Medium-Term Plan 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

© International Potato Center (CIP) 2005

Medium-Term Plan 2006–2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

November 2005

International Potato Center

ii International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Contents

Science Council comments on CIP’s MTP ...... iv

CIP’s Response to the Science Council Commentary on CIP’s MTP, 2006-2008...... viii Introduction ...... viii Research Agenda ...... viii Nature of Research ...... viii Research Planning...... ix Partnerships ...... ix

MEDIUM-TERM PLAN OVERVIEW ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 CIP Research Program Context ...... 1 CIP Research Program Discussion: 2004 Actual Highlights ...... 6 CIP Research Program Discussion: 2005 Anticipated Highlights...... 7 Implementation of EPMR Recommendations...... 10 Highlights of the 2006 Project Portfolio...... 17 Collaboration ...... 20 Internal Organization of Research ...... 26

MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT NARRATIVES...... 29 Project 1. Impact Enhancement ...... 29 Project 2. Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization ...... 31 Project 3. Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement...... 34 Project 4. Integrated Crop Management ...... 39 Project 5. Natural Resources Management...... 42 Project 6. Agriculture and Human Health ...... 44 Project 7 Ecoregional Program: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (CONDESAN) ...... 46 Project 8. Global Mountain Program ...... 48 Project 9. Urban Harvest ...... 51 Urban Harvest Annex 1...... 55

MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT LOGFRAMES ...... 56

MEDIUM-TERM FINANCING PLAN...... 103 Center Financial Indicators ...... 103 Financial results of 2004 operations ...... 104 Development of 2005 Operations ...... 106 Medium-Term Financial Outlook for 2006–2008...... 107 Challenge, Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs...... 108 Financial tables ...... 110

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 iii Science Council comments on CIP’s MTP

October 2005

iv International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 v vi International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 vii

CIP’s Response to the Science Council Commentary on CIP’s MTP, 2006-2008

October 2005

Introduction With respect to the overall commentary, CIP would like to thank the Science Council for the careful reading done of the MTP. We are pleased with the positive feedback and constructive criticism. We would also like to thank the Council for the new structure and content of the MTP. We find the MTP more useful than in the past as a meaningful Center-wide work-planning document. With this new MTP structure as a baseline component, CIP is moving forward towards an integrated work planning, reporting and evaluation system that can be applied Center-wide and to the individual scientist. As we respond to your commentary, we are in the process of preparing our strategic plan for the years 2006-2016. This new plan will inform the development of our 2007-2009 MTP and affects the nature of our responses below.

Research Agenda CIP remains focused on contributing to the Millennium Development Goals as a target for the outputs of our research program. As such our research program discussions continually return to the question of will this make a meaningful contribution? Our vision exercise helped us identify eight regional clusters of countries and we continue to adjust our research investments towards output targets that will have either a direct or spill in contribution to them. We note with satisfaction that your conclusion is that ‘Advances…will result in gains towards the fulfillment of CGIAR goals.’

CIP continues to work towards implementation of EPMR recommendations and appreciates the Science Council’s concern about those for which implementation remains in process. The new strategic plan will enable us to make significant progress in complete implementation of many of these issues. Since delivery of this MTP to the Science Council, our new work plan and evaluation policies for research scientists have been integrated with the new CG MP and Performance Measurement Systems and include specific reference to refereed publications.

Nature of Research We are happy that the Science Council concurs that the research presented in the MTP is a cohesive program for the generation of international public goods. As the Council notes, we continue to focus on priority issues. We thank the Council for emphasizing our comparative advantage for clarifying the role of potato in the human diet, both the positive and perceptions of negative impacts.

CIP recognizes the Science Council preference to classify the various research challenges of agriculture and human health as a cross-cutting issue. In our new vision, we saw that to address these challenges we needed a focal point in the Center around which we can build a critical mass of research talent. We are actively recruiting a senior public health researcher to lead the new division. We appreciate the criticism of the output targets of the division. The intent is not to provide local services but to extract globally significant lessons on the basic information requirements and building consensus around pesticide use in crop production. In the upcoming MTP, we shall reformulate the output targets to reflect our true intentions for this program. The Science Council expresses concern that animal nutrition and human nutrition not be mixed in the project. Project 6 has no output targets for animal nutrition, so perhaps the Science Council has confused the output targets of Projects 5 and 6. The use of both vines and roots in dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties offers considerable benefits for the mixed system smallholder farm families in many regions. CIP is collaborating with ILRI in this work.

viii International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 The recent breakthrough on the search for bacterial wilt resistance is a significant development. Our continued progress in breeding for virus resistance and late blight tolerance are also promising for future development of broad based resistant varieties of potato.

CIP manages its SWEPs in full consultation with the individual program steering committees. These committees are broadly representative of important stakeholders. As such some of the SWEP agenda priorities reflect the interests of these independent bodies. However, CIP’s participation is always with the focus of extracting lessons, especially from comparative cases, for their potential global application.

Research Planning CIP thanks the council for its advice on clear and relevant output targets. This first year of producing a project logframe based on output targets has been a learning exercise. We are glad we were mostly correct in target specification and acknowledge the opportunity for additional improvement

Partnerships Partnerships are a basic organizational element in CIP’s research program. We recognize our role to provide global leadership in potato and sweetpotato research. Our research divisions (projects) are designed and structured to supply support from differing quarters to continually advance knowledge and build capacity around potato and sweetpotato. Several of our research divisions are thematically structured while others are cross cutting. Our NRM division is an example of the latter. It provides services to the other CIP divisions by placing potato and sweetpotato research into a broader systems perspective. We seek to retain a international public goods perspective as we work in what is inherently a location-specific paradigm. Other CG and non-CG partners are always present in these systems and we actively seek partnering with them to the degree that mutually shared priorities allow. Our collaboration with ILRI in sweetpotato pig systems in Asia and sweetpotato-cow and -goat systems in SSA are an example.

CIP thanks the Science Council for singling out CONDESAN for praise. The oldest of our SWEPs programs, we are proud of the institutional maturity that CONDESAN possesses. As a CG Ecoregional Program, CONDESAN uses that institutional maturity to win the confidence of the Water and Food Challenge Program to administer the Andean Watersheds Site and of the Global Environmental Facility to administer the Paramo Project. We are confident that Urban Harvest and the Global Mountain Program will achieve similar maturity and capacity for contribution to these important cross-cutting issues of the CG. CIP has several other award winning or highly rated partnership programs with similar institutional maturity to that demonstrated by CONDESAN. These include Papa Andina, PRAPACE, UPWARD and VITAA. Similar to CONDESAN, these partnership programs have attracted investments and invitations to lead activities in projects hosted in other institutions. We continue to see partnership programs as a key element of our agenda and especially effective in capacity building.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 ix

MEDIUM-TERM PLAN OVERVIEW

Introduction The year 2004 was one of implementation of the new CIP Research Program, which resulted from the CIP Vision Exercise and its Millennium Goals based strategy. This Board-approved MTP reflects a new emphasis on achieving the Millennium Development Goals in carefully poverty-targeted areas. It also incorporates the new Science Council-mandated logframes that define outputs and output targets as the basis for future Performance Measurement of CIP projects.

CIP’s program construct of Research Divisions and Partnership Programs include the Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs (SWEPs) that CIP convenes. These are clearly described as Partnership Programs and their funding is included as separate and clearly identifiable components in CIP’s financial tables in this MTP’s text and appendices.

CIP Research Program Context The CIP Vision. In 2003 CIP completed a Vision Exercise that allowed the Center to prioritize seven development challenges that reflect eight of the UN Millennium Development Targets. These challenges include: reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing sustainable rural and urban systems; and improving the availability of new technologies. The CIP Vision Exercise concluded that CIP’s research and development program can significantly contribute to achieving these Development Targets over the next two decades (see Boxes 1 & 2).

Importance of potato and sweetpotato production. Potatoes and sweetpotatoes are effective vehicles for impacting the Millennium Development Targets. The global potato and sweetpotato sectors are currently expanding and dynamic. A global and regional root and tuber growth rate analysis made using IFPRI’s IMPACT model in 1997 projected an annual growth rate of more than 2.7% for potato production up to the year 2020. This rate projection exceeded the growth rate projected for all other major food crops. Sweetpotato was expected to grow at a nearly 1.5% annual rate. Six years later, both of these estimates appear on target, and all of the production growth is occurring in developing countries. The vast majority of sweetpotatoes and nearly half of the world’s potatoes are now grown in developing countries. For both crops, production has grown primarily through area expansion, but productivity gains are becoming more important and evident.

Targeting for enhanced impact. To begin to answer the question of where key CIP resources should be invested in order to maximize CIP’s contribution to the prioritized Millennium Development Targets, in 2003, we conducted a GIS-based targeting exercise, overlaying maps of hunger, poverty, child mortality and maternal mortality with maps of potato and sweetpotato production regions.

The first major conclusion to emerge from this exercise was that there are seven regional concentrations of countries where potato and sweetpotato production is highly correlated with extreme levels of poverty, hunger, and child and maternal mortality (see Figure 1). The key regional groupings are: 1) the Andes region of Latin America (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia); 2) East and Southern Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi, Madagascar, Angola); 3) the Indo-Gangetic basin of South Asia (northern India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan); 4) Northeast and Southwest China; 5) Southeast Asia (Papua); 6) the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia); and 7) Central Asia (Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic). In addition to these regional groupings Haiti also ranked as a high priority. These regional groupings were found to correspond closely with the current organization of CIP’s global research program, with the exception of West Africa. Groupings 1-5 account for more than 90% of total potato and sweetpotato production in developing countries. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, CIP has also strengthened collaboration with the newly independent nations in Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC) region.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 1 Box 1. The CIP Vision

The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and technologies. CIP, a World Center, will address these challenges by convening and conducting research and supporting development partnerships on root and tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain systems and less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to the achievement of healthy, sustainable human development.

Box 2. The Millennium Development Challenges relevant to CIP

CIP can contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population in extreme poverty (Millennium Development Target 1).

CIP can contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Millennium Development Target 2).

CIP can contribute to reducing by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate (Millennium Development Target 5).

CIP can contribute to reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (Millennium Development Target 6).

CIP can contribute to integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs, and to reversing the loss of environmental resources (Millennium Development Target 9).

CIP can contribute to achieving, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (Millennium Development Target 11).

CIP can contribute to addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Millennium Development Target 13).

CIP can contribute, with the private sector, to making available the benefits of information and communications technologies (Millennium Development Target 18).

2 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 The second major conclusion of the exercise was that including additional development indicators did not significantly alter the regions of highest priority for CIP commodity research. Poverty levels are a good indication of the other prioritized Millennium Development Targets (hunger, child mortality and maternal mortality). Countries with the lowest levels of income also have high incidence of hunger in their population and high rates of infant and maternal mortality. Income-based poverty measures actually appear to be the broadest indicator of well-being among those considered in this exercise. There were some instances, however, in which countries that were rated as low priority for CIP based on income poverty, scored as medium priority based on other indicators (e.g. Brazil, Libya, Iran, Kazakhstan and Turkey have medium to high levels of child mortality).

The results of the targeting exercise, published in 2004 (see The CIP Vision: Preserving the Core, Stimulation Progress, www.cipotato.org), confirm a principal outcome of the previous constraints-based priority setting exercise carried out by CIP: the geography of the potato and the sweetpotato is closely correlated with highly impoverished regions of the world. Changes in poverty rates and commodity production over the past decade have not altered this conclusion. Thus, focusing CIP’s research on regions with large areas sown to potato and sweetpotato will most likely have the greatest potential impact on improving the well being of the world’s poorest citizens. This does not imply that merely increasing production of these commodities will enhance livelihoods of the poor. How agricultural knowledge and technology can best be generated and disseminated within a region or locality to reduce poverty must be the subject of further analysis.

Realignment of CIP’s Research Program. The first step taken in moving towards implementation of this vision was a realignment of CIP’s research program. As outlined in Challenge 1 of the The CIP Vision, impact assessment studies have documented that improvements in potato and sweetpotato production systems through CIP-related technologies have resulted in significant gains in farm productivity throughout the world, and especially in China, India, Central Africa, and the Andean highlands. A fundamental objective of this realignment is to increase the impact of our research across a broader array of challenges, as defined by the Millennium Development Goals and Targets.

In order to maximize impacts on poverty and hunger alleviation, human health, and rural and urban sustainability, the realignment of CIP’s Research and Development (R&D) program will be based in a pro- poor R&D cycle. Within the research program, six Research Divisions have been defined (see Box 3). This revised structure should streamline research management and be robust enough to persist and maintain its relevance in the face of a dynamic external environment.

Research Divisions. The Impact Enhancement Division undertakes research to develop improved methodologies for impact targeting and needs/opportunities assessment; adopt and validate a broader conceptual framework for impact assessment; identify impact indicators and methodologies for measuring and monitoring these indicators; and develop strategies and tactics to add value to CIP’s commodity research. In essence, this Division will serve as the compass for the Program, monitoring progress against desired impacts in each of the regional settings and, through research, striving to increase our impact.

The Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Division manages CIP’s non-negotiable core responsibility to maintain and characterize the collection of potato, sweetpotato, and Andean root and tuber crops (ARTC) germplasm that the Center holds in-trust. The Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division is responsible for CIP’s efforts to better understand and enhance this germplasm for improved crop value. These two Divisions represent CIP’s foundation, built and solidified over more than 30 years. They remain critical to enhancing our impact and meeting our challenges.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 3

Box 3. Research Divisions and Projects

Impact Enhancement ♦ Characterizing user needs and opportunities for agricultural knowledge and technology ♦ Assessing technology adoption, dissemination strategies, and impact ♦ Adding value to commodities through post-harvest innovations ♦ Institutional learning for pro-poor impact

Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization ♦ Collecting and conserving genetic resources ♦ Characterizing genetic resources ♦ Assessing the diversity of genetic resources ♦ Collaborating on genetic resources policies and capacity building

Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement ♦ Enhancing potato germplasm and crop improvement ♦ Enhancing sweetpotato germplasm and crop improvement ♦ Improving root and tuber crops through transgenics ♦ Improving adaptation and variety use

Integrated Crop Management ♦ Integrating management of the potato crop ♦ Integrating management of the sweetpotato crop

Natural Resources Management ♦ Characterizing the sustainability of targeted agro-ecosystems ♦ Examining external disturbances of targeted agro-ecosystems ♦ Designing and validating resilient agro-ecosystems

Agriculture and Human Health ♦ Analyzing linkages among production, ecosystems, and human health ♦ Enhancing human health benefits from agricultural production ♦ Mitigating human health risks from agricultural production

The remaining three Research Divisions will conduct integration research. The Integrated Crop Management Division (ICM) undertakes research to identify solutions to production constraints (e.g. late blight, bacterial wilt, soil degradation) and integrate these in ways that are appropriate for the region, the target systems, and the socioeconomic constraints of the target populations.

The Natural Resources Management (NRM) Division conducts research to improve our understanding of production systems (e.g. potato, sweetpotato) within the complex agro-ecosystems in which they are embedded (e.g. potatoes in highland production systems), and will develop strategies and tactics for intervening in these complex systems that will provide valuable, long-term contributions.

The Agriculture and Human Health Division will carry out research to clarify the linkages among agricultural production, the environment, and human health. Based on the knowledge gathered from this research, intervention strategies will be designed to increase the benefits and mitigate the risks of agricultural production to human health. This new research division will allow CIP to institutionalize and carry forward the innovative research that we have been conducting, and to move beyond compartmentalization of agricultural and human health research and development.

4 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Collaboration through research Partnership Programs. CIP has a rich and successful history of creating, coordinating, and working in partnerships. In order to make this R&D cycle even more effective, CIP has realigned its program structure. Research outputs have been linked to Partnership Programs for improved and more rapid dissemination. Through this realignment we expect gains in the efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility of the program. The realignment will also seek to give our partners a stronger voice in defining national and regional needs and opportunities and in influencing CIP’s research agenda. It is expected that these needs and opportunities will be increasingly resourced by Partnership Programs through contract research to the relevant Research Divisions. Partnership Programs will serve as primary update and utilization platforms for research results, increasing the dissemination and scaling out of the global public goods produced by CIP and its partners with the aim of enhancing development impact.

Currently, CIP hosts and coordinates 3 of the Systemwide and EcoRegional Programs: CONDESAN, Global Mountain Program and Urban Harvest. Each of these SWEPs has been presented as an independent project, fulfilling the new Science Council requirements for separate MTP submissions by the SWEPs. The Partnership Programs included in CIP’s realigned program structure are those hosted and coordinated by CIP. However, CIP scientists also actively participate in other partnership platforms.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 5

CIP Research Program Discussion: 2004 Actual Highlights In Asia, sweetpotato has changed from primarily a food to a feed crop, although most of the crop continues to be used on the farm. Industrial use of sweetpotato has grown in China and has attracted some private investment in Southeast Asia, but future prospects for this market are uncertain. In 2004 Impact Enhancement research compared the relative cost advantage of sweetpotato, cassava, maize, potato, wheat and rice to supply carbohydrates to meet the growing demand for industrial starch and animal feed.

Economic potential of new technologies for Andean Root and Tuber Crops: Ollucu in Peru. Ollucu is the second most important root and tuber crop grown in the Andes after potato. CIP research on ARTC seeks to both improve their productivity and promote their use in order to increase incentives for farmers to continue to grow and conserve these species. An economic assessment of Ollucu published by CIP in 2004 shows that this crop has considerable market and economic potential in Peru.

Millions of poor, rural households in Asia produce sweetpotato as a major feedstock for farm-raised pigs, which is their primary source of market income. CIP has pursued an integrated approach to improve small-holder sweetpotato-pig systems, through breeding high-yielding varieties, ensiling roots and vines to improve storage and nutrient availability, developing improved animal nutrition husbandry, and assessing markets and policy for effects on small pig growers. Analysis of farm adoption in Vietnam shows rapid uptake of new technology with significant improvement in income by small-holder sweetpotato-pig growers.

In 2004, the Genetic Conservation and Characterization Project continued its research efforts toward screening the long-term conservation and availability of well characterized and documented potato, sweetpotato and other Andean root and tuber genetic resources. The capacity for rendering virus-free accessions has increased by 175% since 2002.

As result of the Global Public Goods Rehabilitation Project, Phase 1, coordinated by the DGRP-IPGRI, CIP and CIAT signed an agreement that in 2005 will result in the exchange and safe storage of in vitro duplicates as ‘black boxes’ of the cassava and sweetpotato germplasm collections, further in 2005, 300 potato, 200 sweetpotato and 40 ARTC accessions from CIP genebank will be cleaned of all known viruses and made available for distribution. In this area, we have also made critical advance in the establishment of a potato cryo-collection in liquid nitrogen.

As a step toward implementing genetic resources benefit sharing policies, in 2004 we signed a collaborative agreement with the Cuzco (Peru) Potato Park communities. And, as a contribution to the implementation of crop conservation strategies in the Andean region, homologies between the national collection with CIP genebank has been carried out. Adding value to the collection through characterization and evaluation for pest resistance and quality factors has been an important research activity in 2004. In particular, potato, sweetpotato, and ARTC accessions were identified for their health- enhancing attributes.

In Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement, new breeding methods were introduced into the sweetpotato breeding research, which involve changes from polycrosses / controlled crossings of best parents to testcross evaluation of two populations with the objective of linking the breeding program with Generation Challenge Program. “Elite Demonstration and GE trials” have been initiated in order to disseminate and compare new varieties in different regions of the world together with our regional offices and NARS especially directed towards East and South West Asia.

CIP’s efforts in potato varietal diffusion were intensified in East Africa. CIP 381381.20 (Victoria in Uganda and Asante in Kenya) are covering substantial percentages of areas in these two countries. This uptake has been achieved through special efforts with the farmers to produce seed through the creation of seed producer groups, who utilize simple but efficient seed plot techniques developed by CIP.

6 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Three potato projects have reached their full operational mode in Bhutan, North Korea and Afghanistan. These projects are contributing to the poverty alleviation in these CIP target countries through the improvement of their seed production systems and the introduction of adapted potato varieties with advanced levels of resistance to potato Late Blight.

In 2004, CIP established a biochemistry laboratory for plant quality and nutrition analysis. The laboratory is analyzing beta-carotene and minerals together with Waite Analytical Services of the University of Adelaide. The laboratory has currently a capacity of 600 samples per year. 500 samples of potato are being analyzed for minerals, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and carotenoids

The self-excision of the antibiotic resistance gene in transgenic potato was demonstrated in several independent experiences and events. We have now constructed a new plant transformation vector named pCIP54 (and reverse orientation of the multiple cloning site pCIP55). This technology has already been distributed for research purpose only to a CG center (CIAT) and to 3 NARS in Argentina, Chile, and China. This removes one of the biosafety concerns for transgenic potatoes and should shorten the time needed to develop the regulatory dossiers needed for release.

The NRM Division continues to produce a range of tools that open new lines of research. In addition, research on specific systems continued in new regions in 2004 including activities in India (potato-rice systems), Tibet (assessing the water tower function), and Kenya and Uganda (nutrient dynamics).

Significant research advances were made in 2004. The use of spatial and seasonal disaggregated information of climate was used to significantly improve the spatial predictability of soil organic matter and other soil characteristics in volcanic ash soils in the Andes demonstrating that soil variability within soil units can be explained by climatic differences. New methods, to assess plant growth and development using remote sensing, were successfully tested in a trial evaluating the response to drought of 400 potato clones showing that it is feasible to save time while assuring quality. An innovative method to monitor root/tuber growth and development using a homemade tomograph was conceptualized and is being developed. The theoretical ground to relate changes in the carrying capacity over time, as determined by the interaction of light with the vegetation, and drought risk was developed and tested for Africa. A new method to interpolate weather and climate data across space, using vegetation indexes and wavelet theory, was developed.

CONDESAN is the host for the Andean System of Basins of the Challenge Program for Water and Food. Basin priorities were set in 2004 and remain focused on the potential for provision of environmental services in upper catchments. ASB sites are being consolidated as a network of sites through which stakeholders are either working together or exchanging information. CONDESAN has also facilitated the development of working relationships between the WFCP and other regional initiatives. These include GEF-Paramo, GTZ-Andean Watershed Analysis.

CIP Research Program Discussion: 2005 Anticipated Highlights Economic and Policy Assessment of Potato Seed Systems in Indonesia and the Philippines. Seed is the most critical and costly input in potato production. Various measures have been used to improve access to quality potato seed in developing countries. In these case studies, farmers were found to periodically renew their seed stocks in order to improve their seed quality and maintain high yields. They are keenly aware of the importance of quality seed and the differences in seed quality among alternative sources of supply. Seed prices tended to reflect differences in perceived quality of seed. While the traditional policy prescription for improving quality seed supply has been to invest in government certified seed schemes, alternative policy options include liberalization of seed trade, promotion of private-sector utilization of rapid multiplication technologies for producing and selling disease-free seed, and improvement of farmers’ own seed management.

Ex-ante assessment of Vitamin-rich sweetpotato on human health in Uganda. CIP has developed preliminary estimates of health impacts of the adoption of Vitamin A-rich sweetpotato on child and maternal health in Uganda using the DALY (daily-adjusted life years) method. The use of the DALY

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 7 method provides a convenient means of comparing the economic returns to different health policy options. Preliminary findings show that adoption of orange-flesh sweetpotato may be one of the most cost-effective means of improving human nutrition among the poor in Africa.

In 2005, CIP will continue intensifying its involvement in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The CIP- Tashkent based regional seed production specialist is supporting efforts to re-launch potato seed production and marketing activities in several countries of the region. Varietal selection for adaptation and resistance to Late Blight had permitted the identification of several clones, which will be rapidly integrated in the seed production efforts to ensure their wide range adoption.

In Eastern Africa, CIP is studying the emerging markets for sweetpotato vines. This new commerce is prospering and will open interesting venues for the large scale diffusion of CIP’s improved sweetpotato varieties and in particular those with orange flesh that will contribute to combating the vitamin A deficiency in the region.

Economic assessment of potato integrated crop management in Nepal. CIP has worked closely with Nepal’s potato program for a number of years to improve potato productivity in Nepal. In cooperation with UPWARD, the economic impact of farmer field schools of integrated crop management was assessed. Farmer field schools (FFS) were found to be more effective (and popular) in achieving adoption of crop management practices, especially in farmers’ management of own potato seed. Farmers who participated in the FFS were more likely to adopt seed plot techniques. By producing and using their own saved seed rather than having to purchase seed from the informal system, they could significantly reduce their cost of production and increase their returns to potato production. Impacts of adoption on household welfare were most noticeable among limited resource farmers who relied heavily on potato production for their livelihood.

South East Asia and the Pacific are considered major sweetpotato genetic resources diversity centers. During 2005 CIP scientists collaborating with Indonesian colleagues will complete characterization of the country’s main sweetpotato collections and recently 100 land races from the highlands, which are not represented it the global collection held in trust at CIP, will place these in vitro and transfer them to the CIP genebank in Lima.

Micronutrient content and breeding/impact for sweetpotato and potato. Sweetpotato is well-known to be an outstanding source of ß-carotene, contributing significantly to Vitamin A nutrition. Research completed in 2004 confirmed efficacy of provitamin A from sweetpotato in human diets (South African Medical Research Council, VITAA and CIP), and In-vitro methods further demonstrated high bioavailability of ß- carotene in sweetpotato, and sweetpotato’s positive effect on enhancing the availability of nutrients from other sources (HarvestPlus, USDA and CIP research). Screening of landraces and improved sweetpotato germplasm for micronutrient contents during 2004 and 2005 have uncovered significant levels of genetic variability and heritability of micronutrient content to merit increased attention to monitoring and enhancing Fe and Zn contents in breeding materials, concomitant with improving ß-carotene levels and dry matter content. Advances are in part due to the successful implementation of NIRS (near infrared spectrophotometry) screening capacity at CIP, Lima, partially financed by CIDA. This information has allowed CIP breeders to establish breeding targets that will accelerate the delivery of sweetpotato varieties with combined micronutrient and ß-carotene contents, capable of impacting on both vitamin A and iron deficiencies where orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes are grown and consumed.

Potato is known to be an excellent source of vitamin C and to provide significant amounts of bioavailable iron and zinc to the diet. Screening of native and improved potato clones and progenies derived from them in 2005 has revealed higher-than-expected levels and significant genetic variability for Fe and Zn contents. Potatoes with 37 mg/K dry weight of Fe were identified that could provide 12% and 14% of recommended Fe intake for women and children at risk of malnutrition, where potato consumption is as high as in certain parts of Peru (Huancavelica study). Evaluation of new progenies at CIP demonstrated that this could conservatively be increased to 16 and 18% of RNI for Fe through conventional breeding. Results also promising for Zn. Potatoes with 21-29 mg/K Zn (capable of providing up to 59 and 17% of RNI for women and children, respectively) were identified and preliminary estimates of variation in

8 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 progenies show this could increase to > 30 mg/K. Considerable levels and variability in Fe and Zn content were found in CIP’s elite breeding materials with resistance to virus or late blight, suggesting that resistant varieties can be developed as carriers of these micronutrients.

Bioavailability of Fe in potato is expected to be high due to low phytate and high vitamin C contents, which respectively inhibit and enhance availability of iron. The finding of significant, heritable Fe, Zn and vitamin C in improved germplasm and native cultivars merit efforts to undertake improving potato’s nutritional value, along with the development and combination of priority resistance and productivity traits.

The first scientific evidence that high levels of resistance to latent infection by the bacterial wilt pathogen of potato exist in nature was provided in by germplasm evaluation research culminating in late in 2004, for which confirmation is expected in 2005. Absence of the pathogen in the stem and tubers is considered extremely important. Resistance to latent forms of the disease could prevent the bacteria from invading the vascular system of the plant, preventing transfer to seed tubers and thus breaking the recurring cycle of infection in farmers’ fields. Seven genotypes (six of Solanum acaule and one of S. chacoense) that exhibited high levels of resistance to both plant wilt and tuber infection were selected in 2004. Evaluations of remaining selected genotypes are on going and should be completed by end of 2005. Improved understanding of the genetic nature of this resistance and the discovery of responsible genes will facilitate use of these germplasm sources in breeding programs with the final goal of transferring high levels of bacterial wilt resistance to commercial potato varieties grown by farmers in developing countries.

After a consultation and discussion process with CONDESAN partners, the CONDESAN Road Map for the next five years will be approved in 2005 so that the second level (consortium-wide) activities will be guided. Integrated management of water resources and innovative agricultural systems will be the primary areas of concentration.

Research on Watershed Analysis. Several accomplishments are expected in 2005. The scheme of payment for environmental services is producing real transfer of funds to the upper-catchment farmers that are using conservation agriculture practices to conserve environmental services. They are also reducing farming costs. The territorial zoning plan will be officially approved in the province of San Pablo. The plan followed a participatory methodology and is a model for other sites in the region. An international workshop on interdisciplinarity of approaches on NRM will take place in July to provide orientation on practical integration. Daily climatic information will be generated and validated for the region through interpolation and simulation methods. This information is vital input for watershed hydrological models within the region in areas where primary information is not available.

Poverty dynamics study. An innovative methodology was applied to study poverty dynamics in poor communities of the Andes in Peru, in association with R&D partners. The methodology is being applied through CONDESAN’s Propoor Livestock Policy Initiative and will expand to other places in the region.

The Future Harvest Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC) Pilot Study on CIP and CONDESAN. This pilot study will be completed in 2005 to document the evolution of CONDESAN, including CIP’s role as a Convening Center for this Partnership Program. The study should provide a general agreement between the different consortium stakeholders on key topics of the Partnership Programs. ILAC will provide backstopping.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 9

Implementation of EPMR Recommendations CIP is extremely appreciative of the rich, detailed, and valuable report provided to our Center by the EPMR in 2002. This EPMR was a positive evaluation, with many commendations, worthwhile recommendations and suggestions for incremental improvements. All 18 Recommendations made by the EPMR Panel have been accepted by the Center. Progress towards implementation has been made on all of the Recommendations, with some recommendations fully implemented and others in the process of incremental implementation. The specific Recommendations, and progress towards implementation, are outlined below.

Recommendation 1: Integration of breeding efforts under single leadership Recommendation fully implemented. One of the results of the CIP Vision Exercise (see Recommendation 18), conducted from 2002-2004, was the re-structuring of CIP’s Research Program. The current research program, which became operational in 2004, includes the Research Division of Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement (MTP Project 3). This Research Division brings together CIP’s breeding efforts for all commodities under the leadership of Division Leader Dr. Merideth Bonierbale.

Recommendation 2: Urgent identification of resources to establish a state-of-the-art high-throughput genotyping facility; skills and competency strengthening in bioinformatics and computational biology Recommendation fully implemented. A high throughput (HTP) genotyping facility was established at CIP in early 2004 with special project funds from Spain and Germany. We purchased an automated sequencer needed to produce reliably high quantities of DNA fingerprints (Licor 43000 with 5 user licenses producing minimum of 480 DNA fingerprints per day). Simultaneously, we increased our capacity in DNA extractions by purchasing from Qiagen a tissue lyser devise using DNAeasy 96 plant kit, which processes 2 x 96 samples in 1.5 hours.

The main research activity of the HTP lab has been the production of microsatellite (SSR) marker data for potato for the Generation Challenge Program (50 SSR markers on 716 native potato genotypes and 2 mapping populations). Recently, a new research project has started to look at diversity of native potatoes conserved in situ. By the end of 2005, we expect to produce a SSR marker data set for sweetpotato.

The HTP facility has already been used for training events on native potato germplasm, with 25 NARS scientists from 7 South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela).

Our capacity in bioinformatics was significantly increased (4 new assistants) in parallel with the acquisition of a High Power Computer (HPC) system, with Generation Challenge Program funds. And, one full-time IRS is now leading the Research Informatics Unit. CIP has led the effort of installing the HPC for the Generation CP and in collaboration with IRRI is co-leading the identification and customization of additional software for the HPC. CIP has been recognized in the Generation CP bioinformatics community as a leader in GIS, data-warehouse technology and certain best practices in programming and development for computational biology. New skills in bioinformatics were acquired through a training given by a senior programmer of EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) in November 2004 (on web- services and EMBOSS).

Several international collaborations have been initiated or revived through training events and visits to further strengthen capacity in: EST/SNP pipelines (EMBRAPA, Brazil), in comparative genomics (Cornell, NCGR) and genotyping databases (Germinate, SCRI). Two additional in-house training events on bioinformatics tools are planned for 2005. Funding for these activities is provided through a variety of collaborations under the Generation CP.

10 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Recommendation 3: Within overall Center strategy, conduct a priority setting of NRM to ensure balance between: applications vis-à-vis process; CIP mandate crops vis-à-vis livestock-based production systems Incremental implementation. As part of the Visioning and Targeting Exercises (see Recommendation 18), we have targeted and prioritized research and intervention in potato and sweet-potato production systems. In some of the highland potato production systems, livestock is one of the system components. However, work on mountain systems that do not include potato production is being phased out.

As shown in the NRM logframe (MTP Project 5), described outputs clearly indicate that EPMR recommendations have been taken into account by the NRM Project, as there is an emphasis on the application of analytical methods and tools on CIP mandate crops. More than 70% of output targets included in the MTP deals with potato and sweetpotato systems. The MTP indicates that most of specific problems to be tackled by the Project are related to the need to improve root and tuber crop statistics and yield forecasts in target areas with high population of resource-poor farmers, and to enhance the capacity of complex systems to absorb shocks and maintain function, benefiting poor farmers. As to application, several NARIs in LAC, Asia and Africa are already using analytical tools developed by the NRM Project for agro-ecological zoning and priority setting.

Additionally, at the March 2005 annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, the Program Committee called for a CCER on CIP NRM research, to follow up on this Recommendation. We intend to conduct the CCER in late 2005 or early 2006.

Recommendation 4: All CIP scientists to work together in the CONDESAN benchmark watersheds and use them as a mechanism for development, evaluation and dissemination of integrated technologies and policy. Incremental implementation. CIP reminded the EPRM Panel that CONDESAN is an official CGIAR Ecoregional Program with it’s own Board; CIP has a seat on the Board and hosts the Coordination Unit of CONDESAN. As such, we could only recommend to the CONDESAN Board that partners use CONDESAN as a mechanism for development, evaluation and dissemination.

The re-structuring of the CIP Research Program resulted in one constellation of Partnership Programs, which include the CGIAR Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs (SWEPs) that CIP hosts, as well as several other Partnership Programs specific to potatoes and sweetpotatoes. We have developed an instrument called Collaboration Plans, which show precisely how each of these Partnership Programs is collaborating with the CIP Research Divisions, so that we can analyze the potential benefits to CIP from each of the Partnership Programs that we support and invest in. Now that the new Research Program is operational, the Board of Trustees (in the March 2005 annual meeting) requested that a detailed analysis on these relationships and their benefits be presented to the Program Committee at the 2006 Board annual meeting.

CONDESAN benchmark sites are the basis for recent Consortium regional projects; these projects increasingly offer opportunities for collaboration with CIP. In 2005, CONDESAN is implementing activities with four of the six CIP Research Divisions and two of the Partnership Programs. Selected examples of on-going collaboration include: (a) comparison of conservation and traditional agricultural practices; (b) joint initiative to conserve biodiversity in the extremes of the Andes (see MPT Project 2 log frame) (c) a methodology on measuring poverty dynamics;(d) design of the Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI) with FAO; (e) adaptation of the participatory Farmer Field Schools research methodology; (f) study on CONDESAN as a pilot case to analyze CIP's role as a Convening Center of partnership programs with the backstopping of the Future Harvest Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC); (g) InfoAndina implementation of the e-consultation on the worldwide Mountain Partnership Action Plan, a responsibility undertaken by CIP.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 11

Additional research collaborations for 2006 and beyond include the application of best agricultural (potato) practices in the Paramo Andino; provision of policy analysis services by PPLPI to the CIDA- sponsored Altiplano project; CONDESAN Andean Watershed Analysis and CIP Trade-off Analysis methodologies to be compared and complemented in Cajamarca; feedback of CONDESAN partners to CIP's research initiative with the INIAs (NARS) in the region; having PapaAndina as an official regional project of the CONDESAN network so that the results can be shared and the methodology applied throughout the Andean ecoregion for increased impact; and finally the Global Mountain Program scaling up selected CONDESAN cases to the global level.

Recommendation 5: CIP to continue to have strong scientific vision and methodological input in the CONDESAN consortium; Technical Committee and coordinators of crosscutting themes to be revived Incremental Implementation: The Technical Committee has been revived under a new format. It is now composed of CIP and CIAT representatives and by the leaders of the so-called CONDESAN Initiatives (benchmark sites and regional projects). Dr. Peter Trutmann, Coordinator of the Global Mountain Program, is CIP's representative of the Technical Committee of CONDESAN. CIP scientists have been actively involved in the participatory exercise to build the Road Map of CONDESAN for the next five years. The Road Map emphasizes areas of innovation in agricultural systems and integrated management of water resources.

CIP scientists have also been providing scientific input to CONDESAN Initiatives. Examples include training on tools and methods by the NRM Division for personnel of the Andean Watersheds CONDESAN-GTZ project and CIP contributing to the Paramo Andino Project research strategy.

Recommendation 6: Continue the interaction of social scientists with biological and physical scientists but with broader involvement of partners and constituency groups Incremental implementation. CIP has a strong history of effective integration of the biological and social sciences, which has yielded strategically useful knowledge to biophysical researchers. This integration has kept the research agenda that is led by social scientists focused on problems relevant to their colleagues, thus the social sciences in CIP have never suffered from isolation or marginalization within the Center. CIP Management is committed to maintaining that historical strength. Within the new research program, MTP Projects 1 and 4 are lead by social scientists, with social scientists housed in Project 6 and collaborating across all of the research projects. Two of our Partnership Programs are led by social scientists. Our new regional leader in SSA is an economist. In addition to engaging with their biological scientist colleagues in CIP, the social scientists at CIP have pioneered participatory approaches to research not only in focused agricultural technologies but also empowerment of rural communities and institutional arrangements that connect different market chain actors.

Recommendation 7: Reallocate social sciences resources to do more work on science and technology policy issues Incremental implementation. Progress on this recommendation has been slow pending the completion of the 2004-2005 strategic planning exercise. Nonetheless, short-term progress has been made within MTP Project 6 (Agriculture and Human Health) where additional social science input has already resulted in policy strategy outputs on pesticide use as related to human health impacts. Additionally, an IFPRI-CIP joint technology-policy project is in the planning stage.

12 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Recommendation 8: Develop a consistent framework for the collection and analysis of basic data on adoption and constraints; strengthen skills on sophisticated statistical approaches for collection of such data Incremental implementation. With respect to the framework for collection and analysis of data and statistical approaches, in late 2002 CIP created a Research Informatics Unit (RIU). RIU has developed a basic generic framework, tentatively called CIPEX, to manage and analyze data on field and laboratory experiments. The framework passed prototype stage in March 2005 and is now (June 2005) in pilot phase with selected users. We expect broader use by end of July 2005. The framework is web-based, thereby allowing easy sharing of data on both intranet and internet. This will also allow global analysis of data across localities. Components in the framework include a system for micro-management of projects and experiments and a statistical package with custom procedures to generate designs and automate analyses and reports wherever appropriate. The latter is intended to lessen the burden of repetitive tasks and promote best practices in statistical analysis. Additionally, the custom statistical procedures are also based on a freely available statistical package (“R”, http://www.r-project.org ) – thus promoting their re- use by collaborators. CIP’s statistician has conducted several training courses at CIP headquarters and abroad using this package and the custom procedures.

Specifically responding to the adoption and constraints of CIP’s improved varieties, within the new Research Program the Research Division on Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement has created an entire project on Germplasm Uptake and Utilization. This project includes an initiative to promote CIP materials more aggressively in targeted regions and production systems that are ripe for varietal change. CIP has also made a greater commitment to participatory plant breeding to incorporate users’ criteria, thereby speeding up the process of varietal selection and enhancing the odds that suitable varieties will be forthcoming. CIP has had more success with smaller NARS having less potato-growing area than with larger, stronger NARS. Efforts to increase Center presence in countries where potato- growing is more important, such as China, will help to redress these historical disparities in CIP-related varietal change.

Recommendation 9: Formulate a strategy for engaging in different types of partnerships, including the private sector Incremental implementation. From its inception, CIP has put a premium on partnerships. As a consequence, we have long-established practices and habits for engaging with partners. However, noting the dynamic external institutional environment in which CIP operates, the EPMR panel is correct in noting that the Center should systematize the knowledge of past experience and maximize future effectiveness of partnering through a conscious policy for engagement.

The breadth of our partnerships can be glimpsed in the lists found in the project narratives and in the overview. Our partners from both industrial and developing countries include academic, public and private sector research institutes, research oriented non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and regional and international networks. CIP seeks both tactical and strategic partners. Our early successes as a Center came from strategic partnering, with ongoing public sector breeding programs in both industrial and developing countries facilitating dissemination of promising material. Tactical partners are those with which CIP shares goals, and through combining forces, can enhance mutual impact on specific objectives.

As mentioned in Recommendation 4, the re-structuring of the CIP Research Program resulted in one constellation of Partnership Programs, which include the CGIAR Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs (SWEPs) that CIP hosts, as well as several other Partnership Programs specific to potatoes and sweetpotatoes. This restructuring reflects our partnership strategy of creating an identifiable space for partners within the larger context of CIP. This visibility is essential for ownership by those stakeholders.

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During 2005-2006 CIP will complete the cycle of strategic planning that started with the Visioning, Targeting and Research Realignment Exercises. The strategic plan will include not only statements on priorities and chosen pathways but also a strategy for engagement with partners.

Recommendation 10: Encourage more frequent publications in refereed journals and set more demanding annual publication performance targets Incremental implementation. In 2003, the Office of the Director of Research implemented a new on-line reporting system for CIP Information Outputs, which specifically tracks 16 different types of publications, including refereed journal articles. The 2003 World Bank Self-Assessment Report results indicated that CIP had 3.90 refereed publications/per IRS scientists, which was the third highest indicator across the 15 CGIAR Future Harvest Alliance Centers.

Recommendation 11: Reallocate resources from management staff to hire a competent international development officer and use the leadership of that officer, together with a marketing survey, to develop a strategic plan for increasing external funding Incremental implementation. Resource Mobilization at CIP has continued to grow, primarily through restricted grants. Since the last EMPR in 2002, funds approved in grants have totaled 38.4 M USD. Additionally, in response to this EPMR Recommendation, CIP hired a full time IRS as Chief of Resource Mobilization in 2004, and allocated two support staff positions to the Resource Mobilization Office. In 2004, a Resource Mobilization Committee was also constituted that includes the Chief of Resource Mobilization, CIP Directors, CFO, Head of Communications and Public Awareness, and one senior scientist.

The Chief of Resource Mobilization took up her office in September 2004. She is prioritizing efforts to re- define the project development process, developing business plans together with project leaders, and re- assigning responsibilities for fund-raising among Directors, project leaders and regional leaders. A strategic plan for increasing external funding will be presented to the Board at the April 2006 annual meeting.

Recommendation 12: That the Board of Trustees change CIP’s External Auditor at the conclusion of the current end-of-year audit/reporting cycle, and every 3-5 years thereafter Recommendation fully implemented. The new External Auditor, Deloitte and Touche, was contracted immediately in April 2002. A recommendation by the Board’s Internal Audit Committee to change auditors in 2006 was endorsed by the full Board at the March 2005 Board annual meeting.

Recommendation 13: Completion, as soon as possible, of the changes required to transform CIPFIS into a full-fledged Management Information System; managers at all levels to be given access to complete and transparent budgetary information on the activities they are accountable for; CIP management to devise incentives to encourage and increase cost- consciousness and efficiency Incremental implementation. The CIPFIS enhancements to implement forward commitment for goods and services were advanced and fully implemented in November 2002, in order to provide more complete budgetary information for project leaders. The Center is considering several proposals for software to integrate all systems, including human resources management, and to establish a fully-integrated Management Information System by late 2006.

14 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Recommendation 14: The Board to ensure that it receives adequate financial and budgetary information from management and that it spends sufficient time exercising its budgetary and financial oversight functions Recommendation fully implemented. As of 2002, the Internal Audit Committee stepped up oversight functions. The Board currently receives Quarterly Financial Reports from the CFO. Financial and budgetary matters are addressed at the Executive Committee meetings (in October and March each year) before the annual Board meeting. A CCER on CIP Financial Management was called for by the Board at the March 2005 annual meeting. The CCER was conducted in April 2005, with very positive findings.

Recommendation 15: Board to be more challenging and forward looking in its discussions of the Center’s long-term scientific strategy Recommendation fully implemented. The Board Program Chair co-chaired (with the DDG-Research) the entire process for the Visioning, Targeting and Research Realignment Exercises. The entire Board of Trustees was involved in the review and approval of the CIP Vision. The Program Committee is overseeing the Strategic Planning process. The BoT Program Committee also formed a sub-committee on Science and Technology Policy in 2004, in order to address critical longer-term issues related to scientific strategy (e.g. GMO research, Intellectual Property issues). A CCER on CIP’s GMO research will be conducted in June 2005.

Recommendation 16: The DG not be a member of the Nominations Committee and that the DDG-F/A not be the Secretary to the Board and its Executive Committee Recommendation fully implemented. The CIP Board of Trustees accepted the first point of this Recommendation and removed the DG from the Nominations Committee in 2002. However, the Center’s founding statues prescribe that the DDG-F/A serve as the Secretary to the Board. The Board is currently working to improve corporate governance.

Recommendation 17: Develop a vision and strategic plan that integrate crop improvement and protection, natural resource management, and the social sciences in an approach that will guide the understanding of problems developing countries face as they experience economic development Incremental implementation. From 2002-2003 CIP conducted Visioning, Targeting, and Research Realignment Exercises. The process and outcomes of these Exercises have been published and widely distributed (see The CIP Vision: Preserving the Core, Stimulation Progress, www.cipotato.org). As a result of these Exercises, the CIP Research Program was re-structured and this new Program became operational in 2004. At AGM04, the Director of the UN Millennium Development Center pointed to the CIP Vision Targeting Exercise as a model for targeting research-for-development interventions that will contribute to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

In 2004-2005, CIP has undergone a transition in Senior Leadership. The new DG and DDG-Research have just taken up their offices. The DDG-Research has already planned part 2 of the process, i.e. the formulation of the CIP Strategic Plan, based on the CIP Vision Exercises. The Strategic Plan will be presented to the Board for review and approval at the April 2006 annual meeting.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 15

Recommendation 18: The vision statement and the strategic plan be connected and used to establish a robust set of priorities to guide resource allocation in CIP in the coming years Incremental implementation. As stated under Recommendation 17, the strategic plan will be completed in 2005-2006. Out of this strategic planning will roll out an analysis of financial realignment for both human and economic allocations across the research divisions and geographical targets. The priorities that result from the strategic plan will also inform the evolution of business plans and the resulting fund- raising priorities and strategies, to resource the priorities of CIP’s new vision.

16 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Highlights of the 2006 Project Portfolio The 2006 project portfolio presented in this document differs both in structure and content from the 2005 portfolio. The change in structure results from our decision to respect the MTP preparation guidelines and report projects on the basis of our Research Divisions and the CGIAR Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs hosted by the Center. The change in content results from new research outcomes and tools, new projects and, in the case of CONDESAN, new strategic planning.

New research outcomes and tools

Several research outcomes have affected project priorities. The first of these is the confirmation of the discovery of significant sources of resistance to bacterial wilt among wild relatives of potato. This second- most important potato disease is globally distributed and limits yields especially in sub-Saharan Africa and years of earlier breeding for resistance had resulted in little progress.

As a result of finding new sources of putative extreme resistance to bacterial wilt in wild potato species, and parallel improvements in germplasm screening methods, new hybrid populations are under development for transfer of the resistance from wild to cultivated potato. The Division log frame has new output targets regarding the genetic and mechanistic description of this resistance, and funding will be sought to bring tools of molecular biology to bear on efficient exploitation of this valuable resistance. This change is marked by a new Output in our Division 3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement. The new 2006 Output Target relating to this advance is: Hybrid genetic stocks carrying resistance to bacterial wilt from 2 wild Solanum species available for breeding and genetic studies

A second advance was the unexpectedly rapid establishment of baseline information on range of micronutrient contents in advanced potato and sweetpotato populations. Progress in screening improved and landrace germplasm of sweetpotato and potato for micronutrient contents to establish baselines and breeding objectives has proceeded at an unanticipated pace, due to increased laboratory capacity and collaboration among CIP’s crop improvement programs, VITAA and service providers in the HarvestPlus Challenge Program.

As result, for 2006 Division 3 has established new Output Targets to supply improved materials for selection. The first new Target is: 40 seed families with high beta-carotene (80 – 120ppm), medium iron (18 – 24 ppm) and high dry matter (28 – 32%) will be available for selection of promising clones in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, bioavailability of iron in potato well be assessed in 2006 using a set of potato clones differing in contents of enhancers (vitamin C and carotenoids) and inhibitors (phenolic compounds) if in vitro screening methods are available through HarvestPlus.

A third research outcome is the proof of validity of a minimum data approach to support the economic modeling that underpins the Tradeoff Analysis Model (TOA). The TOA Model is a policy analysis tool for integrated assessment of policy or technology impacts on agriculture, health and the environment. The establishment of the minimum data approach significantly expands the range of potential applications of the model and makes its use both less costly and timelier. Accordingly, we have added new Outputs to account for the additional applications of the model in our Division 5 on Natural Resources Management.

During 2004, CONDESAN, observing its tenth anniversary, undertook a major revaluation of its direction. This successful Ecoregional Program, which hosts the Andean Watersheds site for the Water Challenge Program, has continued to attract investors with the provision of a platform for reaching a wide range of Andean stakeholders, innovations in participatory watershed management and market-led, impact driven outcomes. To retain clarity of vision for a second decade the steering committee of CONDESAN will adopt a Road Map to provide direction to the program. This Road Map stresses continued transparency in the relation of CONDESAN to CIP as a host institute and a focus on provision of ‘second-level’ services, i.e. that set of facilitation, networking, knowledge management, regional synthesis and information sharing that when grouped are sometimes referred to as platform provision. Accordingly, CONDESAN has added a new Output to its program.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 17

New projects and project components

During 2005 several new donor-funded projects will come on line and will add new Outputs to our Divisions (MTP Projects) that were not recorded in last year’s MTP. Of course numerous other new project components have come on line but are supporting existing lines of research and are not mentioned here. We anticipate the successful funding of the Reaching End-User component of the Harvest Plus Challenge Program. The continued promotion of orange- fleshed sweetpotato will undoubtedly be an important activity of this component and CIP will channel this work through the VITAA Partnership Program.

Also nearing approval is the Paramo Project, named after the high altitude grasslands of the northern Andes. Prepared by CONDESAN this project, to be funded through the Global Environmental Facility, is accounted for through new Outputs in our CONDESAN report.

The Government of Canada has approved a significant new project to support poverty reduction and mitigation of environmental degradation in the high plateau region of Peru and Bolivia known as the altiplano. This new project will add new activities to a number of Divisions and are identified accordingly.

Changes in composition of project reporting

In the 2004-2006 MTP, CIP reported on twelve projects. In 2003, CIP concluded an eighteen-month Vision Exercise that culminated in a major realignment of the Center’s research program. Starting January 1, 2004 ten projects and the three SWEPs hosted by CIP were realigned into six Divisions and eight Partnership Programs. The concept and logic of the Partnership Programs was presented for the first time in the 2004-2006 MTP. The realignment received favorable comment from the Science Council.

CIP appreciates the recognition given in the guidelines between internal management of research and the need to report in a format useful for the Science Council and other CG stakeholders. Thus, while we will continue to accord our partnership programs recognition and status as separate planning and reporting units we will utilize the new output-focused logic of the project logframes to incorporate the non-SWEP Partnership Programs into CIP Divisions.

The Papa Andina Initiative seeks poverty reduction via income growth through the promotion of equitable market value chains that add value to high-valued niche crops and create new markets for traditional crops. Thus we assigned the expected outputs of this Partnership Program to our Division 1, Impact Enhancement.

The VITAA Partnership Program seeks poverty reduction and improved food security and nutrition through promotion of production, market chain development and consumption of beta-carotene rich orange-fleshed sweetpotato. The VITAA steering committee has approved five areas of work for the program: varietal improvement, seed system support, market value chain development, nutrition education and promotion. We thus assigned VITAA outputs to our Division 1 (Impact Enhancement), Division 3, (Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement) and Division 4 (Integrated Crop Management).

We have several regional networks and country projects that we reported as a group last year. The UPWARD Network operating in South East and South Asian countries uses participatory approaches to improve the effectiveness of research and research deployment in a variety of subjects including: in-situ germplasm conservation, market value chain establishment and development and integrated crop management. Thus the outputs of UPWARD were assigned to our Divisions 1, 2 and 4.

PRAPACE, the ASARECA potato and sweetpotato network, is implementing five projects, integrated late blight management, seed system improvement, potato and sweetpotato variety improvement, bacterial wilt management and market development and post harvest improvement. We distributed the outputs of PRAPACE among our Divisions 1, 3, and 4.

18 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Country projects operating in Bhutan, the Democratic Republic of Korea, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan all have objectives of improving the effectiveness of potato seed systems. Accordingly we report their outputs in our Division 4 on Integrated Crop Management.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 19

Collaboration A philosophy of collaboration was instilled by CIP’s founding Director General and was re-enforced through establishing a small headquarters operation and a significant decentralized program, with out- posted staff assigned to work in facilities of collaborating institutions across the developing world. This philosophy continues to the present. CIP participates in CGIAR Challenge Programs, Systemwide Programs, Ecoregional Programs and various additional CGIAR collective action initiatives. The Center was also a pioneer in establishing regional research networks whose agenda was truly set by the partners. We continue to support such networks and our list of Partnership Programs contains several examples of active networks.

CIP has decades of collaboration with Advanced Research Institutes (ARIs) from nearly every continent and with global and regional networks. We have hundreds of collaborative relationships with all classes of actors in developing country national agricultural research systems, not only the national agricultural research institutes but also universities, private sector and civil society organizations.

CIP is host institution for two Systemwide Programs, the Global Mountain Program and Urban Harvest, and one Ecoregional Program CONDESAN. These are reported in the project narrative and log frame section of this MTP. Our participation in other partnerships is detailed below.

Generation Challenge Program (GCP)

Relevant material for a potato composite genotyping set was identified and a list of 1,082 potato accessions was developed, comprising landraces, cultivars, breeding lines and mapping populations as a base to develop the set. Most of the accessions (902 accessions) are clean from virus and ready for international distribution, according to CIP’s protocol. The cleaning of the remaining accessions is on schedule. A total of 39,720 in vitro plantlets from 662 accessions, have been distributed for drought tolerance trials in sites at Lima and Ica, in Peru, and 6,656 in vitro plantlets from 416 accessions for genotyping tasks. In addition, a workshop with NARS from the Andean Region was held on September 2003 at CIP with the objective to homologate NARS’s current potato germplasm collections and identify similar/different accessions and promote rational exchange. Training in the use of molecular markers was also performed. This workshop helped to identify gaps in the collections in order to achieve a broader diversity. Besides, a workshop linking SP1 and SP2CL2 activities was held on October, 2004, focusing on SSR marker analysis and data base development.

CIP’s Research Informatics Unit (RIU) has been a leader in certain technologies and introducing them into the bioinformatics platform. These include the use of “data warehouse” technologies for automating high level data summaries; the integration of a project management tool for micro-management of experiments; the establishment of an open-source statistical package (R ) as a complement to SAS. Also, R for parallel computing (co-explored with IRRI) was established on the HPC. Further statistical applications for breeders were established in collaboration with IPGRI under the GCP.

Proof-of-concept GIS applications were established on the HPC and made accessible using latest web- technologies (web-services) and via integration into an upgraded DIVA-GIS software. DIVA-GIS was also chosen to be part of the GCP bioinformatics platform and is now partly funded by the GCP. Computational intensive genetics software (structure) was established on the HPC and made available to a first group of end-users at CIP.

Lastly, the use of an industrial-strength application building framework (Eclipse RCP) within the GCP platform is being led by CIP. Also, some of CIP’s best practices for scientific software development are being considered or taken up by the GCP bioinformatics community (e.g. Refactoring, CIP's choice of a modeling tool, and the suggestion to use a “test driven development” approach). GCP funds allowed CIP to substantially enhance it's human and technical capacity for bioinformatics (4 new staff).

20 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 CIP’s Information and Technology Unit is managing the High Performance Computing (HPC) activity of the GCP SP4. Having installed Paracel systems in CIP, ICRISAT and IRRI, we are setting up a community of practice, which also includes ILRI, to produce Use Cases of computationally intensive bioinformatics tools freely available for the benefit of all GCP members. A particular emphasis of CIP's role is to promote the ease of management and user-friendliness of these systems within the GCP community, with public documentation on Web: http://hpc.cip.cgiar.org. ITU is collaborating closely with RIU on Use Cases in support of genomics projects at CIP, and with IRRI for Access Grid training workshop facilities (refer below, ICT-KM ARN)

Harvest Plus Challenge Program

Sweetpotato is a phase one crop and potato is a phase two crop in HarvestPlus. As such CIP is an active participant the plant breeding activities, especially through the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) Partnership Program. This multi-faceted award-winning platform provides HarvestPlus ready access to a wide array of stakeholders. The Reaching End Users component of HarvestPlus will probably be funded during 2006. We expect sweetpotato to be among the crops included in this program and will actively seek to involve VITAA as an implementing agency for the REU component.

CIP also participates in the Impact program of HarvestPlus. During 2005 we will complete baseline surveys in Uganda that document the contribution of orange-fleshed sweetpotato to improved nutrition using the concept of dietary adjusted life years (DALYs).

Water and Food Challenge Program

CONDESAN continues as benchmark basin coordinator for the Andean system of basins.

Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program

CIP has actively taken part in planning meetings of the Africa Challenge program, most recently attending the launch meeting of the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site. In collaboration with CGIAR and local partners, CIP will bid on projects for this pilot learning site.

Systemwide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP)

Improvements have been achieved in various genebank operations and procedures to assure safe maintenance and availability of the germplasm hold in-trust. A Phase 2 proposal for the Upgrading of the CGIAR Genetic Resources System is being prepared by SGRP for the World Bank. CIP will participate in the following activities: germplasm characterization; plant health and GMOs; information and security on the in-trust collections, and associated non-crop collections.

CIP has been closely associated with the development of The Global Diversity Trust from its inception and influential in the development of the Trust’s regional conservation strategy. CIP will co-organize with the Trust and host a workshop in August 2005 to develop the Trust potato conservation strategy, with participation of Curators from the world’s major potato genebanks.

CIP’s major contribution to SINGER and related documentation platforms has been through the DIVA-GIS program and participation in the Information and Communication Technology and Knowledge Management (ICT-KM). Passport data of FAO designations of potato, sweetpotato and ARTC collections updated and uploaded to SINGER. The head of CIP’s Research Informatics Unit is a member of the new Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to SINGER. CIP has been innovative in the use of bar-codes/pocket PCs and partially automating reporting through the use of “data warehouse” technology. These advances will be on display when CIP hosts the Systemwide SINGER meeting in 2005.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 21

Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM)

CIP currently chairs the SP-IPM and participates in the steering committee. Members of the ICM Division have interacted with scientists of other centers (CIAT, ICARDA, ICRISAT, ILRI, IITA, ICIPE, AVRDC) for the development of join proposals such as "Soil biota and sustainable agriculture: Challenges and opportunities" and "Biology and management of leaf miners, Liriomyza spp." As a result of the interactions with other Centers, CIP is participating in the third phase of the SP-IPM flagship project on Tropical Whitefly IPM, which is coordinated by CIAT. CIP will be in charge of providing support to this project on aspects related to the control of WF-related virus of sweetpotato in SSA and LAC, and on impact assessment. It is expected that by the end of 2005 the Coordination of SP-IPM will also pass completely to CIP, and the SP-IPM logframe for this Systemwide Program will be presented by CIP in the next MTP.

Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA)

CIP has been active partner in the PRGA Program. Between 1999 and 2002, CIP received small grants to support participatory research, particularly to support the adaptation and evaluation of farmer field schools (FFS) as a participatory research method. The coordinator of Urban Harvest is member of the Steering Committee of PRGA.

In 2004, CIP received a small grant from PRGA to support research related to Social Sciences, particularly to support the Social Sciences Unit. This grant was useful to bring resource people on the topics of Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems and Institutional Learning and Action. This grant was also useful to organize a workshop on gender issues, which was coordinated by the Urban Harvest Program in SSA.

Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi)

CIP sits on the steering committee of CAPRi; the UPWARD Network Coordinator has represented the Center in CAPRi since 2001. CIP has served on the program committee for two CAPRi International Workshops: 1) Property Rights, Collective Action and Local Conservation of Genetic Resources (Italy, September 2003) and, 2) Gender and Collective Action (Thailand, October 2005).

CAPRi and CIP’s UPWARD Network have also collaborated in publishing and training activities. CAPRi’s work has been published in UPWARD’s Sourcebook on Participatory Research and Development. It has likewise been incorporated in the learning content of UPWARD training activities particularly in South Asia. On the other hand, CIP helped CAPRi in the development of a CGIAR database on collection action and property rights. The CD-ROM product includes profiles of CIP projects that deal with these themes.

CAPRi-CIP partnership will be further strengthened through the recent establishment of a new project on institutional innovations under the Center’s Impact Enhancement Division. In 2006-2008, this Systemwide program is envisioned to be a key resource for CIP research by applying CAPRi concepts and methods in studying issues of collective action and property rights.

EcoRegional Program for Sustainable Agriculture Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC)

ICARDA, CIMMYT, IRRI, ICRISAT, CIP, IWMI and IPGRI are active partners in the CGIAR Collaborative Program for Sustainable Agriculture Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus. AVRDC and ICBA (the International Center for Bio Saline Agriculture) are new partners in the collaborative program.

Early in 2003, potato activities in CAC countries were annexed to the existing regional program for South and West Asia in CIP to formulate the CIP-South, West and Central Asia (SWCA) regional program. In March of 2004 a workshop was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan to develop and set priorities for potato research and development in the eight CAC countries. Seven of the eight invited countries participated in the workshop and developed a priority program for activities in the CAC countries. In August of 2004, CIP

22 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 established a Liaison Office in Tashkent under the regional program for SWCA with assistance from the CGIAR-PFU and the government of Uzbekistan. A Regional Potato Seed Specialist was recruited and established as the Regional coordinator for activities in the CAC countries. Since 2004 August, all activities in CAC is coordinated by the CIP-Liaison office in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. At present no project funds are available. All activities conducted since 2003 are from CIP-core-funds.

The present activities in the CAC are under two of CIP’s Research Divisions. The first is in the Division of Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement (GE&CI) and the second in the Integrated Crop Improvement (ICM) Division.

In addition to continuing activities above, future activities are planned to collaborate, with Michigan State University (MSU) to implement a participatory IPM project on a regional basis for Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

EcoRegional Program on African Highlands Initiative (AHI)

CIP has had long collaboration with AHI, both through the common link to ASARECA and directly with special activities. The mountain sites that are focal points for AHI are also centers of production of potato and sweetpotato. Through ASARECA and PRAPACE, the CIP-hosted potato and sweetpotato network has jointly conducted numerous research activities over the years.

The AHI coordinator is a member of the steering committee of the Global Mountain Program (GMP) and the two programs have close links. GMP has supported the reactivation of the Africa Branch of the Mountain Forum by posting a Node Manager with AHI in Kampala.

Urban Harvest, GMP and AHI are teaming in a new project proposal to examine resource flows to and from Addis Ababa and the mountain hinterlands that serve the city.

EcoRegional Program on Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains

CIMMYT, ICRISAT, IWMI, IRRI and CIP are members of the Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo- Gangetic Plains. The project on “ Using Resource Conserving Technologies to Improve Efficiency and Diversity of Rice-Wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic Plains was funded initially by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). CIP was an active partner of the Consortium and worked on intensifying potato in the rice-wheat system to increase productivity, maintain sustainability, and generate a higher income for resource poor farmers.

In the second phase of the ADB project of the Rice-Wheat Consortium, potato and other vegetable crops were not included in the program when discussed at the Regional Steering Committee and Regional Technical Coordination Committee Meeting held in Dhaka, Bangladesh in February 2005. CIP and AVRDC emphasized strongly with justifications to include other crops than wheat and rice to diversify with other crops for enhanced sustainable income of resource poor farmers. Potato is an important cash crop in the Indo-Gangetic Plains to improve livelihood of poor farmers.

Other CGIAR Collective Action Initiatives

CIP-CIAT: Safety back-ups of the sweetpotato and cassava collections An agreement has been formalized to hold the sweetpotato back up collection as a “black box” in CIAT and the cassava as a “black box” collection in CIP.

ICT-KM program CIP has a leading role in the program of 13 ICT-KM projects, as ITU manager Anthony Collins is one of the two IT manager representatives on the ICT-KM project management committee. Most projects will contribute to CIP infrastructure, but the principal impact is expected from:

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 23

E-Publishing where CIP is one of the 4 pilot centers and Anthony Collins is the IT advisor for this CGIAR activity.

Global Advanced Research Networks (ARN) where CIP and IITA are completing an Access Grid advanced video conferencing facility is in construction, to test the first CGIAR Access Grid global video conferencing for GCP bioinformatics training workshops - the first CGIAR ARN application.

On-Line learning Resources (OLR) where as a result of a planning workshop of the Online Learning Resources (OLR) project, held in June 2004 at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, CIP’s Training Department was appointed as one of the technical project coordinators. The OLR project is one of two training content activities within Thrust 2: Content for Development (C4D) of the CGIAR ICT/KM program.

The C4D thrust addresses the need to improve the management of and accessibility to the information resources that are produced or needed by the CGIAR to carry out its mission, as well as meeting the necessity for improved access to tools to support collaborative work. Within this framework, the OLR focuses on the development and organization of training content in addition to nurturing the development of training-related communities of practice. The OLR project aims to make learning resources (being global public goods) more easily accessible to all intended users following internationally recognized standards and procedures.

Early in 2005 the OLR project began a collaboration with ARIADNE, the foundation for the European Knowledge Pool, to make use of their technical resources. Their technologies support international educational technology standards that are employed in the OLR project, which will improve federated searches and harvesting of metadata for further utilization by the other C4D activities.

Future Harvest Consortium to Rebuild Agriculture in Afghanistan ICARDA, ICRISAT, IWMI, CIMMYT and CIP are members of the Future Harvest Consortium working in Afghanistan. The Consortium works with the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food (MAAHF), International and National NGOs associated in the development of agriculture, Kabul University and farmers.

CIP has been an active partner of the Future Harvest Consortium since its beginning. In August 2002, CIP initiated work on production of good quality seed to meet emergency seed requirements for Afghanistan. In November 2003, under the USAID-RAMP (Rebuilding Agricultural Markets in Afghanistan Program), and in collaboration with ICARDA, CIP has further developed clean seed production and multiplication for increased potato production and is now in the phase where seed storage and marketing systems are being developed in the potato-growing areas of the country.

Strengthening Regional Capacity for Participatory Research and Development (PR&D) in South Asia This UPWARD Network convened training-field research-mentoring project, jointly funded by IDRC and IFAD, aims to strengthen PR&D capacity among key research and development organizations in five countries of South Asia. Implemented in 2004-2006, the project brings together IRRI, ICRISAT and ICIMOD and their national partners in applying PR&D for sustainable agricultural livelihoods and natural resource management.

CIP-CIAT Project on Participatory Research for Development in the Uplands (PRDU) in Lao PDR, Vietnam and China As a joint project, PRDU is the first formal research collaboration between CIP and CIAT. Implemented in 2003-2007 with IFAD funding, the project includes five sites in Lao PDR, Vietnam and China. It seeks to improve sustainable livelihoods (SL) of resource poor farmers in the steep upland areas through technical and institutional innovations, particularly those drawn from the pool of technologies and knowledge generated by both Centers.

24 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 The project coordinator is on a joint CIAT-CIP appointment, based at CIAT’s regional office in Vientiane. CIP co-implements the project through the UPWARD Network and in partnership with the ICM and NRM divisions.

To date, CIP inputs to the project have included: on-farm testing and introduction of suitable food and feed varieties of sweetpotato, training and piloting of sweetpotato-based pigfeed systems, application of various participatory research methods, and development of a project monitoring and evaluation system.

Development of a Sourcebook on Participatory Research and Development (PR&D) This global project seeks too identify and consolidate field-tested PR&D concepts and practices relevant to managing natural resources for agriculture and rural livelihood. Its key output is a global sourcebook to serve as comprehensive reference for practitioners and organizations seeking to apply PR&D in agriculture and natural resources sector.

Funded by IDRC and implemented in 2004-2005, it draws on the experiences of practitioners and organizations around the world including CGIAR Future Harvest Centers and their national partners. The three-volume publication includes paper contributions from the following: CIP, CIAT, CIFOR, IRRI, ICARDA, World Agroforestry Center and WorldFish Center.

An on-line version of the sourcebook will soon be available on the website of CIP-UPWARD website, as well as of IDRC and IFAD. The PR&D sourcebook builds on the success of an earlier UPWARD project which developed a global sourcebook on agricultural biodiversity in partnership with IPGRI, IDRC and GTZ.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 25

Internal Organization of Research The CIP Vision Exercise resulted in the prioritization of seven development challenges, which represent eight of the Millennium Development Targets. These challenges can be summarized as: reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing sustainable rural and urban systems; and improving the availability of new technologies. The CIP Vision Plenary believed that CIP’s research and development program can contribute significantly to achieving these Development Targets over the next two decades. The first step in moving towards implementation of this Vision is realignment in CIP’s Program.

Realignment of CIP’s Program. As outlined in Challenge 1 of the CIP Vision, impact assessment studies have documented that improvements in potato and sweetpotato production systems through CIP- related technologies have resulted in significant gains to farm productivity throughout the world, especially in China, India, central Africa, and the Andean highlands. A fundamental objective for the future is to increase the impact of our research across a broader array of challenges as defined by the Millennium Development Goals and Targets. In order to enhance impacts on poverty and hunger alleviation, human health, and rural and urban sustainability, the realignment of CIP’s Research and Development Program will reflect a pro-poor research and development (R&D) cycle (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Pro-poor research and development cycle

The cycle starts with impact targeting in order to identify priority areas, populations, and systems where CIP’s Program should focus, i.e. where research and development activities should be prioritized. This is followed by participatory needs and opportunity assessments, with anticipated impacts, to shed light on the types of knowledge and technologies that need to be generated or adapted to enhance impact. These analyses then inform the research agenda. Research outputs will then be linked to development partnerships for more efficient and effective dissemination. Impact monitoring and assessment will establish indicators and, through monitoring and evaluation, will allow for reorientation or redirection of efforts during the R&D process to maximize the probability of achieving the expected impacts.

In order to make this R&D cycle operative, CIP has realigned its program structure as shown in Figure 2. Within the research program, six Research Divisions have been defined. This revised structure should achieve more streamlined research management and be robust enough to persist and maintain its relevance in the face of a dynamic external environment.

26 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Fig. 2. CIP’s program structure

The Impact Enhancement Division will undertake research to develop improved methodologies for impact targeting and needs/opportunities assessment; adopt and validate a broader conceptual framework for impact assessment; identify impact indicators and methodologies for measuring and monitoring these indicators; and develop strategies and tactics to add value to CIP’s commodity research. In essence, this Division will serve as the compass for the Program, monitoring progress against desired impacts in each of the regional settings and, through research, striving to increase our impact. The Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Division will manage CIP’s nonnegotiable core responsibility to maintain and characterize the collection of potato, sweetpotato, and Andean root and tuber germplasm that the Center holds in trust. The Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division will be responsible for CIP’s efforts to better understand and enhance this germplasm for improved crop value. These two Divisions represent CIP’s foundation, built and solidified over more than 30 years. They remain critical to enhancing our impact and meeting our challenges.

The remaining three Research Divisions will conduct integration research. The Integrated Crop Management Division will undertake research to integrate solutions to production constraints (e.g., late blight, bacterial wilt, soil degradation) in ways that are appropriate for the region, the target systems, and the socioeconomic constraints of the target populations. The Natural Resources Management Division will conduct research to improve our understanding of the production systems (e.g. potato, sweetpotato) within the complex agroecosystems in which they are embedded (e.g., potato in highland production

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 27 systems), and will develop strategies and tactics for intervening in these complex systems in order to enhance impact.

The Agriculture and Human Health Division will carry out research to understand the linkages among agricultural production, the environment, and human health. Based on the knowledge gathered from this research, intervention strategies will be designed to increase the benefits and mitigate the risks of agricultural production to human health. This exciting new research division will allow CIP to institutionalize and carry forward the innovative research that we have been conducting, and to move beyond the compartmentalization of research in the fields of agriculture and human health. This is the first institutionalized Program dedicated to agriculture and human health in a CGIAR Center.

In the new program structure, research outputs are linked to Partnership Programs for more efficient and effective uptake and utilization. CIP has a rich and successful history of creating, coordinating, and working in partnerships. Our partners should have a stronger voice in defining the national and regional needs and opportunities, and in influencing CIP’s research agenda. At the same time it is expected that these research needs and opportunities will be increasingly resourced by the Partnership program through contract research from the relevant Research Divisions. The Partnership program will serve as primary update and utilization platforms for research results, as well as for initial dissemination and scaling out of the global public goods produced by CIP. The Partnership Programs in Figure 2 are those coordinated and hosted by CIP. Our partnerships will prioritize these highly relevant programs, but not be restricted to only these partnership platforms.

For the purpose of the Medium-Term Plan, the outputs and expected outcomes of the Partnership Programs are presented within each of the Research Divisions (see Figure 3), which are represented detailed in the following sections as MTP Projects 1 – 6.

Project Partnership Program D1: Impact Enhancement D2: Genetic Resources Papa Andina D3: Genetic Enhancement and Crop Improvement D4: Integrated Crop UPWARD Management D5: Natural Resources Management D6: Agriculture and Human PRAPACE Health SWP1: Global Mountain Program SWP2: Urban Harvest VITAA ERP: CONDESAN

Fig. 3. The outputs and expected outcomes of the Partnership Programs are presented within each of the Research Divisions

28 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT NARRATIVES

Project 1. Impact Enhancement Problem analysis: 21st Century agricultural innovation by the CGIAR Future Harvest Centers is no longer primarily motivated by Malthusian predictions but rather by the persistence of extreme poverty and environmental degradation in certain regions of the world. The challenge facing CIP is to how to best use its limited resources for agricultural research to maximize impact on these challenges. Furthermore, the institutional environment for agricultural innovations has grown more complex. New ways of coordinating and networking with innovation systems are necessary in order to achieve desired outcomes.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: One way CIP’s impact is enhanced from the Project’s research is improved research resource allocation resulting from ex ante and ex post assessment. Ex ante needs and opportunity assessments examine how choices in technology design and locational targeting are likely to influence impacts of research on multifaceted dimensions of poverty; ex post impact assessments monitor actual outcomes and explore reasons for divergences with expectations. A second way the Project enhances impact is through research to improve access of poor producers to markets. Incomes of poor households are raised through post-harvest innovations, market chain analysis, and marketing policy research. Finally, knowing that CIP’s impact is achieved only through partnerships with agricultural innovation systems places a premium on improving R&D coordination and networking. The Project’s research on innovation systems, particularly on CIP’s extensive experience with managing R&D networks and partnerships, improves the design, coordination and impact of these systems and increase the rate of uptake of CIP’s physical and information outputs.

Objective: The objective of this project is to enhance the impact of CIP on the broader array of prioritized Millennium Development Targets through improved targeting, priority setting, allocation of R&D activity, more rapid uptake of CIP’s physical and information outputs, and enhanced value and utilization of CIP commodities.

External conditions: The main external forces driving the Project’s research agenda are: (a) Greater emphasis of international agricultural research on contributing to Millennium Development Goals; (b) Increasing integration and expanding diversity of demand in regional and global markets; (c) Growing complexity of food and agricultural innovation systems.

Achieving the Project’s objectives depends on mobilizing new research resources.

Target ecoregions: The target ecoregions of the project are defined by CIP’s Visioning exercise, i.e., countries and regions with a high correlation between potato/sweetpotato production and poverty indices.

Beneficiaries: The principal beneficiaries of the project are poor households in the target ecoregions.

End users: The principal end-users of project outputs include policy makers, research and development managers, and technology transfer agents.

Strengthening NARS: The capacity of NARS is strengthened through training in impact assessment, post-harvest and marketing research methods; through better coordination and partnering in innovation systems; and through provision of publications, commodity data sets, and other information outputs in multimedia and on-line formats.

Changes from last MTP: New research activity was added on agricultural innovation systems and partnerships.

Collaborators

National agricultural research institutes and universities in developing countries: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, (China); Research Center for Rural Economy, Ministry of

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 29 Agriculture, Beijing, (China); Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, (China); Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, (China); Vietnamese Agricultural Science Institute, Hanoi, (Vietnam); National Institute for Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, (Vietnam); Hanoi Agricultural University, (Vietnam); Indonesian Legume and Root Crop Research Center, Malang, (Indonesia); Bogor Agricultural University, (Indonesia); Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi; (India); Benguet State University, (Philippines); Department of Agriculture, (Philippines); Department of Agriculture, (Nepal); Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), (Nepal); Nepal Participatory Action Network (NEPAN), (Nepal); National Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute, (Lao PDR); National Agricultural Research Organization, (Uganda); University Nacional Agraria, (Lima, Peru).

R&D networks in developing countries, especially: PRAPACE (East and Central Africa); VITAA (Sub- Saharan Africa); UPWARD (Asia); PAPA ANDINA (Andes region of South America); CONDESAN (Andes region of South America).

CGIAR Future Harvest Centers and programs: ILRI on crop-livestock systems for enhanced crop utilization as feed; CIAT on post-harvest innovations for upland agriculture in SE Asia; CGIAR Harvest Plus Challenge Program on commodity biofortification for reducing malnutrition and assessment of impact in Africa; CGIAR Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC) Program for research on agricultural innovation systems; CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Program (SLP) on crop-livestock systems for enhanced crop utilization as feed; CGIAR Systemwide IPM Program on impact assessment.

Advanced research institutes: School of Asian and Oriental Studies, London University (United Kingdom); South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide (Australia); Waseda University (Japan).

30 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Project 2. Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Problem analysis: The wild and cultivated genetic resources of potato, sweetpotato and the nine other root and tuber crop species (ARTCs), do not escape the threats facing agrobiodiversity today, particularly in their major center of diversity, the Andes. The environment in which they evolved continues to fall victim to social and economic change and inappropriate land and water management practices. Many wild species and landraces are in danger of erosion. Dominant local varieties, meanwhile, are becoming weak and prone to diseases and degeneration. These crops are particularly important in marginal environments where many of the poorest people live and depend on. These areas largely coincide with the regions and countries where high food security, nutrition and human health needs exist, and where poverty, hunger and child/maternal mortality are also high. Translating these needs into opportunities that are critical to Project 2’s contribution to CIP’s goals implies increasing efforts in research to conserve and explore the potential value of root and tuber crops genetic resources.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: CIP has assembled the world’s largest collections of potato, sweetpotato and other ARTC genetic resources, comprising in total over 23,800 accessions of 282 wild and cultivated species. Through research, important genetic and ecogeographic gaps and endemisms can be identified in the major diversity centers which will require further exploration targeted collecting and complementary ex situ / in situ conservation. A range of genetic resources activities can be approached using modern genetic and informatic tools, including (i) the representativeness, genetic and ecogeographic gaps, and diversity uniqueness of collections; (ii) the genetic integrity of seed and clonal populations as influenced by methods and practices of conservation; (iii) the measurement of genetic diversity of collections to provide estimates of potential use or definition of species boundaries, taxon relationships, genetic distances, and identification of redundant germplasm; and (iv) the establishment of relationships between farmers’ diversity, knowledge and uses with genetic variation, and the comparison to genebank collections. Also, modern technologies have the potential to conduct more rapid and accurate screening of germplasm for specific traits and new alleles. The mapping of potato, sweetpotato and ARTC habitats and endemisms will contribute to devising germplasm restoration and in situ conservation strategies. Ex situ conservation will critically complement these strategies, and provide security back ups. New and more powerful sources of variation in resistance to priority biotic constraints, e.g. late blight, bacterial wilt, and viruses in the potato collection; and nematode and virus resistance in the sweetpotato collection will be explored. Drought tolerance, micronutrient content and health – enhancing attributes will also be explored in the potato, sweetpotato and ARTC collections. The implementation of the International Treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, will require harmonization with current national access legislation. CIP can contribute towards collaborative studies involving local partners on issues of genetic resources access, and mechanisms of benefit sharing.

Objective: To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of CIP’s role in collection, conservation and research of potato, sweetpotato and other ARTC genetic resources, and associated information, as Global Public Goods. In addressing the understanding of the collections through characterization and evaluation, knowledge and information will be generated to ensure that the value of these resources is enhanced and made available worldwide.

External conditions: Two external factors are re-shaping the way that potato, sweetpotato and ARTC genetic resources are accessed, acquired, stored, characterized, evaluated and made available: trends in science and technology and the regulatory framework. Modern genetics is permitting genetic resources conservation and utilization to be conducted on a much better informed basis. In recent years, CIP has developed an array of molecular markers suitable for assessing the genetic diversity of potato, sweetpotato and ARTC collections. The high throughput genotyping facility will allow more rapid genetic characterization of collections. DNA can now be considered as an alternative to seed and in vitro systems of germplasm conservation. The forthcoming implementation of the International Treaty on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture will bring new contract rules between the Treaty governing body and the Future Harvest Centers on one hand and on the other for regulating the access to, and the sharing of benefits derived from the genetic resources use. CIP is in a unique position to apply modern genetic technologies to its conservation, characterization and evaluation research and to play a role in harmonizing the Treaty with current national access legislation.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 31 Target ecoregions: Project 2 Outputs for 2006-08 comprise output targets which are relevant across all CIP’s target ecoregions. Since the primary centers of diversity of CIP’s mandated crops are in the Latin America region, Project 2 research takes place to a considerable extend in the LAC region, but have globally relevant implications. Genetic resources conservation, characterization and availability research tackle constraints in germplasm conservation and characterization across CIP target ecoregions LAC, ESEAP and SSA, i.e. germplasm in vitro conservation, assurance of quality health and availability, diversity characterization and measurement, quality-nutritional and health attributes, pest and virus resistance and drought tolerance.

Beneficiaries: The immediate beneficiaries of Project 2 outputs are CIP and NARS researchers involved in genetic resources conservation, crop improvement and natural resources management.

End users: Center researchers (breeders and other Projects’ and Partnership program germplasm users), NARS genebank curators, farmer and farming communities in developing countries, NARS genetic resources decision makers, NGOs and biodiversity organizations, and ARI’s scientists in developing and developed countries.

Strengthening NARS: NARS institutional development in Project 2 is mostly conducted through research-based training of NARS personnel, including degree work, specific research internships and technical training. Group training is conducted when the project’s outputs involve a wider dissemination of products. On-line diffusion of research products and genetic resources information becomes and increasingly important mechanism for institutional development.

Changes from last MTP: Project 2’s research plan for the period 2006-08 comprises three major outputs, which resulted from merging 11 sub-projects of the 2004 Division’s structure. The three project outputs involve research activities addressing root and tuber crops genetic resources in a sequential manner, from collecting and conserving (output 1), characterizing and evaluating (output 2) and making well documented germplasm available worldwide (output 3).

Collaborators: (i) At CIP: Projects’ and Partnership Programs’ scientists; (ii) CGIAR Future Harvest Centers: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); (iii) CGIAR Systemwide programs: CGIAR Systemwide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP); (iv) CGIAR Challenge Programs: Generation Challenge Program; (v) NARIs: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Extensión Agraria, (INIEA), Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA), Consejo Nacional del Ambiente (CONAM), Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (INDECOPI), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYTEC) in Peru; Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA) in Bolivia; Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) in Ecuador; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) in Argentina; Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA) in Colombia; Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA) in Venezuela; (vi) Networks: Asian Network for Sweetpotato Genetic Resources (ANSWER), Users´ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development (UPWARD); Regional Potato and Sweetpotato Improvement Program in Eastern and Central Africa (PRAPACE); NGOs: Asociación para la Naturaleza y el Desarrollo Sostenible (ANDES), Centro Regional de Investigación en Biodiversidad Andina (CRIBA), Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (CIRNMA) in Peru; (vii) ARIs: Belgium Technical Cooperation (BTC), Belgium; Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC) and Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) in Peru; University of Wisconsin, University of California, Davis, Texas A&M University, Colorado State in the USA; Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium; University of Wageningen, the Netherlands. Project 2 contributes to, and collaborates with, the following Systemwide and Challenge Programs and Future Harvest Alliance Centers:

Systemwide Genetic Resources Program (SGRP): Global Public Goods (GPG) Rehabilitation: Phase 1- Genebank Upgrading project. The Phase 1 (2004-06) of the GPG project focuses on improving genebank operations to assure safer maintenance and wider availability of the germplasm held in-trust; Global Public Goods Rehabilitation: Phase 2 - Genebank Upgrading. Project 2 collaborates in the

32 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 preparation of the Phase 2 proposal for the Upgrading of the CGIAR Genetic Resources System. CIP will participate in the following activities: germplasm characterization, plant health and GMOs, information and security on the in-trust collections, and associated non-crop collections; SINGER and ICT-KM. CIP’s major contribution to SINGER and related documentation platforms has been through the DIVA-GIS program; participation in ICT-KM is also being carried out.

Generation Challenge Program: Subprogram SP1C1 Composite Genotype Sets: Relevant material for a potato composite genotyping set has been identified comprising landraces, cultivars, breeding lines and mapping populations as a base to develop the set. In vitro plantlets have been distributed for drought tolerance trials in sites in Peru for genotyping tasks.

With CIAT: Safety back-ups of the sweetpotato and cassava collections: An agreement to place the sweetpotato back up collection as “black box” in CIAT and the cassava “black box” collection in CIP have been formalized with CIAT.

With IPGRI: Global Crop Diversity Trust: Division 2 scientists participate in the Trust’s activities to develop the Trust’s regional and crop conservation strategies. A workshop to develop the Trust potato conservation strategy, with participation of Curators from the world major potato genebanks, is a proposed activity for 2005.

Contributions to CIP Partnership Programs: With CONDESAN: Joint research efforts in linking root and tuber biodiversity restoration and local livelihoods and in situ conservation in the two extremes of the Andes ecoregion (2005-08). With Papa Andina: Characterization of potato landraces for quality and nutritional health attributes, and the production of the image catalog of native potatoes. With UPWARD network: Ex situ conservation linkages to farmers managed diversity in two Asian centers of sweetpotato diversity.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 33

Project 3. Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Problem analysis: Despite their outstanding biological, food value and income-generating potential, potato and sweetpotato crops yield scantily and suffer high losses in marginal environments of developing countries. Year round pest pressures, climatic vagrancies, and slow, prescribed processes for the transfer of new technology and information, render developing country farmers dependent on external inputs and condemn them to low returns on their investments, while environmental and social capital is compromised. High production costs and seasonality of harvests, coupled with limited access of smallholders to emerging markets, translate into frequent low crop value and lost opportunities for progress. Further, while a large part of the human population enjoys food diversity, the dependence of poor rural and urban households on a limited palette of staple foods aggravates their poor nutritional status, as well as their health and economic plight.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: Access to technologies and market opportunities are highly interrelated, and all-too-often reserved for the wealthy. A lack of resistant varieties with adaptation for reliable yields under smallholder conditions of short and long day environments, and attributes needed for processing, relegate millions of potato and sweetpotato farm families to severe poverty. Reliance on pesticides to maintain potato productivity in tropical and subtropical ecologies has colossal negative effects on environmental and human health, in particular for smallholders who often misuse pesticides--when they are available. Limited fertility and water, and increased pressure of abiotic factors such as soil salinity and acidity in marginal environments further contribute directly to low productivity of potato- and sweetpotato-based cropping systems.

Susceptibility, perishability and bulk of vegetative seed lead to chronic shortages of healthy planting material of potato and sweetpotato, when and where it is needed. Insufficient information on available germplasm and seed limits the diffusion of promising new varieties. This situation is aggravated by high staff turnover and limited capacities and opportunities for innovation in national agricultural research systems. At the household level, dietary uniformity and insufficient intake of micronutrients and vitamins, coupled with poor sanitation, high parasite loads and disease lead to malnutrition, especially acute in infants and women of child-bearing age.

The need to get late blight resistant potatoes and weevil resistant sweetpotatoes that meet traditional type preferences, market acceptance, and the quality demands of commercial handlers and processors into farmers’ hands has never been as pressing. Potential solutions, including orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP), True Potato Seed (TPS), or even transgenic varieties, are slow to be adequately assessed due to the fragility of socio-cultural and biological environments of developing countries and researchers and policy makers’ resistance towards new challenging situations.

A significant obstacle to breeders attempting to generate varieties suitable to help farmers respond to evolving production constraints and changing market demands is the lack of genes at hand with consistent large effects that can be readily manipulated to achieve rapid gains toward improvement objectives, such as durable resistance to dynamic pathogens. New potato and sweetpotato varieties are exceptionally cumbersome and slow to develop. Both crops are polyploid, and yield best under high heterozygosity, which renders genetics and breeding particularly complex, and precludes simple trait amendment. The same biological characteristics, combined with strong varietal type preferences (at least in potato) that delay the acceptance of improved varieties make these crops especially attractive for transgenic improvement, However, transgenic technology has been essentially developed by the private sector, and best practices to manage these new crops remain to be tailored to developing country agriculture and regulatory systems.

Objective: Project 3 aims at the efficient development, identification and dissemination of diverse, new potato and sweetpotato varieties with critical productivity, resistance, and quality traits needed to help improve food security, nutritional status and incomes while reducing environmental, health and economic risk. The project and its partners will continue to develop and strategically exploit uniquely broad-based advanced potato and sweetpotato populations as global public goods, while efforts are increased to conserve, appreciate and enhance landrace diversity, improve competitiveness, and contribute to the development of capacities and policies that enhance the adoption of appropriate new technologies.

34 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Molecular methods are integrated and transgenic technologies are developed and applied where they provide advantages. Gene networks are explored to help improve sweetpotato and potato productivity, quality and nutritional and market value; and True Potato Seed varieties are developed as an alternative production system suited to remote regions with poor access or infrastructure for reliable supplies of tuber seed.

Specific objectives are: (a) To enhance strategies, capacities, and communication for the more efficient and innovative identification, dissemination and uptake of new varieties from public breeding programs; (b) To develop new potato varieties with enhanced resistance, nutritional and market value that produce reliable yields under lower-input conditions and marginal environments; (c) To develop new sweetpotato varieties with enhanced dry matter yield, β-carotene content, with resistance to pests and disease and adaptable to low-input subsistence farming systems and industrial uses; (d) To develop and transfer transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes to researchers and extension agents while also improving consumer confidence in genetically engineered crops and products through utilizing a range of and best practices and convening or contributing to specific outreach activities

External conditions: Assuring the appropriate pro-poor character of the global public goods developed by this project and its partners, and the rapid delivery and adoption required for impact from them, call for concomitant support for robust institutions, policies and capacities that are conducive to broad participation and innovation in the selection, uptake and utilization of technological options. The project assumes awareness and commitment of national programs and regional efforts to support and encourage ‘best practices’ for sustainable and equitable agricultural development, even if alternative, less pro-poor technologies are available, and accompanied by attendant incentives that are difficult to refuse. Complementary efforts from a range of disciplines are needed to orient crop improvement and help appropriately target outputs. CIP’s 5 other research projects each house needed expertise, and CIP- associated partnership programs or networks can help obtain needed feedback on and assure efficient evaluation, co-development and uptake of products. For example, knowledge-intensive strategies for the development and management of partial resistance to potato late blight by breeders and farmers respectively require interaction with specialists in pathology, epidemiology and even social sciences.

Success of this project further relies on continued open access to raw and enhanced genetic resources as inputs, and guarantees of equitable use and distribution of outputs, including knowledge gained and value-added from their use. Specific parallel processes are also assumed, including timely advances with the development and implementation of biosafety policies and protocols for field-testing of transgenic potato and sweetpotato varieties. The project does attempt to provide scientific information and apply best practices in technology development in the interest of such advance.

Targeted ecoregions: The project addresses a wide range of ecoregions with its commodities, the nature of which largely dictate the characteristics of adaptation, resistance and response to environment that must be built in to successful varieties.

Potato ecoregions (1) The highland tropics of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Andes in South America are characterized by a short day lengths with rainfall patterns that allow 1-3 potato crops per year; late blight, viruses, and bacterial wilt are the most important biotic constraints and require resistant potato cultivars. Early maturing cultivars are often required in Southeast Asia. Frost and drought constitute significant abiotic limitations to optimal production in parts of the Andes and Sub-Saharan Africa. (2) Subtropical lowlands of Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia where potato is typically a winter crop irrigated or rain-fed, with late blight, virus diseases and post-harvest problems, and require resistant potato cultivars with early maturity. (3) Subtropical highlands of East Asia with typically one potato season per year, rain-fed, with late blight, viruses and bacterial wilt as important production constraints, require resistant potato cultivars with medium maturity. (4) Temperate region of East Asia characterized by long day length with one to two potato crops per year (in the lowlands), often rain-fed, and where viruses, late blight, and drought are main biotic and abiotic constraints to potato production (5) Continental semiarid region of Central Asia characterized by long day length with one potato crop per year, irrigated, where viruses limited water, soil salinity and high temperatures are main biotic and abiotic constraints to potato production and require resistant potato cultivars with very early maturity.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 35

Sweetpotato ecoregions (1) Tropical lowlands and mid-elevations of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and Central America and the Caribbean were sweetpotato is often grown year around, weevil and viruses are important production constraints and require resistant sweetpotato cultivars mostly for fresh consumption and medium to high dry matter. (2) Subtropical lowlands of East and Southeast Asia, where sweetpotato is a winter crop in a rice dominated cropping system. Low temperature and viruses are production constraints.

Beneficiaries: Poor, small and mid-sized potato and sweetpotato farmers; consumers; children and women of child-bearing age. Over two billion small holders and consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America would be affected by direct production and or use of resistant, added-value, micronutrient rich potatoes and sweetpotatoes. Their use in processed products, or as additives/fillers based on dried produce (e.g. chips, flakes and flours) would extend use and delivery of nutritious foods by use in transformation, industrialization, marketing, feeding programs and fast food expansion opportunities. This will lead to new crop use/participation options for locally produced raw materials often seasonally available in excess and therefore under-priced or -utilized in developing countries. As such opportunities are developed, processors and other actors in the food use chain become important beneficiaries, with positive implications for producers, consumers and local agricultural sectors.

End users: CIP and NARS researchers and extension workers, Networks of evaluators; Farmers and their families, and other institutions in developing countries working in potato-based development and innovation systems.

Strengthening NARs: The Project’s strategy to strengthen NARS and help build synergies among research and development programs is based on 1) networking with potato breeders and other partners; 2) exchange of information, documentation and publications; 3) training to enhance local capacity to solve breeding problems and 4) advisory role to NARS on scientific issues related to germplasm enhancement and diffusion of varieties.

The Project hosts the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership and collaborates with regional networks in Africa (PRAPACE; SARRNET), Latin America (Papa Andina) and Asia (UPWARD), providing improved potato or sweetpotato materials and related scientific support. This collaboration strengthens the capacity of national breeding programs to acquire, evaluate and release varieties.

The Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) partnership is a food-based initiative that attacks the consequences of Vitamin A deficiency through complementary efforts of national agricultural research institutes, health and nutrition departments, non-government organisations, community-based organizations, and private sector agencies. It links with networks such as PRAPACE (ASARECA) and SARRNET (SACCAR) already working in sub Saharan Africa. VITAA consists of a coordinated set of activities building upon the experiences of successful pilot projects, and promotes wider scale production and use of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) along with other micronutrient-rich foods. These include participatory testing of varieties for adaptation and acceptability, community-based multiplication of planting materials, nutrition education, post-harvest processing for market and for home consumption, promotion through social marketing, monitoring of impact on nutrition and health, and capacity building. The partnership targets young children and their mothers, who are the most vulnerable to Vitamin A deficiency. Initiatives by VITAA link well with the Harvest Plus Challenge Program, which is working to fortify major developing country staples through crop improvement. The overall objective of VITAA is to make OFSP available on a large-scale demonstrating the potential of crop-based approaches in alleviating micro-nutrient deficiencies, especially Vitamin A deficiency.

Changes from last MTP: Advances in breeding, germplasm evaluation and molecular genetics during 2004-5, have provided significant incentive for efforts to mainstream new, needed traits, tools and methods into the project’s established improvement programs.

In particular, the finding in wild potato species of putative sources of extreme resistance to bacterial wilt (at CIP), the confirmation of a major genetic locus on chromosome 5- a crossroad of important protection traits- for the control of high levels of resistance to potato leaf roll virus (at CIP), and the provision (by a US University) to CIP of a potato gene construct with apparent broad spectrum resistance to late blight

36 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 merit increased attention by the project. Investment in prebreeding for bacterial wilt resistance, the development of marker-assisted selection for Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) resistance, and testing of durability of single gene for resistance to late blight are each new areas of emphasis for the MTP.

First results showing effectiveness of newly-acquired experimental Bt toxins, against sweetpotato weevils also merit increased investment in environmental impacts as well as workable regulatory systems to make sure the benefits of transgenic varieties carrying BT genes will reach poor farmers.

Sweetpotato is well-known to be an outstanding source of β-carotene, contributing significantly to Vitamin A nutrition. Research in South Africa culminating in 2004 confirmed efficacy of provitamin A from sweetpotato in human diets and In-vitro methods further demonstrated high bioavailablity of β-carotene in sweetpotato, and sweetpotato’s positive effect on enhancing the availability of nutrients from other sources (US and CIP research). Screening of landraces and improved sweetpotato germplasm for micronutrient contents during 2004 uncovered significant levels, genetic variability and heritability of micronutrient content to merit increased attention to monitoring and enhancing Fe and Zn contents in breeding materials, concomitant with improving β -carotene levels and dry matter content. Similarly, in potato, the finding of significant, heritable Fe and Zn contents in, outstanding contents of vitamin C in improved germplasm and native cultivars merit efforts to consider improving potato’s nutritional value, along with the development and combination of resistance and productivity traits.

Collaborators: Diverse collaborators are involved in the conduct and implementation of the Project’s research. Advanced research institutions are among the most important providers of technologies and knowledge: N. America-based institutes and Universities (Cornell U., N. Carolina State U., The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), the Plant Gene Expression Center (USDA), Texas A&M U., Virginia Tech., U. Wisconsin, Agr. and Agri-Food Canada; EU-based institutions (Max Planck Inst. Germany, NEIKER- Spain, U. of Gent-Belgium, Wageningen Ag. U.-Holland, CIRAD and INRA-France, Helsinki U.-Finland, Swedish U. of Agr. Sciences-Sweden, Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann-Luxemburg, Austrian Research Centers – Seibersdorf Res.-Austria, Scottish Crop Res. Inst.-UK, Australian institutes (U. of Adelaide), and Japanese institutes (JIRCAS, U. of Tsukuba); North East Agr. U., Harbin, Heilonjiang-China.

A second type of collaborators are the NARIs (CAAS, SAAS, CIAD, China; PHTI, VASI, RCRC, and FCRI, Vietnam; ILETRI, Bogor Agric. Univ.,-Indonesia; HKU-Hong Kong; AIT-Thailand; NUS-Singapore; UPM-Malaysia; CPRI-India; RDA-Korea, Academy of Agr. Sciences of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Ministry of Agr., Animal Husbandry and Food (MAAHF)-Afghanistan, CTCRI, Dept. of Agr. of Nagaland, and Orissa Watershed Development Mission in India; Dept. of Agr., Gov. of Bihar; NARC and Dept. of Agr. in Nepal; BARI-Bangladesh; PARC-Pakistan; HORDI and Dept. of Agr. in Sri Lanka; Min. of Agr.-Bhutan; Scientific Res. Inst. of Vegetables-Melon and Potato, Tashkent State Agrarian U. in Uzbekistan; Academy of Agr. Sci. of Georgia and Crop Husbandry Inst. in Georgia; Scientific Center of Agr. and Plant Protection-Armenia; Scientific Res. Inst. of Vegetables-Azerbaijan; Res. Inst. of Potato and Vegetable Farming-Kazakhstan; Kyrgyz Agr. Res. Inst.-Kyrgyzstan; Scientific Production Center “Bogparvar” and Inst. of Plant Physiology and Genetics in Tajikistan; Res. Inst. of Crop Husbandry- Turkmenistan; Bogor Agr. U., the Northern Institute of Highland Agr. (NIHA) and Min. of Agr. , Forestry and Fisheries-Timor Leste; KARI, KIRDI, JKUAT, Min. of Agr. And U. of Nairobi, Kenya; NARO, U. of Makerere, FOSRI, Uganda; INERA Congo; ISAR Rwanda; ISABU and Bujumbura U. in Burundi; DRD- MOAF, Sokoine U. of Agr., TFNC-Tanzania, ARC, MRC, South Africa, CSIR, KISTI in Ghana; FIFAMANOR-Madagascar, EARO and ENHRI in Ethiopia; Agr. Res. Dept. (ARD)-Lesotho; INIA- Mozambique; IRAD-Cameroon; NRCRI-Nigeria; INIAP-Ecuador; PROINPA-Bolivia; INIA-Venezuela; CORPOICA-Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; IIN-Peru, INIEA-Peru, Universidad Nacional Agraria-Peru; Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaba, Ica-Peru; EMBRAPA and CERAT in Brazil; INIA- Chile, INTA-Argentina; INCA-Cuba; INIA and U. de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. with whom we develop, adapt, new information and technologies to suit the needs of users of intermediate- or end- product users. Networks are also involved in diffusion of technology as well as in participation in information and technology development (VITAA, SARRNET (SACCAR), PRAPACE (ASARECA), ICRW; FOODNET; UPWARD; ASPRAD

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 37

NGO’s are instrumental in supporting adaptive research and diffusion of research results in each of CIP’s regions: FOVIDA, FDR, Papa Buena in LAC; AFRICARE, AT-Uganda and SOCADIDO in Uganda; GTZ- Kenya; Self Help International-Ethiopia; World Vision-Mozambique; CRS, WFP, HKI, AFRICARE, WVI, TAHEA, BUCADEF, CCT, Bajabasaga, Partage, CCT, NPA, UBN in SSA; Dept. of Agr., Nagaland, U. of Nagaland, India; Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, W.Bengal, India; Potato Res. Program (PRP), Nepal; Bangladesh Agr. Res. Institute (BARI), Tuber Crop Res. Center (TCRC), Bangladesh; CARE; PRDF- Gorakhpur, ISNRMPO-India, ADITI-India in SWCA.

A forth type of collaborators are other international agencies and consortia with whom we share common research objectives and pool our technological capacities for large research and development projects including Generation Challenge Program, Harvest Plus Challenge Program, other Centers (CIAT; ICRISAT, CIMMYT; IFPRI; IPGRI; IRRI; ICARDA and ILRI), FAO and IFAD.

A far smaller group of collaborators is the private sector, which has been involved mainly with technology transfer and needs assessments.

38 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Project 4. Integrated Crop Management Problem analysis: Potato and sweetpotato farmers in developing countries face several biotic constraints that reduce crop productivity. The main constraints of global importance that affect the potato crop are the diseases late blight, bacterial wilt and a number of viruses, and the insects potato tuber moth, leaf miner fly and the Andean potato weevil. The main biotic constraints to sweetpotato production include viruses, sweetpotato weevil and white fly. The lack of high quality planting material is a common problem for both crops in developing countries where commercial seed production systems are virtually non-existent. In addition, soil fertility is declining in many developing countries, affecting the present and future productivity of these crops, which are planted to a large extent in marginal areas. The incidence of different constraints depends on regions and countries, however, in most cases two or more constraints act together to reduce crop productivity, which consequently reduces farmer competitiveness, food security and income. Biotic constraints also lead to the use of highly toxic pesticides that pose a serious risk to human health and environment. In addition, NARS in developing countries have limited access to suitable information, technologies and methods, which limits their capacity to develop and deliver sustainable technologies.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: The lack of quality planting material for potato and sweetpotato in developing countries is the first problem that the ICM Project is addressing. This is being done through research and training to improve formal and informal (self-supply) seed systems. Improvement of the formal seed system will also contribute to a more efficient dissemination of new varieties. Soil fertility management through the use of local sources of nutrients and through conservation agriculture is another important area of research. The third and fourth areas of research focus on the development of control components for diseases and insects respectively; for this purpose basic research to understand the biophysical principles of pests is conducted at a preliminary stage. The fifth area of research is directed at developing participatory methods and strategies for integration of ICM components in response to specific needs and socioeconomic conditions of farmers. In addition, because of the virtually unlimited variability of agro-ecosystems the Project focuses on the development of general principles and methods for integration and scaling-up, and provides training to NARS. Thus, the partner institutions (NARS) will use such principles and methods to fine tune components, integrate them and scale-up specific ICM strategies according to their priorities. In this way, the Project contributes to the CGIAR goals related to sustainable production and enhancing NARS, and to the new CGIAR priorities related to enhancing incomes of the rural poor and facilitating institutional innovation and capacity to support sustainable reduction of poverty and hunger.

Objective: The goal of the ICM Project is to reduce poverty and hunger and contribute to sustainable agriculture by developing and disseminating new and appropriate technologies related to the integrated management of the main factors that influence potato and sweetpotato productivity. In this way the Project aims at contributing to household food security, competitiveness and income generation, and as a result, contribute to poverty and hunger alleviation.

The objectives of the project are: (a) develop scientific information about biophysical principles related to the main potato and sweetpotato constraints, (b) develop ICM components related to seed, soil, disease and insect management for potato and sweetpotato, and integrate them in technical and socioeconomic aspects at pilot level, and (c) develop participatory methods and principles for component integration in technical and socioeconomic terms, and conduct training to NARS to fine-tune ICM strategies according to local needs.

External conditions: The main assumption that drives the activities of the ICM Project is that NARS are willing to collaborate in the research process and that financial resources are available for conducing research. NARS participation depends on the level of organization, capabilities and resources available in each country, and also on the existence of supporting policies for research purposes. On the other hand, the achievement of outcomes and impacts depends on the existence of mechanisms for dissemination of information and technologies, which include government and non-government extension services that vary from country to country.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 39

Target ecoregions: The Project focuses its activities in the highland region of Latin America (LAC), South Saharan Africa (SSA), South West and Central Asia (SWCA), and East and South East Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP), where potatoes are grown. The Project has also important activities in subtropical lowlands in SSA, SWCA and ESEAP, where sweetpotatoes are grown. A new ecoregion for the Project includes arid and Mediterranean conditions and temperate regions in Central Asia and the Caucasus, where potato is also an important crop.

Beneficiaries: The main beneficiaries of the research conducted by the ICM Project are farmers and their families in the target ecoregions, and in some cases consumers may also benefit by having more food at cheaper prices. However, there are also intermediate users (and also beneficiaries) such as researchers from NARS and universities in developing countries, extension agents from government and non-government services, educational institutions and students, who benefit by enhancing human and social capitals through accessing to new information, knowledge and promoting networking. Farming communities can also benefit from reduced pesticide contamination of natural resources.

End users: Resource-poor farmers for whom potato and sweetpotato play an important role in their food systems are the end users of the technologies generated by the ICM Project.

Changes from last MTP: No significant changes in the research program are expected to in the MTP 2006-2008 compared to the MTP 2005-2007.

Strengthening NARS: Scientists at the ICM Project invest substantial resources in building capacity of NARS and extension personnel as a way to contribute to the expected outcomes. Most of the research outputs are transformed into documents, manuals, guidelines and curricula for training, which is conducted in different countries. NARS also benefit by participating in research activities, which become a training process. In other cases, NARS receive advice for improving their research programs. The Project, and CIP as an institution, also makes an effort to improve networking so that the flow of information is improved, and mutual learning across NARS in specific regions is enhanced. To this end, the Project works with the PRAPACE and UPWARD networks in SSA and ESEAP, respectively.

Collaborators: BRAC, Agha Khan Development Network (Afghanistan); CRC for Tropical Plant Protection (Australia), Potato Department (Azerbaijan); Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute – BARI, Tuber Crops Research Center – TCRC, Directorate of Agriculture – DoA, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Grameen Krishi Foundation, BRAC, RDRS (Bangladesh), ASAR, PROINPA (Bolivia); Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences – CAAS (China); ICA, CORPOICA (Colombia); DANIDA (Denmark); EARO, SHDI (Ethiopia); INIAP, SESA, Universidad Politécnica del Ejército (Ecuador); CARE-Georgia, Research Institute of Horticulture, Grapes and Winemaking (Georgia); BMZ, BBA, University of Gottingen, University of Hohenheim (Germany); Regional Center of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute – RCCTCRI, Participatory Rural Development Foundation –PRDF, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Indo-Swiss Natural Resource Management Programme- ISNRMP, Western Orissa Rural Livelihood Project – WORLP, United Nations Development Programme – UNDP (India); Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Agriculture Dompu District, Mataram University, VECO-RI, Research Institute for Legumes and Tuber Crops – RILET (Indonesia); Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute (Israel); Government of Luxembourg; IPPM FFS Programme ,Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute – KARI (Kenya); Research Institute of Agriculture (Kyrgyzstan); Government of Luxembourg (Luxembourg); Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Democratic Peoples’ Republic of Korea (North Korea); Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Tribhuvan University, CARE Nepal (Nepal); Wageningen Agricultural University, University of Larenstein, Government of Netherlands (Netherlands); Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (Pakistan); INIA, UNALAM, CARE, Piwandes, AFDR, CRIBA, Universidad Jorge Basadre Grobman, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco (Peru); CARE (Nepal); Department of Agriculture, Horticultural Research and Development Institute-HORDI (Sri Lanka); Swiss Development Cooperation, Polytechnic University Zurich (Switzerland); University of Taikik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajikistan); Research Institute of Crop Husbandry (Turkmenistan); AFRICARE, NARO, Catholic Relief Services (Uganda); NRI, DFID (UK); Vietnam Agricultural Sciences Institute (Vietnam), University of California, Davis, University of

40 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Cornell, University of Florida, Louisiana State University, Michigan State University, University of Georgia, USAID (USA); Tashkent State Agrarian University, Research Institute on Vegetables, Melon and Potato (Uzbekistan); CIAT, ICARDA, FAO, GILB, PRAPACE, Papa Andina, CONDESAN, Systemwide Program on IPM, Challenge Program for Africa, IPM-CRSP, IFAD, OPEC.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 41

Project 5. Natural Resources Management Problem analysis: Sustainable agricultural development is at the core of the CGIAR mission statement. Nonetheless, the research programs of the centers have historically emphasized its contribution to this objective through increased crop yields. This approach had a tremendous impact in increasing food supplies and a reduction in the rate of expansion of the agricultural frontier, especially in Asia and to some extent in Latin America. However, focusing only on increasing food supply could produce negative impacts in the long run. This is particularly true when resources from a past era or from distant places subsidize the increment. An important issue is then whether agricultural growth can be compatible with conservation of the natural resource base in different ecological zones and countries. Land and water degradation are major problems and cause decreases in crop yields and increases in food costs, pushing many into poverty. A major challenge is then to find policies, institutions, and technologies to make the three goals – agricultural growth, poverty alleviation, and sustainable natural resource use – more compatible.

Public demand for environmental services that are public goods is changing the picture of how agricultural policies are shaped. There is an increasing shift in agricultural policy from subsidy and trade policies to conservation and environmental aspects of agriculture. Thus it is not surprising that agriculture has been incorporated into the World Trade Organization negotiations1.

All these changes in paradigm require CGIAR Future Harvest Centers to focus on understanding how agricultural growth and poverty interact with the environment. That is, the research focus should be on understanding the complexity of the social-ecological systems where their mandate crops are established.

The challenge faced by the project is to facilitate the conversion of targeted potato and sweet potato systems into resilient agro-ecosystems i.e. systems with the capacity of absorbing shocks and adapting to change while maintaining function. This is more easily said than done, since it requires to study in-depth the dynamic of complex systems, a paradigm that is just evolving. Therefore, new methods and approaches must be developed and tested without further delaying the most needed solutions for poor farmers depending on CIP’s mandate crops for their subsistence.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: During the MTP planning period the Project will tackle the following issues: (a) lack of sound methodologies to target impact areas at different scale levels; (b) the need to improve the reliability of root and tuber crops statistics in areas with high concentration of resource-poor farmers; (c) the limited ability to forecast potato and sweet potato yields under variable environmental and management conditions; (d) the call for methods to assess the environmental vulnerability of potato and sweet potato systems; (e) how to move technology from plots to watersheds to regions (scaling issues); (f) tradeoffs between productivity and environment; (g) how to re- engineer productions systems with new technology, management, and policy options to foster adaptive capacity.

Objective: The overall objective of this project is to understand the behavior of complex human-natural systems where producing potato and/or sweetpotato actually or potentially constitute key livelihood strategies and to enhance their sustainability both directly through technology and management improvements and indirectly through influencing policies and programs that affect sustainable development. For this MTP the specific objectives are: (a) to develop methods for improved impact targeting and environmental vulnerability assessment. The methods are based on tools being used in the new interdisciplinary science called complex systems; (b) contribute to the development of technologies, practices, and policies to cope with environmental vulnerability; and (c) integrate principles and approaches in specific case studies aiming at enhancing adaptive capacity.

External conditions: The work in this project is highly interdisciplinary and participatory. It thus depends on the funding, especially of the high transaction costs of the participatory activities, the willingness of

1 Antle, J. and Valdivia R. O. 2005. Modeling the supply of environmental services from agriculture: A minimum data approach (draft paper).

42 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 partners to collaborate and changes in political and environmental situations in the research/validation sites.

Target ecoregions: During the next three years (2006 –2008), Project 5 will concentrate its activities in LAC, SWCA, and SSA

Beneficiaries: The agricultural research community at large, policy makers, development planners, and, extension workers with appropriate tools, methods, and practices to build adaptive capacity in human- natural systems.

End users: Resource-poor farmers whose productivity is decreasing due to the exposure to degradation of the natural resource base and environmental variability. Consumers who will be assured of a continuous and economical supply of agricultural products.

Strengthening NARS: Several papers and technical documents will be published on the tools and methods developed/tested and on their use in solving real-world problems. Extensive training is envisioned to empower NARS with the use of the tools and methods developed.

Changes from last MTP: No major changes.

Collaborators: Participants will include: Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología of Peru and Bolivia (SENAMHI); PROINPA; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (CIRNMA), UNA-La Molina, INIA-Peru Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias del Ecuador (INIAP); Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP), Escuela Politénica de Chimborazo, Tibetan Academy of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, University of Nairobi, University of Utrecht, Wageningen Agricultural University, Montana State University, University of Missouri-Columbia, University of British Columbia, University of Edinburgh, International Fertilizer Development Center, African Highland Initiative, CONDESAN, the Global Mountain Program, ICRAF, ILRI, ICIMOD, and FAO.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 43

Project 6. Agriculture and Human Health Problem analysis: Historically, the areas of agriculture and human health have been compartmentalized, both in research and development efforts. Agricultural technology and interventions present opportunities to enhance human health through agricultural interventions and also present the challenge of minimizing the risks to human health from agricultural interventions. The fundamental problem is to develop an analytical science-based approach that decompartmentalizes the sectors of production, ecosytem health and human health, such that it informs the generation of new information and technologies as well as interventions.

At this time, nutrition and pesticide use dominate the research subjects in this project. Previous pesticide related research by CIP analyzed the impact of pesticides on human health, agricultural production and the environment in the commercial potato farming system in the Province of Carchi in northern Ecuador. Pesticide leaching to groundwater was modelled, exposure pathways among applicators were evaluated, health effects of exposure to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides was measured, poisonings were monitored and the contribution to yields was estimated. These results were combined in an integrated assessment modelling approach using the Tradeoff Analysis Method (TOA) to examine key interconnected policy questions of agriculture, health and the environment. The results from the component and integrated research showed a significant problem and suggested pathways to improved health. This research was followed by a research-intervention project in which health impacts were measured in a larger sample, which received IPM training to reduce use and safe management of pesticides. These results were also dramatic and clear and were pushed into the policy arena. Despite unambiguous results and an effort to influence opinions of stakeholders, the debate in Ecuador has made limited progress towards design or implementation of policies to reduce exposure.

Like Ecuador, many Peruvian communities rely heavily on pesticides to protect crops. Due to this heavy reliance and the lack of resources, these communities may be at risk for dumping of obsolete pesticides or under-priced, potentially unsafe products. The Government of Peru and the World Bank have identified Environment and Health as a key issue facing Peru. The study will contribute to on going regional ESW work in this area. This should contribute to the overall understanding of the significance of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) issue in Peru and the region more generally.

Potatoes are a valuable source of quality protein and an important source of vitamins and minerals. There is little information concerning the nutritional composition of native potatoes and other Andean roots and tubers and the effect of cooking, storage and processing. At the same time there is limited understanding of the contribution of native potato landraces and Andean roots and tubers within the diets of rural families at risk of malnutrition and the role they may play in contributing to it’s reduction.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: The main problems related to pesticide use identified in this project are pesticide dependence of Andean communities poorly prepared to judge the risks and benefits of pesticide use and a policy environment for pesticide regulation dominated by special interests. This project addresses the pesticide dependence of Andean communities through documentation of the extent of poisoning, the impact of exposure and training focused on empowerment of farm families and local communities to propose alternatives to pesticide use. The adverse policy environment is addressed through the establishment of better information on the pervasiveness of poisonings and the extent of POPs present in hotspot communities. The project utilizes several approaches to create an improved policy environment. We will establish national and local government endorsed surveillance systems to document the extent of poisoning and serve as a focal point for capacity and awareness building. We will use integrated assessment approaches to demonstrate feasible policy options that maximize benefits to conflicting interests of the agriculture, environment and health sectors.

Poor knowledge of the nutritional benefits of native potatoes and Andean roots and tubers is addressed through research establishing the nutritional content of important varieties of these crops and an assessment of their consumption and nutritional benefit to vulnerable groups in Andean communities in Peru. The real influence of the native potatoes consumed has yet to be determined, including composition data, variability as a consequence of storage and processing, and intake during different periods

44 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 (abundance / scarcity). This information will be valuable for institutions that aim to reduce malnutrition and the methods developed will allow replication and adaptation of research results and principles in other parts of the Andes.

Objectives: The overall objective of this project is to create and institutionalize a trans-disciplinary research team to generate understanding on the human health, environmental and economic impacts of agricultural production technologies in target systems as an input to designing healthy, sustainable agricultural production systems.

External conditions: The pesticide-related activities occur in a policy environment where influential actors have strongly held positions that will be threatened by the outcomes from Output Targets. The threatened actors can be expected to make counter moves to protect their positions.

Target regions: Ecuador and Peru in the Andes and Food and nutrition insecure regions in East Africa including Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Rwanda.

Beneficiaries: The principal beneficiaries of the project are poor farming households in the target regions.

End-users: The principal end-users of the project are international and national IPM practioners. researchers in agricultural and health fields, extension agents, policy-makers, Vitamin A for Africa Partnership members and resource-poor farm and urban families.

Strengthening NARS: The capacity of NARS scientists is strengthened through joint participation in pesticide surveillance research, preparation of training materials, policy advocacy through formation of Local Pesticide Surveillance committees and linking agriculture and human health messages in participatory farmer training practices. The nutrition output makes documentation of information on nutritional content of roots and tubers available world wide.

Changes from last MTP: New research activities were added to evaluate the health risks from pesticides in Peru.

Collaborators: Advanced research institute collaborators include: University of Toronto (Canada); Montana State University (USA); Harvard University School of Public Health and Medical School (USA); University of Wisconsin (USA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH-USA). National research institute collaborators include: INIAP (Ecuador) and INIA (Peru); National Institute of Health (Peru) and Medical Research Institute (Kenya). Government agency collaborators include the Ministries of Health and Agriculture in Peru and Ecuador, Provincial Governments in Carchi, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, Ecuador and selected departments in Peru. A NGO collaborator is Randi-Randi in Ecuador. Other collaborators are drawn from African countries and partners participating in the Vitamin A for Africa Partnership Project.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 45

Project 7 Ecoregional Program: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (CONDESAN) Problem analysis: The Andean ecoregion is home to an extraordinary ecological and cultural diversity where some 40 million people live. The ecoregion is also central to the production of water that is used in a large part of South America. Governments and civil society are increasingly concerned with water issues and trying hard to promote a more sustainable use of the resource within Andean mountain areas and basins despite limited quality information available. On the other hand, Andean geographic and cultural diversity and ethnic marginality has been traditionally seen as a barrier to the development of the region and its population. However, there are successful examples of innovative agricultural systems that value diversity, utilize local knowledge and contribute to the welfare of Andean families. Both integrated water management practices and innovation in agricultural systems need to be up-scaled to produce the required reduction in poverty and to stop the deterioration of natural resources.

Research Opportunities – Although the high altitude grasslands known as paramos, jalcas and punas are unique ecosystems closely related to water management issues in the Andean ecoregion, relatively little information exists about them. Due to the rapid reduction of natural areas, these ecosystems are degrading with considerable adverse consequences in water flows that affect indigenous communities and subsistence producers whose livelihoods depend largely on water availability as well as larger producers and urban water consumers. Thus, life of the Andean inhabitants is closely connected to the health of the Andes ecosystem, especially in relation to water and food issues. A substantial challenge represents the way in which society should organize the highly complex elements involved in integrated management of water resources so that it becomes a source of opportunities, social inclusion and welfare improvements for the rural communities of the Andes, particularly for the poorest sectors. CONDESAN itself is already contributing with the design of mechanisms that simultaneously promote environment conservation and increased farming income for families located in the upper watersheds.

Andean agricultural systems have also been undergoing transformations due to globalization, climate change, migration and urbanization significantly altering the context and posing new challenges for the agricultural activity both to society and the producers themselves. A significant challenge is to identify, share, replicate and expand the innovative processes, mostly localized and relatively isolated, into a scale that allows for a substantial difference in the opportunities of welfare and social inclusion for the Andean poor.

Objective: In the next five years, CONDESAN’s objective is to learn and promote opportunities for the welfare and social inclusion of the poor of the Andes based mostly on the integrated management of water resources and the development of agricultural systems that value Andean biological and ecological diversity.

Based mainly on its links with partners and other local, national and international institutions, CONDESAN also aims to become a regional point of reference and a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform for issues related to the sustainable development of the Andean ecoregion, thus contributing to create the enabling conditions that promote the institutional learning and changes required.

External conditions: The main assumption is that the region will be socially and politically stable thus allowing for increased public awareness of sustainable development issues at the different levels within the region.

Target ecoregions: The Andean ecoregion is the focus of CONDESAN’s work. However, there are tools and methods being developed in the Andes that can be applied to other regions. CONDESAN has solid links with the Challenge Program on Water & Food, the Global Mountain Program and the Mountain Forum that allow for this interaction. Moreover, the institutional model and lessons learned by CIP as a convening center of CONDESAN can be applied to other regions through the CGIAR Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs.

46 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Beneficiaries: Within the Andean highlands (paramos, jalcas and punas), CONDESAN’s target population are poor farmer groups. Farming (mainly tubers and grains) and cattle-raising are the main occupations, although income generation includes additional on- and off-farm activities.

End users: CONDESAN’s clientele are universities, NGOs, research centers, rural municipalities, private sector and government agencies in the Andes.

Strengthening NARS: CONDESAN’s program is organized into “CONDESAN Initiatives” which comprise the benchmark sites and regional projects implemented by partners in which a variety of research and development activities are carried out. Executing partners are mainly academic institutions and NGOs. The Initiatives often conduct activities such as training, policy development, dialogues on specific topics, local and national networking. Due to the nature of the consortium, all Initiatives and the Coordination Unit (CU) make efforts to involve CONDESAN partners from other Initiatives in their own activities of regional nature. Thus, complementarities and synergies are established between partners and the consortium continuously grows stronger. By concentrating its efforts on second level activities, the CU contributes to strengthen the relationships among partners even more and also to extend the links to other stakeholders within and outside the region. InfoAndina, the information and communication arm of CONDESAN plays a crucial role in partner cohesion and influence on decision makers within the region.

Changes from last MTP: Apart from the new reporting format being applied this year, CONDESAN is presenting its MTP differently from previous Plans. CONDESAN has completed a participatory process to build a Road Map for the next five years. Three outputs are being considered, all related to the new Road Map of CONDESAN, which also encompasses collaboration activities with CIP Divisions. The Road Map is intended to guide the second-level activities of the consortium. The CONDESAN Initiatives (benchmark site activities and regional projects) will contribute to the Road Map second-level outputs. Not all benchmark sites nor country level projects are mentioned in the MTP logframe although their contribution to the outputs is vital.

Collaborators: CONDESAN links scientists and rural development partners, public and private, located in universities, national and international research institutes, non-governmental organizations, local and central government institutions and enterprises. Formal main partners are those directly involved in “Local” or “Regional Initiatives”, comprising CONDESAN benchmark sites and ecoregional projects (attached list). Development partners apply approaches and methodologies at different levels and provide feedback so that scientists can better respond to field demands. Additional thematic and regional linkage groups are fostered and connected through InfoAndina.

Complementing the above, CONDESAN has ongoing strong links with other CGIAR Future Harvest Centers and their programs. CONDESAN is the Basin Coordinator for the Andean System of Basins (ASB) of the Challenge Program on Water and Food, lead by IWMI. This long-term program also connects research in the Andes with that of other parts of the world through other participating CGIAR Future Harvest Centers (CIAT, IRRI, WFC and IFPRI). CONDESAN employs personnel at CIAT that collaborate with the GTZ-Andean Watershed project and the CPWF ASB Coordination. Moreover, CIAT leads a number of CPWF projects in the Andes. CIAT, similarly to CIP, has representatives in the CONDESAN Board as well as the Technical Committee. Strong links exist with CIAT’s Communities and Watersheds program. The potential new Initiative “Linking Andes and Amazonia” will include CIAT and CONDESAN. The CONDESAN FAO project Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiative with ILRI, CARE and US Universities examines the dynamics of families moving in and out of poverty. The methodology applied will be used in a number of Andean initiatives. The Global Mountain Program will include CONDESAN case studies on policy issues that are of relevance and application to other mountain regions in the world. CONDESAN plans to strengthen forestry and agroforestry activities in the near future and link with ICRAF as part of conservation of natural resources in the ecoregion. A pilot CGIAR study on CIP as a convener center of CONDESAN will be carried out with the technical assistance of ILAC (Institutional Learning and Change).

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 47

Project 8. Global Mountain Program Problem analysis: Mountains are fragile, topographically highly variable, often difficult environments that cover one quarter of the earth’s surface. They are home for 720 million people, the source of 80% of the world’s fresh water, 50% of the biodiversity, and 35% of the world’s forests. Its people, often indigenous, are usually knowledge rich and culturally diverse, but are counted amongst the world’s poorest and most marginalized. For example, in the recent IAC report on Africa, five of the eight poverty hotspots are in the mountains. In the past, the mountain populations did not profit from science-based opportunities in comparison to those living in the favored environments of the lowlands. The people and environment in mountains are particularly vulnerable to processes of globalization, urbanization and climate change due to their added disadvantage of poor infrastructure, education, support and remoteness to markets and political power. On the other hand, mountain resources are being increasingly exploited by international markets, national urban centers and local mountain inhabitants. At the same time lack of opportunity is driving out-migration and affecting the maintenance of agricultural, rural and family infrastructure. Serious deterioration has taken place in these fragile environments. Reversing the trends requires mountain- specific research on key issues to provide more enabling policies and support to mountain people.

Reflecting on the role of the CGIAR in mountains, it is apparent that there has been a substantial research effort by individual centers in mountains. Much capacity and experience is available in areas of agricultural technology, forestry, natural resource management, management of genetic diversity and policy. The problems in mountains are complex and often are institution and process based, rather than purely technological. However, most of these issues have not been dealt with in an integrated CGIAR- wide manner, nor has there been dialogue on development of coherent strategies by the system to have broad impact in these complex fragile systems.

Identification of specific problems to be tackled with research: Several research opportunities arise from the above problems. First, mountain resources are playing an increasingly important role in development processes of countries, but specific challenges of development are rarely reflected in national policies. Enabling policies are regarded by some sources as the single most important factor influencing the sustainable development of mountain areas. Only a few countries have adopted coherent policies for the development of mountains. The most evident places of failed or non-existent policies are those where there are conflicts over resources or territory. These include conflicts over water, mining, and forests. In other cases such as soils and cultural, bio- and genetic diversity there are wide spread, but less politically visible crises. Often these problems are related to centralized or sectorial, rather than decentralized territorial resource allocations and lack of opportunity for rural populations and a lack of policies that provide incentives for stewardship of resources. The GMP is engaged in collecting and analyzing mountain policies for mountains in the east African Highlands with AHI and will begin to do the same in the Andes with CONDESAN as part of a global network.

Second, urban centers are increasingly affecting rural mountain areas. They act as strong sinks for agricultural and forest products, water, nutrients, minerals and people. Unmanaged extraction and use of these resources is depleting the resource base necessary for future livelihoods of people and function of mountain ecosystems, including agriculture. Already, deforestation, mining, water contamination and overuse, broken nutrient cycles, and poverty-driven emigration from rural areas are causing serious degradation of the natural resource base and are driving a decline in well-being and health of rural mountain populations. Similarly, urban areas are affected by a deterioration of rural mountain resources though reduced water quality and availability, lack of fuel, availability of agricultural products and reduced scenic quality for recreation. These are key issues that influence development in mountains. It is imperative to the success of efforts that support rural as well as rural populations in mountains that these issues are connected and not investigated out of context. Many problems of poverty, food security, NRM and the environment cannot be solved without including the urban link in the management of rural resources. The issues need a focused, integrated research approach and territorial rather than sector based planning, policies and support strategies for sustainable mountain development. There are numerous key questions that need concerted investigation for which the CGIAR as a whole has capacity. The GMP will use Ethiopia and Addis Ababa as the first of its CGIAR wide benchmark sites. It has been joined in the venture by urban and rural Ethiopian institutions research and civil institutions, the AHI and the Systemwide Urban Harvest Program. The GMP with these partners will first develop baseline data on

48 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 actual livelihood issues and options of rural to urban mountain populations. Better baseline information is also needed on the inflows and outflows of goods from rural areas to rural area and existing on existing policies. Research would contribute to quantification of identified problems such as water availability and quality, forest degradation for fuel, migration and health and contribute to better targeting of support to mountain people. It would provide the basis for policies that provide incentives for environmental stewardship, such as Payment for Environmental services (PES).

Third, although the CGIAR has much capacity and experience in working in mountain regions, there has so far been only limited success in bringing centers together to focus on complex mountain problems. An opportunity exist to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the CGIAR in mountains, and to develop mechanisms to bring the system together in Sustainable Mountain Development.

Objective: The objectives of the GMP in the next three years are to improve the contribution of the CGIAR to the Millennium Development Goals through: a) analysis of the CGIAR ‘offer’ in mountains, and development better mechanisms to harness the CGIAR research strengths to support sustainable mountain development; b) better understanding and connection of processes that affect sustainable mountain development, especially the role urban-rural linkages through collection and analysis of baseline information on peoples livelihood issues and options; c) and to collect and analyze mountain policies on key issues and participate in developing policies that enable sustainable development in mountains.

These objectives are cradled in the new priorities of the CGIAR. The GMP will concentrate in creating linkages and promoting research on key issues that integrate research of the CGIAR with development activities working together also with non-CGIAR partners so as to enhance the overall impact of the CGIAR in mountains.

External conditions: The assumptions are that sufficient funding remains available, that partners complete their part of the agreements, that the program has sufficient institutional support to enable it to effectively function as a Systemwide program, and that target regions will be socially and politically stable.

Target eco-regions: The GMP works globally. Presently, due to funding limitations, activities are concentrated in Sub Saharan Africa and Latin America. In the future activities in Asia will be included. The program also intends to increase its activities in Africa.

Beneficiaries: Rural and urban communities in mountains, local and national planners and policy makers, research scientists and institute directors, NGOs and international development organizations.

Strengthening NARS: The GMP dedicates much of its efforts to strengthen NARS and acting as a connector between research and development. At present the program manages a program for the government of Spain to support the NARS of Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru in an effort to strengthen national mountain agricultural research and development programs. The GMP is also managing a PhD program with Spanish universities to strengthen Latin American NARS scientist’s technical capacity. In Africa the program also works closely with NARS, extension services and communities to strengthen their capacity.

Changes from the last MTP: This MTP of the GMP present a substantial change from 2004. The reasons are multiple. In previous years the GMP was a subprogram within NRM program of CIP under the leadership of the head of CIPs NRM. The activities reported by the GMP were closely associated with those of CIP’s NRM Program. With the organizational restructuring at CIP in 2004 the GMP has become an independent ‘Partnership Program’. Since late 2004 it has fulltime leadership. A steering committee has been formed representing stakeholder interests, which guides the GMP programmatically. The SC members consist of the GMP’s key partners: CONDESAN in the Andes, AHI in East Africa, ICIMOD in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, CIP as the convening CGIAR center, donors and other CGIAR centers. The CIP board in 2005 has welcomed the changes and the strengthening of the program. CIP’s restructuring has also meant a loss of previous funding for NRM activities described in the 2005-2007 MTP. Most of the previous MTP objectives are no longer funded or managed by the GMP. On the other hand, new funding for the GMP has been secured through the Government of Canada, Spain and the FAO. As a

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 49 consequence of these, and ongoing changes in the priorities of the CGIAR system as a whole, major efforts are underway to reorient the GMP to better reflect the integrative role that the GMP will play in the future. In the future the GMP intends to be proactive as an integrator of CGIAR activities in mountains, spearheading Systemwide discussion and research in key areas, collecting and sharing knowledge associated with poverty alleviation, food security, NRM and environment in mountains and playing a role in the global dialogue and conventions in mountain development.

To reflect these strategic changes, the GMP will not report as outputs important components of its program in Uganda and Kenya on potato seed systems, or on NARS support in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru with CIMMYT, nor on capacity building of all NARIs in Latin America.

Collaborators: African Highlands Initiative (AHI), CIP, CIAT, ICRAF, ILRI, CONDESAN, the Systemwide Urban Harvest Program, the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Mountains Program (SARD-M) of the FAO, Euromontania, the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), The International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM). Addis Municipal offices, the Mountain Forum, Cuencas Andinas, various national ministries of Andean countries, the NARIs of Ecuador, Ethiopia and Peru. In addition, the program is working with local extension services, and farmer groups in Ethiopia.

50 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Project 9. Urban Harvest Problem analysis: The developing world is increasingly urban. Forty percent of Africans and Asians now live in cities; in Latin America it is 80%. Some of the fastest rates of urban growth are in Africa, where an estimated 225 million more people will be living in cities by 2020. By that time, eight of the nine largest megacities in the world will be in developing countries. Urbanization in the developing world is also a migration of poverty and child malnutrition to towns and cities. In Latin America about 62% of the poor now live in urban areas. In Asia and Africa, the figure is about 40%. Poor families living in cities find themselves in a specifically urban poverty trap. While work is limited, food is expensive and takes up a major part of earnings. Services like education are more costly than in rural areas and insecurity is endemic. Lacking the support networks common in rural communities, poor urban households are vulnerable to economic and political shocks. With these pressures on household financial resources, the family’s nutritional well-being and health are at risk. Poor urban families in the South suffer a “double health burden”, facing typically rural nutritional, respiratory and contagious diseases as well as the new “lifestyle diseases” such as obesity, heart disease, cancers and diabetes. Urban ecosystems are also at risk from the rapid growth of population and poverty. City services become overstretched, local natural resources deteriorate and it is usually the poorest people whose health and safety is most compromised by these environmental problems.

Increasing numbers of poor urban households are seeking direct ways to alleviate food insecurity and secure other aspects of their livelihood through cultivating areas of land and raising livestock in and around cities. As many as 800 million are estimated to be involved in this strategy world-wide with some cities, such as Dar es Salaam and Kampala having more than a third of their households pursuing urban agriculture. Whilst crop and livestock production offer potential solutions to food and income insecurity it can also create another set of problems for the human health of producers and consumers: exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants which concentrate in the urban environment and through the higher human population densities encounter multiple pathways – air, water, plants, animals and their products – through which to impact on human health.

Research opportunities: Though urban areas in the developing world face socio-economic and environmental problems, they also present new concentrations of wealth which bring increased demand for livestock products, high-value crops and processed products as well as cut flowers and ornamental plants. Access to diverse markets, the ability to offer perishable products or the advantage of direct producer-consumer relations open new opportunities for producers in and around cities to increase their own income and food and nutrition security. Research is needed into the actual and potential value chains and enterprise clusters linking producers to markets.

These different product markets have the potential to contribute to the economic and social development of households located along the entire urban-rural transect. Despite the stereotype of rural agriculture and urban manufacturing, in practice the agricultural sector cross-cuts rural-urban boundaries and manufacturing and services are commonly found in rural areas. This overlap of sectors is underscored by the agriculture-related two-way flow of people, produce, inputs, financing and knowledge along the rural- urban transect. This suggests their inter-dependence is of greater importance than their separation. Analysis of rural-urban linkages can help us to understand where improvements in rural-to-urban food flows can best contribute to better food security among the urban poor and where opportunities exist for urban food production to make a complementary contribution – either directly or via income opportunities – to household food and nutrition security. Two important aspects of research on the nutritional contribution of urban agriculture will be both to develop strategies for novel ways of delivering planting material of nutritious crops to a wide range of urban producers and second, to find ways to increase the consumption of important types of foods, notably animal source foods (ASF) to combat both protein and micro-nutrient deficiencies.

As well as being concentrations of demand for diversity of agricultural products, cities are also nutrient sinks and repositories of other and untapped natural resources. Nutrients are found in the vast quantities of wastewater and organic residues generated in urban and peri-urban areas. Cities also contain underutilized land and water surfaces that can be put to productive use. The use of these urban resources also carries health risks, as do the use of agro-chemicals and animal raising in densely

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 51 populated areas. Research is needed to identify where human health risks occur, how to mitigate them and how to support local producers to safely benefit form available form available urban resources.

The dense network of administrative jurisdictions, legal obligations, competing rights and policy prescriptions that reach into the lives of urban households is another key characteristic of cities. Agricultural activities are usually circumscribed and sometimes proscribed by ordinances and other regulations and frequently encounter competing rights for the resources deployed. Research on policies and institutions is needed to understand this situation and to develop strategies for stakeholder dialogue and platform building to better integrate urban agriculture in urban governance.

Objective: The goal of Urban Harvest is to stimulate the contribution of agriculture within and around cities to increasing urban food and nutrition security, alleviate poverty and mitigate the negative effects on human health of the deteriorating urban environment.

The objectives of Urban Harvest are to: (a) Establish the conditions for the institutional and policy recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture as a productive and essential component of sustainable cities. (b) Reduce poverty and increase food and nutrition security of urban and peri-urban populations through local agricultural production and processing. (c) Reduce the negative environmental and health impacts of urban agriculture whilst enhancing its positive potential for urban ecosystem maintenance.

To address these objectives, a research framework has been developed which draws on earlier insights into sustainable livelihoods and urban ecosystems health and consists of three elements: Stakeholder and policy analysis and dialogue seeks understanding of the actors, policies and institutions concerned in urban agricultural activities and develops methods for communication and consensus among actors and legitimacy for urban agriculture in policy and regulatory schemes. The element of Livelihoods and markets targets production, processing, marketing and consumption systems along rural-urban transects and identifies technology interventions to enhance incomes and increase food and nutrition security. Urban ecosystem health focuses research attention on the feedback mechanisms between agricultural activities and population, community and environmental health (see Annex 1).

External conditions: Implementation of the Project will depend on continued institutional support from within the CGIAR and the availability of donor support for funding proposals for activities in years 2007 and 2008. Although support from city authorities is considered internal to the Project, in the sense that part of the project goal is to secure such collaboration, this would depend on the absence of major political or economic shocks affecting the countries where anchor cities are located.

Target ecoregions: Activities of the project are implemented through global, comparative studies and regional networks of “anchor cities” - urban and peri-urban locations where diagnostic studies, technical interventions and policy analyses and development will take place. Other cities in each of the regions are linked to Urban Harvest activities through networks, training and other mechanisms. These are referred to as “contact cities”.

Anchor cities have been identified through the intersecting of a number of targeting indicators: Large urban centers with concentrations of poor people (megacity focus); Urban centers with high proportion of food and nutrition insecure; countries with high urbanization rates; mother-child food security systems; small city systems with close links to rural hinterland; urban/peri-urban systems widely distributed; locations with logistical support. Principal operational sites by country and ecology are: Manila capital region, Philippines (humid tropical lowlands); Hanoi, Vietnam (sub-tropical lowlands): Yaounde, Cameroon (humid tropical lowlands); Kampala, Uganda (sub-humid tropics); and Nairobi, Kenya (sub- humid tropics); Lima, Peru (desert).

Within particular geographical sites different farming systems are being targeted: Peri-urban vegetable- based farming systems; Integrated crop-livestock systems (urban and peri-urban); Urban food security gardens/small animal production; Rural-to-urban agro-enterprise processing systems.

52 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Beneficiaries and end-users: Urban producers’, processors’ and consumer associations and groups; Municipal authorities; National agricultural research and development systems (NARDS); National Planning and environmental authorities; International multilateral agencies.

Strengthening NARS: Networking knowledge exchange at the national and regional level occurs through networks centered on the anchor cities and contact cities described above and also through linking to existing regional networks of national organizations concerned with urban agriculture, management and development, such as Red Aguilar in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Municipal Development Program in Eastern and Southern Africa and the Urban Agriculture National Research, Development and Extension Network in the Philippines. This type of networking brings together researchers, city officials and decision-makers and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). Globally, Urban Harvest is a member of the Steering Committee of the Support Group on Urban Agriculture and Forestry (SGUA), a global coalition of donor and development organizations established in 1996. Under the coordination of the International Development Research Centre, SGUA promotes networking and co-operation in urban agriculture in developing countries, fosters North-South learning and helps link agriculture with other urban development challenges.

Documentation and Information: Through baseline surveys, GIS, bibliographic compilations and other data-gathering methods, Urban Harvest is assembling data-bases with city, country and regional relevance. The Project also invests considerable time in website development and listserv activities to maintain information flow between partners. It has a Working Paper series and supports and encourages partners to publish results of work widely.

Urban Harvest recently completed a large-scale training course for city teams in East and Central Africa in seven modules on different aspects of urban agriculture. This training facilitated the establishment of a regional electronic dialogue which is permitting follow up to the training course and of the seed activities being implemented through seed funds linked to the course. Training is also built into the development of methods for implementing Farmer Field Schools for ICM in urban settings, for other ICM activities and with city officials as part of platform-building for stakeholder dialogue.

Changes from last MTP: Because of reduced resources for Africa and the need to concentrate efforts on building up resources there again, the proposal to initiate research activities in South Asia has been eliminated. If circumstances permit, this would be reinserted in future plans.

Collaborators: Other International Centers: AVRDC, CIAT, ICRAF, ILRI, IMWI, IPGRI

Developing World Collaborators – Asia: Philippines: Bureau of Agricultural Research, Dept. of Agriculture; Bureau of Plant Industries, Department of Agriculture; NPRCRTC The Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center; SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA); University of the Philippines, Diliman; UPLB University of the Philippines, Los Baños; UANRDEN Urban Agriculture National Research, Development and Extension Network, Philippines. Vietnam: District Committee, Hoai Duc, Hatay Province; IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi; HAU Hanoi Agricultural University; MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; NIAH National Institute of Animal Husbandry; RIFAV Research Institute for Fruits and Vegetables; VASI Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute.

Developing World Collaborators – Africa: Cameroon: Communaute Urbaine De Yaoundé; INCC Institut National de Cartografie. Ghana: Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA); Accra Farmers and Marketers Network (in formation). Kenya: Africa Inland Church (Nakuru); Kenya Greentowns Partnership Association; KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (public); Mazingira Institute, Nairobi; Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Planning; Municipal Council of Nakuru; Nairobi and Environs Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Forum; University of Nairobi; ITDG – East Africa. Uganda: Environmental Alert; KCC Kampala City Council; Kampala Urban Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Committee (KUFSALC); Makerere University, Kampala; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries; NARO National Agricultural Research Institute; Plan International. Zimbabwe: MDP Municipal Development Partnership, Harare (private).

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 53

Developing World Collaborators – Latin America. Peru: INIA National Agricultural Research Institute; IPAC Instituto de Promoción Agropecuaria y Comunal; IIN Nutritional Research Institute; IPDA Peruvian Institute for Agricultural Development; JUR Water User's Association of the Rimac River, Lima; Municipality of Lurigancho, Lima; RED AGUILA The Latin America Urban Agriculture Research Network. Ecuador: CIGU International Center for Urban Management (formally PGU). México: AGUILA MÉXICO, national urban agriculture network.

Developed World: CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, France; CEPIS Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería y Ciencias del Ambiente, New York, USA; ETC-RUAF Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry, The Netherlands; FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food into Cities Program, Italy; GFAR Global Fund for Agricultural Research, Rome, Italy; IDRC Urban Poverty and Environment Progam, Canada; NRI Natural Resources Institute, UK; SGUA Support Group on Urban Agriculture, Canada; TUAN The Urban Agriculture Network, Washington DC, USA; University of Georgia, USA; University of Stanford, USA; University of Toronto, Canada; Ryerson University, Center for Food Security Studies, Toronto, Canada; WUR Wageningen University Research Center, The Netherlands.

54 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 Urban Harvest Annex 1

The Urban Harvest research framework draws on earlier insights into sustainable livelihoods and urban eco-system health. In complex city ecosystems, which include informal economies and social networks, poor households depend on multiple income sources and a wide range of non-material assets to ensure their livelihood. Inadequate assets can leave households vulnerable to economic, environmental, health, and political stresses and shocks (the vulnerability context).

Five types of capital assets are distinguished. Natural capital involves biodiversity and quantity and quality of accessible land and water. “Resource recognition” is important in this context. “Hidden” natural resources can be accessed, such as vacant lots, unused water surfaces and nutrient-rich solid and liquid wastes. Physical capital includes buildings, equipment, seeds. Human capital takes in labor, knowledge and health status. Available income and savings comprise financial capital. Social capital includes the access to networks, groups, trust and support.

The deployment of assets in household strategies, the influences and impediments experienced through engagement with the institutional and policy fabric of the city (structures and processes), the outcomes achieved, are part of livelihood processes, which in turn exert positive and/or negative ecosystem feedback on the livelihood assets and on the vulnerability context.

Urban Harvest identifies three research themes: Stakeholder and policy analysis and dialogue seeks understanding of the actors, policies and institutions concerned in urban agricultural activities and develops methods for communication and consensus among actors and legitimacy for urban agriculture in policy and regulatory schemes. Livelihoods and markets targets production, processing, marketing and consumption systems along the rural-urban transect and identifies technology interventions to enhance income and food and nutrition security. Urban ecosystem health focuses attention on the feedback mechanisms between people’s actions and population, community and environmental health.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 55

56 MEDIUM-TERM PLAN PROJECT LOGFRAMES

Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Reliable and up-to-date information on potato and Importance and contribution of Informed policy decisions support

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International sweetpotato commodity trends strengthened (3 years) potato and sweetpotato sectors to development of potato and economic and human understood sweetpotato sectors Output Targets One global and six sub-national commodity databases CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users access and utilize improved Improved decision-making and 2006 of potato and sweetpotato updated and posted on-line researchers, Networks, commodity information resource allocation to commodity developmental organizations development Output Targets World Atlas of potato and sweetpotato updated and CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users access and utilize improved Improved decision-making and 2007 posted on line researchers, Networks, commodity information resource allocation to commodity developmental organizations development Output Targets Global trends in potato and sweetpotato market Government officials, donors, Users understand the importance Improved decision-making and 2008 demand analyzed and documented CGIAR Centers, and role of potatoes and resource allocation to commodity sweetpotatoes in economic development development Output 2 Impact of CIP-related technologies on livelihoods Users understand the process of Improved decision making on determined (3 years) how impact was achieved and the investments in potato and return to investment in agricultural sweetpotato research result in research for development improved livelihoods for farm households in target regions Output Targets Impact of post-harvest processing of sweetpotato in CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users understand how post-harvest Improved decision-making and 2006 Sichuan established researchers innovations affect farm household resource allocation to commodity livelihoods development Impact of 2 interventions in market chain in Peru and NARS, ARI, NGOs Users make improved decisions More efficient and more effective Bolivia on farmers' incomes determined (with Papa through better understand the market chains develop benefiting Andina) market chain approach chain actors Output Targets Impact of TPS utilization on potato production system CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users understand the potential of Farm household livelihoods 2007 in Nepal determined researchers, extension agencies, TPS niches in potato production improved through improved potato end-users systems productivity Impact of late blight-resistant potato in Kenya and CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users understand how adoption of Farm household livelihoods Uganda determined researchers, extension agencies, disease-resistant varieties improved decision-making and networks, end-users improves rural livelihoods resource allocation to commodity development Impact of three sweetpotato and potato technologies in CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users understand how sweetpotato Farm households livelihoods Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda assessed (with researchers, extension agencies, and potato production and post- improved decision-making and PRAPACE) end-users harvest innovations affect farm resource allocation to commodity livelihoods development

Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets Impact of Vitamin-A rich sweetpotato in Uganda CGIAR Centers, ARI, NARS Users understand how biofortified Improved decision-making and 2008 assessed (with VITAA) researchers, extension agencies, sweetpotato improves rural resource allocation to commodity International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International end-users livelihoods development Output 3 Value added to CIP commodities through post-harvest Government officials, development Farm households and other innovations (3 – 5 years) professionals, market chain actors market actors realize the benefits and researchers appreciate the of access to new markets and value of organized market chains better organized market chains and make better informed policy and investment decisions Output Targets Two new market products developed for native NARS researchers, private Introduction of new processed Increase income earned by small- 2006 varieties of potato capitalizing on biodiversity in Peru sector, NGOs products through innovative farmer- scale farmers; increased incentive and Bolivia (with Papa Andina) private sector partnerships using for conserving biodiversity of the Participatory Market Chain native crops & crop varieties Approach (PMCA) Three training modules for promoting participatory NARS researchers, private Partners knowledge and skill on Improved efficiency in linking methodologies on market chain intervention developed sector, NGOs market chain interventions farmers to market for adding value (with Papa Andina) improved to their production National and regional markets for fresh and frozen NARIs, producers and private The potential for domestic market Increased household income and potato chips in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia assessed sector in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia growth and regional trade reduced potato post-harvest loss (with PRAPACE) and the ASARECA region determined Output Targets Improved potato chips processing practices Processors, NARS researchers, Researchers promote and Processors empowered, the 2007 disseminated in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Rwanda extension agencies processors adopt new practices quality of chips improved, (with PRAPACE) improved household incomes Output Targets Quality standards for chips developed for PRAPACE NARI's and private sector in the Users utilize information to set Increased regional trade and 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and 2008 countries and disseminated (with PRAPACE) ASARECA region appropriate and locally relevant household incomes standards for potato chips quality Production and utilization of sweetpotato for animal NARS researchers, private Researchers promote and farmers Increased income earned by small- feed in Vietnam, Philippines and China improved (with sector, farmers in Vietnam, adopt high-yielding sweetpotato scale sweetpotato and animal UPWARD) Philippines and China varieties and practices to improve producers feed-to-meat feeding efficiency Output 4 Pro-poor policies and institutions identified and Users better able to identify better Better targeting of development documented (3 years) policy and institutional and research policy results in arrangements to support better return to investment of agricultural research for development and research funds development by public and private sector Output Targets Institutional-level impact assessment of FFS-potato Government, donors, R&D Users adopt policies to support Improved decision-making and 2006 ICM in Nepal completed (with UPWARD) managers in Nepal and UPWARD FFS institutionalization resource allocation for program countries planning and capacity

57 development

58 Project 1 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Three methods to link demands for technology Government, R&D organizations Methods are integrated in national Improved R&D interventions in innovation by poor farmers with supply documented in Peru and Bolivia, private sector innovation system strategy (Bolivia) response to poor farmers needs. and mainstreamed with national partners institutions in actors and investors and used by R&D organizations Peru and Bolivia (with Papa Andina) International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Two studies on competitiveness and poverty impact of Government, donors, R&D Government recognizes the More resources allocated from potato sector for policy formulation in Bolivia completed organizations in Bolivia importance of potato crop and government to potato sector (with Papa Andina) includes it as priority crop Output Targets Quantitative analysis of policies affecting rural Government, donors Users adopt polices to improve Improved decision-making and 2007 development and poverty alleviation in Indonesia effectiveness of rural development resource allocation to rural completed and poverty alleviation. development Institutional analysis of CONDESAN network and Government, donors, R&D Users have information to Improved natural resource platform effectiveness completed managers strengthen institutions to promote management improved natural resource management Output Targets Contribution of R&D networks' to institutional IARCs, NARS and other network Users employ strategies for Improved R&D partnerships 2008 performance of CIP and partners in UPWARD region partners, donors institution and partnership-building documented (with UPWARD)

Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output 1 Wild and cultivated genetic resources of potato, Center projects’, NARS’ and NARS, ARIs and genebank Improved ex situ and in situ

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International sweetpotato and nine other root and tuber species ARI’s researchers researchers use information and agrobiodiversity conservation and associated information collected and securely material for improving root and conserved through integrated ex situ and in situ tuber crop genetic resources approaches (2006-08) conservation Output Targets Ten wild potato species populations collected in Center Projects 2 and 3 NARS (LAC: Peru, Bolivia) and Improved ex situ agrobiodiver- 2006 Northern Peru and through collaboration with researchers; NARS (INIEA, ARI researchers use collection sity conservation national initiatives 10 wild and cultivated maca INRENA), ARI researchers data for developing plans for (Lepidium) species collected in Peru future targeted collecting mis- sions and conservation strategies Fifty wild potato species, from CIP genebank, Center Project 2 researchers Genebank curators use regener- Improved ex situ agrobiodiver- comprising 500 accessions, regenerated. Seed ated material to secure sity conservation produced from 80 duplicated sweetpotato conservation accessions. (Collaboration with the Global Public Goods, Phase I: GPG-1/SGRP) Eighty potato landraces cryopreserved using an Center Projects 2, and NARS NARS and ARIs adopt the tech- Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- improved protocol (collaboration with Univ. of genebank researchers nology for establishing long-term, sity conservation Leuven and GPG-1/SGRP) back up collections DNA of 250 potato, 300 sweetpotato and 200 oca Center Projects 2 and 3, Researchers access DNA sam- Improved genetic resources (Oxalis) accessions conserved NARS, and ARIs researchers ples for genetic diversity analysis availability and genetic exploration Output Targets Ten new wild potato species populations collected Center Project 2 and 3, NARS NARS and ARI researchers use Enhanced ex situ agro-biodiver- 2007 in central Peru (INIEA, INRENA), ARI (Univ. of exploration data for developing sity conservation 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and Wisconsin) researchers plans for future targeted collect- ing missions and conservation plans Four hundred wild potato accessions (including 50 Center Project 2 researchers Genebank curators use regener- Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- species), and 100 sweetpotato accessions from ated material to secure sity conservation the genebank regenerated (collaboration with conservation GPG-Phase 2/SGRP) One hundred new accessions of the potato core Center Project 2 and NARS NARS and ARIs adopt the tech- Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- collection cryopreserved, and 50 sweetpotato oca, researchers nology for long-term back up sity conservation ulluco and mashua accessions cryotested conservation (collaboration with Univ. of Leuven) One thousand potato, 1,000 sweetpotato and 500 Center Projects 2 and 3, NARS Researchers access DNA sam- Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- oca (Oxalis), ulluco (Ullucus) and mashua and ARIs researchers ples for diversity analysis and sity conservation (Tropaeolum) accessions stored as DNA samples genetic exploration

59

60 Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Output Targets Twenty wild potato species collected in Southern Center Project 2 and NARS NARS (Peru, Bolivia, Argentina) and Enhanced ex situ agro-biodiver- 2008 Peru, Bolivia and Northern Argentina; 30 species (Peru, Bolivia, Argentina) re- ARIs use collection data to develop sity conservation in total of yacon, maca, mashua collected in Peru searchers future collection missions and through collaboration with national initiatives. conservation strategies International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Duplicate storage established for 100 sweetpotato Center Project 2 and NARS NARS and ARIs scientists ac- Enhanced ex situ agro-biodiver- accessions from the Philippines to CIP genebank (East and SE Asia researchers cess to wider range of sweetpo- sity conservation tato diversity Two thousand specimens of inter- and intra- Center Project 2, NARS and NARS and ARIs’ researchers Knowledge on potato biosyste- specific wild potato hybrids, and 300 additional ARIs researchers use herbarium as reference for matics contributes to agro-biodi- specimens generated through research, research versity conservation introduced into the genebank herbarium collections Two hundred potato, 50 sweetpotato and 50 other Center Project 2, ARI NARS and ARIs adopt the tech- Enhanced ex situ agro-biodiver- root and tuber species’ accessions cryopreserved researchers nology for long-term security sity conservation in CIP genebank (collaboration with GPG- back up 2/SGRP) Output 2 The diversity of wild and cultivated genetic Center Projects’, Programs’ NARS, ARIs researchers use Promoted utilization of genetic resources of potato, sweetpotato and nine other and NARS’ researchers information and material to as- resources in crop improvement root and tuber species is characterized, and useful sess genetic diversity and iden- biotic and abiotic traits, and nutritional and health- tifying useful traits related attributes are identified and documented (2006-08) Output Targets Five hundred potato, 100 sweetpotato and 500 Center Projects 2, 3, and 4, Researchers use information to Improved integrated ex situ and 2006 oca (Oxalis) native cvs. from farmer communities and NARS researchers analyze genetic diversity, deter- in situ conservation and direct characterized using morphological SSR and AFLP mine genetic gaps, potential and utilization by farmers markers, and compared to the collections opportunities for diversity resto- maintained in CIP genebank ration and use in four farmer communities in the Peruvian Andes compared to CIP gene- bank material A collection of 50 potato accessions from Center Project 2 and NARS NARS use the information to Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- PROINPA genebank, Bolivia compared to the CIP (Bolivia and Peru) researchers. rationalize national germplasm sity conservation genebank collection, and 100 Oxalis accessions Global Crop Diversity Trust collections and improve conser- from INIEA genebank, Peru, compared to the vation efficiency, and to plan collections at CIP, using morphological and targeted germplasm exchange molecular markers and safety duplication Biosystematics of 200 wild potato and 50 sweet- Center Projects 2 and 3 and Researchers use the information Crop productivity promoted potato accessions characterized NARS researchers for potato geneflow studies in the through enhanced pre-breeding Andes, and to determine the work genetics of sweetpotato priority traits

Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact Increased use of genebank ac- cessions by NARS and ARIs

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International breeders One set of clones and seed of 20 wild potato Center Projects 2 and 3, NARS NARS (LAC, ESEAP, SSA) and Enhanced crop productivity species produced along with information on their and ARIs researchers ARIs researchers use selected reaction to PVY and PLRV, and a set of clones for germplasm in crop improvement 200 sweetpotato accessions produced along with information on their reaction to root knot nematode and the sweetpotato virus complex One set of clones and seed and related Center Projects 2, 3, 4 and NARS (LAC) and ARI research- Enhanced crop productivity information produced on the phenolic and Papa Andina program, NARS ers use information and material carotenoid content of 50 sweetpotato accessions; and ARI researchers in improvement programs antioxidant capacity of 50 sweetpotato, 50 potato Local processes and farmers 20 mashua (Tropaeolum), and 10 maca adopt germplasm (Lepidium) accessions; and the glycoalkaloid content of 50 native potatoes from Peru’s Altiplano and 6 wild potato species evaluated Data set produced on genotype x environment Center Projects 2, 3, 4 and NARS and ARI researchers use Improved crop productivity and interaction on 8 accessions of yacon FOS Papa Andina program, NARS information and material in crop nutrition and ARI researchers improvement and product processing Two wild potato species characterized for Center Project 2 and ARI’s Researchers devise strategies Improved in situ agro-biodiver- vulnerability to chemical pesticides in one Andean researchers for minimizing impact of pesti- sity conservation agroecosystem (collaboration with USDA, Univ. of cides on wild biodiversity Wisconsin 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and Output Targets One hundred farmer- managed sweetpotato cvs Center Projects 2 and 3, NARS NARS use information to de- Improved integrated ex situ/in 2007 from East and SE Asia countries compared to the (LAC, ESEAP) and ARIs velop ex situ/in situ conservation situ conservation collection maintained in CIP genebank, using researchers plans morphological and molecular markers and farmer knowledge Six wild potato species, 200 sweetpotato Center Project 2 researchers Genebank curators use informa- Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- accessions, and 400 oca, ulluco and mashua tion for diversity, genetic integ- sity conservation accessions from the CIP genebank characterized rity, and clonal identity analysis using morphological and molecular markers One set of clones and seed and related Center Projects 2 and 3 Researchers and breeders ac- Improved crop productivity information produced on the reaction of 20 wild researchers cess germplasm with variation in potato species and their progeny to drought drought tolerance (collaboration with Generation Challenge Program)

61 One set of clones and seed and related Center Projects 2, 3, 4, Papa NARS (LAC, ESEAP, SSA) and Improved crop productivity

information produced on the glycoalkaloid content Andina program, NARS and ARIs researchers use informa-

62 Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact of 200 potato accessions and the antioxidant ARIs researchers tion and material in improvement compounds and capacity of 100 sweetpotato, 50 programs potato, 20 mashua, 10 maca and 20 yacon Local processors and farmers accessions. adopt germplasm International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Genotype x environment interaction determined on Center Projects 2, 3 and 4 NARS use information and mate- Improved crop productivity a total of 8 maca (Lepidium), 8 sweetpotato and 8 researchers; Papa Andina rial in crop improvement potato accessions for secondary metabolite program Local processors and farmers content adopt germplasm Output Targets Genetic material and information produced on the Center Projects 2 and 3 Researchers use information for Improved ex situ agrobiodiver- 2008 characterization of 300 potato, 300 sweetpotato researchers assessing genetic integrity, sity conservation and 300 in total yacon, mashua, ahipa and achira variation and identity verification accessions using morphological and molecular of genebank accessions marker (collaboration with GPG-2/SGRP) Crossability analysis of 200 wild potato accessions Center Projects 2 and 3 Researchers use information for Improved crop productivity carried out researchers conducting genetic analysis of germplasm traits and for gene- flow studies t Two Asian sweetpotato national collections Center Projects 2 and 3, and NARS researchers use informa- Cost-effective ex situ agro-bio- characterized using morphological and molecular NARS (ESEAP) researchers tion to rationalize collections diversity conservation markers (collaboration with UPWARD) One set of clones and seed produced of 40 wild Center Project 2, 3 and 4 Researchers use material and Enhanced crop productivity potato species evaluated for reaction to PVY and researchers information in crop improvement PLRV, and 300 sweetpotato accessions for programs reaction to the root knot nematode and the sweetpotato virus complex; 20 potato species and progenies screened for drought tolerance (collab. with GCP-2/SGRP) One set of clones and seed produced on glyco- Center Projects 2, 3, 4; Papa NARS and ARIs researchers use Enhanced crop productivity alkaloid content of 200 potato accessions; anti- Andina, NARS and ARIs re- material. Local processing and oxidant compounds and capacity of 200 potato, searchers adopt germplasm 200 sweetpotato, 50 mashua accessions Genotype x environment interactions on gluco- Center Projects 2, 3, 4; Papa NARS and ARIs researchers use Enhanced crop productivity synolate content of 16 mashua accessions and Andina, NARS and ARIs germplasm antioxidant capacity of 16 potato accessions researchers Farmers benefit from demand on documented germplasm Output 3 Wild and cultivated potato, sweetpotato and nine Center Projects’, NARS and NARS use information in gene- Agricultural productivity and other root and tuber species distributed to users ARIs researchers bank management and farmers farmers’ livelihoods enhanced worldwide. NARS institutional capacities enhanced for agro-biodiversity utilization for using modern genetic and informatics technolo- gies in genebank management (2006-08) Output Targets Virus free stocks of 300 potato, 200 sweetpotato Center Projects 2, 3, NARS Researchers access clean Agricultural productivity

Project 2 Outputs Intended User Outcome Impact 2006 and 50 other root and tuber accessions produced and ARIs researchers stocks for timely distribution enhanced (collaboration with GPG-1/SGRP)

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Eighty potato landraces and 10 ARTC accessions Projects 2, 3 and NARS Local farmers in Merida and Farmers’ livelihoods improved distributed for restoration to Merida, Venezuela (Venezuela and Argentina) and Jujuy adopt restored cultivars and Jujuy, Argentina (collaboration with local organizations CONDESAN and local organizations) One hundred fifty pathogen-free potato landraces Center Projects 2, 3 and 4, NARS and farmers use material Enhanced farmer livelihoods repatriated to the Potato Park (Cuzco, Peru) and NARS and local researchers to restore crop diversity in farmer other farmer communities in Peru’s Altiplano (intermediary) and farmers’ communities. Potato Park organizations (final) farmers re-distribute potato cvs to other communities Images of 120 wild potato species, 500 herbarium Center Project 2, NARS and NARS research capacity en- Improved agro-biodiversity con- specimens, and the FAO designated collection ARIs researchers hanced by using information servation and utilization database available on-line Output Targets Virus free stocks of 300 potato, 200 sweetpotato Center Projects 2 and 3; NARS Researchers access clean Agricultural productivity 2007 and 100 other Andean roots and tubers produced and ARIs researchers stocks for timely distribution enhanced (collaboration with GPG-2/SGRP) The Potato Park (Cuzco, Peru) restoration experi- Center Project 2; NARS and NARS and farmers use informa- Improved farmers’ livelihoods ence documented local researchers tion to improve germplasm utilization 50 virus-free native potatoes distributed to Jujuy Center Projects 2, 3 and 4; Farmers organizations (Merida, Agricultural productivity and Merida farmer organizations, and 50 cvs to NARS and local researchers Jujuy, Peru Altiplano) adopt enhanced Peru’s Altiplano communities clean seed multiplication- distribution

8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and Output Targets Virus-free stocks produced from 300 potato, 200 Center, NARS and ARIs Researchers access to clean Agricultural productivity 2008 sweetpotato and 100 other root and tuber researchers stock in a timely manner enhanced accessions Virus free stocks distributed world wide, including Center Projects 2, 3 and 4; NARS and farmer’s organiza- Improved farmers’ livelihoods repatriation for restoration of farmer crops in NARS researchers tions benefit from growing clean Peru’s Altiplano, Merida, Jujuy, Potato Park and Seed producers and farmers stocks East and SE Asia countries Farmers and communities re- store crop diversity A database on sweetpotato molecular Center Project 2 researchers Researchers use data to improve Improved ex situ agro-biodiver- characterization integrated with morphological and germplasm conservation and sity conservation and crop trait evaluation, and passport/ georeferenced data utilization productivity posted in intranet Data sets produced on mapping wild potato Center Project 2, CONDESAN, Researchers use information to Enhanced integral agro-biodi- endemisms under risk in Peru (collaboration with INRENA (Peru) researchers develop rehabilitation and con- versity conservation and CONDESAN and INRENA) servation (ex situ, in situ) utilization 63 strategies

64

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Effective strategies for the identification and NARS and Center researchers, Researchers, extensionists, seed Farmers access and adopt

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International dissemination of high-yielding, resistant and extension and development growers and the private sector diverse new varieties in shorter nutritious potato and sweetpotato varieties available agents, Private sector, Seed use new schemes and strategies timeframes; Livelihoods of poor for each CIP region (3-5 years) producers to evaluate elite clones with potato farmers, seed growers variety potential and rural and urban consumers are enhanced due to increased potato productivity and market value with less use of external inputs Output Targets Accelerated multi-stakeholder selection and NARS researchers NGO, and Researchers and farmers identify New resistant varieties are 2006 validation scheme is established with 5-10 elite late Community Based and validate high yielding, well released and adopted in shorter blight- resistant clones for potato variety release in at Organizations (CBO) adapted and late blight-resistant time frames; risk of crop loss to least 3 SSA countries with PRAPACE varieties late blight is reduced; market options are improved Participatory promotion strategies are designed and NARS researchers, farmers, Farmers, seed growers and More farmers plant improved tested with 10-30 elite disease resistant clones with consumers and policy makers policy-makers are more aware of varieties and market demand local acceptance in target countries of SSA, LAC new varieties’ advantages and increases and SWCA how to obtain them Dissemination strategies are developed and NARS researchers, NGO, CBO NARS researchers, NGOs, CBO Area covered with new late implemented for CIP related late blight resistant implement strategies to diffuse blight resistant varieties is varieties in at least 3 countries in SSA region with new varieties through formal and increased, food security and PRAPACE, DIVISION 4, and GMP) informal seed production farmers’ incomes enhanced, productivity enhanced with reduced risk to environment and 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and human health A database for global analysis and exchange of CIP and NARS scientists CIP and NARS scientists access Efficiency of germplasm potato variety trial data is available on-line & manage germplasm exchange and evaluation is performance information more enhanced efficiently Catalogue of CIP-bred potato varieties and elite NARS scientists, seed growers, NARS and seed growers access Area planted with resistant clones is available on-line NGOs information about available varieties is increased varieties At least one public-private sector alliance is CIP, NARS, and the private Processors assess resistant Adoption of resistant varieties established to assess and diffuse new resistant sector varieties in the public domain for increases by higher demand; potato varieties in LAC productivity and quality in target Farmers grow resistant varieties environments and reduce pesticides use Models of effective promotional campaigns for high CIP, NARS researchers & Researchers and policy-makers Urban households consume beta-carotene sweetpotato varieties are designed policy makers, urban use effective methods to more nutritious sweet-potatoes

65 and tested in selected urban communities in populations in selected promote benefits of OFSP in selected pilot provinces

Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania with HP, UH, and communities varieties

66 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact VITAA

School nutrition gardens are designed and assessed CIP, NARS & policy makers, CIP, NARS & policy makers use Rural families – especially

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International as a model for multiplication and dissemination of rural populations in selected efficient methods to test and children - consume more OFSP varieties in selected provinces in rural Uganda communities promote new varieties nutritious sweet-potatoes in and Tanzania as a pilot project for Sub-Saharan selected pilot provinces Africa with HP, UH, and VITAA At least 5 promising sweetpotato clones with high CIP, NARS, and farmers NARS recommend new varieties Farmers increase production beta-carotene selected in SWCA and sweetpotato with best local landraces and for animal feed in North East India distributed for varieties evaluation Output Targets Innovative participatory variety evaluation schemes NARS researchers; farmers; Multiple stakeholders use Farmers and consumers access 2007 established in 2 LAC countries seed growers; industrial efficient methods to test and and adopt diverse resistant and processors; consumers promote new varieties nutritious varieties in shorter timeframes Participatory promotion strategies are designed and NARS researchers, farmers, Farmers/seed growers and More farmers plant improved tested with at least 10 elite disease resistant clones consumers and policy makers policy-makers are more aware of varieties and market demand with local acceptance in target countries of ESEAP the advantages of new varieties increases and how to obtain them Document on end-user acceptability criteria for CIP and NARS scientists Breeders incorporate locally- Breeders update selection potato varieties in at least 2 countries in each region: important criteria into selection criteria to accommodate end- LAC, SSA and ESEAP is available programs user needs Farmer and consumer appreciation of new resistant CIP and NARS researchers Researchers incorporate local Future varieties meet local varieties documented and acceptance criteria selection criteria into breeding adaptation and acceptance determined in 3 SSA and 2 ESEAP countries with and evaluation schemes criteria PRAPACE and UPWARD Strategies for the promotion and diffusion of new CIP and NARS researchers Researchers & policy makers Farmers adopt new varieties resistant varieties are tested in more countries in and policy makers use efficient methods to test and and enjoy increased productivity SSA and ESEAP promote new varieties with reduced inputs Variety development models and uptake pathways CIP and NARS researchers Researchers & policy makers At least 20% more farmers documented and assessed in 3 SSA countries with and policy makers innovate to improve variety adopt varieties with CIP GMP development procedures parentage by 2010 Strategies for improving on-farm seed potato self- CIP and NARS researchers; Researchers and private sector Rates of variety change are supply validated and promoted in 3 countries of SSA private sector select, exchange and multiply increased; Farmers and with GMP and in ESEAP elite clones with potential as consumers access and adopt variety diverse resistant and nutritious varieties in shorter timeframes Scaling up of OFSP germplasm selected for CIP, NARS researchers and Researchers use best Farmers adopt the new varieties promotion in SWCA and sweetpotato germplasm for NGOs germplasm for promotion of in SWCA pig feed in North East India identified. OFSP and select region-specific

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact varieties preferred by the farming community International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Output Targets New variety testing and development schemes CIP and NARS researchers, Researchers and end users Farmers’ access to improved 2008 proposed in SWCA farmers implement systematic, productive, resistant varieties is participatory evaluation enhanced Validation trials are established with 5-10 elite late NARS researchers and NGO, Researchers and farmers identify Farmers reduce risk of losses to blight resistant clones in additional SSA countries CBO and validate high yielding, well LB, improve productivity and and ESEAP for variety releases. adapted resistant varieties with have better market options improved qualities for table and industry Models for potato variety development with NARS scientists, NGO, private Researchers compile profiles of Farmers’ access to improved integration of CIP, international, national, farmer, and sector variety needs and local productive, resistant varieties is commercial interests documented in LAC, SSA, capacities and public and private enhanced SWCA and ESEAP with UPWARD, PRAPACE, sector partners pursue efficient GMP and PAPA ANDINA regionalized variety development programs Informal network of potato breeders in Latin America CIP and NARS researchers Researchers exchange and Farmers adopt productive strengthened for exchange, selection & promotion of evaluate diverse productive varieties with improved new potato varieties with market and sustainability potato germplasm and varieties adaptation, resistance and traits in LAC and dispatch material to nutritional traits CAC and ESEAP Participatory trials for sweetpotato variety release NARS and variety release NARS consider participatory and Timeframes for variety release proposed in SWCA agents multi-stakeholder evaluations in are reduced; adoption rates of variety release schemes released varieties enhanced 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and Decision support tools available to orient variety CIP and NARS researchers Researchers exchange Efficiency of variety dissemination within and among regions germplasm with higher development procedures is probability of local adaptation enhanced and acceptability Farmer-participatory evaluation trials proposed for NARS and variety release NARS consider participatory/ Timeframes for variety release recognition by variety release agencies in Peru agents multi-stakeholder evaluations in are reduced; Adoption rates of variety release schemes released varieties enhanced Strategies for promotion and diffusion of varieties NARS, NGO, extension Demand for seed and table Adoption, marketing and validated and implemented in Kenya, Uganda and services, potato growers, and potatoes by farmers and utilization of new resistant and Ethiopia with GMP and PRAPACE consumers consumers is increased productive potato varieties are increased Output 2 Improved clonal and sexual varieties, parental lines NARS and Center researchers, NARS breeders use superior Farmers’ harvest reliable yields and populations of potato with resistance, nutritional networks of evaluators progenitors of resistance and with their own seed and reduced and market traits are developed, assessed and nutrition traits to improve local pesticide use; Farmers’ harvests

67 disseminated varieties have increased market value;

Rural and urban families

68 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact consume more nutritious potatoes Output Targets 30 new virus resistant selections identified, NARS, researchers and Diverse intermediate and end- Farmers adopt varieties with 2006 documented and dispatched to SSA, SWA, ESEAP partners users evaluate new virus yield more reliably with fewer International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International countries resistant clones and identify external inputs those that meet local needs 30-60 new late blight resistant clones selected, NARS researchers and Researchers identify late blight Susceptible varieties are documented and cleaned for in-vitro distribution to partners resistant varieties, better replaced with resistant ones, LAC, SSA, SWCA, ESEAP countries adapted, to local conditions and losses due to late blight are table and processing markets reduced, productivity is increased with lower inputs and market options are improved 8 superior progenitors of virus resistance and NARS, CIP and ARI Breeders use improved Locally adapted varieties carry favorable agronomic traits identified and available researchers progenitors from CIP in crossing new diversity and resist virus programs to incorporate virus infection; farmers are less resistance into populations and dependent on imported seed varieties A database of elite breeding products is developed Center and NARS researchers; Researchers consult CIP Rapid identification of elite with resistance, quality and morphological Division 4 of CIP breeding database to request products made available to CIP descriptors. elite clones for testing and NARS breeders 10 new progenitors of TPS hybrids with late blight NARS breeders and seed NARS researchers use improved Farmers increase use of healthy resistance and improved earliness are identified producers progenitors from CIP to improve seed and increase productivity genetic gains in breeding and income programs Identity and genetic structure of elite clones and CIP and NARS breeders Researchers accurately track Farmers receive true-to-type breeding populations are determined with SSR improved germplasm in varieties and increase markers management and exchange productivity and income 8-10 virus resistant elite clones selected in N. China Center and CAC-NARS Researchers recommend at least Virus-resistant clones selected are documented and made available in vitro breeders one virus resistant potato clone in N. China susceptible to for variety development and interest CAC-NARS breeders release in China At least one elite true potato seed (TPS) hybrids is NARS breeders, NGO NARS researchers use improved Farmers increase use of healthy identified for release in partnership with NARS in hybrids from CIP to improve seed and increase productivity CAC region genetic gains in breeding and income programs New variety with resistance to PLRV, PVY and PVX, NARS, CIP and farmers Researchers test hypothesis that Farmers adopt resistant potato and improved agronomic characteristics resembling new varieties resembling existing varieties in shorter time period an existing important potato variety available in Peru ones, and improved for needed disease resistance increase rate of adoption

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets 20 promising clones with combined resistance to late CIP and NARS breeders Scientists test and utilize Farmers adopt resistant potato 2007 blight and viruses identified resistant clones in IPM schemes varieties and increase

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International productivity, income, reduce pesticide use and associated health risks 20 new elite resistant clones are available as NARS breeders NARS breeders introduce Susceptible varieties are superior progenitors of resistance and tuber yield advanced sources of late blight replaced with resistant ones, resistance into breeding stocks losses due to late blight are for variety development reduced, productivity is increased with lower inputs and market options are improved New high yielding late blight resistant varieties with NARS researchers, NGO and Evaluators identify and Resistant varieties are released good cooking and processing qualities are identified CBO recommend locally adapted and adopted by farmers; and selected in SSA varieties that meet local productivity and incomes are requirements to variety release enhanced agencies Heritability of Fn and Zn content in potato CIP researchers Best parents are used in Farmers adopt resistant determined and superior progenitors of Fe content breeding program varieties with improved identified micronutrient content Protocol for micronutrient content analysis CIP and ARI researchers Diverse sources of high mineral Genetic base of breeding established and corresponding data for 1000 native content are identified and populations is broadened and and 200 improved potato lines available variability is understood new quality and nutrition factors are incorporated and available to farmers in new varieties Genetic correlation among resistance and nutritional CIP and ARI researchers Breeders adjust expectations for Varieties with increased 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and traits are described for selected CIP potato progress in improving multiple nutritional value and resistant to populations traits diseases/pests are made available for farmers Heterosis for inter-population combinations of CIP researchers Breeders use information in Hybrids with superior agronomic advanced potato germplasm estimated population and variety traits are identified and available development programs for variety testing Output Targets 20 promising clones combining resistance and high NARS researchers (breeders Researchers evaluate and select New varieties are adopted by 2008 micronutrient content are identified. At least one in and nutritionists) resistant varieties for agro growers and consumers CAC region. ecologies where important micronutrient deficiencies are present 40-60 new elite clones combining disease resistance NARS researchers Researchers evaluate and select Growers’ dependence on and heat tolerance are made available to SSA, resistant varieties for agro imported seed is reduced and SWCA and ESEAP countries ecologies where stressful new varieties meet increasing

69 temperatures occur during demand for market potatoes

production

70 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact 60-80 elite clones combining resistance to late blight CIP, NARS researchers an NARS researchers evaluate Farmers produce and exchange and viruses are identified and available partners select varieties, and breeders or sell seed of new varieties, incorporate multiple resistances losses to disease are reduced into breeding stocks and incomes are increased; International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International breeders’ gene pools are enhanced with resistance sources 12 new hybrid progenies with late blight resistance, NARS breeders NARS researchers use improved Farmers increase use of healthy earliness and wide adaptation identified for hybrids from CIP to improve seed and increases productivity production from TPS genetic gains in breeding and income programs At least 10 TPS families adapted to long days NARS breeders, NGO NARS researchers and NGO use Farmers increase use of healthy identified improved hybrids from CIP to seed and increase productivity improve genetic gains in and income breeding programs 3 elite potato selections are identified for release in NARS, NGO Researchers recommend at least Farmers adopt improved potato partnership with NARS and networks in 3 locations one disease resistant potato varieties and increase clone for variety development productivity and income and release Performance and acceptance of at least 20 disease NARS, NGO Researchers recommend at least Farmers adopt resistant resistant potato clones in 4 Asian countries is one disease resistant potato varieties and increase documented clone for variety development productivity and income and release Resistant clones are selected for local adaptation NARS breeders Researchers recommend at least Resistant clones incorporated in and market potential in at least one SWCA country one disease resistant potato local testing programs for variety clone for variety development release and release Output 3 Genetic stocks, genomic tools, information and Geneticists, biotechnologists, CIP, ARI and NARS researchers Researchers use more efficient methods are developed to enhance the use of breeders of IARC and NARS uses new tools to improve more methods for enhancement of diversity for resistance, stress tolerance and efficiently potato for key traits potato diversity; Breeding nutritional traits in potato (3 – 5 years) programs enjoy reduced costs and / or increased capacity for germplasm evaluation Output Targets Hybrid genetic stocks carrying resistance to bacterial CIP breeders and pathologists Researchers use new stocks in Value is added to genetic 2006 wilt from at least 2 wild Solanum species are breeding and genetic studies resources though available documentation of useful traits; New diversity is added to breeding pools and eventually to farmers’ varieties and crops DNA sequences and markers for disease resistance CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use information and New diversity is added to genes and gene networks are assembled markers to characterize new breeding pools and eventually to

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact sources of disease resistance farmers’ varieties and crops and monitor their use in breeding

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International New protocols available for determination of CIP and ARI researchers Researchers use new protocols Efficiency of breeding programs micronutrient contents of potato populations and to evaluate germplasm and is enhanced and genetic researchers are trained in their use progenies for Fe, Zn content progress is enhanced toward micronutrient rich potatoes that contribute to reducing malnutrition Database of resistance traits in native accessions CIP researchers Researchers analyze and make Efficient analytical procedures and advanced populations is developed (GCP) use of cumulative evaluation are devised to guide the use of data in genetic studies and germplasm diversity breeding Genetic loci and alleles conferring virus resistance CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new tools in More rapid progress are identified and molecular markers are available to breeding and genetic studies expected for variety track them in breeding programs identification because field trials are developed with pre-selected progenies with desirable alleles Phenotypic traits conferring drought tolerance to CIP and NARS researchers Researchers will incorporate new Research leads to improved potato are defined (GCP) knowledge into breeding and varieties with drought tolerance genetic studies that reduce risk and improve sustainable production by farmers Estimates of bioavailability of Fe in 4 categories of Policy makers and researchers Researchers and policy makers Investment in research and potato are available (HP) recognize potential of development to improve and micronutrient dense potato to deliver varieties that will help 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and combat malnutrition combat malnutrition New and different sources of resistance to late blight CIP and NARS researchers Researchers introduce new New varieties are available that are identified in wild relatives and described sources of resistance to broaden resist new and more aggressive the genetic base of improved types of pathogens, while populations and varieties to meeting farmer and consumer assure durable resistance needs New tools for targeting varieties using genetic and CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new tools in Efficient analytical procedures geographic information are available breeding and genetic studies are devised to guide the use of germplasm diversity Output Targets New early generation selection method for CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use new methods Adaptive range of resistant 2007 adaptation to long day and warm temperature improve selection efficiencies varieties is enlarged to help conditions is developed and effectiveness of improve sustainable production improvement programs by farmers Genetic loci and alleles conferring late blight CIP and NARS breeders Breeders use new tools to track Improved precision of resistance

71 resistance are identified and molecular markers are resistance sources in breeding breeding leads to varieties with

available programs durable resistance

72 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact DNA sequences and markers assembled for CIP researchers Breeders use new tools to Genetic base of nutritional traits characterization and improvement of nutritional traits understand and describe trait is understood and leads to in potato germplasm (HP) variability in germplasm varieties with enhanced nutritional qualities. International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Mutant genetic stocks of potato are characterized CIP and ARI researchers Researchers identify novel New diversity and information morphologically (GCP) genetic variation in potato fosters unprecedented gains in breeding programs Water stress responses of potato clones differing in Researchers in NARS and CIP Researchers use information to Research leads to improved drought tolerance described Divisions 3, 4 and 5 screen germplasm and develop varieties with drought tolerance management practices that reduce risk and improve sustainable production by farmers Hybrid genetic stocks carrying drought tolerance CIP researchers Researchers use new stocks in Better parental material available genetic studies available for drought regions.

DNA sequences and markers assembled for CIP researchers Breeders use new tools to Research leads to improved characterization and improvement of drought understand and describe trait varieties with drought tolerance tolerance traits in potato germplasm variability in germplasm that reduce risk and improve sustainable production by farmers New modeling tools for breeding based on metabolic CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new tools in Efficient analytical procedures pathways and expression data are available breeding and genetic studies are devised to guide the use of germplasm diversity Output Targets Genetic loci, alleles, and markers associated with CIP researchers and NARS Scientists use these tools to An important yield reducing 2008 high levels of resistance to bacterial wilt are facilitate the introgression of disease will be minimized by the identified in hybrid stocks and available resistance to bacterial wilt into availability of resistant varieties. cultivated varieties. Progenitors of new sources disease resistance CIP researchers Scientists use new progenitors to Efficiency of breeding programs available for broadening the genetic base of introduce genes and traits into will increase and genes of resistance in breeding programs improved populations interest may be isolated for genetic manipulation Mutant genetic stocks of potato are characterized CIP and ARI researchers Researchers develop new A potato mutant genetic stock is using molecular methods strategies for understanding available to the entire potato gene networks and isolation of genetic community. genes of interest. Genetic loci and alleles conferring drought tolerance CIP and ARI researchers Breeders can use these markers Crop improvement will be are identified to help the selection of drought facilitated by the use of genetic tolerant materials tools. New modeling tools for breeding based integrating CIP and NARS researchers Researchers use new tools in Efficient analytical procedures metabolic pathways, expression data, genetic, and breeding and genetic studies are devised to guide the use of environmental information are available germplasm diversity

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 4 Sweetpotato populations and clones with superior NARS and poor resource NARS and farmers use selected Farmers adopt varieties with agronomic and end-use quality characteristics are farmers sweetpotato clones release as agronomic and clearly improved

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International developed for SSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCA (3-5 varieties nutritional value years) Output Targets 10 – 15 new sweetpotato landraces or advanced Farmers and NARS NARS release variety with Significant reduction of vitamin 2006 breeding clones combining high beta carotene and improved quality and cultivation A deficiency in selected areas dry matter are identified and tested in 9 SSA area of OFSP increases in 9 where “quality” sweetpotato is countries (HP, VITAA) SSA countries planted 10 –15 new varieties and pathogen free S1 and S2 Farmers and NARS NARS release variety with Significant reduction of vitamin clones are established and available in 9 SSA improved quality and cultivation A deficiency in selected areas countries (HP, VITAA) area of OFSP increases in 9 where “quality” sweetpotato is SSA countries planted 20 advanced OFSP are available for demonstration NARS NARS identify advanced clones Elite OFSP clones meet dietary and GxE trials in 5 LAC countries as potential varieties for requirements for variety release in the LAC region 300 promising clones with high beta-carotene and NARS NARS identify advanced clones Elite OFSP clones meet dietary high dry matter are available as potential varieties for requirements for variety release in the LAC region At least 5 promising sweetpotato clones are NARS and farmers NARS recommend and farmers Increased production with best identified and selected in ESEAP and available for test landraces and varieties for local landraces and varieties in food and pig feed. food and pig feed systems ESEAP At least 20 promising sweetpotato clones with high NARS and farmers in target Local landrace and variety Increasing production and beta-carotene identified and selected in SWCA. regions recommendations income with best local landraces and varieties with improved nutritional value in SWCA 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and “VA-1” generation comprising 40 seed families with CIP and selected NARS NARS researchers use similar, Farmers increase their high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc and high dry best practices and procedures productivity and income while matter are available and tested for Latin America for exchange, and evaluation of improving their nutrition. and Sub-Saharan Africa (HP, CIDA) seed progenies Output Targets Elite demonstration & GxE trials established to Farmers, NARS & CIP NARS and CIP researchers use Significant reduction of vitamin 2007 compare new developed high dry matter, high beta- elite demonstration and GxE A deficiency where orange flesh carotene and medium iron & zinc elite “VA-0” clones trials to compare and sweetpotatoes are planted with elite clones from different countries in all CIP recommend new high dry matter, target regions (HP, VITAA) high beta-carotene and medium iron & zinc clones in target regions 25 –35 elite demonstration clones including new Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS release variety with Significant reduction of vitamin OFSP elite “VA-0” clones and pathogen free S1 and improved quality A deficiency in selected areas S2 clones established and under multiplication in 16 where “quality” sweetpotato is

73 countries (HP, VITAA) planted

74 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact 40 advanced clones with improved beta-carotene Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS release variety with Variety release with improved and high dry matter available & tested in SSA and improved quality quality and increase of OFSP LAC (HP, CIDA) cultivation area in target regions “VA-1x” generation comprising 40 seed families with CIP and selected NARS CIP and NARS researchers Selections fulfil prerequisites for International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International high beta-carotene, medium iron, medium zinc and identify best populations for development of the next high dry matter is available for SSA and LAC (HP) variety development and best generation of advanced parents for further seed family breeding clones combining high development beta and dry matter “VA-E1” generation comprising 4 x 1000 elite seed CIP and NARS CIP & NARS researchers use Alliance established to fulfil crossings with high dry, high beta-carotene, medium Elite seed for selection in prerequisites to increase output iron & zinc populations - established by controlled regional breeding programs and impact by wide & locally insect pollination at CIP-HQ and available for all CIP adapted high dry, high beta- target regions (HP, CIDA) carotene, medium iron and zinc varieties 100 promising drought tolerant clones with medium CIP breeders Breeders use selections as base Selections meet requisites to to high dry matter, beta carotene, Fe and Zn content material for drought tolerant increase drought tolerance in identified by CIP-HQ for LAC breeding breeding populations OFSP varieties – tested in pig and small animal feed NARS Researches use results in Increased information about the systems in ESEAP recommendations to farmers possibility to use and acceptance of OFSP in pig and small animal production Output Targets 4-6 new higher beta-carotene, high dry matter, Farmers, NARS and CIP NARS and CIP researchers Vitamin A deficiency reduced in 2008 medium iron & zinc CIP-HQ elite “VA-1” clones disseminate new clones via inter- regions / provinces and available and disseminated by inter-regional elite regional elite demonstration & significant reduction of iron demonstration & GxE trials in all CIP regions (HP, GxE trials in target regions deficiency where orange flesh VITAA) sweetpotato is planted. 25 –35 elite demonstration clones including new NARS NARS release variety with Significant reduction of vitamin OFSP elite “VA-1” clones and pathogen free S1 and improved quality A deficiency in selected areas S2 clone established and under multiplication in 20 where “quality” sweetpotato is countries (HP, VITAA) planted “VA-E1x” generation comprising 4 x 1000 elite seed NARS and CIP breeders CIP and NARS breeders in Improvement of nutritional crossings with high dry, high beta-carotene, medium target regions use elite seed to deficiencies in selected areas iron & zinc populations available for all CIP regions select for locally advanced (HP) clones to be tested and disseminated via elite- demonstration & GxE trials “VA-2” generation comprising 40 seed families with CIP and selected NARS NARS release variety with Improvement of nutritional improved high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc breeders improved quality deficiencies in selected areas and high dry matter available and tested for SSA and LAC (HP)

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact OFSP varieties identified for pig and small animal NARS in ESEAP regions Researches use trial results in Increased use of OFSP in pig feed systems in ESEAP recommendations to farmers and small animal production by

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International farmers in rural and peri-urban areas 30 advanced drought tolerant clones available with CIP and selected NARS Introgression of drought Increase of drought tolerance in medium to high dry matter, beta carotene, Fe and Zn breeder tolerance into advanced CIP and NARS breeding content in LAC breeding populations by populations geneticists and breeders Output 5 Genetic stocks, genomic tools, information and NARS, ARI and CIP Researchers use more efficient Increased breeding progress for methods are developed to enhance the use of Researchers methods for enhancement of sweetpotato yield & stability and diversity for improved productivity, and nutritional sweetpotato diversity; Breeding new tools for development of value in sweetpotato (3 – 5 years) programs enjoy reduced costs varieties with improved and / or increased capacity in nutritional value. sweetpotato breeding Output Targets Rapid NIRS screening methods for protein, starch, CIP, ARI and NARS Breeders reduce screening costs Large scale screening 2006 beta-carotene, Fe & Zn in freeze dried storage root researchers involved in seed in roots from 100% to <5% and/ established for quality in early samples are identified and available as laboratory family selection increasing test capacity >15x stages of testing protocols (HP) A network of NARS and CIP in SSA and LAC is CIP, NARS in LAC and SSA Breeders share and combine test Most promising clones and seed established for screening for high beta-carotene, Fe capacity in quality screening families for beta carotene, Fe and Zn content in seed family development (HP) and Zn are identified and used in enhancement Improved schemes for two- and three-stage variety CIP and NARS Increase the efficiency of variety Reduced costs for variety improvement are available (HP, CIDA) selection development DNA fingerprints of 50-100 of new East African CIP and NARS in SSA Researchers identify potential Populations fill prerequisites for 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and accessions and 1150 clones of CIP germplasm heterotic genepools and new heterosis exploitation and collection using SSR markers and data for storage high beta-carotene, Fe and Zn breeders determine current root total carotenoids, Fe and Zn by NIRS are accessions for sweetpotato selection limits for Fe and Zn in available (GCP, HP) breeding breeding GxE effect on sweetpotato productivity and quality in CIP and NARS in SSA and Collaborators link research Increased efficiency of variety SSA and LAC is determined LAC across agro-ecological zones recommendations

10,000 ESTs for starch and beta carotene CIP and ARI Breeders and geneticists use Productivity and quality of biosynthesis genes are available ESTs to characterize and sweetpotato are enhanced in improve sweetpotato long term At least 50 new SSR markers are available for CIP, ARI and NARS Breeders and geneticists use Productivity and quality of sweetpotato genetic analyses SSRs to characterize and sweetpotato are enhanced in improve sweetpotato medium term Markers co-segregating with high beta carotene and CIP, ARI and NARS Geneticists use MAS improve Productivity and quality of

75 high starch are identified and available sweetpotato beta-carotene and sweetpotato are enhanced in

starch medium term

76 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Expression data for starch biosynthesis genes in CIP and ARI Geneticists use expression data Productivity and quality of clones contrasting for beta-carotene and starch are to characterize and improve sweetpotato are enhanced in available sweetpotato long term Output Targets Rapid NIRS screening methods for protein, Fe & Zn CIP & NARS in target regions Breeders reduce screening costs Large-scale early stage International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International 2007 in freeze dried leaf samples established (HP) in stems and leaves increasing screening for upper biomass test capacity quality established Rapid NIRS screening methods for protein, starch, CIP & NARS in target regions More NARS researcher have Increase test capacity for quality beta-carotene, Fe & Zn in oven dried storage root access and use NIRS screening of storage roots in more samples established (HP) to determine storage root quality countries Output 6 Transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes for Farmers in Africa and Asia Farmers in developing countries Increased food security and new resource-poor producers and consumers are use resistant and industrial income generation by reducing developed and tested (3-5 years) varieties production costs and offering new products to the processing industry Output Targets One transgenic variety resistant to PLRV by Researchers at CIP and NARS The resistant material is used in Increased yields in developing 2006 engineering RNA silencing is available field trials countries; farmers are better- able to produce healthy seed At least 2 Bt toxins with activity against 2 African Researchers at CIP and NARS The identified proteins are The Bt proteins are effective to sweetpotato weevil species are identified and targets for expression in control weevils available to partners sweetpotato plants One transgenic sweetpotato line with high Researchers at CIP Researchers evaluate quality High glutenin varieties are expression level of wheat glutenin gene is available and functional properties of high available to farmers glutenin sweetpotato flour Transgenic sweetpotato variety is transformed with a Researchers at CIP and NARS The modified starch sweetpotato Chinese researchers assess the gene construct to modify starch structure event is useful for industrial economic value of the new purposes. varieties and products Output Targets Transgenic resistance to sweetpotato virus disease Researchers at CIP and NARS The SPVD resistance can be African researchers will be able 2007 (SPVD) is demonstrated in biosafety greenhouse on used to engineer other to develop SPVD resistant transgenic sweetpotato variety with RNA silencing susceptible varieties events locally Bt genes coding for toxins active against 2 African Researchers at CIP and NARS The genes can be used to Several existing and promising sweetpotato weevil species are isolated engineer resistance to sweetpotato varieties can be sweetpotato weevils engineered for resistance to weevils Transgenic events of one Chinese sweetpotato Researchers at NARS Researchers can test these Chinese researchers have variety with modified starch are available to Chinese events for new starch uses access to new technologies researchers Durability of resistance to late blight in selected Farmers, extension services The engineered potato events The field trials will demonstrate events of transgenic potato with the Rblb gene is and regulators will enter into the regulatory utility of engineered resistance demonstrated under field conditions in Peru pipeline in potato

Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Late blight resistant potato variety with transgenic Farmers, extension services The engineered potato events The field trials will demonstrate resistance to PLRV is available. and regulators will enter into the regulatory utility of combining endogenous

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International pipeline and exogenous (transgenic) resistance in potato Transgenic variety with the Rblb gene has durable Researchers at CIP and NARS; Researchers will be able to use Several existing or near release resistance to late blight under heavy infection in Researchers at CIP and NARS. the resistant gene in other potato varieties will be biosafety-greenhouse conditions susceptible varieties genetically engineered for durable resistance to late blight. Output Targets Resistance of one sweetpotato variety transformed Farmers, extension services Researchers and regulators will Research on transgenic 2008 by RNA silencing of SPVD is assessed under field and regulators assess performance and sweetpotato will be facilitated conditions in Peru and is available in SSA for field regulatory needs from field trials and regulation improved testing Bt potato varieties released for commercial use in Farmers, extension services Regulators will struggle with The commercialisation will South Africa and regulators farmers to develop workable highlight new challenges for transgenic crop regulatory making available this technology process to resource-poor farmers in developing countries Bt potato varieties are entered into biosafety Regulators are familiarized with The regulators will learn from regulatory process in Indonesia transgenic potato variety the previous South African experience Transformed events with Bt genes of 3 sweetpotato Researchers at CIP and NARS, Transgenic resistance to weevils African interested parties will varieties of interest to SSA region are available farmers, extension services will be studied from research to assess the potential of and regulators regulation transgenic crops Transgenic sweetpotato variety with high expression Researchers at NARS The material will be used for New industrial uses of the levels of wheat glutenin gene is available in China agronomic performance and sweetpotato crop will be 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and economic assessment possible Output 7 Best practices for transgenic potato and sweetpotato Researchers at CIP and NARS, Regulatory agencies, policy- Improved safety and management to increase beneficial impacts are regulators, and decision- makers and researchers use appropriateness of transgenic available (3-5 years) makers available technologies and more varieties will benefit resource- accurate knowledge of poor farmers in developing environmental pact of transgenic countries variety deployment Output Targets Strategy for effective development and secure Policy makers at CIP and Researchers use the new Environmental benefits are 2006 deployment of transgenic potato and sweetpotato in NARS framework to re-think transgenic maximised for the largest array developing countries product development of farmers and consumer confidence is improved One molecular system is available to avoid the Researchers at CIP and NARS New transgenic events will be Increased consumer confidence presence of antibiotic resistance genes in transgenic developed without the presence and reduced concerns of potato and sweetpotato of the antibiotic resistance gene regulators 77

78 Project 3 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Fitness of hybrids of native cultivates x wild potato Researchers at CIP and NARS, The concern over gene flow in The concern on gene flow will species assessed after three years of naturalization and regulators center of origin will be assessed concentrate on the transgene fitness not on the event anymore International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Output Targets Potato and sweetpotato intragenic vector with Researchers at CIP and NARS New plant transformation vectors Increased consumer confidence 2007 antibiotic resistance gene avoidance systems and events will be developed and reduced concerns of developed and available regulators At least one molecular system conferring pollen Researchers at CIP and NARS This system will be compared to Increased confidence in sterility to eliminate transgenes from gametic cells is other alternatives. environmental impacts of available transgenic variety Insect resistant management practices for Bt potato Researchers at CIP and NARS Good practices will be identified The durability and co-existence are developed in South Africa and adopted by farmers of Bt potato in typically diverse producing Bt potato. production systems of developing countries will be ensured Occurrence of exotic potato genes due to gene flow Researchers at CIP and NARS, Researchers and regulators will The concern on gene flow will in the Andean center of origin and diversity is regulators study the impact of gene flow concentrate on the transgene assessed which occurred in the past fitness not on the event anymore Output Targets Proof-of-concept of gene flow prevention systems Researchers at CIP and NARS Researchers will use the system Increased confidence in 2008 obtained for either potato or sweetpotato for potentially problematic environmental impacts of transgenes and varieties. transgenic variety Crop management practices for Bt potato are Researchers at CIP and NARS, Researchers will re-think The transgenic crop will be more developed in South Africa regulators transgenic crop development. easily accessible to a large array of farmers in developing countries Impacts of past events of gene flow from exotic Researchers at CIP and NARS Researchers will compare The concern on gene flow will varieties in the Andes are documented from transgene and exotic gene flow concentrate on the transgene screening native varieties and weeds fitness not on the event anymore

Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output 1 Strategies for improving formal and informal seed systems for potato Quality seed available for Enhanced livelihoods of poor International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International NARS, NGOs, potato and and sweetpotato validated in LAC, SSA and Asia (3-5 years). sweetpotato growers. farmers, contributing to potato and sweetpotato improving productivity, to farmers due to increased disseminating new potato and sweetpotato breeding materials, and productivity. reducing the spread of potato and sweetpotato diseases. Output One country-specific, cost-effective rapid multiplication technique NARS, NGOs, seed NARS, private sector and Potato productivity enhanced targets 2006 validated as part of seed-production schemes for potato in Uganda, producers in the same farmer groups adopt rapid through quality seed. Kenya and Ethiopia (with PRAPACE), Uzbekistan, Bhutan and countries multiplication techniques, Afghanistan and the formal seed system is improved. One country-specific, cost-effective multiplication technique validated NARS, NGOs, seed NARS, NGOs, seed Sweetpotato productivity en- as part of seed production schemes for sweetpotato in Uganda, producers, farmers in the producers and farmers hanced through quality seed. Kenya and Tanzania (with PRAPACE) and the Philippines (with same countries. adopt multiplication UPWARD). techniques and improve seed production. Output Role of positive and negative selection combined with disease- NARS, NGOs, resource- Farmers adopt positive Potato and sweetpotato targets 2007 detection techniques evaluated and documented, and training poor farmers in the same and negative selection to productivity enhanced provided to NARS to improve informal seed systems in Uganda, countries. maintain seed quality for through quality seed. Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Bolivia, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, longer periods of time. DPRK and Georgia Other NARS partners

8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and apply lessons learned in other CIP regions. Output One country-specific network of public and private institutions NARS, NGOs, resource- NARS, private sector and Medium and long-term targets 2008 established and assessed for multiplication and dissemination of poor farmers in the same farmer organizations work productivity gains through good-quality seed for potato and sweetpotato in Kenya, Uganda, countries. collaboratively to facilitate quality seed maintained Ethiopia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Bhutan, DPR Korea and Uzbekistan seed multiplication and through the continuous (with Collaborative Research Program for Sustainable Agricultural distribution. provision of quality seed. Development in CAC) Output 2 Strategies for conservation agriculture and soil fertility management NARS, NGOs, resource- Potato and sweetpotato Enhanced livelihoods of poor as components of ICM in potato and sweetpotato cropping systems poor farmers, particularly farmers adopt strategies farmers due to sustainable developed in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia (5 years). in marginal areas. for conservation agriculture potato and sweetpotato and soil fertility production in marginal areas management to contribute of the Andes and SSA. to increase and sustain productivity levels. 79 Output Constraints related to conservation agriculture and soil fertility NARS, NGOs in Peru. NARS and NGOs use the Conservation agriculture

80 Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact targets 2006 management on potato cropping systems in Peru understood and information for conducting practices adopted by documented. research and designing farmers. interventions towards conservation agriculture. International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Farmer knowledge and practices about the use of inputs for soil NARS, NGOs in Peru, NARS and NGO use the Soil fertility management fertility management of the potato crop in the highlands of Peru Ecuador and Bolivia. information for conducting practices adopted by documented. research and designing farmers. interventions for sustainable soil fertility management. Output Constraints related to conservationist agriculture and soil fertility NARS, NGOs in Uganda NARS and NGOs use the Conservation agriculture and targets 2007 management on the potato and sweetpotato cropping systems in and India. information for conducting soil fertility management Uganda and India understood and documented. research and interventions practices adopted by towards conservation farmers. agriculture and sustainable soil fertility management. Output One strategy for conservationist agriculture and soil fertility NARS, NGOs, resource- Farmers adopt Potato and sweetpotato targets 2008 management as part of potato and sweetpotato ICM developed in poor farmers in marginal conservation agriculture productivity enhanced and Peru, Uganda and India. areas in Peru, Uganda and and sustainable soil fertility sustained in the medium and (with CONDESAN in Peru and PRAPACE in Uganda). India. management strategies for long term in potato cropping risk prone areas in Peru, systems in Peru, Uganda Uganda and India. and India. Output 3 Management components against potato and sweetpotato diseases, NARS, NGOs, resource- Potato and sweetpotato Enhanced livelihoods of poor late blight (LB), bacterial wilt (BW) and viruses developed, tested and poor farmers. farmers adopt improved potato and sweetpotato disseminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian priority disease management farmers due to increase in countries (3 – 5 years). components, contributing potato and sweetpotato to reduce crop losses and productivity, and reduced use of fungicides. negative impact of fungicides in the environment. Output One improved methodology and strategy validated for virus detection NARS, NGOs, seed Virus detection technology Farmers increase yields and targets 2006 in seed production schemes and for monitoring virus spread on producers in the same used by NARS, NGOs and economic returns of their potato and sweetpotato in Peru (with CONDESAN), Kenya, Uganda countries. private seed producers to crops due to the use of (with PRAPACE), Vietnam, Indonesia and China. improve the quality of seed quality seed. and to monitor emergent and re-emergent viruses. One new user-friendly detection method for bacterial wilt (BW) latent NARS, NGOs and seed Certification agencies and Potato farmers reduce infections in symptom less plants from seed plots validated in Kenya producers in the same seed programs adopt the losses due to BW by having and Uganda (with PRAPACE) and Peru and Bolivia. countries. new technique for BW access to BW-free seed detection in Peru, Bolivia, produced with improved BW Kenya and Uganda. detection technology. One LB simulation model validated in Peru, Ecuador, Kenya and NARS researchers, Researchers and Potato farmers reduce

Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Uganda for 3 most important fungicides. (In collaboration with extension workers in the extension workers losses and increased PRAPACE in the last two countries) same countries. incorporate the model as a productivity due to better

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International decision-making tool for fungicide management. LB-related activities. Analysis of host specificity of Phytophthora infestans attacking wild NARS researchers Breeders have more Potato farmers improve potatoes in Peru and Ecuador completed. (breeders and LB efficient resistance productivity and reduce pathologists) in Peru and screening, which losses due to faster Ecuador. influences faster deployment and adoption of development of resistant resistant cultivars. varieties. Output One effective biological formulation to control BW validated in NARS, NGOs, resource- Farmers have access to a Potato farmers reduce targets 2007 farmers’ fields of Peru. poor farmers in Peru. new environmentally safe losses and improve food technology to control BW. security due to the control of soil-borne BW pathogen in endemic areas. Effect of soil abiotic characteristics and crop rotation on survival of NARS, resource-poor Researchers from IRC and Farmers enhance the bacterial wilt pathogen in soil in Peru better determined and farmers in Peru. NARS use improved productivity and potato areas documented. knowledge about pathogen increase because of faster survival in soil to develop recovery of BW-infested integrated control soils in endemic areas. strategies. One group of four standard cultivars for LB resistance established NARS breeding programs Breeders have more Greater productivity and re- and distributed to Peru, Ecuador and Kenya. in Peru, Ecuador and efficient resistance duced losses due to faster Kenya and other NARS in screening, and achieve adoption of resistant LAC and SSA. faster development of cultivars. 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and resistant varieties. Pre and post emergence infection processes described for LB and NARS, NGOs, resource- Farmers understand early Greater productivity and re- the most appropriate control tactic identified in Peru and Ecuador. poor farmers in Peru and infection process and duced losses due to better Ecuador. apply appropriate control LB control. measures Output target Variability of major potyviruses in potato (PVY, PVA and PVV) NARS researchers NARS and seed producers Farmers reduce losses due 2007 (5) characterized and one technique for virus group detection Seed producers in Peru use sensitive techniques to to elimination of nowadays (simultaneous detection) developed. and CIP regions. eliminate most important more core common viruses viruses from potato. in potato. Output target Mechanisms of synergistic interaction among sweetpotato chlorotic NARS researchers in SSA NARS researchers have Farmers adopt strategies to 2007 (6) stunt virus (SPCSV) and potyviruses to cause Sweetpotato virus and ESEAP. better information to control SPVD, reduce losses disease (SPVD) in sweetpotatoes determined. develop strategies to and increase productivity. control SPVD. Output The importance and incidence of major viruses affecting potato and NARS, NGO’s and seed Seed producers reduce Enhanced productivity due to

81 targets 2008 sweetpotato determined in Uganda, Vietnam and Indonesia. producers in Uganda, costs on virus diagnostics elimination of most important

Vietnam and Indonesia. by testing only for viruses.

82 Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact important widespread viruses, and have easy access to detection technology in the region. International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Two cultural practices that enhance soil fertility and plant health, and NARS, NGOs, resource- New practices to manage Reduced losses and reduce BW and other soil-borne diseases incidence are identified poor farmers in Burundi, BW and other soil-borne increased productivity in with farmers’ participation in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda. Rwanda and Uganda. diseases adopted in potato crop due to improved endemic areas of Burundi, BW and soil fertility Rwanda and Uganda. management. Usefulness of BW-tolerant potato clones in integrated management NARS, NGOs, resource- Farmers in Peru, Bolivia Farmers improve productivity of BW tested with farmers and the two best clones with stable poor farmers in Peru, and Kenya have access to and reduce losses due to the resistance selected by NARS in Peru, Bolivia and Kenya. Bolivia and Kenya. tolerant potato varieties to availability of tolerant control BW. varieties. Late blight simulation validated in Peru and Ecuador with specific NARS, IARC scientists in Researchers improve Greater productivity and re- resistance parameters of 3 local cultivars. Peru and Ecuador. capacity to develop duced losses due to better cultivar-specific man- LB control. agement strategies. One scale for quantifying LB resistance developed and available in NARS, IARC scientists in Researchers improve Reduced losses and Peru, Ecuador and Kenya, and available globally. LAC and SSA (spill over ability to select for durable increased productivity in global). resistance to LB. potato crop due to faster development of LB resistant cultivars. One technological package to control SPVD in potatoes validated in NARS. NGO’s, resource- NARS and NGO Farmers enhance Uganda and Tanzania. poor farmers in Uganda recommend the technology productivity and food and Tanzania. to control SPVD and security due to reduction of farmers adopt it in SPVD- SPVD effects. endemic areas of Uganda and Tanzania. Output 4 Management components against potato insect pests (APW, PTM, NARS, NGOs, resource- Potato farmers adopt Enhanced livelihoods of poor LMF2) developed as part of ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asia poor farmers. improved pest potato farmers due to priority countries (3 – 5 years). management components, increased productivity of which contribute to reduce potato and reduced negative losses and the use of impacts of insecticides in the insecticides. environment. Output Migration and population dynamics and impact of cropping systems NARS, NGOs, in Peru, Improved knowledge about Farmers in the high Andes targets 2006 on APWs in Peru documented. Ecuador and Bolivia. APW ecology used by obtain higher marketable researchers from IRC and potato yields and reduced NARS to develop and insecticide application costs.

2 APWs, Andean Potato Weevils (Premnotrypes spp.), PTMs, common Potato Tuber Moth (Phthorimaea operculella), and Andean Potato Tuber Moth (Symmetrischema operculella), LMF, Leaf Miner Fly (Lyriomyza huidobrensis)

Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact disseminate IPM strategies.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International New distribution of S. tangolias and replacement of P. opercuella in NARS, NGOs, resource Improved knowledge about Farmers of mid-elevated alti- potato cropping systems in Peru assessed and one new control poor farmers in Peru, PTM ecology used by tudes benefit due to higher strategies for PTM determined and documented. Ecuador and Bolivia. researchers from IRC and marketable potato yields and NARS to develop and reduced insecticide disseminate IPM application costs. strategies. One innovative trapping device and border applications developed as NARS, NGOs, resource Extension workers Reduced pesticide use due preventive measures to reduce field and storage infestation by APWs poor farmers in Peru, recommend and farmers to lower pest infestations, in Peru. Bolivia and Ecuador. adopt preventive measures contributing to reduce crop in pest management. losses and increase farmer income. PTM complex risk maps developed and validated through modeling NARS, Universities in NARS use insect models NARS and NGOs improve and GIS in LAC, SSA and SWCA. LAC, SSA and SWCA. for the detection of critical pest management and potential pest interventions through better infestation regions. targeting and farmer’s benefit from information on pest control. Efficacy of nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.) to control APWs in field NARS, NGOs, NARS, NGOs or the Environmental and economic and storage in Peru assessed. Universities, biopesticide private sector use new benefits due to reduced industry in Peru, Ecuador bioagents for APW control. pesticide impacts. and Bolivia. The efficacy of the fungal pathogen Paecylomices as biocontrol NARS, NGOs, NARS, NGOs or the Environmental and economic agent for LMF adults determined in field experiments in Peru. Universities, biopesticide private sector produce and benefits due to reduced 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and industry in Peru. recommend the bioagent pesticide impacts for LMF control. Bt formulations and synergistic effects with granuloviruses assessed NARS, NGOs, NARS, NGOs or the Farmers adopt biopesticides; and one new strategy developed for its use in storage control of the Universities, biopesticide private sector recommend reduce losses, food PTM complex in Peru. industry in Peru, Ecuador the new combinations of contamination and exposure and Bolivia. bioagents and formulations to pesticides in potato for PTM control. storage Output Practical application and mass-rearing methods for bioagents of NARS, NGOs, NARS, NGOs or the Bioagents control pests and targets 2007 APW and LMF in Peru developed. Universities, biopesticide private sector use methods generate environmental and industry in Peru, Ecuador for mass-rearing bioagents economic benefits due to re- and Bolivia for APW and in for APW and LMF. duced pesticide impacts. other countries in LAC and East and South East Asia for LMF.

83 Phenology models for PTM parasitoids (Copidosoma koehleri) NARS, Universities in SSA Parasitoid models adopted Environmental and economic

evaluated and validated to determine potential release areas for PTM and Asia by national programs to benefits due to a pest

84 Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact control in SSA and Asia using GIS tools target classical biocontrol population under the control in PTM invaded countries threshold. Crop-loss relationships and control thresholds for APW and LMF NARS, NGOs, resource Farmers apply control Environmental and economic determined and one monitoring system developed in Peru. poor farmers in Peru, thresholds in IPM. benefits due to reduced International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Bolivia and Ecuador for pesticide impacts. APW and LAC and Asia for LMF. Output One strategy for natural enemy conservation to support self- NARES, NGOs, resource Farmers understand and Environmental and economic targets 2008 regulation of APWs and PTMs in potato cropping systems in Peru poor farmers in Peru. adopt concepts of natural benefits due to biodiversity. assessed. enemy conservation and enhancement in pest management. Output 5 Strategies and methods for technical and socioeconomic integration NARS researchers, Research and Improved capacities of of ICM components developed and made available for NARS in LAC, extension workers, development-oriented NARS to design and SSA and Asia conditions. research and development institutions use strategies implement more efficient institutions. and methods for technical ICM-related interventions to and socioeconomic contribute to improved integration of ICM to adapt, farmer livelihoods. adjust and fine tuning technologies according to local or regional conditions. Output Two methods for socioeconomic integration of ICM through NARS researchers and Innovative participatory More efficient research and targets 2006 participatory research validated for potato in Peru, Bolivia and Nepal, extension workers in the methods available and development interventions and for sweetpotato in Uganda, Kenya and Philippines (with same countries. adopted by NARS and contribute to improve farmer UPWARD and PRAPACE) NGOs in their interventions income and competitiveness related to potato and from potato and sweetpotato sweetpotato. Output Two methods for socioeconomic integration of ICM through NARS researchers and Innovative participatory More efficient research and targets 2007 participatory research validated for potato in Ethiopia, Uganda, and extension workers in the methods available and development interventions Vietnam, and for sweetpotato in Lao PDR, Vietnam, China and same countries. adopted by NARS and contribute to improve farmer Indonesia (with UPWARD and PRAPACE) NGOs in their interventions income and competitiveness related to potato and from potato and sweetpotato sweetpotato. One country-specific, integrated strategy developed for the Participating NARS and NARS and NGO research Potato farmers improve management of key potato constraints according to local conditions NGO’s. partners incorporate ICM productivity and in Peru, Bolivia, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, strategies in their research competitiveness as a result Philippines, Bhutan and Afghanistan (with UPWARD and PRAPACE) for development and of the adoption of integrated deployment programs and management practices farmers adopt integrated disseminated by NARS and technologies. NGOs.

Project 4 Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact One country-specific integrated strategy developed for the NARS researchers and NARS and NGO research Sweetpotato farmers management of key sweetpotato constraints according to local extension workers. partners incorporate ICM improve productivity and

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International conditions in Uganda, Kenya, Philippines, Lao PDR, Vietnam, China strategies in their research competitiveness as a result and Indonesia (with UPWARD and PRAPACE) for development and of the adoption of integrated deployment programs and management practices farmers adopt integrated disseminated by NARS and technologies. NGOs. The “Research Field School” approach assessed for its contribution NARS, NGOs in Peru, NARS researchers Greater productivity for to ICM development by NARS in Peru, Ecuador, Uganda and Kenya. Ecuador, Uganda and improve ability to do and farmers and reduced losses Kenya. document applied research due to better innovation and related to potato ICM. technology development. Output Lessons learned about the effectiveness of participatory approaches NARS researchers, NGOs, Users apply the Strategies in place to targets 2008 for ICM development and dissemination in Asia documented (with development information to plan and support farmer adoption of UPWARD). organizations, policy scale-up ICM-related ICM for potato and makers in East and South results in ESEAP. sweetpotato, which will result East Asia. in increased productivity and reduced poverty. Lessons learned about the effectiveness of research approaches for NARS researchers, NGOs, Users apply the Strategies in place to ICM development and dissemination in SSA documented (with development information to plan and support farmer adoption of PRAPACE). organizations, policy scale-up ICM-related ICM for potato and makers in SSA. results in SSA. sweetpotato, which will result in increased productivity and reduced poverty. Country-specific guidelines to support decision-making by research NARS researchers and NARS and NGO use More efficient interventions and extension institutions regarding participatory methods for potato extension workers in the guidelines to make related to research and 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and and sweetpotato ICM available in Peru, Bolivia, Uganda, Ethiopia, same countries. decisions about partici- development contribute to Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Philippines, Lao PDR, patory methods for ICM improve productivity and Vietnam and China. development and competitiveness of potato dissemination. and sweetpotato farmers. 85

86 Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Methods, options and strategies for improved tar- CGIAR & NARS scientists Early warning systems adopted Vulnerability of poor farmers geting and Environmental Vulnerability Analyses, Development agencies living in target areas reduced. preparedness and mitigation in the Andes, SSA and Policy makers Governments improve their International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International SWCA developed (5 years) capacity to negotiate surpluses or deficit in timely manner. Improved development priori- ties. Improved development investment Output Targets Assessment of the suitability of high resolution Bureaus of statistics Ugandan Bureaus and Ag sta- More efficient method for crop 2006 optical remote sensing to quantify the area under SP Scientists tistics departments improving area estimation adopted in Uganda completed regional and countries SP statistics Three major livelihood strategies to cope with envi- CGIAR & NARS scientists, Livelihood policy formulated and Better agricultural practices ronmental vulnerability in the Andes of Peru and Development agencies, Policy delivered to farmers adopted and vulnerability Bolivia assessed makers in Peru and Bolivia reduced Livelihood strategies in rice-potato systems in West Development agencies Livelihood policy formulated and Income of resource poor farm- Bengal and Bihar in India understood and Policy makers delivered to farmers in rice- ers increased by adopting im- documented CGIAR & NARS scientists & potato systems proved technologies and sus- farmers tainable cropping pattern. Solanum potato growth model parameterized to Breeders Breeders using model results to Enhanced variety performance simulate the expected response of five important accelerate screening for target prediction capacity to cope with varieties in the Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia environments environmental uncertainty augments adoption rate of new varieties Rainfall geospatial interpolation protocol based on CGIAR & NARS scientists Scientists use data and the Improved targeting improves remote sensing (RS) data and wavelet processing protocol to generate new data to efficiency of development developed, model and data posted in the Internet improve R&D targeting investments Internet-based dynamic drought risks mapping Policy makers, Development Intended users consult the cal- Vulnerability of farmers living in calculator for SSA countries developed agencies, culator for timely decisions on drought prone areas reduced Scientists investments and development priorities Output Targets Assessment of the suitability of high resolution RS to Bureaus of statistics Ugandan Bureaus and Ag sta- More efficient method for crop 2007 quantify the area under potato in Uganda completed CGIAR & NARS scientists tistics departments improving area estimation adopted regional and countries Potato statistics A protocol to incorporate microwave remote sensing CGIAR & NARS scientists Improved methods for areas More efficient method for crop and multifractal processing developed for estimating covered by clouds, during yield estimation adopted crop areas growing seasons adopted

Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Partial root drying (PRD) irrigation method for potato Farmers, Extension workers, PRD method promoted and Increased productivity and im- and SP in Peru developed and documented Development agencies in Peru. adopted in LAC proved water management in

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International irrigated areas Sweetpotato crop growth model developed and Breeders Breeders using model results to Enhanced variety performance parameterized with five important varieties used in accelerate screening for target prediction capacity to cope with Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania environments environmental uncertainty augments adoption rate of new varieties Output Targets High resolution environmental vulnerability as- Policy makers Governments and NGOs adopt Vulnerability of farmers living in 2008 sessment (EVA) completed for potato systems in SW Development agencies early warning system target areas reduced Uganda and Rwanda NARS scientists in Uganda and Rwanda High resolution EVA for rice-potato systems in West Policy makers Governments and NGOs adopt Vulnerability of farmers living in Bengal, India completed (With Rice-Wheat Development agencies early warning system target areas reduced Consortium) Extension workers Historical data for SP and P statistics in Uganda Bureaus of statistics Ugandan Ministry of Ag and Governments, research insti- revised with improved methods CGIAR & NARS scientists Bureau of statistics published tutes and development agencies revised data use methods and revised data to policies and negotiation capacity at local and national levels Temperature geospatial interpolation protocol based CGIAR & NARS scientists Scientists use data and the Improved targeting improves on RS data and wavelet processing developed, protocol to generate new data to efficiency of development model and data posted in the Internet improve R&D targeting investments Methods and tools for P & SP yield forecasting Policy makers Scientists and Statistics bureaus Improved policies and negotia- 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and combining RS and modeling finalized and tested Development agencies using forecasting protocols and tion capacity at local and na- CGIAR & NARS scientists methods tional levels Early diagnostic method for pests and diseases CGIAR & NARS scientists Intended users adopt detection Farmers increase income using RS data developed: potato in Peru and sweet Government agencies methods potato in Uganda Output 2 Tradeoffs between productivity and the environment CGIAR & NARS scientists Framework used by CG-Centers, Improved policies for sustain- in target systems in the Andes, SSA and India Policy makers Development projects, and able production in target areas evaluated (3 years) governments in SSA, LAC and SWCA implemented Output Targets Minimum data approach to model tradeoffs (MD- CGIAR & NARS scientists Scientists and policy advisors Better policy and technology 2006 TOA) between productivity and the environment in Policy advisors using the MD-TOA decisions result in sustainable Kenya, and Panama implemented (with Montana management in study sites State and Wageningen Universities) 87

88 Project 5 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets MD-TOA studies by NARS in Kenya, Uganda, Peru Policy makers Policy makers and development Improved policies for sustain- 2007 and Ecuador completed (with Montana State and Development agencies agencies using results of the able production in target areas Wageningen Universities) analyses in their policies in SSA and LAC implemented

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International MD-TOA application in rice-potato systems in India Policy makers Local authorities assessing the Improved policies for sustain- conducted (with Montana State and Wageningen Development agencies tradeoffs between productivity able rice and potato production universities and the Rice-Wheat Consortium) and NO3 leaching in West Bengal implemented Output 3 Principles and approaches to develop adaptive Policy makers Local Governments, Develop- Farmers and women groups capacity in agricultural systems in the Andes, SSA, Extension workers ment Agencies and NGOs pro- reduce their vulnerability to and Asia identified (5 years) (with GMP) Development agencies mote the principles, approaches externalities and technologies developed. Output Targets Agro-ecozoning for the three most important crop- CGIAR & NARS scientists, Intended users promoting iden- Better targeted policy and 2006 livestock systems in the Andean plateau of Peru and Development agencies, Local tified interventions in each AEZ technology interventions lead Bolivia produced and priorities for interventions Governments of Peru and sustainable management in identified Bolivia target ecosystems Competitive and comparative advantage of five Extension workers Farmers re-orienting their Higher income and generation major commodities within Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia Development agencies strategies to more profitable of rural employment Andean systems analyzed and documented Policy makers agricultural activities Output Targets Forage and legume intercropping technologies for Extension workers and Devel- Extension workers demonstrate Farmers in target areas 2007 improving the role of sweetpotato as animal feed opment agencies in the same and promote improved C-L pro- adopting new SP varieties developed in crop livestock systems in Ecuador, countries duction practices through the use Peru, Kenya, Uganda, Laos and Vietnam (with of SP as animal feed UPWARD) Environmental and economic benefit of pigs grazing Farmers and Extension work- Extension workers demonstrate Farmers in target areas improve in SP fields in Peru established and documented ers in Peru and promote direct SP grazing income and soil fertility by by swine adopting new practices Output Targets Four technologies for the Andean Plateau of Peru Extension workers, Govern- Intended users promoting se- Farmers obtaining higher in- 2008 and Bolivia that increase income while reducing and ment agencies, Development lected technologies come and less vulnerable to reversing natural resources degradation identified agencies and Farmers in Peru externalities and promoted and Bolivia Three value chains for key commodities in the NGO’s Intended users demonstrating Farmers’ increasing their in- Andean Plateau of Peru and Bolivia established Development agencies and fostering the adoption of come by at least 30 % Policy makers value chains identified

Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 Framework for integrated production-environment- CGIAR scientists Users apply analysis in order to More efficient and effective

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International health analysis established decompartmentalize agriculture agricultural interventions and human health initiatives Output Targets Targeting exercise for the child and maternal CIP scientists Users apply knowledge to inform More efficient and effective 2006 mortality Millennium Development Targets strategic planning and priority agricultural interventions completed setting exercise Integrated impact pathway analysis for agriculture International and CGIAR Users apply knowledge to inform More efficient and effective and human health targets completed and published scientists strategic planning and priority agricultural interventions setting exercises Output 2 Human health risks from exposure to pesticides are Government officials and other Users apply knowledge to inform Rural populations experience reduced in communities in Peru and Ecuador policy makers, civil society, policy to reduce pesticide lower exposure to pesticides farm families and communities exposure Output Targets Secondary data and information on pesticide use in Government officials of Peru Users make use of information to POPs removed from hotspot 2006 Peru and a detailed inventory on pesticide use and regional organizations, inform policy debate and communities including POPs in selected hotspots communities researchers, policy makers, regulatory development elaborated members of civil society organizations Environmental and food contamination and human Farm families and others in Government officials use POPs removed and exposure exposure to POPs and other pesticides within hotspot communities, evaluations to improve policy reduced hotspot communities in Peru evaluated government officials, formulation and implementation, researchers farm families use information to reduce exposure, researchers use information to design intervention programs to reduce 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and use and exposure Treatment and diagnosis Guide on Pesticide Medical Doctors, nurseries, Users applying guide for Pesticide poisoning cases are Poisoning available and 200 potential users trained health workers from the treatment and diagnosis properly diagnosed and treated in its application in Ecuador Ministry of Health and other public health service providers in Carchi, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, Ecuador One Local Pesticide Surveillance Committee created Farmers, health professionals, Health and agriculture sectors Pesticide poisonings reduced in in Carchi, Ecuador agriculture technicians, local joint develop strategies for Carchi governments reducing health risk of pesticide use in Carchi, Ecuador Active surveillance system operating in Carchi Farmers and members from Increase reporting of pesticide Reduced the health impacts for through a Ministry of Health self reporting process the Local Committee on poisoning cases in areas of the use and management of Pesticide Surveillance project intervention pesticide 89 Output Targets Three Local Pesticide Surveillance Committees Farmers, health professionals, Health and agriculture sectors Pesticide poisonings reduced in

90 Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact 2007 created in Chimborazo and Tungurahua in Ecuador agriculture technicians, local jointly develop strategies for Chimborazo, Tungurahua governments reducing health risk of pesticide use in Carchi, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, Ecuador International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Active surveillance system operating in Chimborazo Farmers and members of the Increased reporting of pesticide Reduced the health impacts for and Tungurahua Local Pesticide Surveillance poisoning cases by 25% in the use and management of Committee on Chimborazo and Tungurahua in pesticide the places of project intervention One regulation program on the use and Local governments, Three local governments Local agrochemical stores in commercialization of agrochemical products agrochemical stores, farmers implementing regulation three municipalities have developed by local decision makers in Ecuador and theirs families programs on the use and decrease sales of highly toxic commercialization of pesticide, are selling protective agrochemical products in equipment and provide correct Ecuador advise on use and risk of pesticide Effective practices for health and crop management, Farmers, national and local Users read report and follow Pushing national and nutritional issues and management of the social decision makers from health recommendations international agendas to reduce learning process documented and agriculture sectors, the use of highly toxic pesticide international researchers in developing countries Ten FFS and one training of trainers integrate health Agriculture field technicians, Users apply the integrated Healthier conditions in crop issues associated with the use and management of farmers, farm families and curriculum management systems pesticides in Ecuador in their curriculum agriculture field technicians Curriculum disseminated and applying by ten Agriculture technicians from Farmers trained in healthy crop Reduction in the number and partners institutions in Ecuador Agriculture National management systems severity of pesticide poisonings Institutions, local governments in Chimborazo, Tungurahua and and local NGO Carchi Treatment and diagnosis Guide on Pesticide Medical Doctors, nurseries, Users applying guide for Pesticide poisoning cases are Poisoning adjusted to Peruvian conditions available health workers from the treatment and diagnosis properly diagnosed and treated and 200 potential users trained in its application in Ministry of Health and other Peru public health service providers near Peruvian hotspot communities Policy analysis using TOA method of pesticide use CIP and NARS researchers, Policy makers utilize results to More effective policies to reduce and nutrition in potato systems of Chimborazo and policy makers design better interventions, the pesticide exposure are Carchi documented linkage between pesticide implemented poisoning severity and nutritional status is understood

Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets Local Pesticide Surveillance Committee formed to Farmers, health professionals, Health and agriculture sectors Pesticide poisonings reduced in 2008 two areas of hotspot communities in Peru agriculture technicians, local jointly develop strategies for hotspot communities in Peru

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International governments reducing health risk of pesticide use in Departments where hotspot communities are found in Peru Ten FFS and one training of trainers integrate health Agriculture field technicians, Users apply the integrated Healthier conditions in crop issues associated with the use and management of farmers, farm families and curriculum management systems pesticides in Peru in their curriculum agriculture field technicians Active surveillance system operating in selected Farmers and members from Increase reporting of pesticide Reduced the health impacts for Peruvian Departments through a Ministry of Health the Local Committee on poisoning cases in areas of the use and management of self reporting process Pesticide Surveillance project intervention pesticide Inter-regional exchanges between farm communities, Farming communities, public Users from Asia and SSA learn Experience from Ecuador and health and agriculture professionals from selected health officials, health and from Ecuador and Peru Peru is effectively conveyed to target countries in Asia and SSA with Local agriculture science experiences, Ecuador and Peru stakeholders in other regions, Surveillance Committee members in Peru and researchers, policy makers stakeholders learn from Asia and pesticide exposure is reduced in Ecuador conducted SSA conditions areas of influence of exchange visit participants Policy analysis using TOA method of pesticide use CIP and NARS researchers, Policy makers utilize results to More effective policies to reduce and nutrition in potato systems of target areas of policy makers design better interventions, the pesticide exposure are Peru documented linkage between pesticide implemented poisoning severity and nutritional status is understood Output 3 Importance of nutrition rich roots and tubers is CIP and NARS researchers, Users utilize information to Nutritional benefits of roots and established nutritionists, food scientists, design effective intervention tubers expanded through 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and development professionals programs to maximize the utility introduction and promotion to of roots and tubers in nutrition communities without them and policy in urban markets Output Targets Effect of storage, cooking and freeze drying on the CIP and NARS Researchers, Superior characteristics of local Increased knowledge about the 2006 nutritional composition of native potatoes determined nutritionists, food scientists potato diversity incorporated in nutritional value of potato, which in Peru crop improvement will help to establish adequate strategies to contribute to reduce malnutrition Change in vitamin A deficiency demonstrated among Researchers, health science Users utilize information to More vulnerable communities children fed orange fleshed sweet potato in Kenya professionals, public health design interventions that consume orange fleshed officials promote the consumption of sweetpotato directly or in orange fleshed sweet potato processed forms among groups vulnerable to vitamin A deficiency

91 Output Targets Daily intake of energy, protein, iron and zinc Researchers, development Users utilize information to Nutritional benefits of native

2007 contributed by native potato consumption determined professionals design effective intervention potatoes expanded through

92 Project 6 Outputs Intended user Outcome Impact for periods of abundance and scarcity and vulnerable programs to maximize the utility introduction and promotion to groups (children and women) in relation to average of native potatoes in nutrition communities without them and daily food intake and established dietary policy in urban markets requirements in Peru. International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Output Targets Daily intake of energy, protein, iron and zinc Researchers, development Users utilize information to Nutritional benefits of Andean 2008 contributed by consumption of three other Andean professionals design effective intervention root and tuber crops in Peru root and tuber crops (oca (Oxalis), ulluco (Ullucus), programs to maximize the utility expanded through introduction mashua (Tropaeolum ), others) determined for of native potatoes in nutrition and promotion to communities periods of abundance and scarcity and vulnerable policy without them and in urban groups (children and women) in relation to average markets daily food intake and established dietary requirements in Peru.

CONDESAN Outputs Main users Outcome Impact Output 1 Strategy for influencing integrated management of CONDESAN partners and key Users adopt strategies to Sustainable use of natural

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International land and water resources (IMWR) developed for the IMWR policy makers, at the improve water management in resources Andean ecoregion local, national and regional the Andes levels in the Andes Output Targets Current situation and trends of the use of water CONDESAN partners and Users apply the information to Reduced rate of deterioration of 2006 resources documented for three selected basins on IMWR key policy makers, at increase awareness of the natural resources in the Andean the Andean ecoregion the local, national and regional Andean society on the Region levels in the Andes importance of IMWR Ten policy briefs and technical information notes on CONDESAN partners and key Partners and policy-makers Better policies for IMWR in IMWR collected, analyzed and distributed by IMWR policy makers, at the apply the information provided to place at different levels within InfoAndina to all countries in the Andean Region local, national and regional define strategies for improved selected basins of the Andean levels in the Andes IMWR ecoregion Co-investment schemes in rural business initiatives CONDESAN partners and Users participate in co- Increased income and reduced tested in 3 cases between small- and large-scale associated producers, private investment schemes to engage rate of deterioration of natural and public sector, and local in sustainable natural resource resources in the Andean Region producers based on provision of environmental services in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru stakeholders in the three management practices countries

Feasibility of payment for environmental services CONDESAN partners and Users engage in schemes of Increased income of poor upper schemes to reduce poverty assessed for two basins decision-makers in the two payment for environmental catchment dwellers and in Colombia and Peru countries services decreased deterioration of natural resources Output targets Environmental externalities associated to water CONDESAN partners and Users apply the information Effective policies for sustainable 2007 resources and the existing opportunities and decision-makers in the Andean provided to define strategies for management of natural 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and conditions required so that these can become of real ecoregion and other regions improved IMWR resources at different levels benefit, documented for the case of Andean rural poor population Land use changes documented in 1200 ha as a CONDESAN partners and Users participate in land use Reduced farming costs and rate result of internalization of environmental externalities associated stakeholders at the change practices of deterioration of natural in two Andean basins in Colombia and Peru local level resources in the Andean Region

Ten paramo ecosystem conservation local action CONDESAN partners in the User apply paramo conservation Paramo ecosystem protected plans documented in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador four countries, local paramo plans to conserve the ecosystem and its environmental services and Peru authorities and paramo conserved dwellers Output targets Different forms of water resource management in the CONDESAN partners and Users apply the information Effective policies for sustainable 2008 Andes documented through ecoregional analysis decision-makers in the Andean provided to define strategies for management of natural ecoregion and other regions improved IMWR resources at different levels 93

94 Policy strategy for the conservation of the paramo Partners and paramo decision- Users apply approved paramo Paramo ecosystem and its ecosystem and its environmental services approved makers (Venezuela, Colombia, conservation policies environmental services at the national and regional levels in three Andean Ecuador, Peru) conserved countries Payment for environmental services schemes CONDESAN partners and Users apply the schemes to Improve welfare of dwellers and International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International documented for five basins in the Andean region decision-makers in the Andean improve livelihoods and ecosystem health in upper- ecoregion and other regions conserve the ecosystems catchments in the Andes Output 2 Strategy of poverty reduction based on agricultural CONDESAN partners, policy Users adopt strategic Improve livelihoods and reduce innovation system options developed for the Andean makers at the local, national innovations on agricultural deterioration of natural ecoregion and regional levels in the systems to improve welfare of resources in the Andean Andes the rural Andean population ecoregion Output targets Conservation agriculture practices assessed in terms CONDESAN partners and Users apply knowledge to design Reduced farming costs and 2006 of soil and integrated crop management variables in associated farmers in the two recommendations for improved improved conservation of two basins in Colombia and Peru in the Andean basins, CIP & CIAT agricultural practices natural resources ecoregion (with CIP Division 4) researchers, and local authorities Re-characterization of potato genebanks carried out CIP researchers and Users apply this knowledge to Increased food security, income on CONDESAN sites in the extremes of the Andes in CONDESAN partners in better design repatriation options and conservation of local Merida, Venezuela and Jujuy, Argentina (with Venezuela and Argentina, and and in-situ conservation biodiversity Division 2) local producers in the two practices of RTA Andean sites Local in-situ potato conservation practices CONDESAN partners, Users apply information to Sustainable policy decisions for documented for Humahuaca , Jujuy (with Division 2) researchers and policy makers improve strategies for biodiversity conservation and in Humahuaca conservation of RTA increased welfare of rural population Repatriation of potato germplasm to Venezuela and National agricultural agencies National and local genebanks Improved farmers livelihood and Argentina, documented (with Division 2) at Mucuchies, Venezuela and enriched and information use to conservation of Andean agro Hornillos, Argentina, and local improve design of potato in-situ biodiversity partners and agro-biodiversity conservation strategies conservationists and producers

Training on in-situ agrobiodiversity conservation NARS at Mucuchies, Trainees apply new skills for in- Improved farmers livelihood and conducted for CONDESAN partners of Venezuela Venezuela and Hornillos, situ conservation practices conservation of Andean agro and Argentina (with Division 2) Argentina, local partners, agro- biodiversity biodiversity conservationists and producers Results and methodology of the study on Poverty CONDESAN partners, Users apply new knowledge to Improved livelihoods of rural Dynamics on Andean rural communities in Peru InfoAndina users, policy better design poverty reduction populations in the Andean disseminated in the Andean ecoregion and applied in makers in seven countries in strategies ecoregion one site the Andes

Output targets Determinants and effects of the transformation CONDESAN partners, Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies 2007 dynamics of the Andean agricultural systems researchers, policy makers at improve design of strategies to for sustainable agricultural assessed based on 6 case studies in four countries different levels promote innovation in agricultural systems and poverty reduction

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International systems to reduce poverty Policy briefs and technical information on innovative CONDESAN partners, Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies agricultural systems collected, analyzed and researchers, policy makers at improve design of strategies to for sustainable agricultural distributed monthly by InfoAndina to all countries in different levels in the Andes promote innovation in agricultural systems and poverty reduction the Andean Region systems to reduce poverty Five best agricultural system practices evaluated for CONDESAN partners, paramo Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies the sustainable conservation of the paramo local stakeholders, improve design of strategies to for conservation of the paramo ecosystem researchers, decision makers promote best practices that ecosystem and improve at different levels conserve the paramo livelihoods of paramo inhabitants Repatriation of potato genes to Venezuela and National agricultural agencies National and local genebanks Improved farmers livelihood and Argentina, evaluated (with Division 2) at Mucuchies, Venezuela and enriched and information use to conservation of Andean Hornillos, Argentina, and local improve design of potato in-situ agrobiodiversity partners and agro-biodiversity conservation strategies conservationists and producers Local in-situ potato conservation practices CONDESAN partners, Users apply information to Sustainable policy decisions for documented for Merida, Venezuela (with Division 2) researchers and policy makers improve strategies for biodiversity conservation and in Venezuela conservation of RTA increased welfare of rural population Output targets Different responses of the agricultural systems to CONDESAN partners and Users apply the information Effective policies for sustainable 2008 external changes documented through ecoregional decision-makers in the Andean provided to define strategies to agricultural systems at different analysis in the Andes, based on 6 cases in four ecoregion and other regions improve agricultural system levels countries 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and Training and education strategies to conserve the Partners and paramo decision- Users apply approved paramo Paramo ecosystem and its paramo ecosystem documented in Venezuela, makers in the four countries conservation policies. environmental services Colombia, Ecuador and Peru conserved Training effectiveness on in-situ agrobiodiversity NARS at Mucuchies, Users apply information to Improved farmers livelihood and conservation evaluated for CONDESAN partners of Venezuela and Hornillos, improve training strategies on in- conservation of Andean Venezuela and Argentina (with Division 2) Argentina, local partners, agro- situ agrobiodiversity agrobiodiversity biodiversity conservationists conservation practices and producers Homologation of CIP’s potato genebank and those in NARS at Mucuchies, Merida and Jujuy Venezuela and Hornillos, Argentina, local partners, agro- biodiversity conservationists and producers Andean forestry and agroforestry systems and its CONDESAN partners and Users apply the information Effective policies for sustainable

95 contribution to the sustainability of Andean decision-makers in the Andean provided to define strategies to agricultural systems at different agricultural systems documented in three countries ecoregion and other regions improve agricultural systems levels

96 Output 3 Platform influencing sustainable development at the CONDESAN partners, policy Users utilize platform to renovate Strong and more cohesive local, national and regional levels strengthened in makers and Andean conceptual approaches, community of practitioners for the Andean ecoregion sustainable development strategies and public policies; effective sustainable stakeholders cohesion and synergies between development of the Andean partners ecoregion International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Output targets Improved institutional practices of the CGIAR centers CGIAR convener centers of Users apply information from the More effective promotion of 2006 based on lessons learned of CONDESAN pilot study partnership programs, SW/ER CONDESAN pilot study to sustainable development in the (with ILAC) applied to CONDESAN and to at least programs and their partners improve institutional practices Andes and elsewhere two other partnership programs Best practices and experiences by CONDESAN CONDESAN partners and Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies partners and other regional stakeholders associated stakeholders, improve design of strategies to for sustainable development and disseminated monthly throughout the Andean region researchers, policy makers at promote innovation in agricultural poverty reduction and elsewhere through InfoAndina, Mountain Forum, different levels in the Andean systems to reduce poverty Mountain Partnership, CPW&F and other Initiatives region Two region-wide events carried out in the Andes to CONDESAN partners and Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies share and discuss specific research and associated stakeholders, improve design of strategies for for sustainable development and development themes relevant to the Andean researchers, policy makers at promotion of sustainable poverty reduction ecoregion different levels in the Andean development in the Andes region Output targets Dialogue mechanisms among professional education CONDESAN partners, Users utilize dialogue Network of education institutions 2007 institutions established in the Andean region to better researchers and education mechanism to join efforts and established to promote align research and rural development activities practitioners in the Andean improve their research and sustainable development in the region sustainable development Andean ecoregion activities in the Andean ecoregion One pilot exchange and learning mechanism for CONDESAN partners, Andean Youngsters share, learn and Andean youngsters directly Andean rural youngsters has been designed and youngsters and interested apply sustainable development involved in effective sustainable tested for the ecoregion institutions in the ecoregion options through the exchange development in their localities mechanism Output targets A multi-stakeholder regional platform for regular CONDESAN partners and Users apply knowledge to Improved policies and strategies 2008 dialogue, exchanges and learning on integrated associated stakeholders, improve design of strategies of for sustainable development and management of water resources and agricultural researchers, policy makers at effective sustainable poverty reduction innovation systems has been established in the different levels in the Andes development in the region Andes One exchange and learning pilot mechanism for CONDESAN partners, Andean Youngsters share, learn and Andean youngsters directly Andean rural youngsters implemented and expanded youngsters and interested apply sustainable development involved in effective sustainable institutions in the ecoregion options through the exchange development in their localities mechanism

Global Mountain Program

The GMP sees three research outputs, which are presented in the logframe. Each is formulated to answer key problems identified by the CGIAR,

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International partners and by various mountain forums, namely the in Johannesburg 2002, and subsequently by the SARD-M project and the International Mountain Partnership and support to MDGs.

GMP Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output 1 A platform is available that enables a more unified CGIAR, ARI and NARS Scientists and policy makers use The CGIAR contributes in a and effective inter-CGIAR center interaction and scientists, policy makers platform for more effective coordinated manner thrust for sustainable mountain development (3 research and policy planning and significantly to the years) implementation international dialogue in mountains and supports targeted research products for sustainable mountain development Output Targets 2006 The major research experiences of CGIAR centers CGIAR and NARS scientists, Scientists and partners use Utility of past experiences is in mountains are documented and synthesized. policy makers information to help determine increases and research strengths and weaknesses in the efficiency is improved CGIAR engagement in mountains. Output Targets 2007 An international workshop is held and strategies are CGIAR scientists, NARS and CGIAR scientists and directors developed and assessed that best enable CG wide policy makers use platform information to more action in mountains. effectively coordinate CGIAR activities in mountains Joint projects in key areas are developed for CGIAR

8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and wide mountain research. Output Targets 2008 Regular meeting and Systemwide projects funded CGIAR and partners scientists CGIAR and partners have a More relevant policy and systematic mechanism for technologies improve livelihoods developing and monitoring of mountain peoples and improve research for sustainable sustainable management of mountain development. mountain regions Output 2 Models for planning, policy and technical support Sustainable mountain are developed using better knowledge of rural– development through planning, urban interactions in mountains and information on policies and support livelihood constraints and options, product demand, water and forest management and use. (3 years) (with AHI and UH) Output Targets 2006 Key spatial and socio-economic links are identified CGIAR, National, scientists Scientists livelihood information in through studies on livelihood issues and options. context with rural–urban linkages

97 (Country: Ethiopia) to better define research

priorities.

98 GMP Outputs Intended user Outcomes Impact Output Targets 2007 A Model is developed from livelihood study data as CGIAR, National, scientists Scientists and policy makers a step in a process to aid in the development of have available a better model for more targeted support to communities and planning and policymaking as environmental conservation. (Country: Ethiopia) well as support strategies. International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Output Targets 2008 Information on water issues, health, forest use, Policy makers, Government of Ethiopia, NARS Through informed Urban and migration and market links becomes available and Local communities, and CGIAR scientists use the rural development planning and is modeled. (Country: Ethiopia). Development agencies information to develop effective policies sustained management Benchmark site begun in Asia and Latin America. planning, policies and research of resources is achieved and (Countries: Peru and Nepal) support people livelihoods improved. Output 3 Policies that promote sustainable mountain Andean communities, policy Policy makers, scientists design Sustainable mountain development in the Andes are identified makers, scientists improved policies or development through use and (3 years) (with CONDESAN) implementation strategies that implementation of enabling promote sustainable mountain policies and the MDGs development Output Targets 2006 Impact of water use policy and laws as they affect Andean communities, policy Users revise policy and law to Mountain communities practice mountain communities in Peru, Ecuador and makers, Scientists improve water management for sustainable water resource Colombia documented. mountain communities management

Output Targets 2007 Information on laws and policy for mountain Scientists, Andean Mountain communities, scientists Andean communities adopt resource management and economic development communities, Policy makers and policy makers have available sustainable mountain is available to communities priority issues better knowledge of effective and development practices (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) ineffective policies and implement policies conducive to sustainable mountain development Output Targets 2008 Information on laws and policy for mountain Scientists, communities, Policy Mountain communities, scientists Andean communities adopt resource management and economic development makers and policy makers have available sustainable mountain is available to communities priority issues (Chile, better knowledge of effective and development practices Argentina and Venezuela) ineffective policies and implement policies conducive to sustainable mountain development

Urban Harvest Outputs/Targets Intended user Outcome Impact Output 1 The contribution of urban and peri-urban agriculture CGIAR management, Centers, Users deploy outputs to The international agricultural International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International (UPA) to improving the livelihoods of poor city donors and multilateral mainstream UPA within research and development households and the condition of urban ecosystems organizations international and national R&D community devotes increased is documented and validated (until 2007) agendas research attention to UPA Output Targets The significance of UPA in Lima, Peru, Kampala, Researchers, city officials, Users are persuaded of the Mainstreaming of urban 2006 Uganda and Nairobi, Kenya, quantified, with CSOs in Lima, Nairobi and contribution of UPA to urban agriculture research in case establishment of a geo-referenced database, Kampala livelihoods and the environment cities bibliography and contact lists in each site Key spatial, environmental and socio-economic Researchers, policy makers, Users will adopt an integrated Integrated, rural-urban approach features of rural-urban linkages mapped for Nairobi, city officials in Nairobi, rural-urban approach to decision- to food security and poverty Kampala, Hanoi and Lima and their contributions to Kampala, Hanoi and Lima making in local resource alleviation through agriculture urban food security and poverty reduction identified allocation Output Targets Four strategies for sustainable city agriculture are Policy makers, city officials, Users access comparative Sustainable UPA demonstrated 2007 identified and documented through comparative CSOs in Lima, Manila, Hanoi, analyses and strategies to through cases of integration of analyses of economic, social and environmental Kampala and Nairobi improve policy development, urban agriculture in city costs and benefits of UPA in Lima, Manila, Hanoi, planning and investment management Kampala and Nairobi decisions Output 2 Innovative technologies and practices developed for Researchers, extension agents Innovations spread among Producers increase incomes increasing productivity and marketing of agricultural and CSOs at international and producers in target cities and in through higher productivity and commodities produced in urban and peri-urban target country level, city ”contact cities”3 access to alternative markets areas (3-5 years) agricultural officials, producer and processor organizations in target cities Output Targets Two rural-urban agro-enterprise models developed Researchers, city agriculture Users apply model to strengthen Multiple income benefits accrue 8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and 2006 and documented, based on cluster and value chain office staff , CSOs, market chain and access to producers, processors and frameworks, in Kampala, Lima, Nairobi, Hanoi and producer/processor innovations in UPA contexts service industries in enterprise Manila organizations in Kampala, clusters and along marketing Lima, Nairobi, Hanoi and chain Manila Adaptation of ICM FFS and other ICM interventions Researchers, extension Users apply FFS and other Producers’ crop management for crop and livestock production systems in the agents, CSOs, city agriculture methods for improving crop and livestock raising systems urban context and validated in Lima and Manila officials management and livestock strengthened and groups raising systems empowered through FFS Output Targets Two urban-adapted models for improved nutrition Researchers, extension Users promote options and Producers adopt improved 2007 and management for specified types of livestock- agents, CSOs, city agriculture model for application in urban livestock management and raising systems identified in Lima and Nairobi office staff and peri-urban contexts nutrition practices leading to increased income for livestock

99 3 Contact cities include urban areas which participate in workshops, capacity-building activities and learning visits to target cities, but where no direct research activities are undertaken by this Project

100 Urban Harvest Outputs/Targets Intended user Outcome Impact raisers through use of improved systems

Output Targets ICM urban field schools and animal nutrition and Researchers, extension Users apply FFS methods for Producers’ crop management

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term Potato Center International 2008 management models validated in two further cities agents, CSOs, city agriculture improving crop management and and livestock raising systems office staff livestock raising systems strengthened and groups empowered through FFS Output 3 Strategies for enhancing the contribution of urban Researchers, Govt. health Users apply strategy for Urban populations with food production to child nutritional health and other depts., schools, CSOs, local increased use of nutritious, improved levels of child health benefits established (3-5 years) women’s groups locally produced food for urban nutritional health and decreasing producers and consumers levels of “urban lifestyle” diseases Output Targets “School nutrition gardens” strategy for multiplication Extension agents, schools, Users apply strategy to promote Home cultivation and 2006 and dissemination of OFSP, beans and leafy local women’s groups, the dissemination of planting consumption of nutritious crops vegetables is developed within 3 urban communities community groups, CSOs in materials of nutritious crops for leads to improvements in child in Kampala Kampala home cultivation by urban malnutrition households Output Targets One framework developed and documented of social Researchers, extension Users apply model to promote Enhanced consumption of 2007 organization of livestock production for increased agents, CSOs, city officials, use of ASF for improved nutrition locally produced ASFs among consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) by CBOs in Lima and Nairobi in young children urban population young children in Lima and Nairobi School nutrition gardens strategy validated in two Extension agents, schools, Users apply strategy to promote Home cultivation and further cities local women’s groups, the dissemination of planting consumption of nutritious crops community groups, CSOs materials of nutritious crops for leads to improvements in child home cultivation by urban malnutrition households Output Targets Social organization of livestock production model Researchers, extension Users apply model to promote Increased consumption of ASFs 2008 validated in two further cities agents, CSOs, city officials, use of ASF for improved nutrition leads to improvements in child CBOs in young children malnutrition Output 4 Methods developed to mitigate human health risks to Policy makers, city officials, Users integrate the methods into Reduced human health risks urban producers and consumers and to improve use researchers, urban health urban policies and planning from UPA and enhanced of urban sources of nutrients for agriculture (5 years) professionals, CSOs productive use of urban sources of nutrients in agriculture Output Targets One human health risk assessment model Researchers, urban health Users apply model and strategy Reduced negative health and 2006 developed for crop and animal production in urban professionals, municipal to guide development and environmental effects from UPA and peri-urban areas and mitigation strategies for authorities, CSOs in Kampala implementation of guidelines for types of risk identified and validated in Kampala risk reduction measures in urban and peri-urban crop and animal production Output Targets Nutrient flow model developed for optimization of Researchers, CSOs, CBOs, Users apply model to improve Better environmental conditions

Urban Harvest Outputs/Targets Intended user Outcome Impact 2007 urban organic residues and rural-urban manures for municipal agricultural officials levels of recycling of urban in urban areas and livelihoods use as urban feed and in soil enhancement in in Nakuru and Nairobi nutrients and enhance improvements among International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Planfor2006-200 (CIP)Medium-Term PotatoCenter International Nakuru and Nairobi, Kenya productivity of urban crops and processors and users of livestock residues Validation of health risks assessment model and Researchers, health Users apply model and strategy Reduced negative health and mitigation strategies in further two cities professionals in urban settings, to guide development and environmental effects from UPA municipal authorities, CSOs implementation of guidelines for risk reduction measures in urban and peri-urban crop and animal production Output Targets Validation of nutrient flow model in further two cities Researchers, CSOs, CBOs, Users apply model to improve Better environmental conditions 2008 municipal agricultural offices levels of recycling of urban in urban areas and livelihoods nutrients and enhance improvements among productivity of urban crops and processors and users of livestock residues Output 5 Policy options and institutional and planning Municipal authorities, Urban and peri-urban agriculture Improved policies, reduced risks strategies to support safe and sustainable producers, national incorporated into policies, and better use of urban agricultural production in urban areas are developed governments, multilateral planning and development resources lead to increased (3 – 5 years) agencies targeting of local governments food security and income contribution from UPA Output Targets GIS tools developed for municipal planning Municipal planning officers, Users apply GIS approaches to Increased numbers of people 2006 processes involving agricultural lands and use and national planning officers, improve territorial planning and derive increased income and quality of surface water and applied in Manila and researchers, CSOs increased productivity from food security benefits from Lima vacant and under-utilized lots improved planning of urban

8 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing 8 and and surface water agriculture A participatory approach to institutionalizing and Policy makers, city officials, Users establish offices and Stabilization and formalization of supporting UPA, including through policy change, CSOs, researchers, national budget lines to support UPA in UPA leads to its increased developed and applied in Kampala, Lima, Nakuru agencies in Kampala, Lima, municipalities in two cities and contribution to urban food and Nairobi Nakuru and Nairobi participate in inter-institutional security and income generation committee under municipal leadership Output Targets Integrated, territorial planning that incorporates Policy makers, city officials, Integrated, participatory urban Increased municipal resources 2007 sustainable use of urban natural resources for CSOs, national planning planning approaches involving channeled to agriculture and agriculture in Lima, applied and documented agencies in Lima agriculture adopted natural resource management enhances productivity Participatory approaches to institutionalizing and Policy makers, city officials, Users apply strategies for wide- Municipal resources are supporting UPA, including capacity building, are CSOs, national planning scale implementation of channeled to UPA and natural validated and implemented in Addis Ababa, Manila agencies in Addis, Manila and stakeholder and dialogue model resources management on a and Hanoi, as part of scaling out results of Kampala Hanoi and integrated planning regional scale 101 and Lima experiences approaches

102 Urban Harvest Outputs/Targets Intended user Outcome Impact Output Targets Criteria and implementation strategy for food quality Municipal health officers, Users apply options to increase Producers and traders adopt 2008 standards (FQS) and certification of urban and peri- private sector organizations, marketability of crop and FQS to increase security and urban agricultural commodities are established in CSOs in Kampala and Lima livestock produce and improve reduce risks among consumers Lima and Kampala levels of food hygiene and safety

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for2006 Plan Financing and Planfor2006-2008 (CIP)Medium-Term Potato Center International

MEDIUM-TERM FINANCING PLAN

Center Financial Indicators CIP attaches a high priority to maintaining a healthy financial position. Sound financial indicators reflect the Center’s ability to cope with external shocks, and ensure that research activities will continue in cases of unexpected funding shortfalls. To this end, CIP will continue to gradually and further strengthen its financial indicators and will exercise caution in budget design.

Short-term solvency (liquidity). In 2004, the short-term solvency indicator increased to 99 days. CIP is forecasting a marginal reduction, or an unchanged short-term solvency indicator for 2005, as a result of research expenditure growth. The Center estimates that liquidity will grow to 109 working days by 2008.

Table 1. Financial position 2004-2008 (US$M) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Current assets 15.80 16.33 16.81 16.97 17.01 Property and equipment 2.75 2.80 2.87 2.92 2.95 Total assets 18.55 19.13 19.68 19.89 19.96 Current liabilities 10.05 10.28 10.49 10.34 10.05 Long-term loan 0.25 Net assets 8.25 8.85 9.19 9.55 9.91 Total liabilities and net assets 18.55 19.13 19.68 19.89 19.96 Ratios / indicators Current ratio 1.57 1.59 1.60 1.64 1.69 Quick ratio 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.11 Working capital 5.75 6.05 6.32 6.63 6.96 Short term solvency (days) 99 98 98 99 109 Adequacy of resources (days) 95 98 98 99 109

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 103

CIP plans to continue building its financial reserves on a gradual basis, in order to reach the equivalent of 120 days of working capital (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Financial reserves (1998 – 2008)

7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3

Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves). The Center’s long-term financial stability indicator reached 94 days in 2004, and it is expected that it will expand to 98 days in 2005. CIP will continue building up its long-term financial stability indicator, over the medium run, staying within the recommended range of reserves.

Financial results of 2004 operations The International Potato Center achieved a net surplus of US$ 1.1M in 2004. This exceeded expected outcome in the budget by 162%, increasing the Center’s financial reserves to US$ 5.7M, which represents 99 days of working capital. Revenues and expenditures expanded sharply, 24%, especially those linked to restricted projects.

104 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 2. CIP’s 2004-2005 budget summary (US$M) 2004 2005 (1) Income Actual Estimated Unrestricted 9.0 8.3 Restricted 12.2 13.7 Other 0.3 0.3 Total 21.5 22.3 Challenge Programs 1.2 1.1 Grand Total 22.7 23.4 Expenses Operations 21.2 22.8 Indirect Cost Recovery (1.2) (1.4) Depreciation 0.4 0.5 Total 20.4 21.9 Challenge Programs 1.2 1.1 Grand Total 21.6 23.0 Surplus (Deficit) 1.1 0.4

(1) Funds received from donors for the Systemwide initiative on IPM have been set-aside in a special account, and have not been included in budget estimates.

Several events created a favorable growing environment. First, unrestricted contributions grew mainly due to increased contributions from Canada and United Kingdom and the new contribution from New Zealand, which helped to expand unrestricted contributions by 12%. Second, the rapid growth of approved proposals in the previous years expanded the number and value of special projects. Restricted revenues and expenditures increased by 36%. Third, the continued weakening of the US Dollar expanded non-dollar denominated revenues. Unrestricted and earmarked revenues increased by US$ 0.8M above the budget due to a falling US Dollar and conservative exchange rate assumptions built into the original budget. In addition, during the year steps were taken to improve cost recovery from special projects, which resulted in additional resources that contributed to project development and implementation.

The Center will continue to manage its cash with prudent policies, ensuring the availability of funds for those periods in which donor disbursements are delayed. Because of the increased cash position, CIP will be able to borrow funds from banks on favorable terms, if necessary.

Indirect costs. In addition to programmatic growth, continued austere and prudent financial policies controlled the expansion of indirect costs. According to the CGIAR indirect cost ratio guidelines, the indirect cost ratio declined from 13% in 2003 to 12% in 2004.

Regional Funding Trends

CIP continues to be committed to poverty and hunger alleviation in Africa, Asia and Latin America with special emphasis on the Andes. These three regions should receive respectively 40, 35 and 25% of CIP’s resources. In 2004, CIP has expanded its involvement in the Central Asia and the Caucasus Region. This part of the world, together with other poor countries of Asia (Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Mongolia, etc), will receive increased attention, research, training and fund raising.

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 105

In 2005, increased funding opportunities are available for projects in the LAC region. A few donors such as Canada, Spain, DFID and SDC allocated resources to address the use and conservation of germplasm, and the development and dissemination of new approaches and technologies to improve livelihood in high poverty areas of the Andes.

Likewise, CONDESAN has been highly successful in creating platforms to integrate work of different stakeholders in the Andean region to exchange knowledge and improve natural resources management in one of the most fragile and poorest regions of the world. The Center is expecting that CONDESAN’s success will soon translate into increased funding for the LAC region, specifically to support partners and collaborating institutions. This will translate into a reduction of CIP’s investment in the poor areas of the Andes.

For the coming two years, an apparent over-expenditure in LAC can be noted in CIP’s allocations to the main geographical regions. This phenomenon can be attributed to following factors:

CIP hosts several activities, which are focus on Latin American issues: CIP host the genebank for Andean Root and Tuber Crops (ARTC). It shelters CONDESAN and the Global Mountain Program, which devote 100 and 80% respectively of their resources in LAC.

Several of the LAC based research activities are yielding knowledge and technologies for direct benefits of Asia and Africa. The Natural Resources Management tools, elaborated in the LAC “Laboratory”, have produced the extremely needed vulnerability studies, which allow CIP to refine its targeting in the African highlands. More recently, the pro-poor Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) refined in three Andean countries has been adapted to the needs of the sweetpotato market chain in Eastern Africa (Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya). The know-how and training tools developed in the Andes are being put to profit for the improvement of the livelihood of East African potato and sweetpotato farmers.

The great majority of the LAC based research activities are yielding knowledge and training materials which are gradually made available on-line to researchers and extensionists of Asia and Africa. This includes the methodologies for impact assessment refined within the LAC based activities.

Other examples include: the development of virus-free sweetpotato techniques in Peru with a subsequent application in China that has generated hundreds of million dollars for the Chinese economy; late blight resistant varieties developed in Peru and adopted by poor farmers in Africa and Asia, accruing substantial economic benefits and reducing the use of pesticides.

Because of its geographical location, CIP is channeling some donor funds to support the National Agriculture Research Institutions. This is the case of the Spanish support to the Latin American INIAs and the McKnight Foundation.

Development of 2005 Operations In 2005, total revenues are expected to be above US$ 23.4M, slightly above last year. Revenues will be mainly supported by the increase of restricted donations, while unrestricted donations experience a shortfall. Restricted and earmarked donations, including Challenge Program income, will account for 63% of total revenues.

Restricted contributions will grow by US$ 1.4M, or 10%. The start of new special projects explains this increase. Restricted revenue growth is expected to compensate for the fall of unrestricted contributions, which is mainly due to the contribution decrease from one important donor.

106 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Total expenses are expected to grow by US$ 1.5M, or 7%. Positive fund raising results of previous years are allowing an expansion of restricted expenditures, which will now account for 64% of total expenditures. Net unrestricted expenses will also grow, but at a lower pace, by US$ 0.1M, or 1%.

The Center is forecasting a net surplus of US$ 0.4M by the end of the year. This surplus will increase the center’s total financial reserves from US$ 5.7M to US$ 6.1M.

Medium-Term Financial Outlook for 2006–2008 Medium-term financial forecasts take into account the likely appreciation of the US dollar, which will have a direct negative impact on CIP’s revenues, and a gradual increase of interest rates. For that reason, program expansion relies heavily on new restricted funding. Spending growth will be to a large extent variable, in order to have the ability to react promptly to potential drops in project funding.

Within the medium-term planning framework, CIP is projecting annual revenues of US$ 24.3M in 2006, and US$ 25.1M, and US$ 24.1M in 2007 and 2008, respectively. These figures include revenues derived from challenge programs, which are estimated at US$ 1.1 for 2006. The medium-term forecasts reflect new opportunities in a highly volatile environment, and will demand increased effectiveness in donor targeting.

CIP will continue to emphasize its work on its mandate crops, linking research to activities that will eventually have a strong development impact and contribute to the prioritized Millennium Development Targets. To that end, the Center plans to raise the share of its project portfolio in Africa and Asia starting in 2005, but the effects of a higher presence in those regions will be more noticeable in 2007 and 2008. Increasing staff time is being allocated to work in Asia (especially the CAC region) and SSA as well as to fund-raising for projects in those priority regions. The project pipeline considers a gradual funding increase in conservation and characterization activities for potato and sweetpotato, integrated crop management, natural resource management, health and agriculture, and in VITAA. Future growth will be contingent on the availability of restricted grants. New projects are under preparation to address Vitamin A deficiency in Africa (VITAA), support urban and peri-urban agriculture initiatives (Urban Harvest) in Africa and Asia, and conservation of the biodiversity and natural resource management in the Andean region (CONDESAN).

Table 3. CIP’s 2006-2008 budget summary (US$M) Estimated Estimated Estimated Income 2006 2007 2008 Unrestricted 7.7 7.5 7.6 Restricted 16.2 17.2 16.1 Other 0.4 0.4 0.4 Total 24.3 25.1 24.1 Expenses Operations 24.9 25.7 24.8 Indirect cost recovery (1.4) (1.4) (1.5) Depreciation 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total 24.0 24.8 23.8 Surplus (deficit) 0.3 0.3 0.3

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 107

A key ingredient of CIP’s medium-term plan and future development is maintaining sound financial management and achieving sustainable growth. Improving fund raising, and controlling costs are critical to maintaining financial stability and achieving growth. Fund raising will continue to be a top priority and a challenge in the medium-term. Improved donor targeting, matching donor interests with CIP’s program needs, broadening and diversifying the donor base, and delivering high impact products are critical for continued fund raising success.

Controlling costs is also important for achieving sustainable growth. Cost control requires reinforcing cost awareness and fiscal discipline, and pursuing efficiency gains on a consistent basis. Looking for new ways of doing business by implementing simple and effective procedures will help to reduce budgetary pressures and release additional resources for research. In addition, increased cost recovery by direct costing to projects and charging proper overheads will help release pressure on limited unrestricted resources and keep costs under control.

Challenge, Systemwide and Ecoregional Programs CIP does not convene any Challenge program, but it participates actively in all four of the endorsed CPs. The income forecast for these programs is difficult as it depends on the outcome of competitive grants and CP donor support. The following table presents our funding expectations during the planning period.

Table 4. 2004-2008 Challenge Programs (in $ US M) Actual Estimate Proposed Plan Plan 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Water and Food 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Harvest Plus 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Generation 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 TOTAL 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

In 2004, CIP convened three Systemwide or Ecoregional Programs. Because these programs are an integral part of Center research and training activity, they have been included among CIP’s Partnership Programs and are included in all text and appendix tables and in the list of the MTP Center project portfolio as discrete components. The table below summarizes the actual, estimated or planned income for 2004 to 2008. We have presented income flowing through and to CIP as well as other income, which supports these programs through direct donor grants to participants.

108 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 5. Center and Partner Income from CIP convened Systemwide and Eco- regional programs (US$M) Actual Estimated Proposed Plan Plan

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 CONDESAN CIP 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 Other 1.0 1.8 3.7 3.5 3.7 TOTAL 2.1 2.5 5.2 5.0 5.1 GLOBAL MOUNTAIN PROGRAM CIP 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.2 Other 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 TOTAL 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 URBAN HARVEST CIP 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.3 Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 TOTAL 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.5 TOTAL SYSTEMWIDE PROGRAMS CIP 3.2 2.7 3.9 3.6 3.9 Other 1.4 1.8 4.1 4.2 4.6 TOTAL 4.6 4.5 8.0 7.8 8.5

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 109

Financial Tables

Cost Allocation Table 1. Financial Requirements by CGIAR Output Table 2. Allocation of Resources by CGIAR Output Table 3. Project and Output Cost Summary

Investments Table 4. Investment by Developing Region Table 5. Investment by Production Sectors and Commodity

Expenditure Table 6. Objects of Expenditure

Financing Table 7. Unrestricted and Restricted Grants, and Center Income Table 8. Allocation of Member/Non Members Grants to Projects

Financial Position Table 9. Assets, Liabilities and Net Assets Table 10. Currency Structure of Expenditures Table 11. Statements of Activities

Staff Composition Table 12. Internationally and Nationally Recruited

110 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 1. CIP - Cost Allocation: Financial Requirements by CGIAR Output, 2006

in $ millions

Germplasm Germplasm Sustainable Enhancing Center Projects Policy Total Improvement Collection Production NARS

Project 1: Impact Enhancement 0.000 0.000 0.867 0.651 0.650 2.168 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and 0.318 1.380 0.212 0.107 0.106 2.123 Characterization Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and 4.380 0.730 1.095 0.000 1.095 7.300 Crop Improvement Project 4: Integrated Crop Management 0.222 0.000 3.115 0.222 0.890 4.449 Project 5: Natural Resources 0.000 0.000 1.460 0.584 0.876 2.920 Management Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health 0.175 0.000 0.175 0.044 0.043 0.437 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean 0.000 0.085 1.021 0.255 0.341 1.702 Ecoregion – CONDESAN Project 8: Global Mountain Program 0.091 0.000 0.273 0.091 1.368 1.823 Project 9: Urban Harvest 0.112 0.000 0.505 0.281 0.224 1.122

Total 5.298 2.195 8.723 2.235 5.593 24.044

Table 2. CIP - Cost Allocation: Allocation of Resources by CGIAR Output

in $ millions

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Outputs 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Germplasm Improvement 4.765 5.460 5.298 5.744 5.430 Germplasm Collection 2.455 2.452 2.195 2.427 2.352 Sustainable Production 7.351 7.821 8.723 9.073 8.565 Policy 1.924 1.947 2.235 2.287 2.265 Enhancing NARS 5.063 5.336 5.593 5.304 5.110

Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.835 23.722

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 111

Table 3. CIP - Cost Allocation: Project & Output Cost Summary

in $ millions

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Project 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Project 1: Impact Enhancement 2.474 2.801 2.168 2.049 1.925 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization 2.692 2.560 2.123 2.453 2.421 Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement 6.360 7.472 7.300 7.479 7.027 Project 4: Integrated Crop Management 3.873 4.639 4.449 4.617 4.097 Project 5: Natural Resources Management 1.545 1.655 2.920 2.815 2.713 Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health 0.434 0.511 0.437 1.162 1.028 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the 1.387 0.812 1.702 1.679 1.505 Andean Ecoregion - CONDESAN Project 8: Global Mountain Program 2.025 1.988 1.823 1.289 1.306 Project 9: Urban Harvest 0.768 0.578 1.122 1.292 1.700

Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.835 23.722

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Output 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Germplasm Improvement 4.765 5.460 5.298 5.744 5.430 Germplasm Collection 2.455 2.452 2.195 2.427 2.352 Sustainable Production 7.351 7.821 8.723 9.073 8.565 Policy 1.924 1.947 2.235 2.287 2.265 Enhancing NARS 5.063 5.336 5.593 5.304 5.110

Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.835 23.722

112 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 4 . CIP - Investments: Investments by Developing Region in $ millions Project Actual Estimated Proposal Plan1 Plan2 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Project 1: Impact Enhancement Asia 0.496 0.555 0.411 0.666 0.667 LAC 1.586 1.644 1.130 0.5460.465 SSA 0.392 0.602 0.627 0.8370.793 Total Project 2.474 2.801 2.168 2.049 1.925 Project 2: Genetic Resources Conservation Asia 0.808 0.743 0.637 0.8760.856 and Characterization LAC 1.130 1.119 0.893 0.7430.752 SSA 0.754 0.698 0.593 0.8340.813 Total Project 2.692 2.560 2.123 2.453 2.421 Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Asia 1.619 1.892 1.777 1.9211.789 Crop Improvement LAC 2.708 2.852 1.788 1.2701.210 SSA 2.033 2.728 3.735 4.2884.028 Total Project 6.360 7.472 7.300 7.479 7.027 Project 4: Integrated Crop Management Asia 1.168 1.462 1.143 1.469 1.211 LAC 1.206 1.061 0.962 0.7260.586 SSA 1.499 1.918 1.984 2.4222.300 CWANA 0.198 0.360 Total Project 3.873 4.639 4.449 4.617 4.097 Project 5: Natural Resources Management Asia 0.200 0.253 0.213 0.213 0.215 LAC 0.933 1.086 2.430 2.3362.336 SSA 0.412 0.316 0.277 0.2660.162 Total Project 1.545 1.655 2.920 2.815 2.713 Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health Asia 0.108 0.103 0.093 0.452 0.453 LAC 0.202 0.264 0.194 0.1900.055 SSA 0.124 0.144 0.150 0.5200.520 Total Project 0.434 0.511 0.437 1.162 1.028 Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable LAC 1.387 0.812 1.702 1.6791.505 Development of the Andean Ecoregion - CONDESAN

Total Project 1.387 0.812 1.702 1.679 1.505 Project 8: Global Mountain Program Asia 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.336 0.335 LAC 1.717 1.599 1.544 0.6170.502 SSA 0.308 0.389 0.279 0.3360.469 Total Project 2.025 1.988 1.823 1.289 1.306 Project 9: Urban Harvest Asia 0.055 0.056 0.055 0.245 0.055 LAC 0.268 0.250 0.588 0.4220.620 SSA 0.445 0.272 0.479 0.6251.025 Total Project 0.768 0.578 1.122 1.292 1.700 Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.83523.722

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 113

SUMMARY Project Actual Estimated Proposal Plan1 Plan2 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Asia 4.454 5.064 4.329 6.178 5.581 LAC 11.137 10.687 11.231 8.529 8.031 SSA 5.967 7.067 8.124 10.128 10.110 CWANA 0.198 0.360 Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.83523.722

114 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 5. CIP - Investments: By Production Sectors and Commodity

in $ millions

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Sector Commodity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Crop Potato 10.462 11.663 11.389 11.842 11.078

Roots and Tubers 0.323 0.307 0.255 0.294 0.291

Sweetpotato 7.513 8.392 8.369 8.930 8.544

NRM 3.260 2.654 4.031 3.769 3.809

Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.835 23.722

Table 6. CIP - Expenditures: Objects of Expenditure

in $ millions

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Object of Expenditure 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Personnel 9.572 10.219 10.676 11.027 10.533 Supplies and Services 7.326 7.782 8.134 8.400 8.002 Collaborators/Partnership 2.058 2.197 2.295 2.371 2.265 Operational Travel 2.255 2.367 2.479 2.558 2.422 Depreciation 0.347 0.450 0.460 0.480 0.500

Total 21.558 23.016 24.044 24.835 23.722

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 115

Table 7. CIP-Financing: Members Unrestricted Grants, Restricted Grants and Center Income, 2004-2006 (in $ million) 2004 2005 2006 Members (actual) (estimated) (proposal) Unrestricted Grants Australia 0.217 0.239 0.229 Belgium 0.098 0.243 0.226 Brazil 0.010 0.000 0.000 Canada 1.170 0.596 0.553 China 0.120 0.120 0.120 Denmark 0.327 0.337 0.313 Germany 0.247 0.247 0.247 India 0.038 0.037 0.037 Italy 0.117 0.000 0.000 Japan 0.197 0.143 0.133 Korea 0.060 0.060 0.060 Netherlands 0.449 0.619 0.545 New Zealand 0.328 0.000 0.000 Norway 0.294 0.306 0.284 Sweden 0.968 1.002 0.839 Switzerland 1.028 0.810 0.751 United Kingdom 1.129 1.172 1.087 United States 0.962 0.962 0.962 World Bank 1.200 1.400 1.400 TOTAL 8.957 8.291 7.786

Restricted Grants Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Africa - ASARECA 0.366 0.202 0.341 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research - ACIAR 0.144 0.151 0.053 Ayuntamiento de Madrid & Universidad Politecnica de Madrid - - 0.280 Bill & Melinda Gates 0.266 0.244 0.199 Canadian International Development Agency - CIDA 0.458 1.571 2.816 Centro de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo - 0.007 - Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT 0.017 0.078 0.037 CGIAR - ISNAR 0.010 - - Common Fund for Commodities - CFC 0.274 0.385 0.385 Comunidad de Madrid /CESAL - - 0.034 Conservation Food & Health Foundation, Inc 0.019 0.006 0.025 CRS - 0.040 0.020 Danish International Development Agency - DANIDA 0.073 0.073 0.024 Department for International Development - DFID 0.940 0.649 0.371 European Commission - EC 1.275 1.474 1.288 Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations -FAO 0.157 0.074 0.230 FUNDACYT - 0.020 - Global Crop Diversity Trust - - 0.071 Global Enviroment Facility - GEF 0.384 0.041 1.300 Government of Austria 0.763 0.638 0.368 Government of Belgium - 0.076 0.291 Government of Germany 0.880 0.926 0.664 Government of Israel 0.056 - - Government of Italy 0.156 0.152 0.141 Government of Japan 0.111 0.139 0.140 Government of Luxembourg 0.487 0.364 0.175 Government of Mexico 0.010 0.017 - Government of Netherlands 0.864 0.600 0.110 Government of Peru 0.195 0.211 0.050 Government of Spain 1.904 1.928 1.470 Government of The Republic of Korea 0.057 0.168 0.050 Harvest Plus - - 0.713 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - 0.320 - International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas - ICARDA 0.037 0.198 0.360 Inter- American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture - IICA 0.005 - - International Development Research Center - IDRC 0.560 0.314 0.346

116 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

International Fund for Agricultural Development - IFAD 0.258 0.383 0.330 International Food Policy Research Institute - IFPRI - 0.020 - International Livestock Research Institute - ILRI / SLP 0.057 0.028 - International Plant Genetic Resources Institute - IPGRI 0.010 - - Natural Resources Institute - NRI 0.021 0.291 0.018 New Zealand Agency for International Development - 0.230 0.400 Opec Fund for international Development 0.079 - 0.075 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc 0.002 0.002 0.001 Plant Research International - 0.011 - Rockefeller Foundation 0.089 0.047 0.069 Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria - SENASA 0.004 0.001 - Sweden 0.092 - - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency - SIDA - 0.043 0.044 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation - SDC 1.319 0.876 1.035 Swiss Centre for International Agriculture - ZIL - 0.075 0.070 Syngenta Foundation 0.001 0.001 0.000 The Field Museum of Natural History - 0.002 - The Mcknight Foundation 0.145 0.143 - United States Agency for International Development - USAID 0.287 0.768 1.200 United States Department of Agriculture - USDA 0.030 0.072 0.003 USAID REDSO - 0.101 0.202 VicRes - 0.024 0.049 Wageningen University 0.015 - - Water and Food Challenge Program 0.125 0.164 0.100 World Bank 0.441 0.474 0.228

13.440 14.820 16.175

Total Grants 22.397 23.111 23.961

Center Income 0.279 0.300 0.350

Total Financing 22.676 23.411 24.311

Less: Total Expenses 21.558 23.016 24.044

Deficit of total revenues over total expenses 1.118 0.395 0.267

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 117

Table 8. CIP-Financing: Allocation of Members/Non Members Grants to Projects (in $ million)

Actual Estimated Proposal Project Members/Non Members 2004 2005 2006

Project 1: Impact Enhancement MEMBERS Australia 0.125 0.140 0.053 Canada 0.027 0.026 0.000 IDRC 0.000 0.000 0.000 Japan 0.111 0.100 0.100 New Zealand 0.000 0.230 0.400 Switzerland 0.789 0.825 0.785 United Kingdom 0.515 0.333 0.052 United States 0.000 0.079 0.067 World Bank 0.018 0.018 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.586 1.751 1.458 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.122 0.067 0.053 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 0.047 0.046 0.000 Common Fund for Commodities 0.000 0.000 0.000 Natural Resources Institute 0.000 0.193 0.000 Unidentified 0.000 0.037 0.016 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.169 0.344 0.069 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.755 2.095 1.527 Unrestricted + center income 0.720 0.706 0.641 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.474 2.801 2.168 Project 2: Genetic Resources MEMBERS Conservation and Characterization European Commission 0.793 0.764 0.712

IDRC 0.037 0.000 0.000 Japan 0.000 0.039 0.040 Luxembourg 0.368 0.176 0.000 Sweden 0.013 0.000 0.000 Switzerland 0.040 0.000 0.000 United States 0.000 0.003 0.003 World Bank 0.300 0.230 0.121 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.551 1.212 0.876 NON MEMBERS McKnight Foundation 0.124 0.124 0.000 Unidentified 0.000 0.002 0.071 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.124 0.126 0.071 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.675 1.338 0.947 Unrestricted + center income 1.017 1.222 1.176 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.692 2.560 2.123

118 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Actual Estimated Proposal Project Members/Non Members 2004 2005 2006

MEMBERS Project 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Australia 0.010 0.011 0.000

Austria 0.713 0.638 0.368 Belgium 0.000 0.076 0.291 Canada 0.139 0.456 0.501 Denmark 0.0 0.024 0.024 European Commission 0.482 0.710 0.576 Germany 0.394 0.419 0.250 Italy 0.000 0.077 0.071 Korea 0.057 0.168 0.050 Luxembourg 0.000 0.188 0.175 Mexico 0.010 0.017 0.000 Netherlands 0.245 0.109 0.000 Peru 0.080 0.070 0.000 Rockefeller Foundation 0.089 0.047 0.069 Spain 0.350 0.350 0.000 Sweden 0.078 0.043 0.044 United Kingdom 0.336 0.220 0.128 United States 0.013 0.709 1.167 World Bank 0.123 0.126 0.107 TOTAL MEMBERS 3.120 4.458 3.820 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.122 0.067 0.053 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 0.219 0.199 0.199 Challenge Program - Harvest Plus 0.000 0.000 0.713 Conservation Food and Health Foundation, 0.019 0.006 0.025 Inc McKnight Foundation 0.021 0.019 0.000 Pioneer 0.002 0.002 0.001 SENASA 0.004 0.001 0.000 Unidentified 0.011 0.029 0.027 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.397 0.323 1.018 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 3.517 4.780 4.838 Unrestricted + center income 2.843 2.692 2.462 TOTAL BY PROJECT 6.360 7.472 7.300

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 119

Actual Estimated Proposal Project Members/Non Members 2004 2005 2006

Project 4: Integrated Crop Management MEMBERS Australia 0.008 0.000 0.000 Austria 0.050 0.000 0.000 Canada 0.000 0.212 0.195 Denmark 0.073 0.049 0.000 FAO 0.000 0.000 0.200 Germany 0.375 0.507 0.414 IDRC 0.202 0.118 0.040 IFAD 0.233 0.383 0.330 Italy 0.156 0.076 0.070 Luxembourg 0.119 0.000 0.000 Netherlands 0.274 0.292 0.060 OPEC Fund 0.079 0.000 0.075 Peru 0.011 0.000 0.000 Switzerland 0.025 0.075 0.070 United Kingdom 0.088 0.096 0.067 United States 0.041 0.040 0.067 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.734 1.847 1.588 NON MEMBERS ASARECA 0.122 0.067 0.235 Common Fund for Commodities 0.274 0.385 0.385 Natural Resources Institute 0.021 0.098 0.018 Unidentified 0.113 0.353 0.423 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.530 0.903 1.061 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 2.264 2.749 2.649 Unrestricted + center income 1.609 1.890 1.801 TOTAL BY PROJECT 3.873 4.639 4.449 Project 5: Natural Resources MEMBERS Management Canada 0.000 0.500 1.875 Netherlands 0.116 0.099 0.000 Peru 0.104 0.141 0.050 Spain 0.000 0.078 0.000 Switzerland 0.290 0.000 0.200 United States 0.174 0.108 0.100 World Bank 0.000 0.099 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.685 1.025 2.225 NON MEMBERS Unidentified 0.082 0.000 0.000 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.082 0.000 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.767 1.025 2.225 Unrestricted + center inc 0.778 0.630 0.695 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.545 1.655 2.920

120 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Actual Estimated Proposal Project Members/Non Members 2004 2005 2006

Project 6: Agriculture and Human Health MEMBERS

IDRC 0.000 0.132 0.129 United States 0.089 0.003 0.000 World Bank 0.000 0.060 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.089 0.195 0.129 NON MEMBERS TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.089 0.195 0.129 Unrestricted + center income 0.345 0.316 0.308 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.434 0.511 0.437

MEMBERS Project 7: Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion - FAO 0.127 0.074 0.000 CONDESAN Germany 0.110 0.000 0.000

IDRC 0.158 0.000 0.000 IFAD 0.025 0.000 0.000 Netherlands 0.228 0.100 0.050 Switzerland 0.053 0.051 0.050 World Bank 0.000 0.260 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.701 0.485 0.100 NON MEMBERS GEF 0.384 0.041 1.300 Water & Food Challenge Program 0.125 0.164 0.100 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.509 0.205 1.400 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.210 0.689 1.500 Unrestricted + center income 0.177 0.122 0.202 TOTAL BY PROJECT 1.387 0.812 1.702

Project 8: Global Mountain Program MEMBERS Canada 0.265 0.331 0.246 FAO 0.030 0.000 0.030 Spain 1.414 1.360 1.330 Switzerland 0.122 0.000 0.000 TOTAL MEMBERS 1.831 1.691 1.606 NON MEMBERS TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 1.831 1.691 1.606 Unrestricted + center income 0.194 0.297 0.217 TOTAL BY PROJECT 2.025 1.988 1.823

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 121

Actual Estimated Proposal Project Members/Non Members 2004 2005 2006

Project 9: Urban Harvest MEMBERS Canada 0.027 0.046 0.000 IDRC 0.163 0.064 0.176 Spain 0.140 0.140 0.140 United Kingdom 0.000 0.000 0.124 TOTAL MEMBERS 0.331 0.250 0.440 NON MEMBERS Unidentified 0.002 0.009 0.314 TOTAL NON MEMBERS 0.002 0.009 0.314 TOTAL MEMBERS + NON MEMBERS 0.333 0.259 0.754 Unrestricted + center income 0.436 0.320 0.368 TOTAL BY PROJECT 0.768 0.578 1.122 TOTAL BY CENTER 21.558 23.016 24.044

122 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 9. CIP - Financial Position: Assets, Liabilities and Net Assets in $ millions

Assets, Liabilities and Net Assets 2004 2003 Current Assets ____ Cash and cash equivalents 10.561 8.151 ____ Investments 0.099 0.000 ____ Accounts receivable ____ - Donor 3.582 4.268 ____ - Employees 0.259 0.283 ____ - Other CGIAR Centers 0.000 0.000 ____ - Others 0.215 0.316 ____ Inventories 0.385 0.436 ____ Prepaid expenses 0.333 0.736 Total Current Assets 15.434 14.190 Non-Current Assets ____ Property, Plan and Equipment 2.745 2.596 ____ Investments 0.369 1.039 ____ Other Assets 0.000 0.000 Total Non-Current Assets 3.114 3.635 Total Assets 18.548 17.825 Current Liabilities ____ Overdraft/Short term Borrowings 0.000 0.000 ____ Accounts payable ____ - Donor 3.508 4.290 ____ - Employees 0.000 0.000 ____ - Other CGIAR Centers 0.000 0.000 ____ - Others 6.295 6.278 ____ Accruals 0.243 0.125 Total Current Liabilities 10.046 10.693 Non-Current Liabilities ____ Accounts payable ____ - Employees 0.000 0.000 ____ - Deferred Grant Revenue 0.000 0.000 ____ - Others 0.250 0.000 Total Non-Current Liabilities 0.250 0.000 Total Liabilities 10.296 10.693 Net Assets ____ Unrestricted ____ - Designated 2.598 2.596 ____ - Undesignated 5.654 4.536 Total Unrestricted Net Assets 8.252 7.132 ____ Restricted 0.000 0.000 Total Net Assets 8.252 7.132 Total Liabilities and Net Assets 18.548 17.825

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 123

Table 10. CIP - Financial Position: Currency Structure of Expenditures

in $ millions

Actual Estimated Proposal

2004 2005 2006

Currency Amount $ Value % Share Amount $ Value % Share Amount $ Value % Share

IDR 1425.929 0.153 0.710 1892.100 0.200 0.869 2880.000 0.300 1.248 INR 21.778 0.498 2.310 26.136 0.600 2.607 3.214 0.070 0.291 KES 52.836 0.680 3.154 68.805 0.900 3.910 96.840 1.200 4.991 Others 4484.693 0.609 2.825 6131.194 0.750 3.259 7540.580 0.880 3.660 PEN 23.228 7.125 33.050 24.450 7.500 32.586 27.690 7.800 32.441 PHP 6.916 0.123 0.571 7.651 0.140 0.608 8.626 0.150 0.624 UGX 414.871 0.240 1.113 499.453 0.280 1.217 600.105 0.300 1.248 USD 12.130 12.130 56.267 12.646 12.646 54.944 13.344 13.344 55.498

Total 21.558 100 % 23.016 100 % 24.044 100 %

124 International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006

Table 11. CIP - Financial Position: Statements of Activities, 2004-2003

in $ millions

Restricted Total Statements Unrestricted Challenge Temporary 2004 2003 Programs

Revenue and Gains Grant Revenue 8.957 12.288 1.152 22.397 17.828

Other revenue and gains 0.279 0.000 0.000 0.279 0.387

Expenses and Losses Program related expenses 5.318 12.288 1.152 18.758 15.106

Management and general expenses 3.951 0.000 0.000 3.951 3.062

Other losses expenses 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.000

Indirect cost recovery -1.151 0.000 0.000 -1.151 -0.804 Extraordinary Items 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Object of Expenditures Personnel 5.515 3.720 0.337 9.572 8.162 Supplies and Services 0.000 2.046 0.012 2.0581.267 Collaborators/Partnership 1.618 5.068 0.640 7.326 5.997 Operational Travel 0.638 1.454 0.163 2.255 1.617 Depreciation 0.347 0.000 0.000 0.347 0.321

Total 8.118 12.288 1.152 21.558 17.364

Table 12. CIP - Staff Composition: Internationally and Nationally Recruited

Actual Estimated Proposal Plan 1 Plan 2 Staff 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 NRS 456 456460 460 460 IRS 59 6262 62 62

Total 515 518522 522 522

International Potato Center (CIP) Medium-Term Plan for 2006-2008 and Financing Plan for 2006 125