Mollusks and Echinoderms
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Shell Morphology, Radula and Genital Structures of New Invasive Giant African Land
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.16.877977; this version posted December 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Shell Morphology, Radula and Genital Structures of New Invasive Giant African Land 2 Snail Species, Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822,Achatina albopicta E.A. Smith (1878) and 3 Achatina reticulata Pfeiffer 1845 (Gastropoda:Achatinidae) in Southwest Nigeria 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alexander B. Odaibo1 and Suraj O. Olayinka2 10 11 1,2Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 12 13 Corresponding author: Alexander B. Odaibo 14 E.mail :[email protected] (AB) 15 16 17 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.16.877977; this version posted December 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 19 Abstract 20 The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the shell, radula and genital 21 structures of 3 new invasive species, Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822,Achatina albopicta E.A. 22 Smith (1878) and Achatina reticulata Pfeiffer, 1845 collected from southwestern Nigeria and to 23 determine features that would be of importance in the identification of these invasive species in 24 Nigeria. -
The A/P Axis in Echinoderm Ontogeny and Evolution: Evidence from Fossils and Molecules
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 2:2, 93–101 (2000) The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: evidence from fossils and molecules Kevin J. Peterson,a,b César Arenas-Mena,a,c and Eric H. Davidsona,* aDivision of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; bDivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; cStowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA *Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY Even though echinoderms are members of the such that there is but a single plane of symmetry dividing the Bilateria, the location of their anterior/posterior axis has re- animal into left and right halves. We tentatively hypothesize mained enigmatic. Here we propose a novel solution to the that this plane of symmetry is positioned along the dorsal/ven- problem employing three lines of evidence: the expression of tral axis. These axis identifications lead to the conclusion that a posterior class Hox gene in the coeloms of the nascent the five ambulacra are not primary body axes, but instead are adult body plan within the larva; the anatomy of certain early outgrowths from the central anterior/posterior axis. These fossil echinoderms; and finally the relation between endo- identifications also shed insight into several other evolutionary skeletal plate morphology and the associated coelomic tis- mysteries of various echinoderm clades such as the indepen- sues. All three lines of evidence converge on the same answer, dent evolution of bilateral symmetry in irregular echinoids, but namely that the location of the adult mouth is anterior, and the do not elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the adult co- anterior/posterior axis runs from the mouth through the adult elomic architecture. -
Study of Earthworm
4.1 SYSTEMATICS POSITION,HABIT AND HABITAT 4.2 EXTERNAL CHARACTERS 4.3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4.4 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 4.5 EXCRETORY SYSTEM 4.6 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4.7 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY ORGANS 4.8 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Systematic Position Phylum: Annelida Class: Oligochaeta Genus: Pheretima Species: posthuma Common Name: Earthworm Habit and habitat • These are nocturnal in habit and live in damp, moist, humus-rich soil of lawns, gardens etc. In dry weather they burrow deeper into the soil to avoid dryness. Their niche is a herbivore and macro-decomposer and is important as a source of food for birds. It also helps in soil aeration and increasing soil fertility. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS • Body is long, narrow and cylindrical. • Length may reach upto 150 mm. • Body colour is brown. • Anterior end is pointed while the posterior end is blunt. • Body is divided into 100-140 segments called metameres. • The anteriormost segment is called Prostomium. • Mouth is a crescentic aperture, present at anterior end. The segment containing mouth is called peristomium. • Setae are present at all the segments except-1st and last. Each seta is embedded in a setal sac. • A glandular band called Clitellum is situated in 14th to 16th segments. It forms coccon during the reproduction. • female genital pore is situated in 14th segment (ventral surface)while male genital pore is present in 18th segment. • The earthworm feeds on organic matter in the soil. • The food is sucked by the pharynx and the oesophageal glands add calcite to neutralise acidity of the soil. • The food is then grinded by the horny lining of the gizzard and is absorbed in the intestine. -
Nautiloid Shell Morphology
MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOIVER 1964 STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS EXOFFICIO THEHONORABLEJACKM.CAMPBELL ................................ Governor of New Mexico LEONARDDELAY() ................................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTEDMEMBERS WILLIAM G. ABBOTT ................................ ................................ ............................... Hobbs EUGENE L. COULSON, M.D ................................................................. Socorro THOMASM.CRAMER ................................ ................................ ................... Carlsbad EVA M. LARRAZOLO (Mrs. Paul F.) ................................................. Albuquerque RICHARDM.ZIMMERLY ................................ ................................ ....... Socorro Published February 1 o, 1964 For Sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Campus Station, Socorro, N. Mex.—Price $2.50 Contents Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION -
Classification
Science Classification Pupil Workbook Year 5 Unit 5 Name: 2 3 Existing Knowledge: Why do we put living things into different groups and what are the groups that we can separate them into? You can think about the animals in the picture and all the others that you know. 4 Session 1: How do we classify animals with a backbone? Key Knowledge Key Vocabulary Animals known as vertebrates have a spinal column. Vertebrates Some vertebrates are warm-blooded meaning that they Species maintain a consistent body temperature. Some are cold- Habitat blooded, meaning they need to move around to warm up or cool down. Spinal column Vertebrates are split into five main groups known as Warm-blooded/Cold- mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish. blooded Task: Look at the picture here and think about the different groups that each animal is part of. How is each different to the others and which other animals share similar characteristics? Write your ideas here: __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 5 How do we classify animals with a backbone? Vertebrates are the most advanced organisms on Earth. The traits that make all of the animals in this group special are -
Amphipholis Squamata MICHAEL P
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1990, p. 2436-2440 Vol. 56, No. 8 0099-2240/90/082436-05$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1990, American Society for Microbiology Description of a Novel Symbiotic Bacterium from the Brittle Star, Amphipholis squamata MICHAEL P. LESSERt* AND RICHARD P. BLAKEMORE Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Received 8 November 1989/Accepted 3 June 1990 A gram-negative, marine, facultatively anaerobic bacterial isolate designated strain AS-1 was isolated from the subcuticular space of the brittle star, Amphipholis squamata. Its sensitivity to 0/129 and novobiocin, overall morphology, and biochemical characteristics and the moles percent guanine-plus-cytosine composition of its DNA (42.9 to 44.4) suggest that this isolate should be placed in the genus Vibrio. Strain AS-1 was not isolated from ambient seawater and is distinct from described Vibrio species. This symbiotic bacterium may assist its host as one of several mechanisms of nutrient acquisition during the brooding of developing embryos. The biology of bacterium-invertebrate symbiotic associa- isopropyl alcohol for 30 s and two rinses in sterile ASW. tions has elicited considerable interest, particularly since the Logarithmic dilutions were plated on Zobell modified 2216E discoveries during the past decade of chemoautotrophic medium (ASW, 1 g of peptone liter-1, 1 g of yeast extract symbiotic bacteria associated with several invertebrate spe- liter-' [pH 7.8 to 8.4]) (29), as were samples of ambient cies in sulfide-rich habitats (4, 5). Bacterial-invertebrate seawater from the site of collection and ASW controls. All symbioses (mutualistic) have been reported from many materials and equipment were sterilized, and all procedures invertebrate taxa, examples of which include cellulolytic were performed by aseptic techniques. -
Clam Dissection Guideline
Clam Dissection Guideline BACKGROUND: Clams are bivalves, meaning that they have shells consisting of two halves, or valves. The valves are joined at the top, and the adductor muscles on each side hold the shell closed. If the adductor muscles are relaxed, the shell is pulled open by ligaments located on each side of the umbo. The clam's foot is used to dig down into the sand, and a pair of long incurrent and excurrent siphons that extrude from the clam's mantle out the side of the shell reach up to the water above (only the exit points for the siphons are shown). Clams are filter feeders. Water and food particles are drawn in through one siphon to the gills where tiny, hair-like cilia move the water, and the food is caught in mucus on the gills. From there, the food-mucus mixture is transported along a groove to the palps (mouth flaps) which push it into the clam's mouth. The second siphon carries away the water. The gills also draw oxygen from the water flow. The mantle, a thin membrane surrounding the body of the clam, secretes the shell. The oldest part of the clam shell is the umbo, and it is from the hinge area that the clam extends as it grows. I. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify the internal and external structures of a mollusk by dissecting a clam. II. Materials: 2 pairs of safety goggles 1 paper towel 2 pairs of gloves 1 pair of scissors 1 preserved clam 2 pairs of forceps 1 dissecting tray 2 probes III. -
Cambrian Cephalopods
BULLETIN 40 Cambrian Cephalopods BY ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER 1954 STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS STATION SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Eugene Callaghan, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS Ex OFFICIO The Honorable Edwin L. Mechem ...................... Governor of New Mexico Tom Wiley ......................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTED MEMBERS Robert W. Botts ...................................................................... Albuquerque Holm 0. Bursum, Jr. ....................................................................... Socorro Thomas M. Cramer ........................................................................ Carlsbad Frank C. DiLuzio ..................................................................... Los Alamos A. A. Kemnitz ................................................................................... Hobbs Contents Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 1 FOREWORD ................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................. 3 PREVIOUS REPORTS OF CAMBRIAN CEPHALOPODS ................ 4 ADEQUATELY KNOWN CAMBRIAN CEPHALOPODS, with a revision of the Plectronoceratidae ..........................................................7 -
Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata About 7,000 species Strictly marine, mostly benthic. Typical deuterostomes. Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea (sea lilies) Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea Class Asteroidea (sea stars) Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars) Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) What do Echinoderms look like? Pentamerous radial symmetry. Oral and aboral surfaces. Oral surface has ambulacral grooves associated with tubefeet called podia. What do Echinoderms look like? Oral and aboral surfaces. What do Echinoderms look like? Arms (ambulacra) numbered with reference to the madreporite. Ambulacrum opposite is A then proceed couterclockwise. Ambulara C and D are the bivium, A B and E are the trivium. What do Echinoderms look like? Body wall Epidermis covers entire body. Endoskeleton of ossicles with tubefeet and dermal branchia protruding through and spines and pedicellaria on outside. What do Echinoderms look like? Body wall Ossicles can be fused into a test (urchins and sand dollars). Ossicles spread apart in cucumbers. Ossicles intermediate and variable in seastars. Muscle fibers beneath ossicles. What do Echinoderms look like? Body wall Tubercles and moveable spines on skeletal plates of echinoids. Small muscles attach spines to test. What do Echinoderms look like? Water vascular system Fluid-filled canals for internal transport and locomotion. Fluid similar to sewater but has coelomcytes and organic molecules. Moved through system with cilia. What do Echinoderms look like? Water vascular system Asteroidea: Madreporite on aboral surface. -
Aquatic Critters Aquatic Critters (Pictures Not to Scale) (Pictures Not to Scale)
Aquatic Critters Aquatic Critters (pictures not to scale) (pictures not to scale) dragonfly naiad↑ ↑ mayfly adult dragonfly adult↓ whirligig beetle larva (fairly common look ↑ water scavenger for beetle larvae) ↑ predaceous diving beetle mayfly naiad No apparent gills ↑ whirligig beetle adult beetle - short, clubbed antenna - 3 “tails” (breathes thru butt) - looks like it has 4 - thread-like antennae - surface head first - abdominal gills Lower jaw to grab prey eyes! (see above) longer than the head - swim by moving hind - surface for air with legs alternately tip of abdomen first water penny -row bklback legs (fbll(type of beetle larva together found under rocks damselfly naiad ↑ in streams - 3 leaf’-like posterior gills - lower jaw to grab prey damselfly adult↓ ←larva ↑adult backswimmer (& head) ↑ giant water bug↑ (toe dobsonfly - swims on back biter) female glues eggs water boatman↑(&head) - pointy, longer beak to back of male - swims on front -predator - rounded, smaller beak stonefly ↑naiad & adult ↑ -herbivore - 2 “tails” - thoracic gills ↑mosquito larva (wiggler) water - find in streams strider ↑mosquito pupa mosquito adult caddisfly adult ↑ & ↑midge larva (males with feather antennae) larva (bloodworm) ↑ hydra ↓ 4 small crustaceans ↓ crane fly ←larva phantom midge larva ↑ adult→ - translucent with silvery bflbuoyancy floats ↑ daphnia ↑ ostracod ↑ scud (amphipod) (water flea) ↑ copepod (seed shrimp) References: Aquatic Entomology by W. Patrick McCafferty ↑ rotifer prepared by Gwen Heistand for ACR Education midge adult ↑ Guide to Microlife by Kenneth G. Rainis and Bruce J. Russel 28 How do Aquatic Critters Get Their Air? Creeks are a lotic (flowing) systems as opposed to lentic (standing, i.e, pond) system. Look for … BREATHING IN AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 1. -
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum Echinodermata by J
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum Echinodermata by J. R. Finnerty Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata *Nematoda *Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Calcispongia Silicispongiae PROTOSTOMIA Phylum Phylum Phylum CHORDATA ECHINODERMATA HEMICHORDATA Blastopore -> anus Radial / equal cleavage Coelom forms by enterocoely ! Protostome = blastopore contributes to the mouth blastopore mouth anus ! Deuterostome = blastopore becomes anus blastopore anus mouth Halocynthia, a tunicate (Urochordata) Coelom Formation Protostomes: Schizocoely Deuterostomes: Enterocoely Enterocoely in a sea star Axocoel (protocoel) Gives rise to small portion of water vascular system. Hydrocoel (mesocoel) Gives rise to water vascular system. Somatocoel (metacoel) Gives rise to lining of adult body cavity. Echinoderm Metamorphosis ECHINODERM FEATURES Water vascular system and tube feet Pentaradial symmetry Coelom formation by enterocoely Water Vascular System Tube Foot Tube Foot Locomotion ECHINODERM DIVERSITY Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Holothuroidea Echinoidea “sea lilies” “sea stars” “brittle stars” “sea cucumbers” “urchins, sand dollars” Group Form & Habit Habitat Ossicles Feeding Special Characteristics Crinoids 5-200 arms, stalked epifaunal Internal skeleton suspension mouth upward; mucous & Of each arm feeders secreting glands on sessile podia Ophiuroids usually 5 thin arms, epifaunal ossicles in arms deposit feeders act and appear like vertebrae -
First Record of Non-Mineralized Cephalopod Jaws and Arm Hooks
Klug et al. Swiss J Palaeontol (2020) 139:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-020-00210-y Swiss Journal of Palaeontology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access First record of non-mineralized cephalopod jaws and arm hooks from the latest Cretaceous of Eurytania, Greece Christian Klug1* , Donald Davesne2,3, Dirk Fuchs4 and Thodoris Argyriou5 Abstract Due to the lower fossilization potential of chitin, non-mineralized cephalopod jaws and arm hooks are much more rarely preserved as fossils than the calcitic lower jaws of ammonites or the calcitized jaw apparatuses of nautilids. Here, we report such non-mineralized fossil jaws and arm hooks from pelagic marly limestones of continental Greece. Two of the specimens lie on the same slab and are assigned to the Ammonitina; they represent upper jaws of the aptychus type, which is corroborated by fnds of aptychi. Additionally, one intermediate type and one anaptychus type are documented here. The morphology of all ammonite jaws suggest a desmoceratoid afnity. The other jaws are identifed as coleoid jaws. They share the overall U-shape and proportions of the outer and inner lamellae with Jurassic lower jaws of Trachyteuthis (Teudopseina). We also document the frst belemnoid arm hooks from the Tethyan Maastrichtian. The fossils described here document the presence of a typical Mesozoic cephalopod assemblage until the end of the Cretaceous in the eastern Tethys. Keywords: Cephalopoda, Ammonoidea, Desmoceratoidea, Coleoidea, Maastrichtian, Taphonomy Introduction as jaws, arm hooks, and radulae are occasionally found Fossil cephalopods are mainly known from preserved (Matern 1931; Mapes 1987; Fuchs 2006a; Landman et al. mineralized parts such as aragonitic phragmocones 2010; Kruta et al.