 Foundation support and logistic facilities for evaluating participatory and market chain interventions Research Center Beijing NARI Feed-related work for Rural (China) Economy, Ministry of Agriculture
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Sichuan Academy China NARO Development of post-harvest 2 of Agricultural innovations in sweetpotato utilization Sciences, Chengdu School of Asian UK ARI Methods to assess household 2 and Oriental livelihood impacts from sweetpotato Studies (SOAS) processing South Australian Australia ARI Feed-related Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide Systemwide IPM CGIAR Developing methodologies for impact 1 Program on impact evaluation assessment UPWARD Asia Research Facilitates contacts with research and 1, 2, 3 Network development institutions in Asia for analysing interventions and promoting spillover Vegetable NARS Facilitates technology evaluation with 1 Research farmers Institute (China) Vietnamese Vietnam NARI Feed-related work Agricultural Science Institute, Hanoi VITAA Sub- Research Saharan Network Africa
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Project 2. Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization
Problem analysis CIP’s location in the center of domestication and diversity of potato, sweetpotato and other less used roots and tubers on the one hand and the increasing importance of potato and sweetpotato to global food security and the potential offered by the Andean roots and tubers, are two comparative advantages positioning CIP as custodian of these international public goods and associated knowledge, their long- term commitment to protection and availability worldwide.
Through safeguarding and keeping the flow of well characterized germplasm, this project contributes to CIP’s and CIP partners’ research efforts to increase productivity, reduce farmers’ reliance on agrochemicals, save water and produce more nutritious and healthy food; the project also directly supports to sustain farmers’ efforts in securing food and conserving agrobiodiversity.
Wild relatives have shown value as new sources of variation to improve potato and sweetpotato; however, natural events, including climate change and human interventions increasingly threaten biodiversity of potato, sweetpotato and other roots and tubers in their major centers of diversity, the Andes. The CIP genebank holds 151 of the 188 recognized wild potato species; out of these 83 species are endemic to Peru and at least 20 are facing imminent erosion risk. On the other hand, recent work shows that a number of wild species are under represented, in terms of diversity, in the CIP genebank.
Increasing knowledge of the genetic and functional characteristics of the collections and promoting their diffusion and use are two areas to be tackled with research.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research The past tendency of increased dedication to generate knowledge through research on the in-trust collections continues and is further emphasized, in Project 2’s 2007-09 MTP. Thus, the Targets under Output 2 show more efforts dedicated to diversity assessment, characterization and evaluation of collections’ sub-sets to generate information on genepool structure, priority traits and attributes variation. Through research, a range of genetic resources problems can be approached using modern genetic and informatic tools: precise and extensive phenotyping, i.e. characterization of morphological, physiological, pathological and biochemical traits. To do this more efficiently, use of high throughput phenotyping and genotyping capacities are in the pipeline of Project 2. These capacities will not only allow us to conduct accurate measurement of diversity, determine the limits and gaps of collections and assess geneflow and erosion risk, but especially to discover allelic variation of new sources of traits. The project will also carry out and convene research on new conservation methods, including cryopreservation and DNA banking. Targeted collecting missions in endemic, risk-prone, areas will be conducted; partnering with local organizations will contribute to community-based conservation of cultivated potatoes, sweetpotato and other roots and tubers. Diffusion of knowledge and documentation will be key to increase the use for potato, sweetpotato and other root and tuber germplasm, with resistance to priority pests and diseases and with improved quality traits.
New and more powerful sources of variation in resistance to priority biotic constraints, e.g. late blight and viruses in the potato collection; and nematode and virus resistance in the sweetpotato collection will be explored. Drought tolerance, micronutrient content and health-enhancing attributes will also be explored in the potato, sweetpotato and ARTC collections. CIP can contribute towards collaborative studies involving local partners on issues of genetic resources access and mechanisms of benefit sharing.
Objectives A primary objective is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of CIP’s role in conservation and research of potato, sweetpotato and other root and tuber genetic resources and associated information, as international public goods. In addressing the understanding of the collections, knowledge and information will be generated to ensure that the value of these resources in enhanced and made available for contributing towards achieving the MDGs.
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As stated in the MTP Overview, the components of Project’s Output 3, i.e. germplasm distribution and capacity building, have been incorporated into Outputs 1 and 2. While Output 1 continues to deal with germplasm conservation and conservation methods research, ex situ, in situ and on-farm, Output 2’s focus remains on the characterization and evaluation of genetic resources; both Outputs include now dissemination and capacity building roles.
Alignment with CGIAR System priorities This Project is fully dedicated to sustaining biodiversity for current and future generations (SP1). Because of CIP’s trusteeship mandate to potato, sweetpotato and other roots and tubers, major emphasis is placed on the conservation and characterization of these staple crops (SP1A). Hence, currently, resources are fully allocated to SP1A. Future collaborative work of this Project on selected promising under-utilized crops of the Solanaceae group would call for assigning partial research efforts to SP1B.
Description of impact pathways Under the pro-poor research and development cycle (MTP Overview) specific global and local needs and opportunities are translated into germplasm-based options which in turn can be validated through research on genetic resources conservation and characterization, corresponding to Project’s Outputs 1 and 2, respectively. The Project’s main outputs include knowledge, material, expertise and facilities. The pathway from these outputs to outcomes and potential impact would mostly proceed through linkages with other CIP research projects, e.g. Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement (Project 3). Through this pathway, the contribution of Project 2 would indirectly connect to the Millennium Development Goals and be realized by research on key themes such as the reduction of temporal and chronic hunger in vulnerable communities, improving access to safe and nutritious food, but especially to the sustainable use of biodiversity (MTP Overview).
Project 2 Outputs can also contribute directly to the sustainable use of biodiversity through supporting the efforts to sustain local crop productivity, food availability and restoring crop diversity. Adoption of conservation and characterization methodologies by NARS and local biodiversity organizations, farmers’ use of disease-free local germplasm and use of well characterized and documented germplasm by NARS and local researchers are main Outcomes of Project 2. Potential Impact would derive from restoring crop diversity in farmers communities and contributing to increasing food security and income generation.
Research approach to develop international public goods (IPGs) The genetic resources collections managed in this project constitute one of the main core assets of the CGIAR and CIP, which are conserved, characterized and disseminated as international public goods. The two Project Outputs comprise research activities with outputs and outcomes that are public goods, including knowledge and information on genetic resources and traits with relevance to global agricultural issues, like food security, productivity and quality improvements. As genebanks evolve as providers not only of seeds and clonal material to providers of specific traits, quantitative trait loci, alleles and DNA samples, this project will make sure that these outputs remain as IPGs.
Collaborators
Name of partner Role and Complementarity Output / Output Target University of Wisconsin/USDA D. Spooner provides scientific Output 1. David Spooner: knowledge in potato modern Output Target: Ten wild potato [email protected] taxonomy and phylogeny. species populations collected in Central Peru.
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CGIAR System wide genetic SGRP provides a platform and Output 1. resources program (SGRP) coordination role for Output Target: Fifty accessions of Jane Toll: [email protected] FutureHarvest (FH) Centers the potato core collection networking on cryopreservation cryopreserved and 30 in total research. sweetpotato, oca and ulluco accessions cryotested (Collaboration: Univ. of Leuven – GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP); and one hundred oca (Oxalis) and ulluco (Ullucus) accessions established under low temperature slow growth storage. Katholic Univ. of Leuven (KUL) KUL coordinates a FH Center Output 1. Bart Panis: network and co-guide a CIP Output Target: Fifty accessions of [email protected] Ph.D. research thesis on the potato core collection potato cryopreservation. cryopreserved and 30 in total sweetpotato, oca and ulluco accessions cryotested (Collaboration: Univ. of Leuven – GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP); and one hundred oca (Oxalis) and ulluco (Ullucus) accessions established under low temperature slow growth storage. International Center of Tropical CIAT provides technology and Output 1. Agriculture (CIAT) facilities in its genebank for Output Target: 1400 sweetpotato Daniel Debouck: holding the sweetpotato accessions exchanged with 3,000 [email protected] blackbox collection; and CIP cassava accessions to complete does the same for the cassava the safety duplicates (black box) collection. in CIAT and CIP genebank, respectively (Collaboration: GPG- Phase 2 / SGRP). Association for nature and CIP has signed a collaboration Output 1. sustainable development agreement with the Potato Output Target: Morphological and (ANDES) Park communities; ANDES molecular diversity and plant Alejandro Argumedo: provides the ethnobotanical health of 400 native potato cvs. [email protected] knowledge and the link to the from the Potato Park assessed communities and coordinates and documented. local activities. Field Museum of Natural History, FMNH holds expertise in oca Output 2. Chicago (FMNH) (Oxalis) evolution and Output Target: Comparative Eve Emshwiller: phylogeny; and provides analysis of 300 oca (Oxalis) [email protected] scientific input to the project. morphotypes using molecular markers. Generation Challenge Program The GCP provides a platform Output 2. (GCP) for accessing methods and Output Target: One set of clones Jean Christophe Glaszmann, techniques for and seed and related information CIRAD - [email protected] assessing/screening water produced on the reaction of 10 University of Wisconsin stress. wild genotypes and 30 potato J. Palta: [email protected] J. Palta provides knowledge on landraces to water stress drought screening. (Collaboration: GCP).
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Swiss Federal Institute of ETH provides scientific Output 2. Technology Zurich technological know how on Output Target: One set of clones (ETH) biochemical-analytical and information produced on Michael Kreuzer: technologies and provides protein, carbohydrate, fat and [email protected] support for MSc and BSc glucosynolate content of 25 maca Andrea Mayer: students. (Lepidium) accessions from [email protected] farmers fields. (Collaboration: ETH). Natural Resources and CIRNMA is the local and Output 2. Environmental Research Center research partner and of Altagro Output Target: Twenty virus-free (CIRNMA) coordinator project. native potatoes distributed to Roberto Valdivia: farmer communities in Bolivia and [email protected] Ecuador and 20 cvs. to Peru’s Altiplano communities (Altagro Project).
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Project 3. Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement
Problem analysis Despite their outstanding biological potential, food value and income-generating potential, potato and sweetpotato can yield poorly and suffer high losses in marginal environments. Year round pest pressures, climatic vagrancies and slow, prescribed processes of technology transfer, render developing country farmers dependent on external inputs and relegate them to low returns on their investments, while environmental and social capital is compromised. High production costs and seasonality, coupled with limited access of smallholders to emerging markets, translate into frequent low crop value and lost opportunities for progress. And, while a large part of the human population enjoys food diversity, the dependence of poor rural and urban households on a limited palette of staple foods aggravates their poor nutritional status, health and economic plight.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research Access to technologies and market opportunities are interrelated. A lack of resistant varieties with adaptation for reliable yields under smallholder conditions and attributes needed for trade and processing can exclude farmers from emerging markets. Reliance on pesticides to maintain productivity in tropical and subtropical ecologies has significant negative effects on environmental and human health, in particular for smallholders who often misuse pesticides, when they are available. Limited water and fertility and increased pressure of abiotic factors such as salinity, drought, acidity and warming can further limit the potential of potato- and sweetpotato-based cropping systems. The long duration (lateness) of some well-established varieties impedes their use in potentially profitable production systems including the double-cropping areas of Asia and winter seasons of the subtropical lowlands that are under mixed cropping systems.
Susceptibility, perishability and bulk of vegetative seed lead to chronic shortages of healthy planting material of potato and sweetpotato, when and where it is needed. Virus resistance can provide a partial solution to the lack of quality seed, in effect underwriting farmer-based seed systems and enabling more efficient quality control where high degree of infrastructures are not available. Inconsistent attention to dissemination and scarce information on available germplasm and seed limits the development and diffusion of new improved varieties. This situation is aggravated by high turnover and limited opportunities for innovation in national agricultural research systems. At the household level, dietary uniformity and insufficient intake of micronutrients and vitamins, coupled with poor sanitation and disease lead to malnutrition, especially acute in infants and women of child-bearing age.
The need is pressing for late blight-resistant potatoes and nutritious, weevil-resistant sweetpotatoes that meet traditional and market preferences and the demands of commercial handlers and processors into farmers’ hands. Potential solutions, including OFSP, TPS, or even transgenic varieties, are slow to be adequately assessed due to the fragility of socio-cultural and biological environments of developing countries and researchers’ and policy makers’ reticence towards new challenging situations.
A significant obstacle to the generation of varieties that can help farmers respond to evolving constraints and market demands is the lack of genes at hand with consistent large effects that can be readily manipulated to achieve and sustain rapid gains toward breeding objectives. New potato and sweetpotato varieties are exceptionally cumbersome to develop. Both crops are polyploid and yield best as highly heterozygous hybrids, their complex genetics and sensitivity to inbreeding and preclude simple trait amendment by classical means. These characteristics, combined with strong type preferences that constrain the acceptance of new varieties, make them especially attractive for transgenic improvement, however, transgenic technology has been essentially developed by the private sector and best practices to manage these new crops remain to be tailored to developing country agriculture and regulatory systems.
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Objectives Project 3 aims at the efficient development, identification and dissemination of diverse new potato and sweetpotato varieties with critical productivity, resistance and quality traits needed to help improve food security, nutritional status and incomes while reducing environmental, health and economic risk. The project develops and strategically exploits uniquely broad-based advanced potato and sweetpotato populations as international public goods, while efforts are increased to conserve, appreciate and enhance landrace diversity, improve competitiveness and contribute to the development of capacities and policies that enhance the adoption of appropriate new technologies. Molecular methods to more efficiently access and monitor gene and trait diversity in breeding are integrated and transgenic technologies are applied where they provide advantages. Gene networks are explored to help improve sweetpotato and potato productivity, quality and nutritional and market value; and TPS varieties are developed as an alternative production system suited to remote regions with poor access to or infrastructure for reliable supplies of tuber seed.
Specific objectives These are: (a) To enhance strategies, capacities and communication for the more efficient and innovative identification, dissemination and uptake of new varieties from public breeding programs; (b) To develop new potato varieties with enhanced resistance, nutritional and market value that produce reliable yields under lower-input conditions and marginal environments; (c) To develop new sweetpotato varieties with enhanced dry matter yield, β-carotene, Fe and Zn content, with resistance to pests and disease and adaptable to subsistence farming systems and industrial uses; (d) To develop and transfer transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes to researchers and extension officers while also improving consumer confidence in genetically engineered crops and products through utilizing a range of and best practices and convening or contributing to specific outreach activities.
Alignment with CGIAR System priorities Project 3 Outputs contribute directly to System priorities 2 (A, B, C and D), 1 (A and B) and 5 (D). Genetic research, strategic testing, communications and capacity building are conducted to combine productivity, resistance, quality and nutritional traits in early-maturing varieties that will be versatile and contribute well in farming and dietary systems including markets. Pre-breeding and selection involves the tactical characterization and use of germplasm of and information from, staple crops and their relatives, model species and underutilized plant genetic resources that can impact on nutrition, resource utilization and incomes.
External conditions Assuring the appropriate pro-poor character of the international public goods developed by this project and its partners and the rapid delivery and adoption required for impact from them, call for concomitant support for robust institutions, policies and capacities that are conducive to broad participation and innovation in the selection, uptake and utilization of technological options. The project assumes awareness and commitment of national and regional efforts to support and encourage ‘best practices’ for sustainable and equitable agricultural development, even if alternative, less pro-poor technologies are made available with incentives that are difficult to refuse.
Success of this project further relies on continued open access to raw and enhanced genetic resources as inputs and guarantees of equitable use and distribution of outputs, including knowledge gained and value- added from their use. Specific parallel processes are assumed and supported when necessary, including timely advances with the development and implementation of biosafety policies and protocols for field testing of transgenic potato and sweetpotato varieties. The project attempts to provide scientific information and apply best practices in technology development in the interest of such advance.
Targeted ecoregions The project addresses a wide range of ecoregions with its commodities, the nature of which largely dictate the characteristics of adaptation, resistance, architecture and response to environment that must be built in to successful varieties.
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Potato ecoregions (1) The highland tropics of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and the Andes in South America are characterized by a short day lengths with rainfall patterns that allow 1-3 potato crops per year; late blight, viruses and bacterial wilt are the most important biotic constraints and require resistant potato cultivars. Early maturing cultivars are often required in Southeast Asia and Central and East Africa. Frost and drought constitute significant abiotic limitations to optimal production in parts of the Andes and Sub- Saharan Africa; and short dormancy is often requested in Central Africa.
(2) Subtropical lowlands of Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia where potato is mainly a short-day winter irrigated crop, with late blight, virus diseases and post-harvest problems, require resistant potato cultivars with early bulking for diversified cropping systems. In the Hindukush region (Himalayas) potato is a spring, rainfed long day crop; bacterial wilt and late blight are the major biotic constraints and require resistant potato varieties.
(3) Subtropical highlands of East Asia typically with one potato season per year, rain-fed, with late blight, viruses and bacterial wilt as important production constraints, require resistant potato cultivars with medium maturity.
(4) Temperate region of East Asia characterized by long day length with one to two potato crops per year (in the lowlands), often rain-fed, and where viruses, late blight and drought are main biotic and abiotic constraints to potato production.
(5) Continental semiarid region of Central Asia characterized by long day length with one potato crop per year, irrigated, where viruses limited water, soil salinity and high temperatures are main biotic and abiotic constraints to potato production and require resistant potato cultivars with early maturity. In this ecoregion only one crop per year be produced in the 120-130 day growing season, but very early varieties are needed in areas of double cropping where 140-160 frost-free days are shared by two crops or in rotations in which potatoes or sweet potatoes are inserted between two cereal crops, as rice-rice or wheat-rice. Dormancy and storage ability are also important in systems and situations where farmers save their own seed.
Sweetpotato ecoregions (1) Tropical lowlands and mid-elevations of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and Central America and the Caribbean were sweetpotato is often grown year round, weevil and viruses are important production constraints and require resistant cultivars with medium to high dry matter mostly for fresh consumption.
(2) Subtropical lowlands of East and Southeast Asia, where sweetpotato is a winter crop in a rice- dominated cropping system. Low temperature and viruses are production constraints.
(3) Subtropical mid-elevations of Sub-Saharan Africa where sweetpotato is grown for a short period but a major staple in processed form when it is a lean season for other staples. Drought and weevils are production constraints.
(4) Subtropical mid-higher elevations of SSA where sweetpotato is grown as one of the staples in a maize-dominated cropping system. Frost and fungal diseases (Alternaria) are production constraints. Climatic conditions from rain all year round; to two marked wet seasons; one major cropping season; and cooler, mid-altitude situations, as well as the range of cropping systems sweetpotato is grown in, dictate the resistance and phenological characters that are needed in improved varieties.
Beneficiaries Poor, small and mid-sized potato and sweetpotato farmers; consumers; children and women of child- bearing age. Over two billion small holders and consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America would be affected by direct production and or use of resistant, added-value, micronutrient rich potatoes and
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sweetpotatoes. Their use in processed products, or as additives/fillers based on dried produce (e.g. chips, flakes and flours) would extend use and delivery of nutritious foods by use in transformation, industrialization, marketing, feeding programs and fast food expansion opportunities. This will lead to new crop use/participation options for locally-produced raw materials often seasonally available in excess. and therefore under-priced or -utilized in developing countries. As such opportunities are developed, processors and other actors in the food use chain become important beneficiaries, with positive implications for producers, consumers and local agricultural sectors.
End users CIP and NARS researchers and extension workers, Networks of evaluators; Farmers and their families and other institutions in developing countries working in potato- and sweetpotato-based development and innovation systems.
Changes from last MTP Advances in germplasm evaluation and molecular genetics and the availability of new tools and approaches for genomics research, have provided significant incentive for increased efforts to identify and utilize genes for new, needed traits, with the objective of mainstreaming them into improvement programs. Last year saw the launch of a unique tool for the large-scale monitoring of potato gene expression. CIP and other members of the ‘POCI’ consortium will analyze raw and improved germplasm with a variety of priority traits and under specific challenges using an oligo-array of 40,000 unique genes. Furthermore, the Potato Genome Sequencing Initiative will improve available genomics resources and accelerate gene discovery and allelic diversity analysis in potato.
A CCER of CIP’s strategies for the development and deployment of transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes recommended the Center to: (a) undertake needs assessment of genetic modification (GM technologies) on a case-by-case basis with particular attention to those in sensitive regions such as crop centers of origin or diversity; (b) help develop research capacity in and science-based knowledge about GM variety development, biosafety and geneflow; and (c) to prioritize the case of Bt sweetpotato for weevil control for its significant potential impact in Africa. While some of these recommendations depend on externalities, others and progress in related areas of research will influence the MTP. Fortunately a new project has come on line that will develop Bt sweetpotatoes along with virus resistance and a geneflow prevention system of CIP’s vegetatively propagated mandate crops. New output targets set in response to the CCER include the assessment of the occurrence and impacts of past events of gene flow from exotic varieties in the Andean center of origin and diversity and the assessment of trait fitness of transgenic potato in the field by simulation.
Breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in potato is a neglected research area that could bring enormous benefits to poor-resource farmers. Potato is considered to be a drought-susceptible crop but considerable variation in productivity under water-limited conditions exists among germplasm accessions and varieties. Particularly native Andean potatoes that evolved in stressful environments (extremes of temperature, high solar radiation and periodic dry spells) exhibit superior drought tolerance due to the action of specific alleles or genes. In the case of sweetpotato the survival pf planting material across dry seasons is impeded by drought. The Project will conduct research in and complementary to the Generation Challenge Program to identify and use sources of drought tolerance to improve both potato and sweetpotato including by marker-assisted breeding.
The successful calibration of rapid near infrared spectrophotometric (NIRS) methods with laboratory results from screening sweetpotato germplasm for micronutrient contents during 2005 has led to increased laboratory capacity which will be extended to maize, cassava, beans, wheat and potato, in effort to accelerate progress toward the breeding objectives of the HarvestPlus Challenge Program.
Last year’s synthesis of efforts to detect and select useful variation in advance potato populations for adaptation to long day production conditions, including an early generation screening method, demonstrated CIP’s ability to provide enhanced germplasm for target countries of Central Asia. Field trails
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will confirm this methodological advance, but breeding decisions made on it have already led to the identification of materials suited to challenging conditions of abiotic stress in Tajikistan. Five CA countries and China will be engaged in coordinated evaluation trials and baselines will be determined with HarvestPlus to assess potential impact on nutrition from biofortification of potato.
Impact pathways Complementary efforts from a range of disciplines are needed to orient crop improvement and appropriately target investments and outputs. CIP’s other research projects house needed expertise and CIP-associated Partnership Programs can help obtain needed feedback on and assure efficient evaluation, fit and uptake of products.
Project 3 will engage in each of the seven themes described in CIP’s MTP overview, respectively, through breeding for enhanced yield stability, marketability, nutrition and resource utilization. By the nature of its processes and products and through interaction with others contributing to the themes, Project 3 will help assure equitable access to technology and markets, food safety under intensification and participation in innovation systems.
Strengthening NARS The Project’s strategy to strengthen NARS and help build synergies among research and development programs is based on 1) networking with potato and sweetpotato breeders and researchers in allied disciplines from genomics to economics, behavior and policy; 2) exchange of information, documentation and publication; 3) training to enhance local capacity to solve breeding problems and 4) advisory role to NARS on scientific issues related to germplasm enhancement and diffusion of varieties.
The Project hosts the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership and collaborates with regional networks in Africa (PRAPACE; SARRNET), Latin America (Papa Andina) and Asia (UPWARD), providing improved potato or sweetpotato materials, practices and related scientific support. This collaboration strengthens the capacity of national breeding programs to acquire, evaluate, develop and release varieties.
The VITAA partnership is a food-based initiative that attacks the consequences of vitamin A deficiency through complementary efforts of national agricultural research institutes, health and nutrition departments, non-government organisations, community-based organizations and private sector agencies. It links with networks such as PRAPACE (ASARECA) and SARRNET (SACCAR) already working in Sub-Saharan Africa. VITAA consists of a coordinated set of activities building upon the experiences of successful pilot projects and promotes wider scale production and use of OFSP along with other micronutrient-rich foods. Activities include participatory testing of varieties for adaptation and acceptability, community-based multiplication of planting materials, nutrition education, post-harvest processing for market and for home consumption, promotion through social marketing, monitoring of impact on nutrition and health and capacity building. The partnership targets young children and their mothers, who are the most vulnerable to vitamin A deficiency. Initiatives by VITAA link well with the HarvestPlus Challenge Program, which is working to fortify major developing country staples through crop improvement. The overall objective of VITAA is to make OFSP available on a large-scale demonstrating the potential of crop-based approaches in alleviating micro-nutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin A deficiency.
Collaborators
Major Partner Strategic Role and Complementary Capability Project 3 Output Aga Kahn Foundation Testing of elite clones with varietal potential under Output 1 (Tajikistan) target production conditions Armenian Science Center of Testing of elite clones with varietal potential under Output 1 Agricultural and Plant target production conditions Protection (Armenia) Biotech Dept. of Tashkent Testing of elite clones with varietal potential under Output 1
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State Agricultural University, target production conditions; Testing TPS families Institute of Vegetables, for adaptation to long day conditions Melons and Potato (Uzbekistan) Helen Keller International Assessment and promotion of orange-fleshed Output 1 (Burkina Faso) sweetpotato varieties in West Africa using integrated nutrition-agriculture approaches Horticultural Inst Testing of elite clones and TPS families with Output 1 “Bogparvar”, Academy of varietal potential under target production Agricultural Sciences, Inst of conditions Plant Phys and Genet, FAO: OSRO/TAJ/401/CAN, (Tajikistan) PRAPACE - Regional Convenes agencies from 10 countries in East and Output 1 Potato and Sweetpotato Central Africa to extend and adapt technologies Improvement Network in derived from potato and sweetpotato research in Eastern and Central Africa the region Research Institute Potato & Testing of elite clones with varietal potential under Output 1 Vegetable Farming target production conditions (Kazakhstan) SARRNET - Southern Africa Convenes agencies from 13 countries in Southern Output 1 Root Crops Research Africa region to extend and adapt technologies Network derived from potato and sweetpotato research in the region VITAA – Vitamin A for Africa Convenes >70 agencies from health, nutrition and Output 1 agricultural sectors to extend the impact of orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in >10 countries in SSA Dept of Agricultural Research on variety selection and promotion in Output 1 and 2 Research Services of the target environments Ministry of Agriculture (Malawi) Ethiopian Agricultural Research on variety selection and dissemination Output 1 and 2 Research Organization in target environments Instituto Nacional de Research on variety selection and promotion in Output 1 and 2 Investigação Agrária target environments (Angola) Inst of Agricultural Research Research on variety selection and dissemination Output 1 and 2 for Development in target environments (Cameroon) University of Nairobi (Kenya) Research on variety selection and promotion in Output 1 and 2 target environments Wageningen Agricultural Socioeconomic research toward understanding Output 1 and 2 University (Netehrlands) processes of diffusion and adoption of potato varieties; Potato genomics (gene expression) facilities and expertise HarvestPlus Challenge Expertise and facilities for micronutrient Output 1, 2 and 3 Program determinations, human nutrition, communication and impact INIA - National Institute for Research on variety selection and promotion in Output 1, 2 and 3 Agronomic Research target environments (Mozambique) Kenya Agr Res Inst (Kenya) Research on variety selection and dissemination Output 1, 2 and 3 in target environments
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National Agricultural Research on variety selection and dissemination Output 1, 2 and 3 Research Organization in target environments (Uganda) Agriculture and Agri- Food Expertise and capacity building on genomics and Output 2 Canada bioinformatics All India Coordinated Potato Testing of elite clones in different agro-ecologies Output 2 Improvement Project at AICPIP centers (AICPIP), Shimla (India) Central Potato Research Multiplication and testing of advanced elite clones Output 2 Institute Shimla (India) with varietal potential under target production agro-ecologies; Testing of TPS families with potential characteristics under target production zones Chinese Academy of Research on genetic parameters of yield and Output 2 Agricultural Sciences adaptation to target environments and uses (China) CIMMYT – International Sharing bioinformatics techniques and tool Output 2 Maize and Wheat development under the Generation CP; Improvement Center collaboration towards a common database for managing field and lab data (CIPPEX/ICIS) CIRAD - Centre de Cross-species genomics of drought tolerance Output 2 coopération internationale genes en recherche agronomique pour le développement (France) Cornell University (US) Capacity building in population genetics, Output 2 genomics and bioinformatics Crop Husbandry Institute, Evaluation and selection of late blight resistance Output 2 Tserovani-Mtscheta clones for variety development (Georgia) Centre de Recherche Public Biochemical analysis of selected potato landraces Output 2 Gabriel Lippmann (Luxembourg) Hebrew University of Develop tools for potato functional genomics Output 2 Jerusalem INIAP – Instituto Nacional Testing of elite clones and molecular Output 2 Autónomo de technologies. Assessment of new sources of Investigaciones resistance for late blight Agropecuarias (Ecuador) IPGRI - International Plant Sharing bioinformatics techniques and tool Output 2 Genetic Resources Institute development under the Generation CP IRRI – International Rice Sharing bioinformatics techniques and tool Output 2 and Research Institute development under the Generation CP; collaboration towards a common database for managing field and lab data (CIPPEX/ICIS) IVEGRI - Indonesian Evaluation of elite LB resistant potato clones in Output 2 Vegetable Research West and Central Java Institute (Indonesia) Max Planck Inst (Germany) Capacity building and research in genomics Output 2 NARI (Papua New Guinea) Introduction and testing of Potato Clones in Output 2 Papua New Guinea NCGR - National Center for Sharing bioinformatics techniques and tool Output 2 Genome Resources (USA) development under the Generation CP
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Northeast Agricultural Strategic testing of advanced breeding materials Output 2 University (China) in long day environments Nutritional Research Determination of role of potato in the diets of Output 2 Institute (Peru) populations at risk of malnutrition; research and training in human nutrition PROINPA (Bolivia) Testing of elite clones and molecular Output 2 technologies. Assessment of new sources of resistance for late blight RCRC/FCRI (Vietnam) Evaluation of Potato Clones resistant to Late Output 2 Blight and Viruses in Red River Delta Refractions.net (Canadian Contracted for consultancies on modern Java Output 2 software consultancy) development techniques in support of activities under Generation CP Royal Veterinary and Discovery of genes with antifungal properties Output 2 Agricultural University (Denmark) SCRI - Scottish Crop Functional genomics capacity Output 2 Research Institute Tuber Crops Research Multiplication and testing of advanced elite clones Output 2 Center, Joydebpur with varietal potential under target production (Bangladesh) agro-ecologies Universidad Nacional Testing of elite clones and molecular Output 2 Agraria La Molina (Peru) technologies. Assessment of new sources of resistance for late blight Universidad Nacional de Testing of elite clones and molecular Output 2 Colombia (Colombia) technologies. Assessment of new sources of resistance for late blight Virginia Polytechnic Institute Expertise and facility for analyzing molecular Output 2 and State University (US) genetics of response to abiotic stress Yezin Agricutural University Evaluation of advanced potato clones in target Output 2 (Myanmar) environments University of Adelaide Micronutrient content analysis Output 2 and 3 (Australia) Austrian Research Centers Functional genomics capacity Output 2 and 3 – Seibersdorf Generation Challenge Expertise and capacity building on population Output 2 and 3 Program genetics, genomics and bioinformatics Agricultural Research Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 Council (South Africa) diversity for SSA; variety testing development and multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence Crops Research Institute Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 (Ghana) diversity for SSA; variety testing development and multiplication of the basic planting materials CTCRI - Central Tuber Cropping systems research Output 3 Crops Research Institute (India)
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Dept. of Research and Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 Training (Tanzania) diversity for SSA; variety testing development and multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence EMBRAPA - Empresa Post harvest evaluation for improved utilization of Output 3 Brasileira de Pesquisa sweetpotato Agropecuária FIFAMANOR (Madagascar) Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 diversity for SSA; variety testing development and multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence Food Crops Research Enhancement and testing of new sweetpotato Output 3 Institute (Vietnam) germplasm for adaptation and utilization ICRISAT - International Intercropping sweetpotato and legumes Output 3 Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (India) ILETRI - Indonesian Evaluation of Sweetpotato Clones in Papua- Output 3 Legume and Tuber Crops Indonesia Research Institute (Indonesia) ISAR - International Service Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 for National Agricultural diversity for SSA; variety testing development and Research (Rwanda) multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence Louisiana State University Nutrient quality analysis and variety evaluations Output 3 (US) Ministry of Agriculture Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 (Zambia) diversity for SSA; variety testing development and multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence NARI - Naliendele Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 Agriculture Research diversity for SSA; variety testing and development Institute (Tanzania) Tanzania Food and Nutrition Nutrient quality analysis Output 3 Center (Tanzania) Namulonge Agricultural & Assessment and improvement of sweetpotato Output 3 and 4 Animal Production Research diversity for SSA; variety testing development and Institute (Uganda) multiplication of the basic planting materials; Testing Bt toxicity to Weevils, developing & testing methodology for assessing weevil incidence Agricultural Research Develop commercialization of GM potato in South Output 4 Center – Roodeplaat (South Africa Africa)
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Michigan State University Develop commercialization of GM potato in South Output 4 (USA) Africa Swedish University of Facilities and expertise regarding engineering Output 4 Agricultural Sciences virus resistance to SPVD (Sweden) University of Ghent Capacity building in Biosafety issues & Output 4 (Belgium) management to African partners University of Helsinki Facilities and expertise regarding engineering Output 4 (Finland) virus resistance to SPVD
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Project 4. Integrated Crop Management
Problem analysis Potato and sweetpotato farmers in developing countries face several biotic constraints that reduce crop productivity. The main constraints of global importance that affect the potato crop are the diseases late blight, bacterial wilt and a number of viruses, and the insects potato tuber moth, leaf miner fly and the Andean potato weevil. The main biotic constraints to sweetpotato production include viruses, sweetpotato weevil and white fly. The lack of high quality planting material is a common problem for both crops in developing countries where commercial seed production systems are virtually non-existent. In addition, soil fertility is declining in many developing countries, affecting the present and future productivity of these crops, which are planted to a large extent in marginal areas. The incidence of different constraints depends on regions and countries, however, in most cases two or more constraints act together to reduce crop productivity, which consequently reduces farmer competitiveness, food security and income. Biotic constraints also lead to the use of highly toxic pesticides that pose a serious risk to human health and environment. In addition, NARS in developing countries have limited access to suitable information, principles, technologies and methods, which influence their capacity to develop and deliver sustainable technologies in a more integrated way.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research The lack of quality planting material for potato and sweetpotato in developing countries is the first problem that the ICM project is addressing. This is being done through research and training to improve formal and farmer-based (self-supply) seed systems. Improvement of the formal seed system will also contribute to a more efficient dissemination of new varieties. The optimization of soil-nutrient use will be addressed within a wider concept of developing strategies and methods for a better technical integration of agronomic management of potato and sweetpotato. The third and fourth areas of research focus on the development of control components for diseases and insects respectively; for this purpose basic research to understand the biophysical principles of pests is conducted at a preliminary stage, to transform this knowledge into tools and management components in a later stage. The fifth area of research is directed at developing participatory methods and strategies for integration of ICM components in response to specific needs and socioeconomic conditions of farmers. Because of the virtually unlimited variability of agro-ecosystems and socioeconomic conditions, the project focuses on the development of general principles and methods for integration and scaling-up and gives priority to provide training to NARS. Thus, the partner institutions (NARS) will use such principles and methods to fine tune components, integrate them and scale-up specific ICM strategies according to their priorities.
Objectives The goal of the ICM project is to reduce poverty and hunger and contribute to sustainable agriculture by developing and disseminating new and appropriate technologies related to the integrated management of the main factors that influence potato and sweetpotato productivity. In this way the project aims at contributing to household food security, competitiveness and income generation and as a result, contribute to poverty and hunger alleviation.
The objectives of the Division are a) develop and assess technological and organizational strategies for improving formal and farmer-based seed systems towards enhancing potato and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness; b) develop and assess principles, strategies and methods for technical integration of agronomic management components towards sustainable intensification of potato and sweetpotato cropping systems; c) conduct basic and applied research to develop integrated management strategies for the main potato and sweetpotato diseases; d) conduct basic and applied research to develop integrated management strategies for the main potato and sweetpotato insect pests; e) develop and assess participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of potato and sweetpotato ICM to support NARS to be more responsive to the needs of the poor.
There are some changes regarding last year’s MTP in the way objectives are written. The current MTP includes each objective linked to an output, which was not the case in the previous plan. In addition, there
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has been some realignment of objectives and outputs, which have been already explained in the overview. Additional explanation about these changes is provided below:
In Output 1: Strategies for improving formal and farmer-based seed systems towards enhancing potato and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA and Asia there has been just a slight change in the terminology, replacing “informal systems” by “farmer-based” seed systems which are prevalent in developing countries. The new way the output is written also puts emphasis on improving production efficiency and farmer competitiveness.
In Output 2: Strategies and methods for technical integration of soil, seed, disease and insect management components for subsistence and semi-commercial potato and sweetpotato growers developed in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia, there has been a significant change. This output was previously oriented specifically to develop strategies for conservation agriculture and soil fertility management as components of ICM. However, NARS require strategies and methods for improving technical integration of crop management components, which includes soil fertility and conservation agriculture but as integration mechanisms in relation to seed, disease and insect management.
In Outputs 3 and 4, there has been a slight change in terminology to emphasize the need to develop strategies for integrated disease and insect-pest management respectively and not only management components as it was previously written.
In Output 5: Participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of potato and sweetpotato ICM components developed and made available for improving potato and sweetpotato innovation systems in LAC, SSA and Asia, there has been a significant change. In the last MTP this output included the development of strategies and methods for both technical and socioeconomic integration. In the current MTP, the development of methods for technical integration is part of Output 2 and in Output 5 the emphasis is specifically on the development of participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of ICM, which will be applied by NARS and NGOs according to the specific needs of regions and countries.
Alignment with CGIAR System priorities
Output 1. Strategies for improving formal and farmer-based seed systems towards enhancing potato and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA and Asia The improvement of seed quality will contribute to enhancing farmer efficiency and competitiveness. Therefore, this output will contribute to Priority 3A (increasing income from fruit and vegetables), assuming that the Science Council designates potato as a high value horticultural crop1. The output will also contribute to Priority 4D (sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas) and Priority 5D (improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability). For new improved varieties to generate impact, they require to be disseminated through efficient seed systems. Therefore, this output will also contribute to the system Priority 2A (maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples) when referring specifically to integrating management components to preserve the value of new genetic materials developed by CIP’s breeding work. Output 2. Strategies and methods for technical integration of soil, seed, disease and insect management components for subsistence and semi-commercial potato and sweetpotato growers developed in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia The availability of principles and methods for technical integration of crop management components will help NARS to design and deliver more appropriate potato and sweetpotato ICM technologies, which, in combination with Output 5, will make NARS technologies more responsible to the needs of the poor. This output is clearly linked to Priority 4D (sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas), but it will also contribute to Priority 5D (improving research and development options to reduce
1 Potato is found in intensive horticultural systems in tropical highlands of SSA and also in plains of South Asia as a rotation crop, where it is an important component of cool weather horticultural production oriented to markets. Potato is frequently the highest value component of those systems.
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rural poverty and vulnerability), Priority 3A (increasing income from fruit and vegetables) and Priority 2A (maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples) as explained for Output 1.
Output 3. Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato and sweetpotato diseases – late blight (LB), bacterial wilt (BW) and viruses – developed, tested and disseminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian priority countries; and Output 4. Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato and sweetpotato insect pests developed, tested and disseminated as part of ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority countries Developing environmentally friendly strategies for the integrated management of diseases and insects will contribute to the sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of potato and sweetpotato-based systems and to reduce the dependency on pesticides. This output is clearly linked to Priority 4D (sustainable agro- ecological intensification in low- and high-potential areas), but it will also contribute to Priority 5D (improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability), Priority 3A (increasing income from fruit and vegetables) and Priority 2A (maintaining and enhancing yields and yield potential of food staples) as explained for Output 1 and 2.
Output 5. Participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of potato and sweetpotato ICM developed and made available for improving potato and sweetpotato innovation systems in LAC, SSA and Asia Having participatory methods to help NARS and CIP for more efficient technology generation in order to be more responsible to the needs of the poor will be linked to Priority 5C (rural institutions and their governance), particularly to the specific goal 1 of this priority, which is related to strengthening modes of participatory research. Output 5 will also contribute to Priority 5D (improving research and development options to reduce rural poverty and vulnerability) and Priority 5A (science and technology policies and institutions).
Impact pathways The description of the main impact pathways per output is included below and refers to the pathways related to the new CIP’s research themes described in the overview section.
Output 1. Strategies for improving formal and farmer-based seed systems towards enhancing potato and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA and Asia The lack of quality seed for potato and sweetpotato growers is common in developing countries. Therefore, developing strategies for improving the formal and farmer-based seed systems and providing training to NARS and extension organizations, will have a direct impact on sustainable intensification of the crops, which will be reflected in income increase, poverty and hunger reduction, improving access to nutritious food for farmers. This will be important to help linking farmers to markets for regions such as Africa and Asia where potato is a high-value crop and farmers need to be more competitive to take advantage of market opportunities. For subsistence farmers, such as in the Andes, the output will help them to achieve food security, but also to initiate interactions with niche markets, for example, for commercialization of native potatoes. The relative strength of NARS has a direct influence on the possible development of formal seed systems. CIP will play a primary role in identifying bottlenecks that limit the improvement of seed systems and conduct research to solve some of the constraints, but also will play a catalytic role to bring institutions together from the public and private sector to address seed-related challenges. Intermediate users of the technology (NARS, including universities) will play an important role for adjusting and scaling-up technologies and strategies according to local conditions.
Output 2. Strategies and methods for technical integration of soil, seed, disease and insect management components for subsistence and semi-commercial potato and sweetpotato growers developed in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia Farmers face a number of constraints to potato and sweetpotato production, particularly related to seed, soil, diseases and insects. The Project will develop principles, methods and strategies for technical
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integration of crop management components and provide them to NARS through capacity building. In this way, NARS will be enabled to develop and disseminate integrated management technologies more efficiently according to local needs (this will be achieved in combination with Output 5). The development of locally specific crop management strategies will support the sustainable intensification of potato and sweetpotato-based production systems in low- and high-potential areas and will be related to all research themes included in CIP’s strategic plan. CIP will play a primary research goal for the development of principles, strategies and methods, but only a secondary and facilitation role for enabling NARS (including NGOs and universities) to conduce more efficient integration of components.
Output 3. Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato and sweetpotato diseases – late blight (LB), bacterial wilt (BW) and viruses – developed, tested and disseminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian priority countries; and Output 4. Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato and sweetpotato insect pests developed, tested and disseminated as part of ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority countries Disease and insect-related constraints affect potato and sweetpotato in different regions. There are pests of global importance such as late blight, bacterial wilt and potato tuber moth and others with regional importance such as the Andean potato weevil in South America and the Colorado potato beetle in Central Asia. The development of management components for diseases and insects will have clear implications for sustainable intensification of the crops, thus contributing to income generation, poverty and hunger reduction, improving access to safe food and to help farmer to link with the markets more competitively. In addition, integrated disease and insect management will help reduce dependence on pesticides with the consequent positive impact on the environment and human health. Institutional constraints related to the competition of private agrochemical companies would be a conditioning factor for the results. CIP will play a primary research role for the development of management components and a secondary role in coordination with ARI’s for more basic types of research. In addition, it will play a role of facilitator for supporting access of NARS to scientific knowledge and technologies and enabling institutions to develop, apply and make available disease and insect management for the final users of the technology (farmers).
Output 5: Participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of potato and sweetpotato ICM developed and made available for improving potato and sweetpotato innovation systems in LAC, SSA and Asia Public NARS in developing countries have been weakening over the years and new institutional players have started to increase in importance as information providers for farmers, for example, NGOs. However, the lack of access to technical and methodological information limits the institutional capabilities to help farmers to solve problems more efficiently. The project will develop strategies and methods and will provide capacity building to NARS (intermediate users) including NGOs, to facilitate the use of participatory methods to fine-tune ICM strategies for potato and sweetpotato according to local needs and socioeconomic conditions of farmers. This output is related to CIP’s new research theme on institutional learning and pro-poor change, aiming at contributing to improve the efficiency of the potato and sweetpotato innovation systems. Methodological change or adjustment will depend on the existence of favorable institutional environments, which can enable innovation; such environments vary from country to country. CIP will play a primary and secondary role for research, according to the strength of the NARS, will take advantage of experiences developed by other research and development organizations and will play a catalytic and facilitation role towards capacity building for NARS, in coordination with local or regional universities.
Research approach to develop IPGs The project has a strong focus on IPG through the development of knowledge of biophysical principles related to the main potato and sweetpotato constraints and the development of management components of wider application, but also through the development of principles, strategies and methods to support the integration of management components by NARS according to local conditions. Outputs 2, 3 and 4 will involve the development of technically oriented IPG and CIP has a comparative advantage for this because it will build on previous knowledge about potato and sweetpotato constraint and because of the key liaison role it can play to link NARS and ARIs, but also to conduct global analysis regarding specific
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constraints and their management, for example, late blight. Outputs 1 and 5 will involve the development of methodologically oriented IPG, in which CIP also has a comparative advantage in terms of approaches and methods developed in the past, but will also draw from relevant experiences developed by other institutions.
External conditions The main assumption that drives the activities of the ICM Project is that NARS are willing to collaborate in the research process and that financial resources are available for conducing research. NARS participation depends on the level of organization, capabilities and resources available in each country and also on the existence of supporting policies for research purposes. On the other hand, the achievement of outcomes and impacts depends on the existence of mechanisms for dissemination of information and technologies, which include government and non-government extension services that vary from country to country.
Target ecoregions The Project focuses its activities in the highland region of Latin America (LAC), South Saharan Africa (SSA), South West and Central Asia (SWCA) and East and South East Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP), where potatoes are grown. The Project has also important activities in subtropical lowlands in SSA, SWCA and ESEAP, where sweetpotatoes are grown. Within WWCA, a new ecoregion for the Project includes the Continental semiarid regions of Central Asia and the Caucasus, where potato is also an important crop. This ecoregion is characterized by long days with one main potato crop in the highlands and two potato crops per year in the lowlands.
Collaborators
Outputs to Strategic role and complementary advantage which Partner Type (what capabilities the partner has, that CIP partner does not have, to facilitate the work) contributes PROINPA NARS Contributes with human, financial support and Output 1 (Bolivia) logistic facilities for conducting ICM-related Output 2 research. Output 3 Output 4 Output 5 ISABU (Burundi) NARS Contributes with human resources and facilitates Output 3 technology evaluation with farmers. IRAD (Cameroon) NARS Contributes with human resources and facilitates Output 3 technology evaluation with farmers. Vegetable NARS Facilitates technology evaluation with farmers Output 3 Research Institute (China) Royal Veterinary University Contributes with funding for students and Output 3 and Agricultural facilitates linkages with research teams in University Developed countries in Europe. (Denmark) INIAP NARS Contributes with human resources for conducting Output 3 (Ecuador) research related to LB and insect control Output 4 International NGO Contribute to validate farmer-based seed Output 1 Association for technologies with the Seed Growers’ Associations Agricultura assisted by the NGO. Development (Georgia) University of University Contribute with students to conduct research as Output 4 Hohenheim part of Master and PhD programs. (Germany)
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Institute of NARS Contributes with expertise on biological control, Output 4 Biological particularly for baculovirus-related research. Control, BBA (Germany) Central Potato NARS Contribute with human and financial resources to Output 1 Research conduct research activities at the research station Institute (India) located in North-East, India. Department of NARS Contributes with human resources for the Output 1 Horticulture, validation and dissemination of positive and Meghalyaa and negative selection of clonal seed and TPS to Department of improve farmer-based seed systems. Agriculture Nagaland (India) KARI (Kenya) NARS Facilitate access to lab facilities and technology Output 1 evaluation with farmers. It leads the ASARECA- Output 3 funded project on seed and BW management. Potato NARS Contribute with human and financial resources to Output 1 Development implement work. Section (Nepal) Plant Research University Contributes with expertise for pheromone Output 4 International, detection and identification. Pherobank (The Netherlands) SENASA (Peru) NARS For BW research, it facilitates access to biocontrol Output 3 agents and massive production facilities. INIAE (Peru) NARS Contributes with human resources for conducting Output 1 research related to IPM, soil and seed Output 2 management. Output 3 Output 4
Universidad University Contributes with expertise for taxonomy of insects Output 4 Nacional Agraria and research related to disease control, soil La Molina management and participatory research. (Peru) CARE (Peru) NGO Contributes with human, financial and logistic Output 5 support for evaluation of participatory research methods for potato ICM. DA-NOMIARC NARS Facilitates technology evaluation with farmers. Output 3 (Philippines) Swedish University Contributes with expertise for research related to Output 3 Agricultural LB epidemiology. University Tashkent State NARS Contribute with tissue culture facilities and other Output 1 Agrarian infrastructure for initiating clean seed production. Output 4 University (Uzbekistan) NARO (Uganda) NARS Facilitates access to lab facilities and the Output 1 evaluation of technology and participatory Output 3 research methods with farmers. Output 5 AFRICARE NGO Facilitates the evaluation of technologies and Output 5 (Uganda) participatory research methods with farmers. University of University Contributes with expertise for taxonomy and Output 4 California biocontrol-related work. (USA)
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University of University Contributes with top expertise on modeling work Output 4 Cornell (USA) for LB-related research. USDA-ARS, NARS Access to expertise on biocontrol and PTM Output 4 (USA) management in other environments and cropping systems. PRAPACE (SSA) Research Facilitates contacts with research institutions in Output 1 Network SSA for conducing ICM-related research. Output 3 Output 5 NRI (UK) ARI Provides access to human resources for work Output 5 related to participatory research and training methods in SSA. UPWARD (ASIA) Research Facilitates contacts with research and Output 1 Network development institutions in Asia for conducting Output 3 participatory research related to ICM. Output 5 Collaborative Ecoregional Facilitates contacts with research institutions in Output 1 Research Program Central Asia and the Caucasus for conducting Output 4 Program for research related to seed management and insect Sustainable control. Agricultural Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus CONDESAN Ecoregional Facilitate contacts with local institutions for Output 2 Program conducting research related to soil fertility management and conservation agriculture in the Andean Region HarvestPlus Challenge Provides funding for the Reaching End Users Output 1 Challenge Program project, which contributes to conduct seed-related Program research in SSA. CIAT CGIAR Collaborate in research programs related to white Output 3 fly control as vectors of viruses on sweetpotato in Output 5 SSA and impact assessment of IPM in LAC.
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Project 5. Natural Resources Management
Problem analysis Sustainable agricultural development is at the core of the CGIAR mission statement. Nonetheless, the research programs of the centers have historically emphasized its contribution to this objective through increased crop yields. This approach had a tremendous impact in increasing food supplies and a reduction in the rate of expansion of the agricultural frontier, especially in Asia and to some extent in Latin America. However, focusing only on increasing food supply might produce a negative impact in the long run. This is particularly true when resources from a past era or from distant places subsidize the increment. An important issue is then whether agricultural growth can be compatible with conservation of the natural resource base in different ecological zones and countries. The biggest problem seems to be land and water degradation, which decreases crop yields and increase food costs, pushing many into poverty. A major challenge is then to find policies, institutions and technologies to make the three goals – agricultural growth, poverty alleviation and sustainable natural resource use – more compatible.
Public demand for environmental services that are public goods is changing the picture of how agricultural policies are shaped. There is an increasing shift in agricultural policy from subsidy and trade policies to conservation and environmental aspects of agriculture. That is why it is not surprising that agriculture has been incorporated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade2.
All these changes in paradigm require CGIAR centers to focus on understanding how agricultural growth interacts with the environment as well as how poverty interacts with the environment. That is, the research focus should be on understanding the complexity of the social-ecological systems where their mandate crops are established. These paradigms have been incorporated in the new systems priorities, particularly priority 4: poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources.
The challenge faced by the project is to facilitate the conversion of potato and sweet potato systems into resilient agro-ecosystems; that is systems with the capacity to absorb shocks and adapt to change while maintaining function. This is more easily said than done, since it requires in-depth study of the dynamics of complex systems, a paradigm that is just evolving. Therefore, new methods and approaches must be developed and tested without further delaying the most needed solutions for poor farmers depending on CIP’s mandate crops for their subsistence.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research • During the period covered by the present MTP the Project will tackle the following issues • Lack of sound methods to target impact areas at different scale levels • The need to improve the reliability of root and tuber crops statistics in areas with high concentration of resource-poor farmers • The limited ability to forecast potato and sweet potato yields under variable environmental and management conditions • Methods to assess the environmental vulnerability of potato and sweet potato systems • Move technology from plots to watersheds to regions (scaling issues) • How externalities such as policies and environmental change impact productivity and the natural resources • How to re-engineer productions systems with new technology, management and policy options to foster adaptive capacity.
Objectives The overall objective of this project is to augment the understanding of the behavior of complex human- natural systems where producing potato and/or sweet potato constitute key livelihood strategies and to enhance their sustainability both directly through technology and management improvements and
2 Antle, J. M. and R. O. Valdivia (2006). "Modeling the Supply of Ecosystem Services from Agriculture: A Minimum Data Approach. "Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50 (1): 1-15 pp.
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indirectly through influencing policies and programs that affect sustainable development. During the period included in the present MTP the specific objectives are: • To develop methods for improved impact targeting and environmental vulnerability assessment. The methods are based on tools being used in the new interdisciplinary science called complex systems3 • Contribute to the development of technologies, practices and policies to cope with environmental and economic vulnerability • Integrate principles and approaches in specific case studies where the pro-poor R&D cycle is implemented, aiming at enhancing adaptive capacity.
Changes from the last MTP
Output 2. Tradeoffs between productivity and the environment in target systems in the Andes, SSA and India evaluated (3 years) This output portrayed a limited view of the vulnerability problem in target areas. The objective is to identify eternal factors directly affecting the resiliency of the systems, develop tools and methods to model alternative scenarios to cope with the vulnerability, test selected options in the field and extract recommendations and policy options. The output has been re-written as: “Recommendations and policy options to reduce environmental and economic vulnerability on targeted ecosystems in the Andes and East Africa tested and documented (3 years)”.
Alignment with CGIAR Systems priorities The CIP NRM project falls within the priority area 4: Promoting poverty alleviation and sustainable management of water, land and forest resources. The table below links the outputs of the project with the specific goals of the priority area 4.
Output in Project 5 Specific goal in the SP4 Output 1: Methods, options Priority 4A and strategies for improved Specific goal 1: To develop analytical methods and tools for the research targeting and management of multiple use landscapes with a focus on sustainable Environmental Vulnerability productivity enhancement Analyses, preparedness Priority 4D and mitigation in the Andes, Specific goal 1: To improve understanding of degradation thresholds SSA and SWCA developed and irreversibility and the conditions necessary for success in low (5 years) productivity areas Specific goal 4: Evaluate the production potential of high productivity systems and their constraints and trends Specific goal 7: To optimize productivity at high input use (e.g. labor, nutrients, pest control practices, water, seed and feed) through understanding and managing spatial and temporal variation Output 2: Priority 4A Recommendations and Specific goal 2: To enhance the management of landscapes though policy options to reduce changing stakeholder awareness and capacity for social-ecological environmental and planning at landscape and farm levels economic vulnerability on Priority 4D targeted ecosystems in the Specific goal 8: Identify social, economic, policy and institutional Andes and East Africa factors that determine decision-making about managing natural tested and documented resources in intensive production systems and target interventions (3 years) accordingly Output 3: Genetic, Priority 4D agronomic and Specific goal 3: To identify domains of potential adoption and environmental management improvement of technologies for improving soil productivity, preventing technologies for enhancing degradation and for rehabilitating degraded lands
3 The term complex system usually refers to a system of many parts, which are coupled in a non-linear fashion. In practical terms a non-linear relationship means that a small perturbation may cause a large effect, a proportional effect, or even no effect at all whereas in linear systems, effect is always directly proportional to cause. Complex systems are open, contain feedback loops and their history – change over time and prior states– may have influence on present states (adapted from Wikipedia). International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 59
adaptive capacity in the Specific goal 5: To improve soil quality to sustain increases in high plateau of the Andes productivity, stability and environmental services through greater integrated understanding of processes that govern soil quality and trends in soil quality in intensive systems
Impact pathways The theme Sustainable intensification of potato and sweetpotato based farming systems creates the connection between the Project 5 and the MDGs. In order to enhance the probability of impact, the project combines conventional NRM research activities and innovative information technology tools and methods with participatory approaches. Careful analysis of how knowledge, attitudes, skills and aspirations, evolve and how they contribute to the adoption of new practices (KASAP methodology) will be conducted in close collaboration with Project 1.
Research approach to develop IPGs NRM research is, by definition, a site-specific activity. It is through comparative analyses in multiple sites that methods and tools are developed and validated. Data, tools and methods will be produced in the project. Methods to improve root crop statistics, process based models, yield forecast methods, non-linear scaling models and validated KASAP methods are potential IPGs produced by the project.
External conditions The work in this project is highly interdisciplinary and participatory. It thus depends on the funding, especially of the high transaction costs of the participatory activities, the willingness of partners to collaborate and changes in political and environmental situations in the research/validation sites.
Target ecoregions During the next three years (2007 –2009), Project 5 will concentrate its activities in LAC, SWCA and East Africa.
Collaborators
Major Partners Research Role Output Centro de Investigaciones en Recursos Implement case studies Peru 3 Naturales y Medio Ambiente (Peru NGO) Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible Links to dissemination 3 de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN) Food and Agriculture Organization of the Leadership in payment for 2 United Nations environmental services Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Testing watershed analyses methods 2 Panamá (NARI) International Livestock Research Institute Livestock Research 1 & 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Saline soils and SP adaptation 3 Extensión Agropecuaria (Peru NARI) Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute Implement case studies in Kenya 2 Montana State University Leadership in Tradeoff analyses - 2 econometric University of Missouri-Columbia Leadership in Livelihood strategies 1 & 3 research Programa de Investigación de la Papa Implement case studies Bolivia 3 (Bolivia NARI)
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Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Leader in meteorology & hydrologyC 1 Hidrología del Perú (National Weather Service) University of Connecticut Leadership in Climate change modeling 1 Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Expertise in KASAP and soil sciences 1 & 3 Directorate of Agriculture, West Bengal, Implement case studies in India 3 India Wageningen Agricultural University Tradeoff analyses - soil sciences 2 leadership
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Project 6. Agriculture and Human Health
Problem analysis Historically, the areas of agriculture and human health have been compartmentalized, both in research and development efforts. Agricultural technology and interventions present opportunities to enhance human health through agricultural interventions and also present the challenge of minimizing the risks to human health from agricultural interventions. The fundamental problem is to develop an analytical science-based approach that decompartmentalizes the sectors of production, ecosystem health and human health, such that it informs the generation of new information and technologies as well as interventions. At this time, nutrition and pesticide use dominate the research subjects in this project.
Reducing pesticide exposure risk to farm families is approached from competing paradigms. The predominant paradigm promoted by industry is the safe management philosophy. This philosophy places the blame for unsafe management on farmers. The approach is to teach farmers better handling, preparation, application, clean up and storage practices. Potato farmers and many other farmers continue to use highly toxic pesticides in conditions where safe management is not practical or expensive. The effective policy intervention identified by our and other’s research is prohibition on use of highly toxic pesticides.
Like Ecuador, many Peruvian communities rely heavily on pesticides to protect crops. Due to this heavy reliance and the lack of resources, these communities may be at risk for dumping of obsolete pesticides or under-priced, potentially unsafe products. The Governments of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia and the World Bank have identified the presence of persistent organic pollutants as a significant health and environmental risk.
Potatoes are a valuable source of quality protein and an important source of vitamins and minerals. There is little information concerning the nutritional composition of native potatoes and other Andean roots and tubers and the effect of cooking, storage and processing. At the same time there is limited understanding of the contribution of native potato landraces and Andean roots and tubers within the diets of rural families at risk of malnutrition and the role they may play in contributing to it’s reduction.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research The main problems related to pesticide use identified in this project are pesticide dependence of Andean communities poorly prepared to judge the risks and benefits of pesticide use and a policy environment for pesticide regulation dominated by special interests. This project addresses the pesticide dependence of Andean communities through documentation of the extent of poisoning, the impact of exposure and training focused on empowerment of farm families and local communities to propose alternatives to pesticide use. The adverse policy environment is addressed through the establishment of better information on the pervasiveness of poisonings and the extent of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in hotspot communities. The project utilizes several approaches to create an improved policy environment. We will establish national and local government endorsed surveillance systems to document the extent of poisoning and serve as a focal point for capacity and awareness building. We will use integrated assessment approaches to demonstrate feasible policy options that maximize benefits to conflicting interests of the agriculture, environment and health sectors.
Poor knowledge of the nutritional benefits of native potatoes and Andean roots and tubers is addressed through research establishing the nutritional content of important varieties of these crops and an assessment of their consumption and nutritional benefit to vulnerable groups in Andean communities in Peru. The real influence of the native potatoes consumed has yet to be determined, including composition data, variability as a consequence of storage and processing and intake during different periods (abundance/scarcity). This information will be valuable for institutions that aim to reduce malnutrition and the methods developed will allow replication and adaptation of research results and principles in other parts of the Andes.
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Alignment with CGIAR System priorities
Sub-priority 4D, specific goal 6 Specifically, we are identifying additional opportunities for IPM to reduce dependency on pesticides and increase productivity.
Sub-priority 5C, specific goal 2 The process of health and agriculture platforms to engage NARS and other sector stakeholders is a way to integrate health issues in the analysis of the agriculture practices leading the development of a transdisciplinary way of working for improving health.
Sub-priority 5D The project will improve the characterization of the rural poor in relation to agriculture and their environment, including patterns of adoption of improved technologies and natural resource management practices and will identify and evaluate the means to improve ex ante risk management through improved information systems. An example is reducing pesticide exposure risk and improving households’ capacity to manage risk, in this case in relation to pests, pesticides and nutritional impacts across different levels of potato production intensity. In particular, we will use the Tradeoff Analysis approach to estimate tradeoffs faced by smallholders in production systems with different intensity of potato cultivation project these impacts over larger populations.
Objectives The overall objective of this project is to create and institutionalize a trans-disciplinary research team to generate understanding on the human health, environmental and economic impacts of agricultural production technologies in target systems as an input to designing healthy, sustainable agricultural production systems.
External conditions The pesticide-related activities occur in a policy environment where influential actors have strongly held positions that will be threatened by the outcomes from Output Targets. The threatened actors can be expected to make counter moves to protect their positions. Free Trade Agreements change policy context for production input costs and outputs.
Target regions Ecuador and Peru in the Andes and food and nutrition insecure regions in East Africa including Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Rwanda.
Beneficiaries The principal beneficiaries of the project are poor farming households in the target regions.
End-users The principal end-users of the project are international and national IPM researchers and development experts in agricultural and health fields, extension agents, policy-makers and resource-poor farm and urban families.
Strengthening NARS The capacity of NARS scientists is strengthened through joint participation in pesticide surveillance research, preparation of training materials, policy advocacy through formation of Local Pesticide Surveillance committees and linking agriculture and human health messages in participatory farmer training practices. The nutrition output makes documentation of information on nutritional content of roots and tubers available world wide.
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Changes from last MTP New research activities were added to evaluate the health risks from POPs in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. The impact pathway output was completed.
Impact pathways The pesticide research will reduce pesticide poisoning risks and environmental contamination. This contributes to the Millennium Development Goals to reduce under five and maternal mortality. Under five poisonings are a significant source of total pesticide poisoning globally. Small body weight makes exposure to even small amounts potentially fatal or injurious. Globally, pesticide ingestion is the major choice for suicide in developing countries. Improving the possibilities of policies to reduce the presence of highly toxic pesticides and improve farm family options for production without highly toxic pesticides will contribute to those goals.
Research approach to develop IPGs The pesticide-related research being conducted in Ecuador seeks to understand the pesticide risk and production tradeoffs across different ecosystems (soil quality, rainfall, temperature). The research also seeks to develop a model of scaling up through multi-stakeholder platforms is innovative for health and agriculture working together to achieve joint agricultural productivity (lower costs with less pesticide use) and human health (fewer poisonings and less chronic neurotoxicity).
The classic IPM poisoning work in the Philippines by Levisohn was mostly agriculture alone. When it is not linked with health, then it is not considered by health policy makers, even though, as the Ryan paper points out, there is currently greater investment in health and environment global PGs than agricultural at present. This is one method for having agriculture at the table when resource allocations to improve health outcomes are considered.
The research will estimate the joint human health and production impacts of ways of increasing use of IPM and healthy crop management approaches by smallholders in different production conditions (low to high intensity) with enough power to both assess community versus household level effects and differential effects across participation in different interventions. As funding is obtained other case studies in other regions will be conducted.
In the pesticides and health area, international agricultural research centers (IARCs) have a comparative advantage (versus health research for development institutions) in that they know the ways to reduce pesticide use, have relationships with farming communities through national partners, have legitimacy in relation to farmers such that farm households will both participate and benefit and have the policy leverage internationally.
Collaborators
Output to which Major Partner Strategic Role and Complimentary Capability partner contributes University of Toronto Occupational Safety and epidemiology 1 Montana State University Integrated assessment modeling 1 National Institute of Health (Peru), Inventory and Monitoring pesticide stocks 1 Ministries of Agriculture (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia) Epidemiology Departments of Establish enhanced surveillance systems on 1 Provincial Health Office in Carchi pesticide poisoning, data collection, and Chimborazo, Ecuador interpretation and intervention planning on health and agriculture data and activities Universidad Politécnica de Integrate students in cross agriculture-health Chimborazo research process
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Project 7: Ecoregional Program: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (CONDESAN)
Problem analysis The Andean ecoregion is home to an extraordinary ecological and cultural diversity where some 40 million people live. Unique to the Andes is their north-south orientation that further enriches the environmental diversity with changes in latitude that allows for ecoregional analysis on variables that are important throughout the region. The ecoregion is also central to the production of the water resources that are used in a large part of South America. Governments and civil society are increasingly concerned with water scarcity and unequal access to it and thus trying hard to promote a more sustainable use of the resource within Andean basins despite limited quality information available. On the other hand Andean geographic and cultural diversity has been traditionally seen as a barrier to the development of the region and its population. However, there are successful examples of innovative agricultural systems that value diversity and contribute to the welfare of Andean families. Both integrated water management practices and innovation in agricultural systems need to be up-scaled to produce the required impact in reducing poverty and stopping the deterioration of natural resources in the Andes.
Identification of specific problems The paramos, jalcas and punas (high Andean grassland areas) are unique and diverse ecosystems closely related to the supply of water in the Andes but are also under threat due to unsustainable human activity. In addition, the Andes as a region suffers from water scarcity and its population from unequal access to it. Thus, the different aspects involved in integrated management of water resources (IMWR) need to be addressed at different scales despite the relatively scanty information available, so that existing alternatives are known and disseminated. Due to the degradation of these Andean ecosystems, water flows are being reduced affecting those whose livelihoods depend largely on water availability, including indigenous communities, subsistence producers as well as larger producers and urban water consumers. Thus, life of the Andean inhabitants is closely connected to the health of the Andes ecosystem, in particular in relation to water and food issues. A substantial challenge represents the way in which society should organize the highly complex elements involved in IMWR so that it becomes a source of opportunities, social inclusion and welfare improvements for the rural communities of the Andes, particularly for the poorest sectors. Thus, the different approaches being attempted for IMWR need to be assessed, documented and disseminated. CONDESAN itself is already contributing with the design of mechanisms that simultaneously promote environment conservation and increased farming income for families located in the upper watersheds.
The Andean agricultural systems have also been undergoing transformations due to globalization, climate change, migration, urbanization, etc., significantly altering the context and posing new challenges for the agricultural activity both to society and the producers themselves. A significant challenge is to identify, share, replicate and expand the innovative processes that are based on the diversity in the Andes, mostly localized and relatively isolated, into a scale that allows for a substantial difference in the opportunities of welfare and social inclusion for the Andean poor. Agricultural innovation and rural development are social, political and institutional processes as much as technological ones influencing sustainable livelihoods4. Innovation in agricultural systems is a thematic area in which CONDESAN is starting to work and expects significant growth during the next few years due to its potential to improve livelihoods of the Andean rural population.
Objectives CONDESAN has recently developed a Road Map in a participatory manner to define thematic areas of work for the future. The Road Map is intended to guide the “second-level” activities of the consortium such as producing regional information, synthesis, integration and value-adding activities at an ecoregional scale based on the results, knowledge, networks and capabilities built and accumulated by its partners. As
4 ”Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Agricultural Research for Development / Task Force on Impact Assessment and Evaluation, European Initiative for Agricultural Research for Development (EIARD)
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a result, the consortium’s objective for the next five years is to learn and promote opportunities for the welfare and social inclusion of Andean poor population based mostly on: (a) the integrated management of water resources and (b) the development of innovation in agricultural systems that value the Andean diversity. These are the two thematic areas where the consortium as a whole has decided to focus and contribute in the future.
Based mainly on its links with partners and other local, national and international institutions, CONDESAN also aims to become a regional reference and a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform for issues related to the sustainable development of the Andean ecoregion. CONDESAN seeks to contribute to creating the enabling conditions that promote the institutional learning and changes required.
The CONDESAN Road Map defines twelve expected outputs around the two selected thematic areas for the next five years. These expected outputs are re-grouped so that a reduced number of MTP outputs is presented here. The three general outputs of the MTP 2006-2008 are still addressed in this new MTP 2007-2009 but with more specificity, particularly in the area of IMWR. CONDESAN’s actions of coordination, facilitation or networking, although an essential part of CONDESAN’s work, are not part of the outputs in this logframe.
The two CONDESAN MTP 2007-2009 outputs are entirely in line with the priorities set out by the Science Council. Moreover, the criteria of those priorities are being met by CONDESAN since the work is expected to impact on poverty alleviation, to generate international public goods and to bring a comparative advantage to the work that NARES or others could do given the ecoregional and multi-level nature of the consortium.
Impact pathways CONDESAN works to produce impact on its target population (beneficiaries) which are the poor farmer groups living mostly within the Andean highlands (paramos, jalcas and punas). Farming (mainly tubers and grains) and cattle-raising are the main occupations, although income generation comprises additional activities for this population. However, the clientele or main users of the outputs are universities, NGOs, research centers, rural municipalities, private sector and government agencies in the Andes that form part of the network of partners and work directly with the communities. The outputs produced at the regional level are developed directly by the partners in their respective CONDESAN Initiative and thus the outcomes are achieved through them in reaching the main users. The CU contributes to influence users at the national and regional levels. The changes in behavior in the main users will produced the desired impact since their actions or decisions directly affect both the health of the natural resources and the livelihoods of the poor population in the Andean rural areas.
Output 1 This Output intends to produce policies and management recommendations for improved IWRM at local, national and regional levels in Andean countries. It is linked in general to priority 4A and within this, closer but not exclusively to specific goal 4 (optimize long-term productive use of water resources in river basins). Priority 4C is also of importance for Output 1, with specific goals 1 (improved management practices that enhance productivity of water), 2 (enhance the sustainable development of water resources) and 3 (improved water-focused policies and institutions).
Output 2 Output 2 focuses on innovations in the agricultural systems to take advantage of the diversity that exist in the Andean region. It is closely linked to the theme of institutional learning for pro-poor change defined by CIP, as well as System priorities 4C (specific goal 3, as for Output 1) and 5A (special goal 5: enhancing the structure, conduct and performance of knowledge-intensive institutions) that includes moving ahead to new agricultural paradigms and needs-based training. Output 2 is also related to priority 5C where it deals with new forms of partnerships to enhance the conduct and impact of agricultural research and priority 5D since in general it is concerned with enhancing impact of agricultural research in promoting options for the reduction of rural poverty and vulnerability.
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Research approach to develop IPGs CONDESAN, through the work of its partners, produces new knowledge, methodologies and policies that are constantly being integrated into other projects as a result of continuous information exchanges and activities promoted and supported by partners and/or the CU. The IPG produced by CONDESAN are largely of a regional nature and generated by comparing information, methodologies and results at an ecoregional level. Researchers and development partners’ work together permanently testing hypothesis about the best way to address specific problems. An example is the application of different schemes of Compensation for Environmental Services at different sites. The knowledge produced is integrated into other partners work via regular exchanges, particularly those at the regional level, including CONDESAN´s Technical Committee meetings. InfoAndina, CONDESAN´s arm of communications and information plays a dissemination role of new knowledge produced by the different CONDESAN Initiatives.
External conditions The main assumption is that the Andean region will be socially and politically stable during the period, thus allowing for increased public awareness of sustainable development issues at the different levels within the region.
Target ecoregion The Andean ecoregion is the focus of CONDESAN’s work. However, there are tools and methods being developed in the Andes that have the potential to be applied to other regions. CONDESAN’s solid links with the Challenge Program on Water and Food, the Global Mountain Program, the Mountain Forum and CIP Research Divisions, allow for this interaction. Moreover, the institutional model and lessons learned by CONDESAN as a consortium and CIP as the convener center of CONDESAN could be applied to other regions through the CGIAR Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs.
Collaborators CONDESAN is organized into “CONDESAN Initiatives” which are the benchmark sites (BS) and the regional projects implemented by partners with which a variety of research and development activities are carried out. Executing partners are mainly academic institutions and NGOs. The Initiatives often conduct activities such as training, policy development, dialogues on specific topics, local and national networking, among others. Due to the nature of the consortium, all Initiatives and the Coordination Unit (CU) make efforts to involve CONDESAN partners from other Initiatives in their own activities of regional nature. Thus, complementarities and synergies are established between partners and the consortium continuously grow stronger. By concentrating its efforts on second level activities, the CU contributes to strengthen these relationship between partners even more and also to extend the links to other stakeholders within and outside the region. InfoAndina supports partners’ cohesion within the consortium and disseminates their work to a wider audience.
CONDESAN links scientists and rural development partners, public and private, located in national and international universities, research institutes, non-governmental organizations, local and central government institutions and enterprises. Formal main partners are those directly involved in “Local” or “Regional Initiatives”, comprising CONDESAN benchmark sites and ecoregional projects. Development partners apply approaches and methodologies at different levels and provide feedback so that scientists can better respond to field demands. Additional thematic and regional linkage groups are fostered and connected through InfoAndina. Depending on the specific thematic area, partners participate in achieving the output targets in conjunction with the CU.
The outputs and output targets put forward in this MTP apply to those CONDESAN Initiatives in which the CU play an important role and where the funding is channeled through CIP as the hosting center. Table 1 offers examples of the contribution of partners to the Initiatives and to the MTP outputs which in turn contribute to the consortium Road Map. The Initiatives, which comprise several partners in multiple sites are:
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A. Andean Paramo Project (GEF) and complementary Trans-boundary Paramo Project (Moore Foundation) B. Andean Watershed Project (GTZ) C. Coordination of the Andean System of Basins of the Challenge Program on Water and Food (IWMI) D. Mountain Forum-InfoAndina (SDC)
However, it should be mentioned that other CONDESAN Initiatives and partners also contribute to these outputs. However, these are not part of the MTP since resources are not channeled through the CU and are of direct responsibility of the partners. Complementing the above, CONDESAN has ongoing strong and healthy links with other CGIAR centers (apart from CIP) and their programs, namely: • With IWMI: CONDESAN is the Basin Coordinator for the Andean System of Basins (ASB) of the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), lead by IWMI. This long-term program also connects research in the Andes with that of other parts of the world through other participating CGIAR centers (CIAT, IRRI, WFC and IFPRI). • With CIAT: CONDESAN employs personnel at CIAT that collaborates with the GTZ-Andean Watershed project and the CPWF ASB Coordination. Moreover, CIAT leads a number of CPWF projects in the Andes. CIAT, similarly to CIP, has representatives in the CONDESAN Board as well as the Technical Committee. Strong links exist with CIAT’s Communities and Watersheds program. • With ILRI: CONDESAN FAO project Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiative, which recently ended, produced in 2005 a study on Dynamics in and out of Poverty in conjunction with ILRI, CARE and US Universities. • With Global Mountain Program: GMP is working with CONDESAN case studies on how better policies can be designed and applied for issues that are of relevance and of potential application to other mountain regions in the world. In turn, the GMP has strong links with ICRAF and AHI. • With ILAC (Institutional Learning and Change): a pilot CGIAR study on CONDESAN as a consortium and CIP as a convener center is underway with the technical assistance of ILAC.
Table 1. Selected CONDESAN partners The following are only a few examples of the type of partners and their involvement with CONDESAN for the MTP outputs. Several of these institutions participate on the Technical Committee of the consortium as representatives of the CONDESAN Initiative in which they are involved. CONDESAN today has seven local (BS) and five official regional initiatives with the participation of more than fifty partners.
Strategic role and complementary advantage to Outputs to Selected Partners the Coordination Unit and CONDESAN Initiative which partner in which participates contributes Instituto de Ciencias Applied field research, development actions, up- Output 1 and 2 Ambientales y Ecología scaling in sites of Venezuela (Merida BS site and (ICAE) of the University of Paramo Project Initiatives) Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela Andean Program of The Implementation of multiple components for the Output 1 Mountain Institute, NGO, conservation of environmental services provided by Peru paramo areas of Peru (Paramo Project Initiative) Mountain Forum, Communications and information strategies for the Output 1 and 2 international program, consortium in general and individual projects and regional and international partners, analysis and dissemination of materials. Forms part of InfoAndina (Mountain Forum Initiative) Global Mountain Program, Applied research on policy and institutional analysis Output 2 international program (linked to Andean Watersheds Initiative)
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Grupo Randi-Randi, NGO, Applied research and development actions, with Outputs 1 and 2 Ecuador emphasis in IWRM and gender (Carchi BM Andean Watersheds Initiative) Centro Ecumenico de Wide range of development actions and applied Outputs 1 and 2 Promocion y Accion Social research in conservation agriculture, co-investment (CEDEPAS), NGO schemes (Cajamarca BS, Paramo Project Andean Cajamarca, Peru Watershed Project, CPW&F Initiatives) CIAT, CGIAR center, Applied research in IMWR and innovation systems, Outputs 1 and 2 regional and international technical assistance on watershed management (several BM Initiatives; Andean Watershed Project, CPW&F Initiative) University of Amsterdam, Applied research (Paramo Project) Output 1 international Corporacion Autonoma Development actions for conservation agriculture, Output 1 and 2 Regional de Cundinamarca ecosystem hydrological services valuation and co- (CAR), government agency, investment schemes (Andean Watershed and Colombia CPWF Initiatives)
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Project 8. Global Mountain Program
Problem analysis Mountains are fragile, topographically highly variable, often difficult environments that cover one quarter of the Earth’s surface. They are home for 720 million people, the source of 80% of the world’s fresh water, 50% of the biodiversity and 35% of the world’s forests. Its people, often indigenous, are usually knowledge rich and culturally diverse, but are counted amongst the world’s poorest and marginalized. For example, in a recent IAC report on Africa, five of the eight poverty hotspots are in the mountains. In the past, the mountain populations did not profit from science-based opportunities in comparison to those living in the favored environments of the lowlands. The people and environment in mountains are particularly vulnerable to processes of globalization, urbanization and climate change due to their added disadvantage of poor infrastructure, education, support and remoteness to markets and political power. On the other hand, mountain resources are being increasing exploited by international markets, national urban centers and local mountain inhabitants. At the same time lack of opportunity is driving out-migration and affecting the maintenance of agricultural, rural and family infrastructure. Serious deterioration has taken place of these fragile environments. Reversing the trends requires mountain specific research on key issues to provide more enabling policies and support to mountain people.
Reflecting on the role of the CGIAR in mountains, it is apparent that individual centers have over the years invested substantial research for mountainous regions. Much capacity and experience is available in areas of agricultural technology, forestry, natural resource management, management of genetic diversity and policy. The problems in mountains are complex and often are institution and process based, rather than purely technological. However, few of these issues have been dealt with in an integrated CGIAR wide manner, nor has there been a center level synthesis of products for mountain environment, or dialogue on development of coherent research strategies by the system to have broad impact in these complex fragile systems. The GMP is designed to facilitate process, linkages, developing platforms, bringing the system together to create added value in mountains. Part of this work is creation of thematic research areas such as reported in Output 2. The thematic research area is designed to link to development through facilitation of the development of a stakeholder platform on Rural Urban Linkages (RUL) in which brings together all important stakeholders in a benchmark site and links their needs to CGIAR as well as other research organizations. Using benchmark sites enables development of clear impact pathways to impact on MDGs and functional units that can share information with similar groups in other parts of the world. Each of the Centers with relevant expertise can link its expertise into the information and technology design process in a coordinated manner. The expected end result is a value added product with far greater impact than what each center could produce alone.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research
Opportunity 1. Collecting, analyzing and packaging the CGIAR products for mountains Although the CGIAR has over thirty years experience in working in mountain regions, to date there has been no attempt to bring together the CGIAR ‘offer’ for mountain regions. Surprisingly, many of the products of CGIAR Centers are not easily accessible at present. An effort has to be made to bring these valuable resources together. Access to CGIAR products of the last 30 years and from other sources will provide new tools and opportunities and choices for mountain people to better manage their specific needs. As a first step the products of the system for mountain regions need to be collected, analyzed, packaged and targeted to make them better available to people as a information database, as a supermarket or an innovation marketplace. Secondly, the products can be used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the CGIAR system research to reach the MDGs in mountains and to develop value added strategies to use the synergies of the system to better reach the MDGs in mountain regions. The opportunity translates to Output 1 and contributes to SPs 5A, 5D.
Opportunity 2. Strengthening Rural Urban Linkages and livelihood options in mountains (RULs) Urban centers are increasingly affecting rural mountain areas. They act as strong sinks for agricultural and forest products, water, nutrients, minerals and people. Unmanaged extraction and use of these resources
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is depleting the resource base necessary for future livelihoods people and function of mountain ecosystems, including agriculture. Already, deforestation, mining, water contamination and overuse, broken nutrient cycles and poverty driven emigration from rural areas are causing serious degradation of the natural resource base and are causing a decline in well-being and health of rural mountain populations. Similarly, urban areas are affected by a deterioration of rural mountain resources though reduced water quality and availability, lack of fuel, availability of agricultural products, reduced scenic quality for recreation.
These are key issues that influence development in mountains. It is imperative to the success of efforts that support rural as well as rural populations in mountains that these issues are connected and not investigated in isolation. Many rural problems of poverty, food security, NRM and the environment cannot be solved without including the urban link in the management of rural resources. . There are numerous key knowledge gaps in understanding and improving the effectiveness of planning & policies that affect urban & rural livelihood and agro-environmental issues and there is a need for targeted livelihood options for groups with different access to markets that need concerted investigation for which the CGIAR as a whole has capacity. The issues need a focused, integrated research approach and territorial rather than sector based planning, policies and support strategies for sustainable mountain development The GMP has made RULs a thematic area that enables CGIAR centers to use their strengths to as a system to add value to present efforts. Addis Ababa will be used as the first of its CGIAR wide benchmark sites. In the CGIAR system the GMP is launching this initiative in close collaboration with the African Highland Initiative and the System Wide Urban Harvest Program. The GMP has been joined in the venture by urban and rural Ethiopian institutions research and civil institutions.
The GMP with these partners will first develop baseline data on actual livelihood issues and options of rural to urban mountain populations. Better baseline information is also needed on the inflows and outflows of goods from rural areas to rural area and existing on existing policies. Research would contribute to quantification of identified problems such as water availability and quality, forest degradation for fuel, migration and health and contribute to better targeting of support to mountain people. The Rural Urban linkage approach would provide the basis for actions using cities as engines for rural development through better incentives for environmental stewardship, such as Payment for Environmental Services (PES). In addition, the approach contains non-research components of development of a platform for stakeholder development action in each of the benchmark sites whose activities research would support with information and tools. This model provides for a clear supportive role of research for development in defined benchmark sites where MDG impact can be measured. Establishment of benchmark sites in different continents should provide an opportunity for cross-site learning by stakeholder groups and the CGIAR. The opportunity translates to output 2 and contributes to SPs 4A, 5B, 5C, 5D.
Opportunity 3. Enabling national policies on the sustainable development of mountain areas Mountain resources are playing an increasingly important role in development processes of countries, but specific challenges of development are rarely reflected in national policies. Enabling policies including those for agriculture and rural development are regarded by some sources as the single most important factor influencing the sustainable development of mountain areas. Only few countries have adopted coherent policies for the development of mountains. The most evident places of failed or non-existent policies are those where there are conflicts over resources or territory, such as water, mining and forests. In other cases such as soils and cultural, bio and genetic diversity there are wide spread, but less politically visible crises. Often these problems are related to centralized, sectorial, rather than decentralized territorial resource allocations and lack of opportunity for rural populations and a lack of policies that provide incentives for stewardship of resources. The GMP has been collecting and analyzing mountain policies for mountains in the east African Highlands with AHI and has begun to collect and analyze existing policies in Peru and Colombia in the Andes with CONDESAN. The project is part of a global analysis of mountain policies of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Mountains supported by the Adelboden Group through the FAO. The opportunity translates to output 3 and contributes to SPs 1A, 3D, 4A, 4C.
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Objectives The objectives of the GMP in the next three years are to improve the contribution of the CGIAR to the Millennium Development Goals through: a) analysis of the CGIAR ‘offer’ in mountains and development better mechanisms to harness the CGIAR research strengths to support sustainable mountain development; b) better understanding and connection of processes that affect sustainable mountain development, especially the role urban-rural linkages through collection and analysis of baseline information on peoples livelihood issues and options; c) and to collect and analyze mountain policies on key issues and participate in developing policies that enable sustainable development in mountains.
Alignment with CGIAR System priorities The objectives are cradled in the new priorities of the CGIAR. The GMP will concentrate in creating linkages and promoting research on key issues that integrate research of the CGIAR with development activities working together also with non-CGIAR partners so as to enhance the overall impact of the CGIAR in mountains. The principal SPs supported are 1A, 3C, 4A,D and 5A,B, C, D.
Changes from the last MTP Changes in the MTP 2006 and 2007 were made to better define outputs as the new activities of the GMP became clearer, to realign the outputs to the SPs and to adjust them to funding and logistical constrains.
In Output 1 CGIAR platform building activities had been mixed with activities to add value to the CGIAR “offer” for mountains by collecting, analyzing and packaging the available products. Since platform- building activities are not regarded as research by the SC the activity as been removed. The Output 1 target is now collecting, analyzing and packaging the CGIAR system products for mountains. Adjustments were also made due to unexpected funding constraints.
In Output 2, only the output targets have been adjusted due to operational delays that were out of the programs control. In addition, specific output targets have been more clearly defined.
Output 3 remains essentially the same. No output target has been defined as yet for 2009, since an analysis of the present studies and results from the workshops will determine if the activities should continue and if so how.
Impact pathways
Output 1. Collecting, analyzing and using the CGIAR products for mountains Collection and packaging of material through development of a marketplace of supermarket system will make CGIAR products for mountains (and later also products from other sources) directly available to mountain people and groups working on mountain issues. Development of tools and mechanisms such as marketplace systems enable them to better accessible. Better access to the resources will enable rural people to empower themselves to improve their livelihoods and to better manage the natural resource base. In addition, Output 1 contributes to the tools for Output 2.
Output 2. Strengthening RULs and livelihood options in mountains Research linked with use of benchmark sites and a stakeholder platform to strengthen RULs and livelihood options, enables the CGIAR to work as a system and with partners more effectively understand the how RULs work, collect and analyze baseline information on livelihood options, land use, product flows and policies to develop user friendly decision support tools that provide options to planners and more targeted livelihood options within new planning and policy scenarios. Baseline studies provide data for future evaluation on changes on livelihoods and MDGs. The methodology developed for Addis Ababa will be adapted and used in other benchmark sites. Decision making support tools are used by planners and national institutions to more effectively link urban and rural development, through enabling policies, better institutional coordination and targeted technological options for people with and without market access. Better inter-sectorial coordination and information for planning that incorporates understanding of RULs results in positive effects on livelihood options and management in rural and urban areas that in turn
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leads to increased food security, well being and income of mountain people and better stewardship natural resources in mountains. The MDGs, effected especially poverty reduction and environment, are reached in the three benchmark sites in mountains through a combination of coordinated research and development activities.
Output 3. The strengths and weaknesses of mountain policies for sustainable agriculture and rural development in mountains Information on the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the Andes for water, soil and forest management in mountains is collected and analyzed based on the perspective of users. Using the information planners and policy makers design improved policies or implementation strategies that promote sustainable mountain development and resource use that are accepted by mountain people. Through an enabling policy environment mountain resources are more effectively and equitably managed resulting in improved livelihoods and poverty reduction as well as better environmental management, which contribute to the MDGs.
Further value added of the study is expected through the use of a global analysis of this and similar studies in Asia, Europe and Central America by the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development for Mountains (SARD-M) project secretariat of the Adelboden Group based at FAO.
External conditions The assumptions are that sufficient funding available, that partners complete their part of the agreements, that the program has sufficient institutional support to enable it to effectively function as a system wide program and that target regions will be socially and politically stable.
Target eco-regions The GMP works globally. Presently, due to funding limitations, activities are concentrated in Sub Saharan Africa and Latin America. In the future activities in Asia will be included. The program also intends to increase its activities in Africa.
Beneficiaries Rural and urban communities in mountains, local and national planners and policy makers, research scientists and institute directors, NGOs and international development organizations.
Collaborators
Outputs to Major Partner Strategic and complementary advantage which partner contributes The Mountain Forum Global service for communication and Output 1 (2007) information for mountains regions. Its role is firstly as focal point for the innovations and as partner in developing a supermarket or marketplace for innovations and options. The African Highlands Program Principal partner in Africa. Houses the GMP Output 1 (2007) financed mountain forum resource person. Has links to important CGIAR centers in East African highlands and national groups. The International Center for Principal GMP partner in the Hindu Kush Output 1 (2007) Integrated Mountain Development Himalayas. It houses an information and (ICIMOD) Knowledge management program. The program would provide technical expertise on development of an innovation marketplace.
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The System Wide Initiative on Co-supervises the RUL Research Fellow. Output 2 (2007) Urban Agriculture. (Urban Harvest Concentrates on Urban parts of the research. Program). The African Highlands Initiative Co-manages the RUL Research Fellow. Output 2 (2007) (AHI) Support of livelihood survey work. Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Part of the RUL research support group. Output 2 (2007) Research (EIAR) University of Addis Ababa Support Livelihood survey work Output 2 (2007) Addis Municipal Planning offices Help test the models. Output 2 (2007) IFPRI, CIFOR, CIAT, CIP, IWMI, Members of the RUL-M research working Output 2 (2007) ICRAF, ILRI, group. IFPRI supports work on migration and product flow. CIP’s NRM Division supports development of decision support models for planners. CIFOR supports research on policies, deforestation and urban demand for wood-products, IWMI supports activities in upstream and downstream water management. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Coordinator of the global collection and Output 3 (2007) Livelihoods in Mountains (SARD- analysis of Mountain Policies for SARD-M. M) Project of the Adelboden Group at FAO. CONDESAN Co-manager of the Mountain Policy analysis Output 3 (2007) project. CUENCAS ANDINAS Coordinator of activities in Colombia, Ecuador Output 3 (2007) and Peru. INTERCHAP (Peru) Implementer of case study and policy analysis Output 3 (2007) in Peru. FONDESOT (Colombia) Implementer of case study and policy analysis Output 3 (2007) in Colombia.
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Project 9. Urban Harvest
Problem analysis The developing world is increasingly urban. Forty percent of Africans and Asians now live in cities; in Latin America it is 80%. Some of the fastest rates of urban growth are in Africa, where an estimated 225 million more people will be living in cities by 2020. By that time, eight of the nine largest megacities in the world will be in developing countries. Urbanization in the developing world is also a migration of poverty and child malnutrition to towns and cities. In Latin America about 62% of the poor now live in urban areas. In Asia and Africa, the figure is about 40%. Poor families living in cities find themselves in a specifically urban poverty trap. While work is limited, food is expensive and takes up a major part of earnings. Services like education are more costly than in rural areas and insecurity is endemic. Lacking the support networks common in rural communities, poor urban households are vulnerable to economic and political shocks. With these pressures on household financial resources, the family’s nutritional well-being and health are at risk. Poor urban families in the South suffer a “double health burden”, facing typically rural nutritional, respiratory and contagious diseases as well as the new “lifestyle diseases” such as obesity, heart disease, cancers and diabetes. Urban ecosystems are also at risk from the rapid growth of population and poverty. City services become overstretched, local natural resources deteriorate and it is usually the poorest people whose health and safety is most compromised by these environmental problems.
Increasing numbers of poor urban households are seeking direct ways to alleviate food insecurity and secure other aspects of their livelihood through cultivating areas of land and raising livestock in and around cities. As many as 800 million are estimated to be involved in this strategy world-wide with some cities, such as Dar es Salaam and Kampala having more than a third of their households pursuing urban agriculture. Crop and livestock production thus offer potential solutions to food and income insecurity and can provide productive ways to conserve urban natural resources. At the same time, there is need to ensure that these benefits are not compromised by potential problems created by the agricultural activity itself. This concerns primarily the risk to densely settled urban producers and consumers from exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants that are concentrated in the urban environment. There are multiple, agriculture-related pathways – air, soil, water, plants, animals and their products – through which these contaminants can impact on human health. and through the higher human population densities.
Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research Though urban areas in the developing world face socio-economic and environmental problems, they also present new concentrations of wealth which bring increased demand for livestock products, high-value crops and processed products as well as cut flowers and ornamental plants. Urban producers can increase their own income and food and nutrition security through easy access to diverse markets, the ability to quickly market high quality, perishable products and the advantage of establishing direct producer-consumer relations or short marketing chains. Research is needed into the actual and potential value chains and enterprise clusters linking producers to markets.
These different product markets have the potential to contribute to the economic and social development of households located along the entire urban-rural transect. Despite the stereotype of rural agriculture and urban manufacturing, in practice the agricultural sector cross-cuts rural-urban boundaries and manufacturing and services are commonly found in rural areas. This overlap of sectors is underscored by the agriculture-related two-way flow of people, produce, inputs, financing and knowledge along the rural- urban transect. This suggests their inter-dependence is of greater importance than their separation. Analysis of rural-urban linkages can help us to understand where improvements in rural-to-urban food flows can best contribute to better food security among the urban poor and where opportunities exist for urban food production to make a complementary contribution – either directly or via income opportunities – to household food and nutrition security. Two important aspects of research on the nutritional contribution of urban agriculture will be first to develop strategies for novel ways of delivering planting material of nutritious crops to a wide range of urban producers and second, to find ways to increase the
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consumption of important types of foods, notably animal source foods (ASF) to combat both protein and micro-nutrient deficiencies.
Cities are concentrations of demand for a diversity of agricultural products. They are also nutrient sinks and repositories of other untapped natural resources. Nutrients are found in the vast quantities of wastewater and organic residues generated in urban and peri-urban areas. Cities also contain under- utilized land and water surfaces that can be put to productive use. The use of these urban resources also carries health risks, as do the use of agro-chemicals and animal raising in densely populated areas. Research is needed to identify where human health risks occur, how to mitigate them and how to support local producers to safely benefit form available urban resources.
The dense network of administrative jurisdictions, legal obligations, competing rights and policy prescriptions that reach into the lives of urban households is another key characteristic of cities. Agricultural activities are usually circumscribed and sometimes proscribed by ordinances and other regulations and frequently encounter competing rights for the resources deployed. Research on policies and institutions is needed to understand this situation and to develop strategies for stakeholder dialogue and platform building to better integrate urban agriculture in urban governance.
Objective The goal of Urban Harvest is to stimulate the contribution of agriculture within and around cities to increasing urban food and nutrition security, alleviate poverty whilst contributing to the sustainability of urban livelihoods and the urban environment.
The objectives of Urban Harvest are to: (a) Establish the conditions for the institutional and policy recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture as a productive and essential component of sustainable cities. (b) Reduce poverty and increase food and nutrition security of urban and peri-urban populations through local agricultural production and processing. (c) Reduce the negative environmental and health impacts of urban agriculture whilst enhancing its positive potential for urban ecosystem maintenance.
To address these objectives, a research framework has been developed which draws on earlier insights into sustainable livelihoods and urban ecosystems health and consists of three elements: Stakeholder and policy analysis and dialogue seeks understanding of the actors, policies and institutions concerned in urban agricultural activities and develops methods for communication and consensus among actors and legitimacy for urban agriculture in policy and regulatory schemes. The element of Livelihoods and markets targets production, processing, marketing and consumption systems along the rural-urban transect and identifies technology interventions to enhance incomes and increase food and nutrition security. Urban ecosystem health focuses research attention on the feedback mechanisms between agricultural activities and population, community and environmental health (see Annex 1).
Changes since previous MTP Because Output 2 on increasing productivity and marketing of urban-produced agricultural commodities can have both poverty alleviation and food and nutrition security impacts, it has been merged with Output 3 on child nutritional health. Although in the previous MTP, limitations on resources led to the decision to exclude Output Targets for research in South and West Asia, the inclusion in CIP’s strategic of a new research theme on “sustainable and healthy horticulture in and around cities” with an initial focus on potato- and sweetpotato-based horticultural systems it proposed that the region would likely be reintroduced, because of the importance of potatoes in peri-urban and urban systems.
Alignment with CGIAR System priorities Output 1 documents the importance of agriculture as a livelihood strategy for urban households and as a contribution to a sustainable urban environment. It provides the means to influence science policy and institutions to include urban and peri-urban agriculture within research and development agendas and is thus well aligned with Priority 5a.
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Output 2 consists of innovative technologies and practices that increase productivity and/or marketing of high value urban and peri-urban (UPA) crops and livestock products for the benefit of families directly or indirectly dependent on peri-urban horticulture and livestock-based farming systems and is directly related to Priorities 3A and 3B which target improved livelihoods of poor farmers and laborers through increasing income from fresh marketing of fruits, vegetables and livestock products or through adding value via agro- processing activities. Some of the crops in these systems are also candidates for biofortification (sweetpotatoes, beans, potatoes) and provide opportunities for enhancing the nutritional status of beneficiaries, especially young children.
Output 3, which develops methods to mitigate human health risks from UPA and to enhance the sustainable use of urban natural resources for agriculture, is aligned with 4c, improving water productivity through the safe use of wastewater for agriculture. This Output is also aligned with priority 4d, the sustainable agro-ecological intensification in low and high potential environments, through the pursuit of research opportunities for nutrient recycling in these systems and the need for innovative means of safely managing pests and diseases in areas with high population densities. Because of the health risks and regulatory aspects of this Output, it is also aligned with 5a.
Output 4, policy options and institutional and planning strategies to support safe and sustainable agricultural production in urban areas, is primarily aligned with priorities 5a and 5b, especially enhancing technology strategies and priority setting by local government agriculture departments and adjusting their structure and performance to better integrate agriculture into policies and planning. This Output is also aligned to Priority 4a, integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level. Peri-urban landscapes are mosaics of multiple land uses, often with conflicting demands on resources. Farm level and landscape (or municipal) level planning capacity can contribute to a more rational management of the different uses to maximize poverty alleviation and sustainability of the environment.
Impact pathways Activities of the project are implemented through regional networks of “anchor cities” - urban and peri- urban locations where diagnostic studies, technical interventions and policy analyses and development take place. Other cities in each of the regions are linked to Urban Harvest activities through networks, training and other mechanisms. These are referred to as “contact cities”.
Anchor cities have been identified through the intersecting of a number of targeting indicators: large urban centers with concentrations of poor people (megacity focus); Urban centers with high proportion of food and nutrition insecure; countries with high urbanization rates; mother-child food security systems; small city systems with close links to rural hinterland; urban/peri-urban systems widely distributed; locations with logistical support. Principal operational sites by country and ecology are: Manila capital region, Philippines (humid tropical lowlands); Hanoi, Vietnam (sub-tropical lowlands): Yaounde, Cameroon (humid tropical lowlands); Kampala, Uganda (sub-humid tropics); and Nairobi, Kenya (sub-humid tropics); Lima, Peru (desert).
Although the project is implemented through activities in specific sites, output targets and outputs involve frameworks, models and strategies which are applied locally, through city partner networks and also regionally and globally, via networked cities. Thus impact pathways involve both the linear relationship between activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts and also the dynamic, multidimensional network linkages involving local, regional and global partners and ultimate beneficiaries. This latter meaning of impact pathway can be considered the real “map” of how the Project moves from outputs, through outcomes to impacts. Urban Harvest has developed a number of mechanisms to facilitate this process. The three components of the Project are related through a framework which adapts sustainable livelihoods and eco-system health approaches in order to closely connect the problem identification with areas of intervention and kinds of partners. The Project also has built into its operations the establishment of dialogue platforms within cities to facilitate collaboration among partners and to provide a mechanism to deal with special policy or institutional conditions which can constrain the uptake of outputs.
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Beneficiaries and end-users Urban producers’, processors’ and consumer associations and groups; municipal authorities; national agricultural research and development systems; national planning and environmental authorities; international multilateral agencies.
Research approach to develop IPGs Urban Harvest has two major approaches to developing IPGs. The first is to emphasize the testing and validation of strategies, frameworks and methods, which are the major types of outputs, in multiple sites, after they have been developed initially in a single or sometimes in two sites. This allows for adjustment and leads to greater robustness. The second is to carry out comparative, “meta” evaluations of similar output targets from sites in different regions.
Collaborators Networking knowledge exchange at the national and regional level occurs through networks centered on the anchor cities and contact cities described above and also through linking to existing regional networks of national organizations concerned with urban agriculture, management and development, such as Red Aguilar in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Municipal Development Program in Eastern and Southern Africa and the Urban Agriculture National Research, Development and Extension Network in the Philippines. This type of networking brings together researchers, city officials and decision-makers and CSOs. Globally, Urban Harvest is a member of the Steering Committee of the Support Group on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (SGUA), a global coalition of donor and development organizations established in 1996. Under the coordination of the International Development Research Centre, SGUA promotes networking and co-operation in urban agriculture in developing countries, fosters North-South learning and helps link agriculture with other urban development challenges.
Output to which Partner Strategic role/complementary advantage partner contributes AVRDC Urban horticultural systems, indigenous African 2 vegetables CIAT Agro-enterprise innovation 1, 2 CIP Sweetpotato varieties, seed technology. Farmer field 2, 3, 4 school skills, GIS and modeling ICRAF Use of tree legumes for fodder, tree nurseries, 2, 3 urban/peri-urban agro-forestry systems ILRI Diagnostic and action livestock research, utilization of 1, 2, 3, 4 manures, modeling IWMI Wastewater use for vegetables 3, 4 IPGRI Conservation, use of traditional leafy vegetables 2 GMP Rural-urban linkages in mountain environments 2, 3, 4 PRGA Gender mainstreaming 2, 3, 4 UPWARD Rural-urban agro-enterprises, livelihoods and 2, 3 marketing studies University of the Philippines, Horticultural research, urban planning, GIS 2, 4 Los Banos University of the Philippines, GIS, Multi-agent systems (MAS) 4 Diliman Marikina City Council, Metro Land use planning, urban natural resource 4 Manila management Calamba City Council, Land use planning, urban natural resource 4 Philippines management National Institute of Animal Pig nutrition 2, 3 Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Output to which Partner Strategic role/complementary advantage partner contributes Hanoi Agricultural University Animal management and health, agricultural 2, 3 economics Kenya Agricultural Research IPM, policy analysis, technology transfer 2, 3, 4 Institute University of Nariobi Soil studies, health risks 3 Jomo Kenyatta University Waste water studies 3 Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock development, water and irrigation Fisheries, Kenya Family Concern (CSO) Market chain analyses, product development 2 Greentowns, Kenys (CSO) Community mobilization, participatory technology 2, 3, 4 testing, local govt. facilitation Mazengira Building a model for organization of urban farmers 2 Institute/NEFSALF (CSO/CO) Nakuru City Council, Kenya Urban environmental management, regulatory 4 framework for urban agriculture Makerere University, Uganda Urban planning, public health issues, human nutrition 1, 2, 3, 4 Kampala City Council, Land use policies, urban planning, regulatory 3, 4 Uganda frameworks, public consultations, convener role Environmental Alert, Uganda Community organizing, advocacy 2, 3, 4 (CSO) KUFSALCC (CSO) Dialogue platform, facilitation 4 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Agricultural and food policy analysis 4 Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF), Uganda National Agricultural Horticultural crops, livestock research 2 Research Organization (NARO), Uganda Instituto de Investigación Child nutrition research 2 Nutricional (IIN), Perú Pan-American Health Water quality and treatment, solid waste management 3 Organization, Center for Sanitation and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS) Instituto Nacional de Animal production 2 Investigación y Extensión Agropecuaria (INIEA), Perú Promoción de Desarrollo Municipal policy análisis, urban planning 4 Sostenible (IPES) (CSO) Municipalidad Lurigancho- Urban management policies, land use planning, 4 Chosica, Lima, Peru convener role Rímac River Water Users’ Irrigation water management, farmer representative 3, 4 Association (JUR), Peru University of Toronto, Dept. of Health risk assessment in urban agriculture 3 Public Health Ryerson University, Toronto Food and nutrition security analysis in urban context 2 Wageningen University Urban environmental studies 3 CIRAD Urban Horticulture 2, 3 Universidad Politecnica de Territorial planning and policy for urban areas 4 Madrid
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Annex 1. The Urban Harvest research framework
The Urban Harvest research framework draws on earlier insights into sustainable livelihoods and urban eco-system health. In complex city ecosystems, which include informal economies and social networks, poor households depend on multiple income sources and a wide range of non-material assets to ensure their livelihood. Inadequate assets can leave households vulnerable to economic, environmental, health and political stresses and shocks (the vulnerability context).
Five types of capital assets are distinguished. Natural capital involves biodiversity and quantity and quality of accessible land and water. “Resource recognition” is important in this context. “Hidden” natural resources can be accessed, such as vacant lots, unused water surfaces and nutrient-rich solid and liquid wastes. Physical capital includes buildings, equipment, seeds. Human capital takes in labor, knowledge and health status. Available income and savings comprise financial capital. Social capital includes the access to networks, groups, trust and support.
The deployment of assets in household strategies, the influences and impediments experienced through engagement with the institutional and policy fabric of the city (structures and processes), the outcomes achieved, are part of livelihood processes, which in turn exert positive and/or negative ecosystem feedback on the livelihood assets and on the vulnerability context.
Urban Harvest identifies three research themes: Stakeholder and policy analysis and dialogue seeks understanding of the actors, policies and institutions concerned in urban agricultural activities and develops methods for communication and consensus among actors and legitimacy for urban agriculture in policy and regulatory schemes. Livelihoods and markets targets production, processing, marketing and consumption systems along the rural-urban transect and identifies technology interventions to enhance income and food and nutrition security. Urban ecosystem health focuses attention on the feedback mechanisms between people’s actions and population, community and environmental health.
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MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT LOGFRAMES
Project 1: Impact Enhancement
Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Improved data and methods for research CIP Divisions and Partnership Research is carried out for Improved livelihoods for farm targeting and resource allocation developed (3 Programs, CGIAR Centers, ARI, geographical areas and in ways households in target regions years) Partners and clients in NARS and that are more likely to achieve contributing to prioritized MDGs regional networks impacts on the poor Output Targets World Atlas of potato and sweetpotato updated CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users access and utilize Informed policy decisions support 2007 and posted on line researchers, Networks, improved commodity information development of potato and developmental organizations to make decisions about research sweetpotato sectors and development in potatoes and sweetpotato Role of sweetpotato pig-feed utilization on CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS improving livelihoods of small-scale animal raising researchers, extension agencies, households in Vietnam determined (with end-users UPWARD) Role of late blight-resistant potato in improving CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS livelihoods in Kenya and Uganda determined and researchers, extension agencies, recommendations for improving deployment networks, end-users documented Assessment of cost and sustainability of different CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Determination of viability of partial Sustainable systems for distributing approaches to sweetpotato planting material researchers, extension agencies, or complete cost recovery as part new varieties of sweetpotato and multiplication and dissemination in Uganda and networks, end-users of multiplication & dissemination assuring adequate seed supply for Mozambique systems commercially oriented sweetpotato production systems Contribution of three sweetpotato and potato CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS technologies to improving farmers’ livelihoods in researchers, extension agencies, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda assessed (with end-users PRAPACE) Output Targets Global trends in potato and sweetpotato market Government officials, donors, Users access and utilize Informed policy decisions support 2008 demand analyzed and documented CGIAR Centers, improved commodity information development of potato and to make decisions about research sweetpotato sectors and development in potatoes and sweetpotato
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Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Promotion and adoption of social corporate NARS researchers, extension responsibility in potato market chain in the Andes agencies, private market chain documented (with Papa Andina) actors, end-users Output Targets Global trends in potato and sweetpotato market Government officials, donors, Users access and utilize Informed policy decisions support 2009 demand and other factors contributing to CGIAR Centers, improved commodity information development of potato and achieving MDGs analyzed and documented to make decisions about research sweetpotato sectors and development in potatoes and sweetpotato Methodology for assessing livelihood impacts in CIP Divisions and Partnership ex-post studies available (with UPWARD and Programs, CGIAR Centers, ARI, Papa Andina) NARS researchers Methodologies for comparing cost-effectiveness CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Documented lessons learned on Informed decision making of scaling-up different models for promoting pro- researchers, extension agencies, pros and cons of different concerning how best to disseminate vitamin A sweetpotato end-users approaches biofortified crops possessing a visible trait Strategy for strengthening local systems of CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS conservation through use of sweetpotato genetic researchers, extension agencies, resources in the Philippines and Indonesia end-users validated (with UPWARD and CIP GR Division) Output 2 Value added to CIP commodities through linking Government officials, Farm households and other poor farmers with markets and post-harvest development professionals, market chain actors improve their innovations (3 – 5 years) farmers and other market chain incomes through access to new actors and researchers market opportunities and better appreciate the value of organized organized market chains market chains and new market opportunities and make better informed policy and investment decisions Output Targets Three training modules for promoting participatory NARI researchers, private sector, 2007 methodologies on market chain intervention NGOs developed and delivered (with Papa Andina) Comparative analyses of experiences in NARI researchers, private sector, implementation of participatory methodologies on NGOs market chain intervention documented in Andean countries (with Papa Andina)
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Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Potential for small farmers to access national and NARIs, producers and private regional markets for fresh and frozen potato chips sector in Kenya, Uganda, in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia assessed (with Ethiopia and the ASARECA PRAPACE) region Participatory methods to assess knowledge, aptitudes, skills and aspirations and how they frame the adoption of practices (KASAP) tested in the Altiplano Potential for small farmers in Mozambique to Private sector, extension Pilot bakeries established Potential links to new market for establish a viable market chain to provide providers, endusers sweetpotato root production consistent supply of orange-fleshed sweetpotato identified to bakers of “golden-bread” determined Output Targets Quality standards for chips developed for NARS and private sector in the 2008 PRAPACE countries and disseminated (with ASARECA region PRAPACE) Strategy for using market chain interventions to NARS researchers, extension enhance small farmers livelihoods in the Andes agencies, end-users validated (with Papa Andina) Output 3 Pro-poor policies and strategies for institutional Policy makers in government, Users designing policy and Improved decision making leads to learning and change identified and documented donors, CGIAR Centers and institutional arrangements to better return to investment of (3 years) decision makers in NARS support agricultural research for development and research funds by development that improves the public and private sector in reaching effectiveness of rural the poor development and enhances poverty alleviation Output Targets Strategies to embed and maintain needs-based 2007 training as a system in an organizational context to increase trainee motivation and performance (with Papa Andina) Output Targets Strategy for using R&D networks' to improve CIP, CGIAR Centers, NARS and 2008 institutional performance of CIP and partners other network partners, donors (with UPWARD, CONDESAN and Papa Andina) Strategy for South–south collaboration and knowledge sharing experience across the Andes and with Africa analyzed and documented (Papa Andina)
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Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets Methodology for assessing capacity development CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS 2009 and institutional strengthening and their researchers, extension agencies contributions to pro-poor research and development available (with UPWARD) Strategies for increasing diet diversification Extension providers, Health & Best strategies identified and Ability to effectively improve diet of among poor rural households in Uganda and nutrition programs, CGIAR tested rural poor Mozambique analyzed and documented Centers, NARS Strategy for formulating evidence-based technology innovation policy to achieve pro-poor impacts in potato growing areas of the Andes (With Papa Andina) Strategies to increase trainee motivation and performance in an organizational context analyzed and documented (with Papa Andina) Policy recommendations to enhance welfare of farmers and reduce bio0diversity loss in the context of the new agricultural economy in Bolivia and Ecuador (with FAO, American University and Papa Andina)
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Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization
Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output 1 Wild and cultivated genetic resources of Center projects’, NARS’ and NARS, ARIs and genebank Conservation methods and potato, sweetpotato and other root and ARIs researchers and researchers use information and information promote the sustainable tuber species and associated information farmers’ organizations knowledge for improving root and use of biodiversity and improve collected, securely conserved through tuber crop conservation; farmers adopt farmers livelihoods through securing integrated ex situ, in situ and on-farm healthy seed for increasing yield / food availability approaches and disseminated to users stability of local cultivars worldwide (2007-09) Output Targets Ten wild potato species populations Center Projects 2 and 3, 2007 collected in Central Peru NARS, ARIs researchers
Four hundred wild potato, 500 cultivated Center Project 2 researchers potato and 100 cultivated sweetpotato accessions from CIP genebank regenerated (Collaboration: GPG-phase 2 / SGRP) Fifty accessions of the potato core Center Project 2, NARS and collection cryopreserved and 30 in total ARIs researchers sweetpotato, oca and ulluco accessions cryotested (Collaboration: Univ. of Leuven – GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP); and one hundred oca (Oxalis) and ulluco (Ullucus) accessions established under low temperature slow growth storage Five hundred potato, 500 sweetpotato Center Projects 2 and 3 and and 500 in total oca (Oxalis), ulluco ARIs researchers (Ullucus) and mashua (Tropaeolum) accessions stored as DNA samples One thousand four hundred sweetpotato Center Project 2 and CIAT accessions exchanged with 3,000 researchers cassava accessions to complete the safety duplicates (black box) in CIAT and CIP genebank, respectively (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP)
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Fifty virus-free sweetpotato landraces NARS (PROINPA) from CIP genebank repatriated to researchers Bolivia’s NARS Barcode-based plant health monitoring Project 2 and 3 researchers established for 700 potato and sweetpotato accessions (GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP) Morphological and molecular diversity NARS (Andes NGO), Potato and plant health of 400 native potato cvs. Park Communities, Center from the Potato Park assessed and Projects 2 and 3 documented Virus free stocks of 300 potato, 200 Center Projects 2 and 3, sweetpotato, 50 other roots and tubers Farmer communities and 200 sweetpotato bacteria-free accessions produced (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2/SGRP) Output Targets Ten wild potato species populations Center Project 2 and 3, 2008 collected in Southern Peru and through NARS’ and ARIs researchers collaboration with national initiatives collect 10 wild and cultivated maca (Lepidium) and 20 in total yacon (Smallanthus), mashua (Tropaeolum) species in Peru Fifty sweetpotato landrace materials Center Projects 2 and 3, collected in Northern Peru for sources of NARS and ARIs researchers virus resistance Duplicate set of 100 sweetpotato NARS (Philippines), Center landraces from the Philippines Projects 2 and 3 researchers transferred to CIP genebank for back up storage (Collaboration: UPWARD) One hundred fifty potato landraces from Altiplano farmer Altiplano communities characterized and communities, NARS (INIEA) maintained on-farm (Altagro Project) One hundred potato and 50 sweetpotato Center Project 2 and NARS accessions cryopreserved in CIP researchers genebank (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP); and one hundred oca (Oxalis), ulluco (Ullucus) and mashua
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact (Tropaeolum) accessions established under low temperature slow growth storage Three hundred wild potato and 500 Center Project 2 researchers sweetpotato accessions from CIP genebank regenerated (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP) Virus free stocks of 300 potato, 200 Center Projects 2, 3 and sweetpotato and 50 other roots and NARS researchers tubers produced (Collaboration: GPG- Phase 2/SGRP) Virus free stocks distributed worldwide, Center Projects 2, 3 and 4; including repatriation for restoration of NARS researchers farmer crops in Peru’s Altiplano, Potato Seed producers and farmers Park and East and SE Asia countries Output Targets Ten wild potato species populations Center Projects 2 and 3, 2009 collected in Southern Peru and Bolivia; NARS and ARIs researchers and through collaboration with national initiatives 20 in total maca (Lepidium), achira (Canna) and mashua (Tropaeolum) species collected in Peru Duplicate set of 100 sweetpotato NARS (Uganda, Tanzania), landraces from Africa (Uganda, Center Projects 2 and 3 Tanzania) transferred to CIP genebank researchers for back up storage Two hundred specimens of inter-and Center Project 2, NARS and intra-specific wild potato hybrids and 300 ARIs (Univ. of Wisconsin) additional specimens generated through researchers research, documented in the genebank herbarium collection Five hundred wild potato, 500 cultivated Center Project 2 researchers potato and 100 sweetpotato accessions from CIP genebank regenerated (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP) One hundred potato and 50 sweetpotato Center Projects 2 and 3, accessions cryopreserved in CIP ARIs researchers genebank (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP); and one hundred oca (Oxalis)
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact and mashua (Tropaeolum) accessions established at low temperature slow growth storage Two hundred wild potato and 300 Center Projects 2 and 3, sweetpotato accessions from CIP NARS and ARIs researchers genebank stored on DNA samples Virus free stocks as of 300 potato, 200 Center Projects 2 and 3, sweetpotato and 50 other roots and NARS and ARIs researchers tubers produced (GPG-Phase 2/SGRP) Output 2 The diversity of wild and cultivated Center Projects’, NARS’ and CIP, NARS and ARIs researchers use Genetic resources knowledge and genetic resources of potato, sweetpotato ARIs researchers information and selected germplasm material indirectly contribute to and other root and tuber species is for genetic enhancement and alleviate poverty, reduce temporal assessed and useful biotic and abiotic improvement of root and tuber crops and chronic hunger and improve characters and nutritional and health- access to nutritious food by promoting attributes are characterized, supporting CIP’s and CIP partners’ documented and made available to users research on root and tuber crop worldwide (2007-09) improvement Output Targets Six wild potato species, 200 sweetpotato Center Projects 2 and 3 2007 accessions and 600 oca (Oxalis) and researchers, NARS mashua (Tropaeolum) accessions from researchers CIP genebank characterized using
morphological and molecular markers The identity of 1,000 cultivated potato Center Projects 2 and 3 accessions verified using morphological researchers descriptors; and one set of 50 accessions analyzed using molecular markers Comparative assessment of 100 farmer- NARS (Indonesia) and managed sweetpotato landraces from Center Projects 2 and 3 Indonesia and the collection held in CIP researchers genebank carried out using morphological and molecular markers Molecular fingerprints with microsatellite Center Projects 2, 3, 4; markers of 500 potato landraces from NARS, ARIs researchers CIP genebank and DNA ladder and Users Manual for a 24 microsatellite (SSR) genetic identification kit available The genetic diversity of wild potatoes S. Center Projects 2, 3, NARS irosinum and S. cajamarquense is and ARIs researchers
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact assessed using SSR markers for 25 accessions in total maintained in CIP genebank Genetic diversity and relatedness of 8 S. Center Projects 2 and 3, bukasovii populations and 18 primitive NARS (Philippines) potato cultivars assessed using SSR researchers markers Genetic identity of 30 potato landraces Center Project 2 researchers accessions verified using SSR markers of herbarium and in vitro samples Introgression of S. demissum R genes Center Projects 2 and 3, into 200 potato landraces from CIP NARS (Univ. Nac. Agraria genebank and 10 cultivated and 50 wild and INIEA) and ARIs potato accessions from 3 growing areas researchers in Peru assessed using DNA markers The floral biology and diversity of 100 Center Projects, NARS cultivated and wild maca (Lepidium) (Univ. Cerro de Pasco, Peru) accessions characterized using morphological and molecular markers Comparative analysis of 300 oca (Oxalis) Center Project 2, NARS morphotypes using molecular markers (INIEA), ARIs (Chicago, Field Museum) researchers One set of clones and seed and related Center Projects 2 and 3, information produced on the reaction of NARS and ARIs researchers 10 wild genotypes and 30 potato landraces to water stress (Collaboration: GCP) One set of clones and information Center Project 2, ARI (ETH), produced on protein, carbohydrate, fat NARS (Univ. Cerro de and glucosynolate content of 25 maca Pasco) researchers (Lepidium) accessions from farmers fields (Collaboration: ETH) Twenty virus-free native potatoes Center Project 2, NARS distributed to farmer communities in researchers and farmer Bolivia and Ecuador and 20 cvs. to organizations Peru’s Altiplano communities (Altagro Project)
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output Targets Genetic material and information Center Projects 2 and 3 2008 produced on the characterization of 200 researchers potato, 200 sweetpotato and 200 in total yacon, mashua, ahipa and achira accessions using morphological and molecular markers (Collaboration: GPG- Phase 2 / SGRP) Two sweetpotato collections from the Center Projects 2 and 3, Philippines characterized using NARS (Philippines) morphological and molecular markers researchers (Collaboration: UPWARD) One set of clones and seed produced of Center Projects 2 and 3 20 wild potato species evaluated for PVY researchers and PLRV resistance and 200 sweetpotato accessions for root knot nematode and virus complex resistances; Thirty potato landraces characterized for Center Projects 2 and 3, water stress (Collaboration: GCP) NARS and ARIs researchers Molecular fingerprints with microsatellite Center Project 2 and 3, markers of 500 potato landraces from NARS, ARIs researchers CIP genebank available The identity of 1000 cultivated potato Center Projects 2 and 3 accessions verified using morphological researchers descriptors; and one set of 50 accessions analyzed using molecular markers Inheritance of anthocyanine content and Center Projects 2 and 3, antioxidant capacity of purple fleshed NARS and ARIs researchers sweetpotato accessions determined Genetic inheritance of mashua Center Project 2, NARS (Tropaeolum) glucosynolates determined (UNALM) researchers (Collaboration: UNALM, Peru) Genetic diversity and relatedness of 10 Center Projects 2 and 3, S. bukasovii populations and 30 primitive NARS and ARIs researchers potato cultivars assessed using SSRs markers
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output Target Genetic material and information Center Projects 2 and 3, 2009 produced on the characterization of 200 NARS (Philippines) potato, 200 sweetpotato and 200 in total researchers yacon (Smallanthus), mashua (Tropaeolum), ahipa (Pachyrhizus) and achira (Canna) accessions using morphological and molecular markers (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2 / SGRP) The identity of 1000 cultivated potato Center Projects 2 and 3 accessions verified using morphological researchers descriptors; and one set of 50 accessions analyzed using molecular markers Genetic identity of 50 potato landraces Center Project 2 researchers verified using SSR markers of herbarium and in vitro cultured samples One set of clones of seed and related Center Projects 2 and 3, information produced on the reaction of NARS and ARIs researchers 10 wild and 10 cultivated potato genotypes to water stress (Collaboration: GCP) One set of clones and seed and related Center Projects 2 and 3, information produced on the Partnership Program Papa glycoalkaloid content of 200 wild potato Andina, NARS and ARIs accessions and the antioxidant researchers compounds and capacity of 100 sweetpotato, 100 potato, 20 mashua (Tropaeolum), 20 maca (Lepidium) and 20 yacon (Smallanthus) accessions Crossability of analysis of 200 wild potato Center Projects 2 and 3 accessions conducted and documented researchers One set of clones and seed produced of Center Projects 2 and 3 20 wild potato species evaluated for PVY researchers and PLRV resistance and 200 sweetpotato accessions for root knot nematode and virus complex resistances; 10 potato species and progenies screened for water stress
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Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact A database on sweetpotato molecular Center Projects 2 and 3 characterization integrated with researchers morphological and trait evaluation and passport / georeferenced data posted in intranet Genotype x environment interaction Center Projects 2, 3 and determined on a total of 8 maca NARS and ARIs researchers (Lepidium), 10 sweetpotato and 8 potato accessions for nutritional and health- related content
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Project 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement
Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Effective strategies for the identification NARS and Center Researchers, extension agents, seed Farmers access and adopt diverse new and dissemination of high-yielding, researchers, extension and growers and the private sector use varieties in shorter timeframes; resistant and nutritious potato and development agents, new schemes and strategies to Livelihoods of poor potato farmers, sweetpotato varieties available for each Private sector, Seed evaluate elite clones with variety seed growers and rural and urban CIP region (3-5 years) producers potential consumers are enhanced due to increased potato productivity and market value with less use of external inputs Output Targets Innovative participatory variety NARS researchers; farmers; Multiple stakeholders use efficient Farmers and consumers access and 2007 evaluation schemes established in 2 seed growers; industrial methods to test and promote new adopt diverse resistant and nutritious LAC and SSA countries processors; consumers varieties varieties in shorter timeframes Participatory promotion strategies NARS researchers, farmers, Farmers/seed growers and policy- More farmers plant improved varieties involving 10 clones with local consumers and policy makers are more aware of the and market demand increases acceptance conducted in target makers advantages of new varieties and how countries of ESEAP designed to obtain them End-user acceptability criteria for potato CIP and NARS scientists Breeders incorporate locally-important Breeders update selection criteria to varieties in 2 countries in LAC criteria into selection programs accommodate end-user needs documented Farmer and consumer appreciation of CIP and NARS researchers Researchers incorporate local Future varieties meet local adaptation new resistant sweetpotato varieties and selection criteria into breeding and and acceptance criteria acceptance criteria documented in 5 evaluation schemes SSA and 2 ESEAP countries (PRAPACE, VITAA, UPWARD Strategy for the promotion and diffusion CIP and NARS researchers Researchers & policy makers use Farmers adopt new varieties and enjoy of new resistant potato varieties and policy makers efficient methods to test and promote increased productivity with reduced available in 3 countries in SSA and new varieties inputs ESEAP Variety development models and uptake CIP and NARS researchers Researchers & policy makers 20% more farmers adopt varieties with pathways documented in 3 SSA and policy makers innovate to improve variety CIP parentage by 2010 countries development procedures New late blight resistant varieties NARS researchers; farmers; Farmers grow better high yielding Farmers increase their productivity, released in 2 countries in SSA seed growers; industrial varieties with resistance to late blight production and revenue processors; consumers and good cooking and processing qualities Promising CIP advanced clones late CIP and NARS researchers CIP advanced clones multiplied and Research selected best clones for blight and virus resistant evaluated and tested at one location with potential multilocation testing to release as identified in SWCA released varieties potential variety/varieties
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Communication campaigns are CIP, NARS researchers and Researchers identify effective Farmers and consumers adopt new designed and evaluated for ability to NGOs mechanisms to communicate OFSP varieties and nutritional benefits enhance awareness of the benefits of advantages of new OFSP varieties are realized OFSP Participatory trials for sweetpotato NARS and variety release NARS consider participatory and Timeframes for variety release are variety release designed and agents multi-stakeholder evaluations in reduced; adoption rates of released implemented in SSA variety release schemes varieties enhanced Participatory multi-location trials NARS researchers, farmers, National potato breeding and testing Timeframes for variety release are established to test CIP-derived potato seed growers, industrial programs developed in connection reduced; adoption rates of released clones designed and implemented in processors, consumers with multi-stakeholder participation varieties enhanced two CAC countries A strategy for sharing promising clones NARS researchers, farmers, Researchers incorporate local Countries have access to adapted among CAC countries designed seed growers, Phytosanitary selection criteria into breeding and potato varieties thus reducing Inspection Services evaluation schemes dependence on foreign and less stress- tolerant varieties Better tools for targeting varieties based CIP and NARS researchers Breeders use new tools to better Research leads to improved varieties on statistical, GIS and modeling direct breeding goals that reduce risk and improve techniques are tested with breeders sustainable production by farmers Database of DNA fingerprints of elite CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use fingerprint data to Information on identity of germplasm clones institutionalized and available to identify and track elite potato improves communication among collaborators germplasm evaluators Database of standard evaluation trials CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use standard trial data Information on characteristics of institutionalized and available to to select potato germplasm for local germplasm improves communication collaborators evaluation among evaluators Output Targets New clonal testing and variety CIP and NARS researchers Researchers implement systematic, Researchers identified potential clones 2008 development schemes designed in evaluation for on-farm multilocation testing SWCA 5-10 elite late blight resistant clones are NARS researchers and Researchers and farmers identify and Farmers reduce risk of losses to LB, established in validation trials for variety NGO, CBO validate high yielding, well adapted improve productivity and have better release in ESEAP and more countries of resistant varieties with improved market options SSA qualities for table and industry Models for potato variety development NARS scientists, NGO, Researchers compile profiles of Farmers’ access to improved integrating international, national, farmer private sector variety needs and local capacities and productive, resistant varieties is and commercial interests documented in public and private sector partners enhanced all CIP regions (UPWARD, PRAPACE, pursue efficient regionalized variety GMP and PAPA ANDINA) development programs Network of potato breeders in LAC CIP and NARS researchers Researchers exchange and evaluate Farmers adopt productive varieties with strengthened for exchange, selection & diverse productive potato germplasm improved adaptation, resistance and promotion of new potato varieties with and varieties in LAC and dispatch nutritional traits market and sustainability traits material to CAC and ESEAP
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Participatory trials for sweetpotato NARS and variety release NARS consider participatory and Timeframes for variety release are variety release designed in SWCA agents multi-stakeholder evaluations in reduced; adoption rates of released variety release schemes varieties enhanced Farmer-participatory evaluation trials NARS and variety release NARS consider participatory/ multi- Timeframes for variety release are proposed for recognition by variety agents stakeholder evaluations in variety reduced; Adoption rates of released release agencies in Peru release schemes varieties enhanced A strategy for promotion and diffusion of NARS, NGO, extension Demand for seed and table potatoes Adoption, marketing and utilization of varieties designed in two additional services, potato growers by farmers and consumers is new resistant and productive potato countries in SSA and consumers increased; NGOs implement varieties are increased strategies Promising elite potato clones identified NARS; State Committees NARS researchers in CAC exchange Farmers adopt improved varieties, in CAC region for Variety Testing; National germplasm materials of most adapted to local conditions with better seed production agencies; promising clones; State committees nutritional traits Seed Growers’ Associations submit varieties for release or Cooperatives; farmers DNA fingerprint datasets available with CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use DNA information to Information on identity of germplasm elite clones distributed from CIP track and monitor germplasm improves communication among exchange and conservation evaluators processes Standard evaluation trial data available CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use standard trail data Information on past performance and with elite clones distributed from CIP to select and evaluate potato characteristics of germplasm improves germplasm communication among evaluators Output Targets Successful and replicable potato variety CIP, NARS, NGO’s, potato Key actors from the supply chain with Increased adoption of new diverse 2009 promotion schemes, links with informal growers updated innovative knowledge about potato varieties by end users seed systems and private sector in LAC promotion strategies, links with seed systematized and key lessons made informal systems and private sector available A strategy for promotion and diffusion of NARS, NGO, extension Demand for seed and table potatoes Adoption, marketing and utilization of varieties implemented in two additional services, potato growers by farmers and consumers is new resistant and productive potato countries in SSA and consumers increased varieties are increased Potential new potato varieties are NARI State farms involved in rapid Increase food security of highland identified from introduced Late Blight multiplication of elite clones population and rehabilitate cash crop resistant clones to Papua New Guinea New early potato varieties identified in NARS researchers Centrally planned distribution of seed Improve food security China introduced and tested for release to farm communities DPRK Elite sweetpotato clones with high NARS and NGO NGO and government ready to Increase food security of very yields, improved nutritional quality and disseminate promising material to vulnerable food supply systems high dry matter are identified in Timor local networks Leste, Solomon Islands, PNG and International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 95
Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Papua-Indonesia
Results from participatory trials, potato CIP and NARS researchers NARS researchers and NGO use Farmers adopt varieties with optimal networks integrated with environmental more efficiently available germplasm site-performance data (via GIS databases and methods) for routine analysis of trends and recommendations for variety deployment DNA fingerprints of elite potato clones CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use DNA information to Information on identity of germplasm dispatched by CIP validated by one track and monitor germplasm improves communication among receiving institution in SSA exchange and conservation evaluators processes Minimum set of trial data contributed by CIP then NARS researchers Researchers use standard trail data Information on past performance and one collaborating institution in ESEAP to select and evaluate potato characteristics of germplasm improves and one of CAC germplasm communication among evaluators Output 2 Potato populations, clones and true Resource poor farmers CIP, ARI and NARS researchers use Farmers harvest reliable yields with seed varieties with resistance, nutritional NARS, ARI and CIP superior sources of resistance and their own or purchased seed and and market traits are developed for Researchers nutrition traits and supporting reduced pesticide use; potato varieties SSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCA and information/ tools in classical and new increased market value; Rural and breeding methods are enhanced via strategies to develop improved urban families consume more nutritious new tools, information and capacities varieties potatoes (3 – 5 years) Researchers use more efficient methods for the enhancement of potato diversity Output Targets 20 promising clones with combined CIP and NARS breeders Researchers access new resistant Farmers adopt resistant potato varieties 2007 resistance to LB and viruses identified germplasm for testing and use in IPM and increase productivity, income, and documented in Peru schemes reduce pesticide use and associated health risks 20 superior progenitors of resistance NARS breeders NARS breeders introduce advanced Susceptible varieties are replaced with traits and high tuber yields are sources of LB and virus resistance resistant ones, losses due to LB and documented and made available for into stocks for variety development viruses are reduced, productivity is distribution increased with lower inputs and market options are improved Stability of resistance and yield of 30 CIP researchers Researchers identify use information Clones with stable resistance to LB and advanced LB resistant clones across on stability to target elite clones to a yielding capacity ensure variety contrasting environments in Peru is variety of environments selection for sustainable production, in documented targeted environments and agro ecologies
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact New high yielding LB resistant varieties NARS researchers, NGO Evaluators identify and recommend Resistant varieties are released and with good cooking and processing and CBOs locally adapted varieties that meet adopted by farmers; productivity and qualities are identified and selected in requirements to variety release incomes are enhanced SSA agencies Heritability of Fn and Zn content in CIP and NARS researchers Best parents are used in breeding Farmers adopt resistant varieties with potato is determined and superior programs improved micronutrient content progenitors of Fe content are identified (HP) Database of micronutrient content in CIP and ARI researchers Diverse sources of high mineral Genetic base of breeding populations is potato germplasm is available with content are identified and variability is broadened and new quality and documented protocols (HP) described nutrition factors are incorporated and available to farmers in new varieties Genetic correlations among resistance CIP and ARI researchers Breeders adjust expectations for Varieties with increased nutritional and nutritional traits are described for progress in improving multiple traits value and resistant to diseases/pests selected potato populations (HP) are made available for farmers Heterosis for inter-population CIP researchers Breeders use information to adjust Hybrids with superior agronomic traits combinations of advanced potato breeding strategies in population are identified and available for variety germplasm estimated improvement and variety testing development programs New, early generation selection method CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use new methods improve Adaptive range of resistant varieties is for adaptation to long day and warm selection efficiencies and enlarged to help improve sustainable temperature conditions is validated effectiveness of improvement production by farmers under field conditions programs Quantitative resistance to LB in CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use new tools to track New knowledge of genetic basis of advanced tetraploid breeding material is resistance sources in breeding resistance improves breeding and assessed and described by association programs deployment strategies with mapped molecular markers DNA sequences and markers are CIP researchers Breeders use new tools to understand Nutrition is enhanced assembled for characterization and and describe trait variability in improvement of nutritional traits in germplasm potato germplasm (HP) Mutant genetic stocks of potato are CIP and ARI researchers Researchers identify novel genetic New diversity and information fosters available and characterized variation in potato unprecedented gains in breeding morphologically (GCP) programs Water stress responses of potato clones Researchers in NARS and Researchers use information to Research leads to improved varieties differing in drought tolerance are CIP screen germplasm and develop with drought tolerance that reduce risk described management practices and improve sustainable production by farmers
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Hybrid genetic stocks carrying drought CIP researchers Researchers use new stocks in Better parental material available for tolerance traits are available (GCP) genetic studies drought-prone regions
DNA sequences and markers are CIP researchers Breeders use new tools to understand Research leads to improved varieties assembled for selected drought and describe trait variability in with drought tolerance that reduce risk tolerance genes in potato (GCP) germplasm and improve sustainable production by farmers Invasiveness and histology of Ralstonia CIP and NARS or ARI Researchers microbiological, used solanacearum in bacterial wilt-resistant researchers serological and reporter gene wild genotypes is characterized using technologies for genetic studies in microbiological, serological and reporter hybrid genetic stocks gene technologies
Wild species hybrids with new sources CIP and NARS or ARI Researchers characterize genetic of resistance to bacterial wilt available researchers resistance to bacterial wilt
A gene expression database is CIP researchers Breeders use new tools to understand Research leads to improved varieties established for characterization and and describe trait variability in that reduce risk and improve improvement of priority traits in potato germplasm sustainable production by farmers germplasm A new corporate database (CIPPEX) CIP researchers Breeders use database for more Breeding strategies are enhanced by linking breeding data with routine efficient data management and the incorporation of new knowledge and analysis CIPSTAT is tested analysis tools; New TPS families with potential for CIP, NARS researchers High marketable yielding, late blight The seeds of selected potential families variety releases identified in SWCA resistant and early to medium bulking produced and supplied to farmers for TPS families identified on-farm testing Seedling tubers from TPS families NARS researchers; National NARS and farmers are more aware of Livelihood of poor-resource farmers in tested in the highlands of two CAC seed production agencies; TPS potential in marginal areas of the highlands of CAC region enhanced countries Seed Growers’ Associations CAC region due to improved availability of seed or Cooperatives; farmers; tubers at affordable price Certification Agencies Output Targets New modeling tools for breeding based CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new tools in Efficient analytical procedures are 2008 on integrating metabolic pathways, breeding and genetic studies devised to guide the use of germplasm expression data, genetic and diversity environmental information are available LB resistant clones with high yield NARS researchers Predictability of varietal performance Clones with stable resistance to LB and stability are documented and available across diverse environments and yielding capacity ensure variety agro ecologies is enhanced selection for sustainable production Genetic loci and alleles conferring LB CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use new tools to track Improved precision of resistance resistance are identified and molecular resistance sources in breeding breeding leads to varieties with durable markers are available to monitor them in programs resistance
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact breeding
20 promising clones combining NARS researchers Researchers evaluate and select New varieties are adopted by growers resistance and high micronutrient (breeders and nutritionists) resistant varieties for agro ecologies and consumers content are identified, one in the CAC where important micronutrient region deficiencies are present Early generation screening method is CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new methods in Potoat production seasons and available for identifying families and breeding and genetic studies environments are explanded to meet clones that tuberize well under warmer market opportunities and climate conditions change 20 promising clones combining disease NARS researchers Researchers evaluate and select Growers’ dependence on imported resistance and heat tolerance are made resistant varieties for agro ecologies seed is reduced and new varieties meet available to SSA, SWCA and ESEAP where stressful temperatures occur increasing demand for market potatoes countries during production 60 elite clones combining resistance to CIP, NARS researchers an NARS researchers evaluate select Farmers produce and exchange or sell LB and viruses are identified and partners varieties and breeders incorporate seed of new varieties, losses to disease available for distribution multiple resistances into breeding are reduced and incomes are stocks increased; breeders’ gene pools are enhanced with resistance sources 12 new hybrid progenies with LB NARS breeders NARS researchers use improved Farmers increase use of healthy seed resistance, earliness and wide hybrids from CIP to improve genetic and increases productivity and income adaptation identified for production from gains in breeding programs TPS 10 TPS families with high dry matter for NARS breeders NARS researchers and NGO use Farmers increase use of healthy seed the subtropical highlands are identified improved hybrids from CIP to improve and increase productivity and income genetic gains in breeding programs 3 elite potato selections are identified for NARS, NGO Researchers recommend one disease Farmers adopt improved potato release in partnership with NARS and resistant potato clone for variety varieties and increase productivity and networks in 3 locations in SSA and development and release income ESEAP regions Performance and acceptance of 20 NARS, NGO Researchers recommend one disease Farmers adopt resistant varieties and promising disease resistant potato resistant potato clone for variety increase productivity and income clones in 4 Asian countries is development and release documented Resistant clones are selected for local NARS breeders Researchers recommend one disease Resistant clones incorporated in local adaptation and market potential in one resistant potato clone for variety testing programs for variety release SWCA country development and release
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Potato populations segregating for CIP researchers Researchers use segregating nutritive quality and drought response populations to investigate interactions available between nutritive quality and drought response Progenitors of new sources disease CIP researchers Scientists use new progenitors to Efficiency of breeding programs will resistance are available for broadening introduce genes and traits into increase and losses due to disease are the genetic base of resistance in improved populations reduced breeding programs Mutant genetic stocks of potato are CIP and ARI researchers Researchers develop new strategies A potato mutant genetic stock is characterized using molecular methods for understanding gene networks and available to the entire potato genetic isolation of genes of interest community CIPPEX extended to include publishing CIP researchers Breeders use database for more Earlier adoption of CIP materials pipeline for online catalogs of clones efficient presentation of bred clones Improved corporate image and varieties and varieties New tools for targeting varieties based CIP and NARS researchers Breeders use new tools to better Research leads to improved varieties on statistical, GIS and modeling direct breeding goals that reduce risk and improve techniques are tested with breeders sustainable production by farmers Output Targets 10-20 elite clones with combined CIP researchers Progenies from LB breeding Increasing low land areas for potato 2009 resistance to LB and heat tolerance are populations are screened for heat production under high temperature identified at CIP headquarters for clean tolerance and LB resistance to select profiles with seed coming from cool and up and distribution to NARS clones with combined traits wet environments will be benefited 25 new elite clones combining LB and CIP and ARI researchers NARS researchers evaluate select Farmers produce and exchange or sell virus resistances are in multilocation varieties and breeders incorporate seed of new varieties, losses to disease trials for variety selection in 3 countries multiple resistances into breeding are reduced and incomes are in SSA stocks increased; breeders’ gene pools are enhanced with resistance sources Potato mutants with modified morphological traits are identified
Genetic loci and markers associated CIP researchers and NARS Scientists use these tools to facilitate An important yield reducing disease will with high levels of resistance to bacterial the introgression of resistance to be minimized by the availability of wilt are identified in hybrid stocks bacterial wilt into cultivated varieties resistant varieties Genetic loci and alleles conferring CIP and ARI researchers Breeders use markers to help the Crop improvement will be facilitated by drought tolerance are identified selection of drought tolerant materials the use of genetic tools
Molecular markers are applied to CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use linked molecular Past breeding achievements are monitoring CIP’s best advanced sources markers to monitor quantitative sustained and base-broadening of LB resistance in breeding programs resistance to LB from CIP’s advanced breeding is more precise sources
100 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Adaptability of selected TPS families NARS, NGOs, extension NARS, CIP and farmers identified Potato productivity at farm-level evaluated in different environments workers and farmers improved TPS hybrids enhanced by use of healthy seed Advanced Late Blight and early maturity NARS researchers Evaluation conducted with farmers. Adoption will increase yields and potato clones are evaluated in Vietnam, Seed production by private seed farmer’s income and reduce pesticide Myanmar and Indonesia growers applications Advanced Virus resistant potato clones NARS researchers Evaluation conducted with farmers. Contribute to conservation of hillsides are evaluated for adaptation to low Seed production by private seed altitude hillsides in Indonesia growers
Late Blight resistant clones are NARS researchers Government and private enterprise Reduce poverty in poverty stricken evaluated in the south west and north involved in seed dissemination farming sector east of China 10 TPS families with adaptation to long NARS researchers NARS researchers and NGO use Farmers increase use of healthy seed days are identified improved hybrids from CIP to improve and increase productivity and income genetic gains in breeding programs Output 3 Sweetpotato populations and clones Resource poor farmers NARS and farmers use selected Farmers adopt varieties with agronomic with superior agronomic, nutritional and NARS, ARI and CIP sweetpotato clones to release and clearly improved nutritional value end-use quality characteristics are Researchers varieties; Researchers use more Increased rates of breeding progress developed for SSA, LAC, ESEAP and efficient methods for enhancement of for sweetpotato yield & stability and SWCA and breeding methods tools, sweetpotato diversity; National new tools for development of varieties information and capacities are programs enjoy reduced costs and / with improved nutritional value enhanced (3 – 5 years) or increased capacity in sweetpotato breeding Output Targets Elite demonstration & GxE trials Farmers, NARS & CIP NARS and CIP researchers use elite Significant reduction of vitamin A 2007 established to compare new high dry demonstration and GxE trials to deficiency where orange flesh matter, high beta-carotene and medium compare and recommend new clones sweetpotatoes are planted iron & zinc elite “VA-0” clones with elite in target regions clones from different countries in all CIP target regions (HP, VITAA) 25 –35 elite demonstration clones Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS release variety with improved Significant reduction of vitamin A including new OFSP elite “VA-0” and quality deficiency in selected areas where pathogen free S1 and S2 clones “quality” sweetpotato is planted established and under multiplication in 16 countries (HP, VITAA) 60 advanced clones with improved beta- Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS release variety with improved Variety release with improved quality carotene and high dry matter available & quality and increase of OFSP cultivation area tested in SSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCA in target regions (HP, CIDA)
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact “VA-1x” generation comprising 300 seed CIP and selected NARS CIP and NARS researchers identify Selections fulfil prerequisites for families with high beta-carotene, best populations for variety development of the next generation of medium iron, medium zinc and high dry development and best parents for advanced breeding clones combining matter is available for SSA and LAC further seed family development high beta and dry matter (HP, CIDA) 200 promising drought tolerant clones CIP breeders Breeders use selections as base Selections meet requisites to increase with medium to high dry matter, beta material for drought tolerant breeding drought tolerance in breeding carotene, Fe and Zn content identified in populations VA-1 breeding population & genebank germplasm by for LAC & SSA “VA-E1” generation comprising 8 x 1000 CIP and NARS CIP & NARS researchers use Elite Alliance established to fulfil elite seed crossings with high dry, high seed for selection in regional breeding prerequisites to increase output and beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc programs impact by wide & locally adapted high populations - established by controlled dry, high beta-carotene, medium iron insect pollination and available for all and zinc varieties CIP target regions (HP, CIDA) OFSP varieties tested in pig and small NARS Researches use results in Increased information about the animal feed systems in ESEAP recommendations to farmers possibility to use and acceptance of OFSP in pig and small animal production Rapid NIRS screening methods tested CIP, CIAT, CIMMYT & Breeders and Agronomists have Large-scale NIRS screening for for beta-carotene , Fe & Zn in HP and NARS in target regions reduced screening costs in biofortification programs established CIDA high priority crops – sweetpotato, agricultural commodities and potato, maize, beans, cassava and rice increasing test capacity (HP, CIDA) Rapid NIRS screening methods for CIP & NARS in target Breeders reduce screening costs in Large-scale early stage screening for protein, Fe & Zn in freeze dried regions stems and leaves increasing test upper biomass quality established sweetpotato leaf samples established capacity (HP, CIDA) Rapid NIRS screening methods for CIP & NARS in target More NARS researcher have access Increase test capacity for quality of starch, sugars, dietary fiber, in freeze regions and use NIRS screening to determine storage roots in more countries dried sweetpotato storage root samples storage root quality established (HP,CIDA) Output Targets 4-6 new higher beta-carotene, high dry Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS and CIP researchers Vitamin A deficiency reduced in regions 2008 matter, medium iron & zinc elite “VA-1” disseminate new clones via inter- / provinces and significant reduction of clones available and disseminated by regional elite demonstration & GxE iron deficiency where orange flesh inter-regional elite demonstration & GxE trials in target regions sweetpotato is planted trials in all CIP regions (HP, VITAA)
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact 25 –35 elite demonstration clones NARS NARS release variety with improved Significant reduction of vitamin A including new OFSP elite “VA-1” clones quality deficiency in selected areas where and pathogen free S1 and S2 clone “quality” sweetpotato is planted established and under multiplication in 20 countries (HP, VITAA) “VA-2” generation comprising 300 seed CIP and selected NARS NARS release variety with improved Improvement of nutritional deficiencies families with improved high beta- breeders quality in selected areas carotene, medium iron & zinc and high dry matter available and tested for SSA and LAC (HP) 200 promising drought tolerant clones CIP breeders Breeders use selections as base Selections meet requisites to increase with medium to high dry matter, beta material for drought tolerant breeding drought tolerance in breeding carotene, Fe and Zn content identified in populations VA-1x breeding population by CIP-HQ for LAC & SSA “VA-E1x” generation comprising 8 x NARS and CIP breeders CIP and NARS breeders in target Improvement of nutritional deficiencies 1000 elite seed crossings with high dry, regions use elite seed to select for in selected areas high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc locally advanced clones to be tested populations available for all CIP regions and disseminated via elite- (HP) demonstration & GxE trials Number of OFSP adaptable to agro- Farmers Farmers have access to a wide Farm-level yields increase with the ecological conditions increased and diversity of OFSP clones for different production of adaptable and acceptable disseminated to major producing zones end-uses varieties in the collaborating countries OFSP varieties identified for pig and NARS in ESEAP regions Researches use trial results in Increased use of OFSP in pig and small small animal feed systems in ESEAP recommendations to farmers animal production by farmers in rural and peri-urban areas 60 advanced drought tolerant clones CIP and selected NARS Introgression of drought tolerance into Increase of drought tolerance in CIP available with medium to high dry breeder advanced breeding populations by and NARS breeding populations matter, beta carotene, Fe and Zn geneticists and breeders content in LAC Rapid NIRS screening network for CIP & NARS in target More NARS researcher have access Increase test capacity for sweetpotato sweetpotato quality (storage roots & regions and use NIRS screening to determine protein, starch, sugars, dietary fibre, tops) – protein, starch, sugars, dietary sweetpotato quality beta-carotene, Fe & Zn in more fibre, beta-carotene, Fe & Zn countries established in East Africa, Southern Africa, India & Indonesia established (HP)
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Rapid NIRS screening methods for CIP & selected NARS in More NARS researcher have access Increase test capacity for WUE in water use efficiency (WUE) in target regions and use NIRS screening to determine sweetpotato in more countries sweetpotato tested and established WUE (HP, CIDA) Output Targets 4-6 new drought tolerant higher beta- Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS and CIP researchers Vitamin A deficiency reduced in regions 2009 carotene, high dry matter, medium iron disseminate new clones via inter- / provinces and significant reduction of & zinc CIP-HQ elite “VA-1x” clones regional elite demonstration & GxE iron deficiency where orange flesh available and disseminated by inter- trials in target regions sweetpotato is planted regional elite demonstration & GxE trials in all CIP regions (HP, VITAA) 25 –35 elite demonstration clones NARS NARS release variety with improved Significant reduction of vitamin A including new OFSP elite “VA-1x” quality deficiency in selected areas where clones and pathogen free S1 and S2 “quality” sweetpotato is planted clone established and under multiplication in 20 countries (HP, VITAA) (“VA-2x” x “VA-2”) hybrid generation CIP and selected NARS NARS release variety with improved Improvement of nutritional deficiencies comprising 300 seed families with breeders quality in selected areas improved high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc and high dry matter available and tested for SSA and LAC (HP) 200 promising drought tolerant clones CIP breeders Breeders use selections as base Selections meet requisites to increase with medium to high dry matter, beta material for drought tolerant breeding drought tolerance in breeding carotene, Fe and Zn content identified in populations VA-2 breeding population by CIP-HQ for LAC & SSA “VA-E2” generation comprising 8 x 2000 NARS and CIP breeders CIP and NARS breeders in target Improvement of nutritional deficiencies elite seed crossings with drought regions use elite seed to select for in selected areas tolerance and high dry, high beta- locally advanced clones to be tested carotene, medium iron & zinc and disseminated via elite- populations available for all CIP regions demonstration & GxE trials (HP) “VA-2x” generation comprising 80 seed CIP and selected NARS NARS release variety with improved Improvement of yield and nutritional families segregating for resistance to breeders quality and resistance to SPCSV deficiencies in selected areas with high clorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) with virus pressure improved high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc and high dry matter available and tested for SSA and LAC (HP)
104 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Rapid NIRS screening methods for CIP & selected NARS in More NARS researcher have access Increase test capacity for protein quality protein quality (amino acid composition) target regions and use NIRS screening protein in sweetpotato in more countries in sweetpotato tested and established quality (HP, CIDA) Heritability estimates for Iron and Zinc in CIP and selected NARS Capacity building of NARS Increased NARS capacities for East African germplasm is determined breeders collaborators through degree studies heritability stu dies Output 4 Transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes Farmers in Africa and Asia; Farmers in developing countries use Increased food security and new for resource-poor producers and Researchers at CIP and resistant and industrial varieties; income generation by reducing consumers are developed and tested NARS, regulators and Regulatory agencies, policy-makers production costs and offering new using good practices (3-5 years) decision-makers and researchers use available products to the processing industry technologies and more accurate knowledge of environmental impact of transgenic variety deployment Output Targets A native gene construct to eliminate Researchers at CIP and This system will be compared to other Increased confidence in environmental 2007 transgene flow from transgenic crops NARS alternatives impacts of transgenic variety available for potato and sweetpotato Occurrence of exotic potato genes due Researchers at CIP and Researchers and regulators will study The concern on gene flow will to gene flow in the Andean center of NARS, regulators the impact of gene flow which concentrate on the transgene fitness origin and diversity is assessed occurred in the past not on the event anymore Regulatory file of Bt potato is compiled Regulatory agencies examine files in South Africa for commercial release Transgenic variety with the Rblb gene Researchers at CIP and Researchers will be able to use the Several existing or near release potato has durable resistance to LB under NARS resistant gene in other susceptible varieties will be genetically engineered heavy infection in biosafety-greenhouse varieties for durable resistance to LB conditions Evaluation of the glucosinolate content of transgenic potato events is achieved Transgenic events with programmed hypersensitive resistance to LB developed Bt genes coding for toxins active against Researchers at CIP and The genes can be used to engineer Several existing and promising 2 African sweetpotato weevil species NARS resistance to sweetpotato weevils sweetpotato varieties can be are isolated engineered for resistance to weevils Transgenic resistance to SPVD is tested Researchers at CIP and The SPVD resistance can be used to African researchers will be able to in biosafety greenhouse on transgenic NARS engineer other susceptible varieties develop SPVD resistant events locally sweetpotato variety with RNA silencing Transgenic events of one Chinese Researchers at NARS Researchers can test these events for Chinese researchers have access to sweetpotato variety with modified starch new starch uses new technologies are available to Chinese researchers
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Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Transformation protocol optimized for Researchers at CIP and Cultivars can be used for genetic African and Chinese researchers will be African and Chinese sweetpotato NARS engineering able to develop their own transgenic cultivars cultivars Output Targets Proof-of-concept of gene flow Researchers at CIP and Researchers will use the system for Increased confidence in environmental 2008 prevention systems obtained for either NARS potentially problematic transgenes impacts of transgenic variety potato or sweetpotato and varieties Trait fitness of transgenic potato is assessed in the field
Crop management practices for Bt Researchers at CIP and Researchers will re-think transgenic The transgenic crop will be more easily potato are developed in South Africa NARS, regulators crop development accessible to a large array of farmers in developing countries Impacts of past events of gene flow from Researchers at CIP and Researchers will compare transgene The concern on gene flow will exotic varieties in the Andes are NARS and exotic gene flow concentrate on the transgene fitness documented from screening native not on the event anymore varieties and weeds Bt potato varieties submitted for release Farmers, extension services Regulators and farmers will develop The commercialisation will highlight for commercial use in South Africa and regulators workable transgenic crop regulatory new challenges for making available process this technology to resource-poor farmers in developing countries Bt potato varieties are entered into Regulators are familiarized with The regulators will learn from the biosafety regulatory process in transgenic potato variety previous South African experience Indonesia Durability of resistance to LB in selected Farmers, extension services The engineered potato events will The field trials will demonstrate utility of events of transgenic potato with the Rblb and regulators enter into the regulatory pipeline engineered resistance in potato gene is tested in biosafety greenhouse in Peru Addition of PLRV resistance is achieved Farmers, extension services The engineered potato events will The field trials will demonstrate the with breeding materials resistant to LB and regulators enter into the regulatory pipeline utility of combining endogenous and exogenous (transgenic) resistance Impact of glucosinolate content of transgenic potato against pests and diseases is assessed Field resistance of transgenic potato with programmed hypersensitive resistance to LB is assessed in the US
106 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Resistance of one sweetpotato variety Farmers, extension services Researchers and regulators will Research on transgenic sweetpotato transformed by RNA silencing of SPVD and regulators assess performance and regulatory will be facilitated and regulation is assessed under field conditions in needs from field trials improved Peru and is available in SSA for field testing Role of RNA silencing suppressors of Researchers at CIP Researchers understand the New methods to control SPVD can be SPCSV in development of synergistic mechanism of synergism devised viral diseases of sweetpotato determined Transformed events with Bt genes of 3 Researchers at CIP and Transgenic resistance to weevils will African interested parties will assess sweetpotato varieties of interest to SSA NARS, farmers, extension be studied from research to regulation the potential of transgenic crops region are available for testing services and regulators Output Targets Construct combining Bt genes, SPVD Researchers at CIP and 2009 resistance, marker gene excision and NARS gene-flow prevention available Trait fitness of transgenic potato is documented and publicized First year experience of commercialization of Bt potato in South Africa is documented Regulatory file of Bt potato is developed in Indonesia Combination of potato virus and LB resistance is achieved using adapted clones and accepted varieties Field testing of Bt sweetpotato events are developed in one SSA country
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Project 4. Integrated Crop Management
Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output 1 Strategies for improving formal and NARS, NGOs, potato and Quality seed available for farmers, Enhanced livelihoods of poor potato and farmer-based seed systems towards sweetpotato growers, contributing to improving productivity sweetpotato farmers due to increased enhancing potato and sweetpotato certification agencies, seed and competitiveness, to potato and sweetpotato productivity production efficiency and growers’ associations and disseminating new breeding competitiveness validated in LAC, SSA cooperatives materials, reducing the spread of and Asia (5-8 years) potato and sweetpotato diseases and reducing seed imports in some countries (i.e. CAC region) Output target Role of positive and negative selection to NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2007 improve farmer-based seed systems farmers in the same evaluated and documented in Uganda, countries Kenya and Ethiopia Output target NARS capacity for production of healthy NARS, NGOs, Self Help 2007 planting materials through TPS and Groups and resource-poor storage of TPS seed tubers enhanced in farmers in the same North East India, Uttaranchal, India and countries Nepal Output target Sweetpotato seed multiplication NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2007 strategies, including farmer local farmers in the same and practices and feasibility of commercial other SSA countries, which production, analysed and documented in could take advantage of the Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda experience Output target Role of positive and negative selection to NARS, NGOs, certification 2008 improve farmer-based seed systems agencies, resource-poor evaluated and documented in Tanzania, farmers in the same Mozambique, Malawi, Uzbekistan, countries Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, DPRK and Georgia Output target One country-specific network of public NARS, NGOs, seed growers’ NARS, private sector and farmer 2008 and private institutions established and associations and organizations work collaboratively to assessed for multiplication and cooperatives, certification facilitate seed multiplication and dissemination of good-quality seed for agencies, resource-poor distribution potato and sweetpotato in Kenya, farmers in the same Uganda, Ethiopia, Georgia, Afghanistan, countries Bhutan, India, DPRK and Uzbekistan (in CAC countries with Collaborative Research Program for Sustainable Agricultural Development)
108 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output target Feasibility of true potato seed (TPS), as NARS, NGOs, seed growers’ 2008 an alternative seed potato production associations and technology, tested and documented in cooperatives, certification Northeast India, Nepal, Uzbekistan and agencies, resource-poor Georgia farmers in the same countries Output target Strategy for improving farmer-based Resource poor farmers, Farmer organizations adopt 2008 seed systems for native varieties with NARS and NGOs strategies for improving seed quality market potential documented in Peru of native potatoes with market potential Output target Positive and negative selection strategies NARS, NGOs and resource 2008 evaluated in terms of its contribution to poor farmers enhanced income in Northeast India Output target Factors influencing degeneration of NARS 2008 potato seed in high altitudes determined in Peru Output target Strategy for improving potato seed NARS, NGOs, seed growers’ 2009 production validated in Tajikistan and associations and Kyrgyzstan cooperatives, certification agencies, resource-poor farmers in the same countries Output target Model for estimating and predicting NARS and CIP researchers NARS and CIP researchers use the 2009 potato seed degeneration validated in model to adjust seed production Peru schemes Output target Strategies for improving formal and NARS and CIP researchers 2009 farmer-based seed systems documented in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia and potential for replication in other SSA countries analysed Output target Strategies for farmer-based potato seed NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2009 production developed and tested to farmers conserve in-situ genetic biodiversity and improve productivity in the Peruvian highlands
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output 2 Strategies and methods for technical NARS, NGOs, resource-poor NARS and other CGIAR scientist Improve efficiency of research to deliver integration of soil, seed, disease and farmers adopt strategies for integrative technologies for enhanced livelihoods of insect management components for research and contribute to develop poor farmers due to sustainable potato subsistence and semi-commercial potato suitable integrated crop and sweetpotato production in priority and sweetpotato growers developed in management strategies for areas of the Andes, SSA and Asia key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia (5-8 subsistence and semi-commercial years) potato and sweetpotato farmers Output target Constraints related to ICM in potato- NARS, NGOs 2007 based systems, focusing on input use, understood and documented in Peru Output target Principles for evaluating synergistic and NARS, NGOs 2007 antagonistic effects of potato management components developed in Peru, Ecuador and Kenya Output target The “Researcher Field School” approach NARS, NGOs in Peru, 2007 assessed for its contribution to Ecuador, Uganda and Kenya developing potato ICM by NARS in Peru, Ecuador, Uganda and Kenya Output target Technologies to improve nutrient-use- NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 efficiency of the potato crop developed farmers in the same for Peru and Bolivia countries Output target Constraints related to ICM in potato- NARS, NGOs 2008 based systems, focusing on input use, understood and documented in Kenya and India Output target Strategies for conservationist agriculture NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 and soil fertility management as part of farmers in the same potato and sweetpotato ICM developed countries in Peru, Uganda and India (with CONDESAN in Peru) Output target Intercropping strategy for sweetpotato- NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 legumes to maintain soil fertility farmers in the same evaluated in Uganda and Kenya countries Output target Strategy for integrated soil fertility and NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2009 crop management developed and farmers in the same validated with NARS and NGOs in Peru, countries Bolivia and Ecuador Output target Strategies for crop management in potato NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2009 based cropping systems in climatic risk farmers in the same prone environments developed (in Peru countries
110 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact and Bolivia) Output target Strategies to reduce effects of erratic NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2009 rainfall patterns and drought on farmers in the same sweetpotato evaluated in Uganda and countries Kenya Output target Multiconstraint simulation model for the NARS, CIP researchers Researchers use the model for 2009 potato crop developed in Peru planning research and predicting performance of technologies Output 3 Components and strategies for the NARS, NGOs, resource-poor Potato and sweetpotato farmers Enhanced livelihoods of poor potato and integrated management of key potato farmers adopt improved disease sweetpotato farmers due to increase in and sweetpotato diseases – late blight management components, contribu- potato and sweetpotato productivity and (LB), bacterial wilt (BW) and viruses – ting to reduce crop losses and use reduced negative impact of fungicides in developed, tested and disseminated of fungicides the environment within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian priority countries (5-8 years) Output target Effect of soil abiotic characteristics and IARC and NARS researchers Researchers from IARC and NARS 2007 crop rotation on survival of the bacterial use improved knowledge about wilt pathogen in soil in Peru better pathogen survival in soil to develop determined and documented integrated control strategies Output target BW infection pathways (e.g. of the IARC and NARS researchers Researchers from IARC and NARS 2007 bacteria from the soil to the plant and use improved knowledge about within the plant) characterized using plant infection pathways for serological and gene reporter increasing detection efficiency and technologies to develop control strategies Output target BW management strategies to improve NARS, NGOs, seed 2007 self-supply seed production and increase producers and farmers in the ware potato productivity validated with same countries farmers in Kenya and Uganda (with PRAPACE and ASARECA) Output target A new LB training module for improved Facilitators (i.e. of Farmer 2007 capacity building in participatory methods field schools) and field developed and validated in Ecuador and workers implementing Peru participatory research and training interventions Output target A simulation based method for estimating NARS in SSA, LAC and Asia Researchers can prioritize based on 2007 LB severity using geo-referenced special classification and predict weather data within a GIS Framework value of LB management available online for world wide application interventions Output target Pre and post emergence infection NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2007 processes described for LB and the most farmers in the same
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact appropriate control tactic identified in countries Peru and Ecuador Output target Variability of major potyviruses in potato NARS researchers, 2007 (PVY and PVA) characterized and one Seed producers in Peru and technique for virus group detection CIP regions (simultaneous detection) developed Output target Mechanisms of synergistic interaction NARS researchers in SSA 2007 among sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus and ESEAP (SPCSV) and potyviruses to cause Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) in sweetpotatoes determined in Peru, with global impact Output target Role of new vectors (Bemisia afer) on NARS researchers, seed 2007 sweetpotato viruses (SPCSV and producers in Peru and SSA SPLCV) determined in Peru region Output target The importance and incidence of major NARS, NGOs and seed pro- 2008 viruses affecting potato and sweetpotato ducers in the same countries determined in Kenya, Uganda, China, Vietnam and Indonesia Output target The efficacy of biological formulations to NARS, NGOs, biopesticide NARS, NGOs or the private sector 2008 control BW determined in field industry in Peru produce and recommend the experiments in Peru and mechanisms of bioagent for BW control biocontrol characterized
Output target Two cultural practices that enhance soil NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 fertility and plant health and reduce BW farmers in the same and other soil-borne diseases incidence countries tested with farmers in Peru and Kenya Output target Usefulness of BW-tolerant potato clones NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 in integrated management of BW tested farmers in the same with farmers and the two best clones with countries stable resistance selected by NARS in Peru, Bolivia and Kenya Output target CIP’s manual on methodologies for NARS, NGOs, resource-poor NARS researchers and extension 2008 participatory training and research on farmers in the same workers have better information integrated management of BW adapted countries tools to train farmers on BW IDM and validated with farmers by NARS in Kenya, Uganda, the Philippines and China
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output target Late blight simulation model validated in NARS, IARC scientists in Researchers improve capacity to 2008 Peru, Ecuador and Kenya with specific Peru and Ecuador develop cultivar-specific man- resistance parameters of 3 local cultivars agement strategies Output target One scale for quantifying LB resistance NARS, IARC scientists in Researchers improve ability to 2008 developed and available in Peru, LAC and SSA (spill over select for durable resistance to LB Ecuador and Kenya and available global) globally Output target Potential for gene flow among different Plant breeders in NARS, Breeding and screening designs 2008 populations of P. infestans in Andes IARCS modified to accommodate pathogen determined population shifts Output target Durability of resistance gene from S. NARS, IARCs Enhanced level of resistance in new 2008 bulbocastanum tested in at least 3 varieties with gene locations in Ecuador, Peru and Kenya Output target Strategies for integrated management of NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2008 LB validated with NARS in Kenya, farmers in the same Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi and countries DR Congo Output target One strategy to control SPVD in NARS, NGO’s, resource- 2008 sweetpotatoes validated in Uganda and poor farmers in the same Tanzania countries Output target Spore dispersal dynamics of NARS researchers, users of Improved predictability of LB 2009 Phytophthora infestans quantified by field LB simulation models management tactics due to more trials in highland tropical conditions in accurate simulation Ecuador Output target Biophysical conditions of soil that NARS, NGOs, farmer 2009 suppress tuber infection by Phytophthora trainers infestans understood in Ecuador Output target Use of simulation model integrated as NARS and CIP researchers Improved LB management tactics 2009 decision-support tool for NARS to fine- due to more accurate simulation tune integrated management of LB according to local conditions in Peru, Ecuador and Kenya Output target Practical application and mass-rearing NARS, NGOs, biopesticide NARS, NGOs or the private sector 2009 methods for bioagents of potato BW industry in Peru and in other use methods for mass-rearing developed in Peru and methodologies two countries in LAC and/or bioagents for potato BW control transferred to NARS in at least two other SSA countries in LAC and/or SSA Output target Integrated soil and disease management NARS, NGOs, resource-poor 2009 strategies to control potato Control farmers in the same strategies for BW and other major soil- countries International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 113
Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact borne diseases, while enhancing plant nutrition and soil health, developed with farmers in Kenya, Uganda and Burundi by combining host resistance, native beneficial microorganisms (mycorrhiza, rhizobium, endophytic antagonistic bacteria) and soil amendments Output target The importance and incidence of major NARS, NGO’s and plant 2009 viruses affecting sweetpotato determined material producers in in Bangladesh Bangladesh Output 4 Components and strategies for the NARS, NGOs, resource-poor Potato and sweetpotato farmers Enhanced livelihoods of poor potato and integrated management of key potato farmers, Universities, adopt improved components for the sweetpotato farmers due to increased and sweetpotato insect pests5 developed, advanced labs and private integrated management of potato crop productivity and reduced negative tested and disseminated as part of ICM sector and sweetpotato insect pests, which impacts of insecticides on human health strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority contribute to reduce crop losses and and the environment countries (5-8 years) the use of insecticides Output target Phenology model for the parasitoid NARS, Universities in SSA Parasitoid models adopted by 2007 Copidosoma koehleri developed to and SWCA national programs to target classical determine potential release areas for biocontrol in PTM invaded countries classical biocontrol of PTM in SSA and Asia Output target Crop-loss relationships and control NARS, NGOs, resource poor 2007 thresholds for APW and LMF determined farmers in LAC for APW and in Peru in LAC, SWCA and SSA for LMF Output target Parasitoid diversity of LMF in Peru in a NARS, NGOs, resource poor 2007 longitudinal and altitudinal gradient farmers in LAC, SSA and assessed and documented SWCA Output target The efficacy of fungal pathogens NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2007 (Paecylomices spp.) on WF control as biopesticide industry, affected by host plant interactions resource poor farmers in documented LAC, SSA and SWCA Output target Phenology models for S. tangolias and T. NARS, NGOs, Universities 2007 solanivora developed and potential and private sector in LAC distribution within the Andes estimated Output target Statistical package for analysing and NARS, NGOs, IRC, NARS use insect phenology
5 Includes APWs andean Potato Weevils (Premnotrypes spp.), PTMs include, common Potato Tuber Moth (Phthorimaea operculella) andean Potato Tuber Moth (Symmetrischema operculella) and the Guatemaltecan Tuber Moth (Tecia solanivora); LMF, Leaf Miner Fly (Lyriomyza huidobrensis), WF (Bemisia tabaci and B. afer), SPW, Sweetpotato weevils (Cylas spp.) and CPB, Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) as well as other more regional important insect pests.
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact 2007 simulating potato pest phenology, based Universities, advanced labs modelling for improving on life-table input data, as well as for and private sector worldwide understanding of pest biology and forecasting the regional distribution ecology and their IPM strategies potentials using GIS available to support decision-making related to IPM. The package could be applicable to any pest in any crop Output target Potential strategies for natural enemy NARES, NGOs, resource 2008 conservation to support self-regulation of poor farmers in Peru and potato pests in potato cropping systems other Andean countries of the Andean highlands developed in Peru Output target The potential of entomopathogens NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2008 assessed for T. solanivora control and biopesticide industry, biological studies of potential parasitoids resource poor farmers in for its control conducted in Ecuador LAC Output target Impacts of insecticide use on pests and NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2008 natural enemies in potato cropping private sector, resource poor systems investigated and documented in farmers in LAC the highlands and coastal regions of Peru Output target The potential integration of NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2008 entomopathogenic fungi in pest biopesticide industry, management strategies for LMF resource poor farmers in assessed in Peru LAC Output target The efficacy of attracticides based on oil NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2008 formulations of PTM sex pheromones, private sector, resource poor UV protectors and contact insecticides farmers in LAC for T. solanivora control evaluated in Ecuador and Peru Output target Biology and ecology of potential IRC, NARS and NGOS and 2008 parasitoids for classical biocontrol of LMF resource poor farmers in assessed and specimens introduced to SSA Kenya Output target Distribution and importance of NARS, NGOs, Universities 2008 sweetpotato pests in the main and resource poor farmers in sweetpotato production areas of India SWCA assessed and documented
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output target Distribution and importance of potato NARS, NGOs, Universities 2008 pests (especially of CPB) assessed and and resource poor farmers in documented in the main potato CAC production areas of Uzbekistan and at least two other CAC countries Output target The potential of entomopathogenic NARS, NGOs, Universities, 2008 nematodes for APW control assessed in biopesticide industry, the Andean Region (Peru, Ecuador and resource poor farmers in Bolivia) LAC Output target The ecological and economical impacts NARS, NGOs, resource poor 2008 of physical barriers for APW control farmers in the same assessed in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador countries Output target Use of parasitoids for classical biocontrol NARS and NGOS and 2009 of T. solanivora evaluated in Ecuador resource poor farmers in LAC Output target IPM for CPB tested and documented in NARS, NGOs, Universities 2009 Uzbekistan and resource poor farmers in CAC Output target IPM for SPW tested and documented in NARS, NGOs, Universities 2009 Kenya, Uganda and India and resource poor farmers in the same countries Output target Entomopatogenic nematodes for NARS and NGOS and 2009 biocontrol of PTMs (T. solanivora, S. resource poor farmers in tangolias and P. operculella) assessed in LAC, SSA and SWCA Peru and Ecuador Output 5 Participatory strategies and methods for NARS researchers, Research and development-oriented Improved capacities of NARS to design socioeconomic integration of potato and extension workers, research institutions use participatory strate- evaluate and implement more efficient sweetpotato ICM developed and made and development institutions gies and methods for socioeconomic ICM-related interventions to contribute to available for improving potato and integration in order to adapt, adjust improved farmer livelihoods sweetpotato innovation systems in LAC, and fine tuning ICM technologies SSA and Asia (5-8 years) according to local or regional conditions Output target Two participatory methods for NARS researchers and 2007 socioeconomic integration of ICM extension workers in the through participatory research validated same countries for potato in Ethiopia, Uganda and Vietnam and for sweetpotato in Lao PDR, China and Indonesia (with UPWARD)
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output target Innovation systems related to ICM for the NARS researchers and 2007 potato crop, characterized and extension workers in the documented and a cross-country same countries comparative study conducted involving Peru, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Uganda Output target Utility of participatory methods for potato NARS researchers and 2007 ICM in relation with local innovation extension workers in the systems evaluated in a cross-country same countries study conducted involving Ethiopia, Uganda, Bolivia and Peru Output target Effectiveness of FFS and other NARS, NGOs in Peru, 2008 participatory methods to disseminate Ecuador and Bolivia information about the risks of persistent organic pollutants (POP) and contribute to the reduction of highly toxic pesticides on potato production assessed in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia Output target Lessons learned about the effectiveness NARS researchers, NGOs, 2008 of participatory approaches for ICM development organizations, development and dissemination in Asia policy makers in East and documented with UPWARD and in SSA South East Asia documented with PRAPACE Output target Country-specific guidelines to support NARS researchers and 2008 decision-making by research and extension workers in the extension institutions regarding the use same countries of participatory methods for potato and sweetpotato ICM available in Peru, Bolivia, Uganda, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Philippines, Lao PDR, Vietnam and China Output target Participatory research methodologies for NARS researchers, exten- 2008 supporting the development of ICM for sion workers and farmers in native potato varieties to respond to the same countries market demands assessed in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia
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Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output target Innovation system related to ICM for the NARS researchers and NARS and CIP researchers will use 2009 potato crop diagnosed, characterized and extension workers in the the information to plan future documented in Mozambique, Malawi, same countries interventions Indonesia, Uzbekistan and Georgia
Output target Participatory research methodologies for NARS researchers and NARS and CIP researchers will use 2009 supporting the development of extension workers in the the information to plan future sweetpotato ICM to respond to market same countries interventions demands assessed in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia
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Project 5: Natural Resources Management
Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Methods, options and strategies for CGIAR & NARS scientists Methods, options and strategies Vulnerability of poor farmers living in improved research targeting and Development agencies adopted target areas reduced. Governments Environmental Vulnerability Analyses, Policy makers improve their capacity to negotiate preparedness and mitigation in the Andes, surpluses or deficit in timely manner. SSA and SWCA developed (5 years) Improved development priorities. Improved development investment Output The suitability of high resolution remote Targets 2007 sensing (RS) to quantify the area under potato in Uganda determined A protocol to incorporate microwave remote sensing and multifractal processing developed for estimating crop areas Partial root drying (PRD) irrigation method for potato and SP in Peru developed and documented
Sweetpotato crop growth model developed and parameterized with five important varieties used in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania Output High resolution environmental vulnerability Targets 2008 assessment (EVA) completed for potato systems in SW Uganda and Rwanda High resolution EVA for rice-potato systems in West Bengal, India completed (With Rice-Wheat Consortium) Potato and sweet potato statistics for Uganda analyzed through re-processing of historical remotely sensed data Geospatial interpolation protocol for CGIAR & NARS scientists temperature based on RS data and wavelet developed and data and processing software posted in the Internet Methods and tools for P & SP yield Policy makers forecasting combining RS and modeling Development agencies finalized and tested CGIAR & NARS scientists
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Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Early diagnostic method for pests and CGIAR & NARS scientists Targets 2009 diseases using RS data developed: potato Government agencies in Peru and sweet potato in Uganda The feasibility of incorporating genomics CGIAR & NARS scientists into the potato physiology model to better assess GxE interactions tested a Output 2 Recommendations and policy options to CGIAR & NARS scientists Recommendations adopted by CG- Improved policies for sustainable reduce environmental and economic Policy makers Centers, Development projects and production in target areas in SSA, LAC vulnerability on targeted ecosystems in governments and SWCA implemented the Andes and East Africa documented (3 years) Output Minimum data – tradeoff analysis (MD- Targets 2007 TOA) studies by NARS in Kenya, Uganda, Peru and Ecuador completed (with Montana State and Wageningen Universities) Output MD-TOA application in rice-potato Targets 2008 systems in India conducted (with Montana State and Wageningen universities and the Rice-Wheat Consortium) Output Methodology to downscale results from Targets 2009 climate change models to local conditions developed and tested in the Andes Output 3 Principles and approaches to develop Policy makers Local Governments, Development Farmers and women groups reduce their adaptive capacity in agricultural systems Extension workers Agencies and NGOs promote the vulnerability to externalities in the Andes, SSA and Asia identified and Development agencies principles, approaches and validated (5 years) (with GMP) technologies developed Output Environmental and economic benefit of Targets 2007 pigs grazing in SP fields in Peru established and documented Output Strategies for production and utilization of NARIS researchers, private, Targets 2008 sweetpotato to improve feed-to-meat sector, farmers in Lao PDR, feeding ration in Lao PDR, Vietnam and Vietnam and China China tested and improved (with Upward) Forage and legume intercropping technologies for improving the role of sweetpotato as animal feed developed in crop livestock systems in Ecuador, Peru, Kenya, Uganda, Laos and Vietnam (with ILRI & UPWARD)
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Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Genetic, agronomic and environmental Targets 2009 management technologies for enhancing adaptive capacity in the high plateau of the Andes integrated Production and utilization of sweetpotato for animal feed in Philippines and Indonesia improved (with Upward)
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Project 6: Health and Agriculture
Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Integrated health and agriculture strategies to Farmer organizations, Users use framework, tools and Small farmers and their families reduce pesticide exposure risk among farm development organizations, knowledge to change practices and experience greater productivity, families in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia designed municipal and regional inform policy reduced risk and better health and promoted government officials and other action researchers Output Analysis of baseline data on IPM and Farmer organizations, Use of context specific information Targets pesticide practices and health status among development organizations, for joint intervention planning and 2006 450 farm households, including municipal and regional policy influence socioeconomic characterization government officials and other action researchers Pesticide risk reduction and adult education Farmers, health Greater understanding of IPM interventions designed and tested in Ecuador professionals, agriculture production alternatives and pesticide technicians, local poisoning prevention governments Output Presence and use of persistent organic Targets 2007 pollutants (POPs) documented in Ecuador and Bolivia Cultural, economic and technical constraints Local governments, regional Users understand the relation to pesticide use reduction documented in and national decision between agricultural production Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia makers on health and systems, farm family health and agriculture, community agricultural productivity leaders, CIP, NARS One integrated package of healthy crop Agriculture technicians from Multiple programmers of other management materials including pesticide use Agriculture National stakeholders in Andean region reduction and poisoning prevention designed Institutions, local adapt the methods and materials and tested in Ecuador governments and local NGO and health workers Relative effectiveness of different intervention Health professionals, Evidence of effectiveness influences components in reducing toxic pesticide use agricultural technicians, decision makers to allocate program through greater IPM implementation and/or NGOs and other agriculture and further research resources crop diversification documented and health researchers appropriately Output Integrated health sector-agricultural sector Farmers, national and local Uptake by others of the Targets 2008 partnerships designed and promoted for decision makers from health transdisciplinary platform model for reduction of highly toxic pesticide use and agriculture sectors, engaging in research which international researchers enhances agricultural productivity and human health
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Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 2 Importance of safe and healthy roots and Farmers, national and local Users utilize information to prioritize Vulnerable groups have improved tubers is established decision makers from health root and tuber crop sector health and nutritional status from and agriculture sectors, development pathways to reduce greater access to roots and tubers international researchers health risks and maximize the potential of root and tuber crops to provide energy and nutrition Output The role and significance of the potato in the Targets diet of poor and very poor households in two 2007 developing countries is documented (tentatively Rwanda, Nepal or Kyrgyzstan) (Tulane University)
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Project 7: CONDESAN
Project 7 Outputs Main Users Outcomes Impacts Output 1 Policies and local, national and regional CONDESAN partners, Users adopt strategies to Sustainable use of natural resources recommendations for improved integrated researchers and key IMWR improve integrated water and improved livelihoods of the rural water resource management (IWRM) in policy and decision makers, at resources management in the Andean population Andean countries from Venezuela to Argentina the local, national and regional Andes. CONDESAN partners (4 years) levels in the Andes use and share information, analysis, methodologies and Output Target Variability of hydrological balances assessed strategies so that improved 2007 throughout the region based on seven selected integrated management of basins throughout five countries in the Andes water resources generate (basins of La Miel, Fuquene, Ambato, El Angel, opportunities of welfare and Jequetepeque, Alto mayo and Cordillera de inclusion for the poor Tunari) Economic valuation of ecosystem hydrological services and existing opportunities and conditions required so that these can become of real benefit for the poor, documented for the cases of Fuquene, Alto Mayo, Jequetepeque and Ambato Methodology to incorporate water contamination in the valuation of ecosystem hydrological services documented for the case of Fuquene, Colombia Watershed analysis methodology validated in four basins in the Andes Comparative analysis of the access and use of water resources by the rural poor, documented for four sites within the Andean region Mechanisms for safeguarding the hydrological and other environmental services and functions in five areas in the Andean paramo designed Diploma distance education program of watershed management validated Output targets Compensation for ecosystem hydrological 2008 services schemes documented for five basins in the Andean region
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Project 7 Outputs Main Users Outcomes Impacts Policy strategy and public awareness campaign for the conservation of the paramo ecosystem and its environmental services defined at the national and regional levels Policy, legislative and regulatory framework developed at different governmental levels, to support the implementation of management plans for paramo ecosystem and conservation of the hydrological services it provides Conceptual-analytical framework developed to systematize and carry out comparative analysis of IMWR successful case studies Comparative analysis of IMWR practices in different Andean basins completed Water-related causes of poverty and farming families and community coping strategies documented for two basins in the Andes Safeguarding the hydrological and other environmental services and functions in five protected areas in the Andean Paramo consolidated through completion of management and financial sustainability plans Comparative analysis of IMWR management plans and hydrological conservation functions completed for nine Andean paramo sites Evaluation of diploma distance education program of watershed management documented Output targets Quantitative analysis of committed water 2009 resources and opportunities for tapping un- committed water resources and re-allocation of water resources that would benefit the poor in at least two Andean Basins completed Technology, organizational arrangements and policies for improved IWRM for local and regional organizations based on comparative analysis of case studies documented Andean level IMWR monitoring system designed and implemented for three basins in the Andes International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 125
Project 7 Outputs Main Users Outcomes Impacts Legal frameworks, institutional arrangements and governance processes that affect access and productivity of water in at least two basins in the Andes established High quality data base established and available to facilitate application of IWRM in 5 Andean Basins Regional IWRM training program designed according to the local and regional needs Output 2 New institutional innovations, forms of CONDESAN partners, Users adopt strategic Improve livelihoods and reduce organization and mechanisms for cooperation, researchers, policy makers at innovations on agricultural deterioration of natural resources in training and dialogue are developed and the local, national and regional systems to improve welfare of the Andean ecoregion. promoted in the Andean agricultural systems to levels in the Andes the rural Andean population. take advantage of the region’s natural diversity CONDESAN partners use and (5 years) share information, analysis, Output Target CONDESAN Innovations Group documented methodologies that support the 2007 three innovation processes in the Andes from development and expansion of different perspectives: production, technology innovation in agricultural and institutional systems in the Andes. Broader Community scaling up of conservation and more equitable agricultural practices compared and participation of youngsters. documented for three sites in the Andes Improved policies, projects and (Fuquene, Ambato and Jequetepeque) programs in support of the Scaling up of co-investment schemes for development and expansion of sustainable development in mountain areas innovation in agricultural documented systems in the Andes. Regional Success and failure factors of policy stakeholders strengthen their development and application for water issues in links and synergies and mountains documented (with Global Mountain improve their decision making Program) in two Andean countries and and negotiation processes as recommendations prepared to policy-makers well as their proposals with based on comparative analysis respect to development and An exchange and learning pilot mechanism for expansion of innovative Andean rural youngsters designed and tested agricultural systems. Users with the winners of CONDESAN Contest utilize multi-stakeholder “Compartiendo Aprendo” (Learning by sharing) platforms to renovate Output targets Strategy to expand conservation agriculture in conceptual approaches, 2008 the Andes based on an innovations approach strategies and public policies; developed cohesion and synergies bt t d th
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Project 7 Outputs Main Users Outcomes Impacts The policy frameworks and other barriers that between partners and other may obstruct innovation processes in stakeholders agriculture and IMWR the Andes documented Exchange and learning pilot mechanism for Andean rural youngsters implemented and expanded Regional multi-institutional training program on Innovations in agricultural system designed to ensure that research results in this area are taken into account in the formation of young professionals Output targets Strategy that integrates rural ecotourism, 2009 biodiversity valuation and improved livelihoods for farming communities in the Andes developed Institutional innovations that would be needed to unlock water productivity potential required to alleviate poverty and enhance environmental security documented Scaling up strategies for improved impact of IMWR developed Regional analysis of policies to support innovation processes in the Andes completed A formal and non-formal environmental education program developed, directed at students and teachers of the educational institutions of Paramo areas A multi-stakeholder regional platform for regular dialogue, exchanges and learning on integrated management of water resources and agricultural innovation systems has been established in the Andes
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Project 8: Global Mountain Program
Project 8 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output 1 The principal research products of the CGIAR CGIAR and NARS scientists, ARI CGIAR research products for Having better access to CGIAR and centers for mountains are available and partners, policy makers, mountain mountains are available as other innovations for sustainable accessible in the form of a supermarket or communities options and used by mountain agriculture and rural development market place of innovations and opportunities. communities, NARS, NGOs and enables marginalized mountain people (5 years with individual CGIAR Centers and the planners to empower them selves to better Mountain Forum (MF) ) break the poverty cycle and maintain the resource base and mountain functionality. MDGs are met in defined mountain regions Output Target The major finished research products for CGIAR scientists, NARS and CGIAR scientists and directors 2007 mountains of ILRI, CIMMYT, IFPRI, in East policy makers use platform information to more Africa and for CIAT, CIMMYT in the Latin effectively coordinate CGIAR America and IRRI and CIFOR in SA and activities in mountains ICARDA in CAC are documented and analyzed (with each of the centers) Output Target The major finished research products for CGIAR and partners scientists CGIAR and partners use the data 2008 mountains of the rest of the CGIAR centers have to develop the supermarket or been documented and analyzed innovation marketplace A prototype supermarket/marketplace for CGIAR and partners Mountain groups test the innovation, options and support for mountain prototype communications means people is developed (with ICIMOD, MF, CGIAR for CGIAR products centers, ARIs) Output Target Options and innovations for sustainable CGIAR and partners CGIAR and partners use the 2009 mountain Agriculture and rural development from information to add to the non CGIAR sources are collected, analyzed and supermarket or innovation processed marketplace The innovations and support CGIAR, NARS, Planners, policy Communities and NGOs and supermarket/market place for sustainable makers, mountain communities, NARS in mountains test the mountain agriculture and rural development is communication support tested mechanisms A concept paper on awareness raising research Donors Donors support greater to communicate important issues to mountain awareness raising and broader people developed and submitted to donors awareness of the supermarket (GMP) and innovation marketplace in mountain regions
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Output 2 Policy and technology options to improve use Decision makers and planners as Baseline livelihood information Increased food security, wellbeing and and minimize adverse impacts of rural urban well as rural and urban people in and decision making support income of mountain people and better linkages in mountains are documented mountains tools are used by planners to stewardship natural resources in (5 years) (with AHI and SIUA, IFPRI, CIFOR, develop more effective urban and mountains. MDGs, especially those on CIP, ICRAF, IWMI, CIAT and national partners) rural linkages and policy options, poverty reduction and environment better institutional coordination reached in the three benchmark sites and targeted technological options for people with and without market access Output Target Information on livelihood options and issues, CGIAR scientists, national Information is used by modelers 2007 land, water, forest management, product flows scientists, universities as data to develop decision- management and rural-urban policies, is making support models collected analyzed and available (GMP, CIFOR, IWMI, UH, AHI) CGIAR wide research on policy, water, land and CGIAR and NARS, planners and Technology based options forest use, agricultural options at the Addis community leaders developed by the CGIAR and benchmark site is coordinated and linked to partners are developed a support work to strengthen RULs and livelihoods coordinated around identified options (CGIAR centers) livelihood options and linked to rural urban planning Output Target Strategies are available on key issues (GMP, Policy makers, Government of Ethiopia, NARS 2008 UH, AHI and other CGIAR Centers) Local communities, Development and CGIAR scientists and agencies partners use the information to develop effective planning, policies and research support An environmental model is developed from CGIAR, National, scientists and Scientists and policy makers have livelihood study data as a step in a process to ARIs available a better model for aid in the development of more targeted support planning and policymaking as well to communities and environmental conservation as support strategies (Country: Ethiopia) (GMP-CIP) Benchmark sites are begun in Asia and Latin Researchers, policy makers and The experience of Ethiopia America. Key spatial and socio-economic links planners, business groups, benchmark site is used to support are identified through studies on livelihood Community leaders, donor similar programs in LA and Asia. issues and options(GMP-Urban Harvest) support groups Additional value added is gained from learning between sites
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Output target 2009 Scientific reports are available on key RUL and Researchers and planners and Planners and scientists have a livelihoods in Latin American and Asian community groups better basis for making decisions benchmark sites (CGIAR centers and NARS) that affect Rural and Urban development A preliminary ‘mountain RU linkage’ model is Researchers (CGIAR and NARS) National groups use better developed from livelihood study data as a step in planning tools for planning and a process to aid in the development of more better livelihood options for targeted support to communities and selected benchmark sites in environmental conservation. Ethiopia (with CIP mountains of LA and Asia by and CGIAR partners and NARS) national organizations Output 3 Strengths and weaknesses of policies in the Andean communities, policy In the Andean region results are Through an enabling policy Andes for water, soil and forest management in makers, scientists used by policy makers and civil environment mountain resources are mountains are documented (2 years with groups to improve national more effectively and equitably CONDESAN in Andes and SARD-M partners SARD-M policies. Internationally, managed resulting in improved globally) results are linked to a global livelihoods and poverty reduction as analysis of mountain policies with well as better environmental the Sustainable Agriculture and management which contribute to the Rural Development for Mountains MDGs Output Target Regional analysis of SARD-M policies in the Policy makers and communities Through reports and an Andean 2007 Andes is available based on the three country regional workshop policy makers, studies and the workshop inputs (GMP, mountain communities, scientists CONDESAN) and civil society is made aware of the policy analysis and options Output Target Projections of future needs on mountain policy CGIAR scientists and Decisions are taken on whether to 2008 research for sustainable agriculture and rural management and donors continue with further work on development are available (GMP-CONDESAN) mountain policy
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Project 9: Urban Harvest
Project 9 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 The contribution of urban and peri-urban CGIAR management, Centers, Users deploy outputs to The international agricultural agriculture (UPA) to improving the livelihoods donors and multilateral mainstream UPA within research and development of poor city households and the condition of organizations international and national R&D community devotes increased urban ecosystems is documented and agendas research attention to UPA validated (until 2007) Output Target Four strategies for sustainable city agriculture Policy makers, city officials, Users access comparative Sustainable UPA demonstrated 1.1 are identified and documented through CSOs in Lima, Manila, Hanoi, analyses and strategies to through cases of integration of 2007 comparative analyses of economic, social and Kampala, Nairobi and Nakuru improve policy development, urban agriculture in city environmental costs and benefits of UPA in planning and investment management Lima, Manila, Hanoi, Kampala, Nairobi and decisions Nakuru Output 2 Innovative technologies and practices Researchers, extension agents Innovations spread among Producers increase incomes developed for increasing productivity and and CSOs at international and producers in target cities and in through higher productivity and marketing of agricultural commodities target country level, city ”contact cities”6 access to alternative markets produced in urban and peri-urban areas and agricultural officials, producer their contribution to human nutrition and health and processor organizations in (3-5 years) target cities Output Target Two urban-adapted models for improved Researchers, extension Users promote options and Producers adopt improved livestock 2.1 animal nutrition and management for specified agents, CSOs, city agriculture model for application in urban management and nutrition practices 2007 types of livestock-raising systems identified in office staff and peri-urban contexts leading to increased income for Lima and Nakuru (in partnership with ILRI and livestock raisers through use of ICRAF) improved systems OT 2.2 One livestock production framework Researchers, extension Users apply model to promote Enhanced consumption of locally 2007 developed and documented for increasing agents, CSOs, city officials, use of ASF for improved produced ASFs among urban consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) CBOs in Lima and Nairobi nutrition in young children population by young children in Lima and Nakuru (in partnership with ILRI) OT 2.3 Strategy on institutional-based urban Extension agents, schools, Users apply strategy to Home cultivation and consumption 2007 agriculture for improved child nutrition local women’s groups, promote the dissemination of of nutritious crops leads to validated in Nakuru and Lima (in partnership community groups, CSOs planting materials of nutritious improvements in child nutrition with ILRI and IIN) crops for home cultivation by urban households
6 Contact cities include urban areas which participate in workshops, capacity-building activities and learning visits to target cities, but where no direct research activities are undertaken by this Project
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Project 9 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact OT 2.4 The contribution of social capital to profitability Researchers, extensionists, Research-extension-city teams One livestock production framework 2007 and sustainability of urban agro-enterprises CSOs, city officials, CBOs, incorporate social capital developed and documented for documented in Lima and Kampala (in strengthening mechanisms into increasing consumption of animal partnership with CIAT) urban development programs source foods (ASFs) by young children in Lima and Nakuru (in partnership with ILRI) OT 2.5 ICM urban field schools and animal nutrition Researchers, extension Users apply FFS methods for Strategy on institutional-based 2008 and management models validated in agents, CSOs, city agriculture improving crop management urban agriculture for improved child Kampala and Addis (in partnership with ILRI office staff and livestock raising systems nutrition validated in Nakuru and and GMP) Lima (in partnership with ILRI and IIN) OT 2.6 Rural-urban agro-enterprise models tested Researchers, city agriculture Users apply model to Multiple income benefits accrue to 2008 and validated in Kampala and Addis (in office staff , CSOs, strengthen market chain and producers, processors and service partnership with CIAT and GMP) producer/processor access innovations in UPA industries in enterprise clusters and organizations in Kampala and contexts along marketing chain Addis OT 2.7 Livestock production framework for enhanced Researchers, extension Users apply model to promote Increased consumption of ASFs 2009 use of ASFs validated in two further cities agents, CSOs, city officials, use of ASF for improved leads to improvements in child CBOs nutrition in young children malnutrition OT 2.8 Customized potato technologies tested and Researchers, extension NARDS-CSO-city teams Urban and peri-urban producers 2009 validated in potato-based urban horticulture agents, city officials, CSOs incorporate technologies into enhance profitability of horticultural systems in two cities in SWCA (in partnership urban and peri-urban production with CIP’s new urban horticulture theme) development programs OT 2.9 Mitigation strategy for HIV/AIDS affected Researchers, health Users incorporate food Conditions of HIV/AIDS affected 2009 urban communities, involving enhanced professionals in urban settings, security-based mitigation communities mitigated, through production and consumption of ASFs and municipal authorities, CSOs approach into HIV/AIDS adoption of ASF and horticultural horticultural crops, validated in two African strategy production strategy cities (In partnership with ILRI, IFPRI) Output 3 Methods developed to mitigate human health Policy makers, city officials, Users integrate the methods Reduced human health risks from risks to urban producers and consumers and researchers, urban health into urban policies and UPA and enhanced productive use to improve use of urban sources of nutrients professionals, CSOs planning of urban natural resources in for agriculture (5 years) agriculture Output Target Nutrient flow model developed for optimization Researchers, CSOs, CBOs, Users apply model to improve Better environmental conditions in 3.1 of urban organic residues and rural-urban municipal agricultural officials levels of recycling of urban urban areas and livelihoods 2007 manures for use in soil enhancement in in Nakuru and Nairobi nutrients and enhance improvements among processors Nakuru and Nairobi, Kenya productivity of urban crops and and users of residues livestock
132 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Project 9 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact OT 3.2 Validation of health risks assessment model Researchers, health Users apply model and Reduced negative health and 2007 and mitigation strategies in Lima professionals in urban settings, strategy to guide development environmental effects from UPA municipal authorities, CSOs and implementation of guidelines for risk reduction measures in urban and peri- urban crop and animal production OT 3.3 Validation of nutrient flow model for Researchers, CSOs, CBOs, Users apply model to improve Better environmental conditions in 2008 horticulture-livestock systems in Kampala and municipal agricultural offices levels of recycling of urban urban areas and livelihoods Addis (in partnership with GMP, ICRAF nutrients and enhance improvements among processors and ILRI) productivity of urban crops and and users of residues livestock OT 3.4 Validation of Hanoi model for sustainable Researchers, CSOs, CBOs, Users apply model to improve Urban and peri-urban pig-raisers 2008 recycling of urban organic residues for pig municipal agricultural offices economic benefits from enjoy more stable economic production in Lima and Kampala (In recycling of urban organic situation and contribute to reducing partnership with Makerere University, wastes as pigfeed urban pollution Kampala and UNALM, Lima) OT 3.5 Conservation agriculture strategy adapted to Researchers, extension Users incorporate adapted Improved soil management of urban 2009 nutrient recycling opportunities in potato- agents, city officials, CSOs, conservation agriculture plots leads to increased stability and based urban horticultural systems in two cities CBOs strategy for urban and peri- resilience of potato production in SWCA (in partnership with CIP’s new urban urban potato production systems in and around cities and peri-urban horticulture theme) Output 4 Policy options and institutional and planning Municipal authorities, Urban and peri-urban Improved policies, reduced risks and strategies to support safe and sustainable producers, national agriculture incorporated into better use of urban resources lead agricultural production in urban areas are governments, multilateral policies, planning and to increased food security and developed (3 – 5 years) agencies development targeting of local income contribution from UPA governments Output Target Integrated, territorial planning that Policy makers, city officials, Integrated, participatory urban Increased municipal resources 4.1 incorporates sustainable use of urban natural CSOs, national planning planning approaches involving channeled to agriculture and natural 2007 resources for agriculture in Lima, applied and agencies in Lima agriculture adopted resource management enhances documented (in partnership with Politechnic productivity University of Madrid) OT 4.2 Participatory approaches to institutionalizing Policy makers, city officials, Users apply strategies for wide- Municipal resources are channeled 2007 and supporting UPA, including capacity CSOs, national planning scale implementation of to UPA and natural resources building, are validated and implemented in agencies in Manila and Nakuru stakeholder and dialogue management on a regional scale Nakuru and Manila , as part of scaling out model and integrated planning results of Kampala and Lima experiences approaches
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 133
Project 9 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact OT 4.3 Criteria and implementation strategy for food Municipal health officers, Users apply options to increase Producers and traders adopt FQS to 2008 quality standards (FQS) and certification of private sector organizations, marketability of crop and increase security and reduce risks urban and peri-urban agricultural commodities CSOs in Kampala and Lima livestock produce and improve among consumers are established in Lima and Kampala (in levels of food hygiene and partnership with Politechnic University of safety Madrid, IFPRI) OT 4.4 Integrated, territorial planning mechanisms for Policy makers, city officials, Integrated, participatory urban Increased municipal resources 2008 sustainable urban NRM, validated in two CSOs, national planning planning approaches involving channeled to agriculture and natural additional locations agencies agriculture adopted resource management enhances productivity OT 4.5 Strategy for food quality standards (FQS) and Municipal health officers, Users apply options to increase Producers and traders adopt FQS to 2009 certification of urban and peri-urban private sector organizations, marketability of crop and increase security and reduce risks agricultural commodities validated in two CSOs livestock produce and improve among consumers additional cities levels of food hygiene and safety
134 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Annex 2. Financial tables
Cost Allocation Table 1. Allocation of Projects Cost to CGIAR System Priorities Table 2. Undertaking, Activities and Sectors Table 3. Allocation of Projects Cost to CGIAR Regions
Expenditure Table 4. Objects of Expenditure
Financing Table 5. Members/ Non Members Unrestricted Grants Table 6. Allocation of Member/Non Members Grants to Projects
Staff Composition Table 7. Internationally and Nationally Recruited Staff
Financial Position Table 8. Currency Structure of Expenditures Table 9. Statements of Activities Table 10. Statements of Financial Position
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 135
Table 1. Cost Allocation: Allocation of Projects Cost to CGIAR System Priorities 2006-2009 (in $ million)
2006 2007 2008 2009 Project System Priorities (estimated) (proposal) (plan 1) (plan 2)
Project 1: Impact Enhancement Priority 4D 0.018 0.026 0.031 0.038 Priority 5A 0.404 0.483 0.543 0.613 Priority 5B 1.365 1.575 1.736 1.929 Priority 5C 0.115 0.165 0.202 0.244 Priority 5D 0.119 0.172 0.210 0.253 Priority 2A 0.030 0.043 0.052 0.063 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.051 2.463 2.775 3.140 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Priority 1A 1.102 1.167 1.157 1.155 Priority 1B 0.012 0.018 0.018 0.018 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.114 1.186 1.175 1.173 Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Priority 1A 0.505 0.394 0.407 0.374 Priority 3B 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 3C 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 3D 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 4A 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 4B 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 4C 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 4D 0.026 0.018 0.019 0.016 Priority 5A 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 5B 0.020 0.014 0.015 0.012 Priority 5C 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 1B 0.270 0.211 0.218 0.201 Priority 5D 1.290 1.003 1.038 0.951 Priority 1C 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 1D 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 Priority 2A 1.389 1.076 1.115 1.020 Priority 2B 1.359 1.056 1.093 1.001 Priority 2C 1.359 1.056 1.093 1.001 Priority 2D 1.069 0.806 0.842 0.760 Priority 3A 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.005 TOTAL BY PROJECT 7.379 5.695 5.905 5.393 Project 4: Integrated Crop Management Priority 1A 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.027 Priority 4D 0.894 1.442 1.731 1.779 Priority 5A 0.210 0.379 0.469 0.484 Priority 5B 0.115 0.212 0.263 0.271
136 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Priority 5C 0.146 0.262 0.324 0.334 Priority 5D 1.237 1.781 2.067 2.113 Priority 2A 0.981 1.118 1.187 1.196 Priority 3A 1.054 1.408 1.594 1.623 TOTAL BY PROJECT 4.662 6.627 7.661 7.827 Project 5: Natural Resources Management Priority 4A 0.422 0.421 0.395 0.440 Priority 4B 0.030 0.031 0.029 0.032 Priority 4D 0.810 0.799 0.750 0.824 Priority 5B 0.151 0.153 0.143 0.161 Priority 5C 0.301 0.305 0.285 0.322 Priority 5D 0.301 0.305 0.285 0.322 Priority 2A 0.100 0.094 0.089 0.092 Priority 2B 0.188 0.179 0.170 0.179 Priority 3A 0.137 0.131 0.124 0.133 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.439 2.418 2.269 2.506 Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health Priority 4D 0.027 0.051 0.049 0.110 Priority 5C 0.160 0.309 0.292 0.663 Priority 5D 0.080 0.154 0.146 0.331 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.267 0.515 0.487 1.105 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion - CONDESAN Priority 4A 1.275 1.132 1.031 1.053 Priority 4C 0.212 0.189 0.172 0.176 Priority 5A 0.106 0.094 0.086 0.088 Priority 5C 0.319 0.283 0.258 0.263 Priority 5D 0.212 0.189 0.172 0.176 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.125 1.887 1.718 1.756 Project 8: Global Mountain Program Priority 4A 0.227 0.149 0.060 0.061 Priority 5B 0.052 0.034 0.014 0.014 Priority 5C 0.157 0.103 0.042 0.042 Priority 5D 0.157 0.103 0.042 0.042 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.592 0.390 0.158 0.159 Project 9: Urban Harvest Priority 3B 0.046 0.032 0.032 0.013 Priority 4C 0.157 0.109 0.111 0.043 Priority 5A 0.994 0.811 0.826 0.585 Priority 5B 0.023 0.016 0.016 0.006 Priority 3A 0.113 0.078 0.079 0.031 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.333 1.046 1.066 0.678 TOTAL BY CENTER 21.962 22.225 23.214 23.738
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 137
Table 2. Undertaking, Activities and Sectors, 2006-2009 (in $ million)
2006 2007 2008 2009 Undertaking, Activities and Sectors (estimated) (proposal) (plan 1) (plan 2) Increasing Productivity 6.070 6.029 6.573 6.393 Germplasm Enhancement & Breeding 2.502 2.099 2.213 2.068 Production Systems Development & Management 3.568 3.930 4.360 4.325 Cropping systems 3.568 3.930 4.360 4.325 Livestock systems 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Tree systems 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Fish systems 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Protecting the Environment 5.556 5.797 5.886 6.181 Saving Biodiversity 2.322 2.260 2.269 2.253 Improving Policies 2.554 2.883 3.009 3.496 Strengthening NARS 5.460 5.257 5.476 5.415 Training and Professional Development 1.800 1.841 1.990 1.977 Documentation, Publications, Info. Dissemination 1.881 1.842 1.905 1.982 Organization & Management Counseling 0.133 0.105 0.107 0.068 Networks 1.646 1.469 1.474 1.389 TOTAL BY CENTER 21.962 22.225 23.214 23.738
138 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Table 3. Cost Allocation: Allocation of Projects Cost to CGIAR Regions, 2005-2009 (in $ million)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Project Regions (actual) (estimated) (proposal) (plan 1) (plan 2)
Project 1: Impact Enhancement SSA 0.457 0.549 0.476 0.4910.484 Asia 0.793 0.681 0.583 0.576 0.572 LAC 2.052 0.811 1.401 1.705 2.081 CWANA 0.017 0.010 0.003 0.0030.003 TOTAL BY PROJECT 3.318 2.051 2.463 2.775 3.140 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization SSA 0.332 0.147 0.180 0.1790.179 Asia 0.347 0.339 0.363 0.361 0.360 LAC 1.004 0.579 0.554 0.547 0.546 CWANA 0.158 0.050 0.088 0.0880.088 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.841 1.114 1.186 1.175 1.173 Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement SSA 2.761 3.213 2.840 2.9012.444 Asia 2.170 1.994 1.027 1.041 1.022 LAC 2.056 1.643 1.311 1.346 1.329 CWANA 0.822 0.529 0.516 0.6170.597 TOTAL BY PROJECT 7.809 7.379 5.695 5.905 5.393 Project 4: Integrated Crop Management SSA 1.455 1.691 2.909 3.3283.520 Asia 1.216 1.282 1.257 1.032 1.145 LAC 1.366 1.468 1.427 1.190 1.005 CWANA 0.257 0.221 1.034 2.1102.157 TOTAL BY PROJECT 4.293 4.662 6.627 7.661 7.827 Project 5: Natural Resources Management SSA 0.350 0.274 0.266 0.1320.131 Asia 0.185 0.155 0.135 0.134 0.134 LAC 1.320 1.963 1.989 1.976 2.213 CWANA 0.055 0.046 0.028 0.0280.028 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.909 2.439 2.418 2.269 2.506 Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health SSA 0.068 0.129 0.279 0.2510.874 Asia 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 139
LAC 0.292 0.135 0.233 0.233 0.228 CWANA 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0010.001 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.363 0.267 0.515 0.487 1.105 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion - CONDESAN LAC 1.290 2.125 1.887 1.718 1.756 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.290 2.125 1.887 1.718 1.756 Project 8: Global Mountain Program SSA 0.436 0.528 0.390 0.0990.100 Asia 0.018 0.006 0.000 0.020 0.020 LAC 0.179 0.053 0.000 0.020 0.020 CWANA 0.018 0.006 0.000 0.0200.020 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.650 0.592 0.390 0.158 0.159 Project 9: Urban Harvest SSA 0.360 0.850 0.631 0.6980.465 Asia 0.058 0.103 0.082 0.083 0.085 LAC 0.332 0.359 0.332 0.285 0.128 CWANA 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.0000.000 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.750 1.333 1.046 1.066 0.678 TOTAL BY CENTER 22.224 21.962 22.225 23.214 23.738
Table 4. Expenditures, 2005-2009 Object of Expenditure, (in $million)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Object of Expenditures (actual) (estimated) (proposal) (plan 1) (plan 2) Personnel 9.269 9.078 9.185 9.594 9.806 Supplies and services 8.115 7.961 8.055 8.413 8.600 Collaboration/ Partnerships 2.271 2.234 2.260 2.360 2.413 Operational Travel 2.204 2.239 2.266 2.367 2.419 Depreciation 0.365 0.450 0.460 0.480 0.500
TOTAL BY CENTER 22.224 21.962 22.225 23.214 23.738
140 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Table 5. Financing: Members/Non Members Unrestricted Grants 2005-2007 (in $ million)
2005 2006 2007 Members/Non Members (actual) (estimated) (proposal) MEMBERS Australia 0.239 0.189 0.177
Belgium 0.230 0.244 0.227
Canada 0.628 0.668 0.622
China 0.120 0.120 0.120
Denmark 0.313 0.338 0.314
Germany 0.259 0.259 0.259
India 0.038 0.038 0.038
Ireland 0.000 0.252 0.234
Italy 0.000 0.113 0.105
Korea, Republic of 0.060 0.050 0.050
Netherlands 0.919 0.886 0.843
Norway 0.303 0.323 0.301
Sweden 0.906 0.811 0.832
Switzerland 0.828 0.806 0.750
United Kingdom 1.159 1.224 1.138
United States 0.962 0.818 0.818
World Bank 1.150 1.050 1.250 TOTAL MEMBERS 8.113 8.189 8.076
NON MEMBERS
TOTAL BY CENTER 8.113 8.189 8.076
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Table 6. Financing: Allocation of Members/Non Members Grants to Projects 2006-2007 (in $ million)
2006 2007 Project Members/Non Members (estimated) (proposal)
Project 1: Impact Enhancement MEMBERS Australia 0.055 0.000 New Zealand 0.000 0.220 Switzerland 0.419 0.482 United Kingdom 0.050 0.359 United States 0.022 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.546 1.062 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.060 0.060 CIAT 0.046 0.000 HarvestPlus/CP 0.186 0.168 IFPRI 0.004 0.000 Natural Resources Institute 0.056 0.000 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.352 0.228 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.898 1.290 Unrestricted + center inc 1.153 1.173 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.051 2.463 Project 2: Genetic Resources MEMBERS Conservation and Characterization European Commission 0.457 0.425 Germany 0.024 0.000 Luxembourg 0.063 0.058 United States 0.003 0.003 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.547 0.485 NON MEMBERS IBRD 0.119 0.228 Unidentified 0.005 0.000 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.123 0.228 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.670 0.713 Unrestricted + center inc 0.444 0.473 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.114 1.186 Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement MEMBERS and Crop Improvement Austria 0.200 0.422 Belgium 0.487 0.400 Denmark 0.024 0.025 European Commission 0.777 0.723 FAO 0.000 0.043
142 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Germany 0.460 0.135 Korea, Republic of 0.097 0.030 Luxembourg 0.179 0.179 Netherlands 0.017 0.000 Peru 0.040 0.000 Rockefeller Foundation 0.132 0.117 Spain 0.000 0.410 Sweden 0.038 0.000 United States 1.188 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 3.640 2.484 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.096 0.115 CIAT 0.808 0.530 Generation/CP 0.320 0.223 HarvestPlus/CP 0.000 0.100 McKnight Foundation 0.006 0.000 Unidentified 0.025 0.049 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 1.255 1.017 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 4.895 3.501 Unrestricted + center inc 2.484 2.194 TOTAL BY PROJECT 7.379 5.695 Project 4: Integrated Crop MEMBERS Management Australia 0.000 0.154 Belgium 0.000 0.369 Canada 0.000 0.300 Denmark 0.069 0.000 Germany 0.418 0.050 IDRC 0.079 0.000 IFAD 0.345 0.265 Italy 0.151 0.141 Luxembourg 0.117 0.117 Netherlands 0.081 0.000 New Zealand 0.000 0.200 OPEC Fund 0.063 0.000 Switzerland 0.056 0.083 United States 0.000 0.667 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.379 2.345 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.072 0.070 CIAT 0.120 0.109 Common Fund for Commodities 0.385 0.385 HarvestPlus/CP 0.279 0.252
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 143
IBRD 0.033 0.075 ICARDA 0.027 0.000 IITA 0.070 0.030 Natural Resources Institute 0.018 0.000 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 0.015 0.000 Unidentified 0.000 0.906 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 1.021 1.827 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 2.400 4.173 Unrestricted + center inc 2.262 2.455 TOTAL BY PROJECT 4.662 6.627 Project 5: Natural Resources MEMBERS Management Canada 1.507 1.600 Netherlands 0.061 0.000 Peru 0.048 0.000 United States 0.103 0.115 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.718 1.715 NON MEMBERS SANREM 0.000 0.025 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.000 0.025 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.718 1.740 Unrestricted + center inc 0.721 0.678 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.439 2.418 Project 6: Agriculture and Human MEMBERS Health IDRC 0.071 0.159 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.071 0.159 NON MEMBERS HarvestPlus/CP 0.000 0.131 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.000 0.131 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.071 0.290 Unrestricted + center inc 0.197 0.225 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.267 0.515 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the MEMBERS Andean Ecoregion - CONDESAN FAO 0.007 0.000 Switzerland 0.068 0.070 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.075 0.070 NON MEMBERS Global Environment Facility (GEF) 1.017 1.100 IBRD 0.230 0.050 IWMI 0.144 0.080 Unidentified 0.193 0.175
144 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
TOTAL NON MEMBERS 1.583 1.405 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.658 1.475 Unrestricted + center inc 0.466 0.412 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.125 1.887 Project 8: Global Mountain Program MEMBERS Canada 0.390 0.284 FAO 0.035 0.000 Spain 0.018 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.442 0.284 NON MEMBERS
TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.442 0.284 Unrestricted + center inc 0.150 0.106 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.592 0.390 Project 9: Urban Harvest MEMBERS Canada 0.063 0.043 IDRC 0.299 0.328 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.362 0.371 NON MEMBERS IBRD 0.200 0.000 Natural Resources Institute 0.034 0.000 Unidentified 0.127 0.127 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.361 0.127 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.722 0.498 Unrestricted + center inc 0.611 0.547 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.333 1.046 TOTAL BY CENTER 21.962 22.225
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Table 7. Staff Composition: Internationally and Nationally Recruited Staff, 2005 - 2009
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Staff Type (actual) (estimated) (proposal) (plan 1) (plan 2)
Internationally-Recruited Staff (IRS) 56 61 63 65 67
Other Staff 440 434 439 442 445
TOTAL BY CENTER 496 495 502 507 512
Table 8. Financial Position: Currency Structure of Expenditures, 2005-2007 (in $ million) 2005 2006 2007 (actual) (estimated) (proposal) Currency Amount US$Value %Share Amount US$Value %Share Amount US$Value %Share Indonesian Rupiah 1669.016 0.170 0.76% 1771.654 0.180 0.82% 1673.228 0.170 0.76% (IDR) Indian Rupee (INR) 14.817 0.328 1.48% 1.356 0.030 0.14% 1.808 0.040 0.18%
Kenyan Shilling (KES) 41.254 0.567 2.55% 61.516 0.845 3.85% 71.344 0.980 4.41%
Others (Others) 4.247 0.526 2.37% 4.287 0.531 2.42% 3.447 0.427 1.92%
Nuevo Sol (PEN) 25.054 7.154 32.19% 23.115 6.900 31.42% 23.450 7.000 31.50%
Philippine Peso (PHP) 7.221 0.136 0.61% 7.964 0.150 0.68% 7.964 0.150 0.67%
Uganda Shilling (UGX) 1727.049 0.948 4.27% 1729.950 0.950 4.33% 1821.000 1.000 4.50%
US Dollar (USD) 12.395 12.395 55.77% 12.376 12.376 56.35% 12.458 12.458 56.05%
TOTAL BY CENTER 22.224 100.00% 21.962 100.00% 22.225 100.00%
146 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007
Table 9. Statements of Activities For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 (in $million)
Unrestricted Restricted Total Total Temporary Challenge Programs 2005 2004
Revenue and Gains Grant Revenue 8.113 12.674 1.217 22.004 22.397 Other revenue and gains 0.293 0.000 0.000 0.293 0.279 Total revenue and gains 8.406 12.674 1.217 22.297 22.676
Expenses and Losses Program related expenses 5.239 12.674 1.217 19.130 18.758 Management and general expenses 4.063 0.000 0.000 4.063 3.951 Other losses expenses 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Sub Total expenses and losses 9.302 12.674 1.217 23.193 22.709 Indirect cost recovery -0.969 0.000 0.000 -0.969 -1.151 Total expenses and losses 8.333 12.674 1.217 22.224 21.558 Net Surplus/(Deficit) from ordinary 0.073 0.000 0.000 0.073 1.118 activities Extraordinary Items 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
NET SURPLUS / (DEFICIT) 0.073 0.000 0.000 0.073 1.118
Object of Expenditures Personnel 5.041 3.955 0.273 9.269 9.572 Supplies and services 2.269 5.078 0.768 8.115 7.326 Collaboration/ Partnerships 0.000 2.204 0.067 2.271 2.058 Operational Travel 0.658 1.437 0.109 2.204 2.255 Depreciation 0.365 0.000 0.000 0.365 0.347
TOTAL BY CENTER 8.333 12.674 1.217 22.224 21.558
International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 147
Table 10. Statements of Financial Position December 31, 2005 (in $million) 2005 2004 A S S E T S Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 10.525 10.561 Investments 0.537 0.099 Accounts receivable Donor 3.524 3.582 Employees 0.160 0.259 Other CGIAR Centers 0.000 0.000 Others 0.240 0.215 Inventories 0.396 0.385 Prepaid expenses 0.267 0.333 Total current assets 15.649 15.434
Non-Current Assets Property, Plant and Equipment 2.768 2.745 Investments 0.305 0.369 Other Assets 0.000 0.000 Total Non-Current Assets 3.073 3.114 TOTAL ASSETS 18.722 18.548
LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current Liabilites Overdraft/Short term Borrowings 0.000 0.000 Accounts payable Donor 4.586 3.508 Employees 0.000 0.000 Other CGIAR Centers 0.000 0.000 Others 5.746 6.295 Accruals 0.078 0.182 Total current liabilities 10.410 9.985 Non-Current Liabilities Accounts payable Employees 0.073 0.061 Deferred Grant Revenue 0.000 0.000 Others 0.000 0.250 Total non-current liabilities 0.073 0.311 Total liabilities 10.483 10.296 Net Assets Unrestricted Designated 2.512 2.598 Undesignated 5.727 5.654 Total Unrestricted Net Assets 8.239 8.252 Restricted 0.000 0.000 Total net assets 8.239 8.252 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 18.722 18.548
148 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium Term Plan for 2007-2009 and Financing Plan for 2007 7 0 0 2
r INTERNACIONAL D o O f E
R n L a A l T
P P
N A g P E n i
INTERNACIONAL A D c O C E The International Potato Center (CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and
R L n A
T Medium-Term Plan C I P
achieve food security on a sustained basis in developing countries a P N A n P E i
A through scientific research and related activities on potato, C F C I P sweetpotato, and other root and tuber crops, and on the improved
d 2007–2009 and
management of natural resources in the Andes and other mountain n a areas. 9 0
0 Financing Plan for 2007 The CIP Vision 2 The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing - 7
poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, 0 0
sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving 2
access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and n a
l October 2006 technologies. CIP will address these challenges by convening and P conducting research and supporting partnerships on root and m tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain r e T
systems and other less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to -
the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development. m u
www.cipotato.org i d CIP is supported by a group of governments, private foundations, e M and international and regional organizations known as the P I
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). C www.cgiar.org
International Potato Center