AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY, 2020 VOL 10, NO. 2, PAGE 55–62 10.5455/ajpbp.20190928091007

REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Plectranthus amboinicus: A review on its pharmacological and pharmacognostical studies Punet Kumar1, Sangam2, Nitin Kumar3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Bagpat 250609, India 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Oxford College of Pharmacy, Hapur 201001, India 3Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Parmarth College of Pharmacy, Hapur 201001, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY In this review, information regarding the phytochemistry, traditional uses, medicinal uses, Received September 28, 2019 side effects, and future perspectives of Plectranthus amboinicus are given. Plectranthus Accepted January 01, 2020 amboinicus has been used in herbal medicines for the treatment of various disorders Published March 16,2020 such as asthma, flu, eczema, and cardiovascular disorders. The plant possesses medic- KEYWORDS inal properties (such as antimicrobial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antidiabetic activity, anxiolytic activity, antineoplastic, analgesic, antimalarial, Plectranthus amboinicus; antibiofilm efficacy, diuretic, wound healing activity, skincare, respiratory disorders, and phytochemicals; antineoplastic activity; antiplatelet aggregation activity) due to the presence of various important constituents antifungal activity; or secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, and steroids, antimicrobial activity; which have been identified through various spectroscopic methods. The different parts alcoholic extract of the plant have used to prepare medicines. Due to the presence of various important constituents, this plant can be used for medicines without side effects.

Introduction

Plectranthus amboinicus is a well-known plant it is easy to grow and can survive a considerable which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is found the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, and as in almost all over India. It is a medicinal plant which The herb Coleus aromaticus belongs to the fam- has been used for treatment in folkloric medicines ilyneglect, Lamiaceae it is a popular(family houseLabiatae plant) and worldwide genus Coleus [2]. (syrup). It can also be used in other diseases such as -

(now known as Plectranthus). It is a big juicy peren flu, bronchitis, and epilepsy. Photochemical study succulentnial aromatic herb herb with with very 30–90 unique cm heightsmelling and leaves thick, showsLamiaceae that it containsis a family flavonoids which containssuch as apigenin, approx- thatfleshy are leaves aromatic. and stem. This Thisplant is is a found highly in branched, all over imatelyluteolin, 200and salvigeningenera and [1]. species in the 3200 with a history of treatment in diseases and use in food. taste and aroma; the leaves of this plant are ideal The botanical name of this herb Plectranthus India, and it is also cultivated in gardens due to amboinicus helps us to identify its taxonomic place. of the dishes and is also useful to cover bad odor amboinicus - for flavoring meat and fish, as it increases the taste

In this case, refers to Ambon, a moun [3,4]. There is a considerable scope for research on throughouttainous, fertile the islandEast Indies located and in Africa the Maluku and was Islands even- itsDistribution applications in the food industry [5,6]. near Indonesia. From there, the plant propagated Plectranthus amboinicus is cultivated throughout who named this herb as “oregano de la Hoja Ancha.” Cubantually naturalized oregano can in stillLatin be America found growing by the Spanish, wild in India and in Malaysia. It is also found growing in Contact Punet Kumar [email protected] Assistantvarious Professor, Asian Department and American of Pharmaceutical countries, Chemistry, and it can Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Bagpat 250609, India.

© 2020 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Punet Kumar, Sangam, Nitin Kumar

Kannada: Hindi: Doddapatre, doddapatre soppu English: Patta ajavayin, Patharchur, IndianAmroda, mint pathercheer Bengali: Amalkuchi Country borage, Indian borage, Malayalam: Gujarati: Marathi: Panikoorka Sanskrit: Ovapan Pan ova Figure 1. Plectranthus amboinicus plant. Marathi: Karpuravalli, Sugandhavalakam, Parnayavani also be grown in gardens. This plant is widely cul- Coleus aromaticusPathurchur is very [10] popular drug in India tivated and naturalized in the old and new world this herb is used in the treatment of ulcers. It is a - which is also called as oregano. In some countries, tropics. It is also known as Cuban oregano, SpanishColeus it is very common without widespread cultivation. amboinicusthyme, Orégano BrujoC. aromaticus (Puerto Rico), Indian bor kind of big juicy herb and has aromatic smell, and age, Mexican thyme, or Mexican mint (syn. of mint and also they are thick and juicy. Different Plant morphology Lour., Benth) [7,8]. kindsWhen crushedof phytochemicals or squeezed, are the present leaves givein differ smell-

Herbs are perennial aged 3–10 years old and areent partsfound ofto the have plant an suchimportant as fruits, role flower in the stems,treat- highly fragrant. This plant can climb, or progress, mentleaves, of and diabetes. roots Coleus[10]. Few aromaticus nutrients is ableof this to lowerplant and can reach about 1-m height, and the leaves are - thethick, leaves simple, is broadly and light oval blade, or triangular a fat green shapes opposite (cut- betic agent and also helps in other problems caused arrangement of leaves (2.5–3 cm long). Shape of dueblood to glucose high sugar levels, levels so it such can beas usedit may as be an useful antidia in of the leaf are having crenate surfaces below which containting base numerous and apex glandularacute extensively) hairs to make[9]. Margins winter trunk: trunk has tomatoes (densely covered with terms of diabetic wound healing to heal faster, due soft short hairs). Flowers have a bell-shaped calyx to its ability to prevent, or it can decrease the risk of infectionPharmacological and complications Uses of P. amboinicus [11–13]. This herb has a traditional history. From many fourand thenarrow throat teeth. is smooth The corolla inside is withpale purplishtwo lips, andthe upper lip being ovate and thin, the lower lip having medicines. This plant is effective in wound healing years, this golden herb is very effective in folkloric five times longer than the calyx, with a short tube, impressive in this sense. The fatal toxic dose of this Classification inflated throat, and short lips [10]. particularwith very herb less was side tested effects, in solaboratory this herb mice is prettywhich Division: Magnoliophyta showed that the plant P. amboinicus is a herb which Kingdom: Plantae has no side effects or we can say that this amazing Clade: Angiosperms Class: Magnoliopsida Plectranthus amboinicus is a herb which is used Order: Lamiales inherb the have treatment no side of effects famous [14,15]. diseases such as cephal- Family: Lamiaceae - Genus: Plectranthus Species: Coleus aromaticus gia, otalgia, anorexia, dyspepsia bloating, colic, diar Synonyms: Coleus amboinicus Lour rhea, cholera, gums, seizures, asthma, cough, chronic cornerbronchitis, cracks kidney are treatedcalculi, vesiclewith this calculi, plant hiccough, in Jawa. Common names of Plectranthus amboinicus . [11] Plectranthusstrangury, hepatopathy, amboinicus fever,shows and anthelmintic malaria. Mouth activ- This plant is commonly known by different names ity which is already reported and it is cultivated at different places: widely because of this reason. To accommodate the

56 A J Physiol Biochem Pharmacol • 2020 • Vol 10 • Issue 2 A review on Plectranthus amboinicus research and analysis have been conducted which inside the body is also caused by metamorphism willincrease to prove in demand the antioxidant for herbal activity medicines, of P. constantamboin- processinflammation of tissue and arthritis. proteins. Autoantigen Agents that production prevent icus denaturation variables are worthwhile to develop - [16]. ornamentals.Members of Ayurvedic the genus practitionersColeus are very have import used as anti-inflammatory drugs. By doing a comparison- theant Coleus because varieties they providein chronic food, cough medicine, and asthma and teinof reference denaturation. standard When drug compared and the with plant standard extract, we can find the concentration that inhibits the proP. amboinicus - includes calculus, gonorrhea, heart disease, fever, mationdrug, the at effectsdifferent were concentrations more effective. using Extracts egg albu of - piles, Dyspepsia. Since ancient times, the plant was- min. The acetaminophen were used to isstudy used the as aeffect standard of inflam drug. also widely studied for activities, such as previous alsobiochemical they are antimutagenic a good source and for cancer, the treatment these com of ponents are antigen toxic in characteristics, and Depending on the potency of extract, an inhibition preventsof proteins in vitro varies. denaturation. After the study, Effects we are found due to that the Antimicrobial activity diseases [17]. presenceplant extract of polyphenolic shows anti-inflammatory content and may activity be due as to it The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation the synergistic activity of more than one compound of P. amboinicus (Lour) Spring. dried leaves from Archipelago of the Comoros. The oil was analyzed by Antibacterial activity capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chroma- [1–3]. The ethanol extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus tography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Carvacrol- Streptococcus mutans. Leaves (23.0 %), camphor (22.2 %), Δ-3-carene (15.0 %), ofhave P. amboinicusantibacterial were properties, selected with in the a concentrationstudy against theλ-terpinene oil. The (8.4antimicrobial %), O-cymene activity (7.7 of %), P. amboinicus and α-ter bacteriaof 50 g/ml due againstto various reasons. The leaves were Spring.pinene leaf (4.8 essential %) were oil thewas investigated major constituents using agar of used in the traditional system for the treatment gel diffusion. The results obtained showed that the essential oil of P. amboinicus (Lour.) Spring. exhib- ited more antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive againstof nasal S. congestion, mutans. This bronchitis, plant is very asthma, well known cold, and in (Staphylococcus aureus) than on Gram-negative India.cough. Plectranthus Hence, we can amboinicus say that this is widely plant is cultivated effective (Escherichia coli). The minimum inhibitory concen- E. coli and S. aureus in India, so parts of the plants are easily available tration (MIC) was 0.2% and 0.1% for andSkin theycare are also low-priced [17,21]. Antifungal activity , respectively [18,19]. The most popular uses of Plectranthus amboinicus Fungi are the reason for destruction of food mate- are in the treatment of skin. In case of bites and - the food will release their nutritional value which sis and eczema Plectranthus amboinicus shows the makesrials, plants, it useless and for grains consumption. during storage. From the After world’s that, stings of bugs to other skin diseases, such as psoria reducing swelling, and redness in a very less time. by the mycotoxins also known by the metabolites anti-inflammatory compounds which are capable of total grain, approximately 25% are contaminated for humans and animals. P. amboinicus nanoparti- To eliminate irritation and itching, this plant is very of fungi (300 or more), which are known to be toxic usefulAntidiabetic [22]. activity Coleus - aromaticuscle, made from leaves its have extracts activity from against various Aspergillus solvents diabetic and antihyperglycemic effects of ethanol nigerand essential and Candida oil, was albicans effective as antifungal. extractViswanathaswamy of Plectranthus et al. amboinicus[12] investigated is normal the antiand alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced Anti-inflammatory activity [20]. in Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal administra- Tissue protein denaturation is a very common factor which is responsible for problems such as as well as diabetic rats were divided into groups tion of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). Normal www.ajpbp.com 57 Punet Kumar, Sangam, Nitin Kumar

(n

Plectranthus = 6) receiving amboinicus different were treatments. studied Graded in both doses the iturinary may be concentrations concluded that of Plectranthus ions such as amboinicus Na, K, and (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the ethanol extract of Cl and also in urine volume. Hence, from this study, normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 15 days. Spring.Antineoplastic leaves have activity diuretic activity [15,16]. ethanolGlibenclamide extract (600 of Plectranthus μg/kg) was amboinicus used as a referenceexhibited Anticancer activity of the essential oil of P. amboin- drug. Oral administration with graded doses of the icus hypoglycemic effect in normal rats and significantly with (Lour) the essential on B16F-10 oil melanomaof P. amboinicus cell line injected(Lour) thereduced daily the oral peak treatment glucose withlevels the after ethanol 120 minutes extract C57BL/6 mice, and it was simultaneously treated of glucoseP. amboinicus loading. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, investigation exhibited the potent chemothera- peutic/chemopreventive(50 μg/dose) through i.p. effect for 21 of days. the essentialThe present oil ethanol extract of showed P. amboinicus a significant reduction in- of P. amboinicus (Lour) over lung metastasis that cantlyblood decreased glucose. Besides, serum contents an administration of total cholesterol of the for 15 days signifi oildeveloped. of P. amboinicus To the (Lour) best of using our knowledge,lung cancer thismodel is and triglycerides, whereas HDL-cholesterol, totalP. the first report to evaluate the effect of essential amboinicusproteins, and showed calcium profound were effectively elevation increased.of serum Wound healing activity amylaseFurthermore, and reduction the effect of of serum the ethanol lipase. Anextract histology of [17,18,20]. examination showed that the ethanol extract of P. Plectranthus amboinicus has many capabilities to amboinicus exhibited almost normalization of dam- increase the healing process of wounds. The plant aged pancreatic architecture in rats with diabetes - mellitus. Studies clearly demonstrated that the eth- erful immune stimulant which aids the removal pro- anol extract of P. amboinicus leaves possesses hypo- cessshows of antimicrobialmicroorganisms properties, that retard and healingalso it is process a pow glycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects mediated and for the maintenance of path of normal progress. through the restoration of the functions of pancre- important functions to promote and facilitate the healingA high of content wounds. of Plectranthus zinc is present, amboinicus which supportsis known aticAnxiolytic tissues activityand insulin tropic effect [12,17]. Anxiolytic effects of the alcoholic extract of P. amboin- of healing fast; this is very important because the icus in mice was performed using the elevated plus as an anti-inflammatory which makes the process Plectranthus amboinicus also noted is a good anti- The extract administered orally in three different long-term inflammation will slow wound healing. maze model, light–dark model, and hole-board test. the time spent and the number of arm entries in the Plectranthusbacterial, and amboinicus antibacterials is regarded are the onesas antibacterial which can opendoses ofarms 250, of 500, the and elevated 750 mg/kg plus-maze was able and to increase also to agentincrease and the also healing the best activity wound of healing wounds. agent Therefore, proved increase the time spent by mice in the illuminated

byRespiratory preventing disorders the infection in various cases [23,24]. side of the light–dark test; a dose of 500 and 750 mg/- Coleus aromaticus leaf infusion or aromatic syrup is parisonkg showed with more control significant animals. increase This effect in nosewas compapoking- found very effective against the cough. The details and decrease locomotion in hole-board test, in com results indicate that alcoholic extract of Plectranthus amboinicusrable to that of the diazepam (1.0 mg/kg p.o.). These regarding this are not explained, and only in the Zulu medicine, its use is reported. To flavor food, Diuretic activity is an effective anxiolytic agent [14]. the leaves of the plant are used. Further, this species The diuretic properties of the extract were evalu- is used in cattle [24] in the treatment of sore throat, ated in male rats which show that the ethanolic typesa stuffy of nose, chemical congestion, compounds painful which sinuses, act and as sogood on. After chewing, leaves give relief as it contains those which helps to clear the sinuses. It also prevents extract of plant acts as diuretic. Furosemide (10 expectorant and remove the phlegm and mucus, mg/kg) is used as standard, whereas the normal saline solution (0.9%) was used as controls. Results the development of bacteria and other pathogens, show58 that there are significant increases in the which helpsA J Physiol to increase Biochem Pharmacol the immunity • 2020 •[21,24,25]. Vol 10 • Issue 2 A review on Plectranthus amboinicus

Antiurolithiatic activity Antiplatelet aggregation activity There is a water extract of the leaves of C. aromat- The stem extract of P. amboinicus was evaluated for icus which is used for the determination of anti- the determination of activity against platelet aggre- urolithiatic activity on calcium stones in male rats. The extract prepared from water of C. aromaticus - was found effective in decreasing the buildup of phategation is using the agonist different used concentrations for this study; (50–250 after the g/ calcium oxalate. These results demonstrate that ml, platelet-rich plasma), and adenosine triphos the C. aromaticus is effective in the treatment of calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys and urinary study, the findings said that capacity of platelets to tract. The study revealed that there is a high level thataggregate platelets depends play anon importantdosage, meaning role in that blood higher and of crystals of calcium oxalate in the kidney and also alsois the has concentration, an important higher role in isthe the cardiovascular ability. We knew dis- high lipid levels in the blood serum. This shows eases. The activity of platelets can affect the disease that when hydroalcoholic extract of Plectranthus profession and also the stability of atherosclero- amboinicus the level of cholesterol and also other lipids such as useful in improving platelet function are of great leaves was given, it helps to decrease sis, so the natural antithrombotic agents which are improving platelet function and also helpful in pre- triglyceridesAnalgesic activity in the urolithiatic rats [27,28]. interest these days, which can show their effect in When evaluated the ability of P. amboinicus as anal- Antibiofilm efficacy gesic on two animal models using intraperitoneal venting cardiovascular disease [33,34]. injection of acetic acid which causes an increase The methanol and ethyl acetate extract of P. amboin- icus showed a dose-dependent inhibition on - Plectranthusin abdominal amboinicus fluid prostaglandins, reduces the cramps such as caused PGE2, byPGF2, acetic serotonin, acid in rats and and histamine, also the a pain study response found that but methanolicfilm-forming extract pyrogens gives which good are results inflammatory against contest not neurogenic (phase) pain caused by intraplan- pathogenditions such at minimalas pharyngitis. concentration. From both The the extract extracts, pre- tar injection of formalin. Such results suggest that pared from methanol contains various phytochem- P. amboinicus shows an effective analgesic activity P. amboinicus exerts analgesic effects and which is associated whichicals which shows have activity effects against on biofilm S. pyrogens formed which by theare [45]. The pathogen. We can also say that this is the first plant also anti-inflammatory effect Other uses with the inhibition of iNOS expression and NF-b- present in the upper respiratory tract [35]. COX-2 by inactivating them, and this is the possible Plectranthus amboinicus leaves are used in the laun- reason for the use of this plant as an anti-inflamma Rheumatoid arthritis tory agent [29]. are fresh. Leaves are also rubbed on hairs and body Plectranthus amboinicus may show different activi- afterdry, and bath. they They are can also also used be to rubbed scent hairs on body when to theypro- ties from the indomethacin that acts on the enzyme tect the body from insects. Essential oils from plant cyclooxygenase. According to the previous observa- have medicinal properties. Leaves and stems con- tain essential oil which are used in skin cream and decreases the production of cytokines and provides maximumtion, prednisolone protection is thein joint only problems. drug which Plectranthus efficiently Culinary uses amboinicus activity against rheumatoid arthritis is used commercially to prepare cosmetics. [36,37] based on the different mechanisms from non-steroi- Plectranthus amboinicus is called as Indian borage Plectranthus amboin- - icus - dal anti-inflammatory drugs. vorin India is similar because to oregano of its flavor. thyme It oris usedajowan to carawaygive fla may improve healing, and the use of NSAIDs spices.vor to curryIt is also fish changeable and lamb withdishes those because herbs. the In flathe is unpublished reduced, so says side that effects when produced it is given are in alsoa dose less. of - Ingredients should be identified. Information which can say that the plant can be developed as disease West Indies, this herb is used with some of jerk sea 5000 mg/kg once, it does not produced toxicity. We sonings after drying; in Cuba, it is used with black beans and salsa; and in Japan, the leaves of the plant modifying drugs against rheumatoid [30–32]. are cooked and prepared like spinach [38,39]. www.ajpbp.com 59 Punet Kumar, Sangam, Nitin Kumar

Adverse effects of Country borage Conflict of interest P. amboin- icus. Some people suffer from burning sensation of theNo adverse tongue effectand esophagus is known after after the the use intake of of juice TheReferences authors report no conflict of interest.

Plectranthus amboinicus Discussionof the leaf [40,41]. [1] Janakiraman D, Somasundaram C. Evaluation of Anti inflammatory effect of ofleaf forskolin extract—an isolated in vitro from study. Coleus JAPER aromaticus 2014; 4(2). on - [2] Rao DS, Rao VP, Rao KS. Pharmacological effects As discussed above, results from various studies were that P. amboinicus can be used for the treat- the lung damage rats. Int J Adv Pharm Sci Coleus 2010; ment of various diseases such as antineoplastic, aromaticus1(1):17–21. as a potential wound healing agent in ences on the other body systems such as urinary [3] Muniandy K, Hassan Z, Isa MH. The action of anti-inflammatory, and antianxiety and it influ studies in animal models by the help of biochemical experimentally induced diabetic mice. PERINTIS J.- marksand more. which Clinical help to studies understand are required, what the including mecha- niques2014; 4(1). for phytochemicals screening and bioactiv- nism behind this is. It should also be examined for [4] itiesSaraswati. of some Jatinder Coleus KK. Avinash KN. Analytical tech any effects or prevent diseases. For its action which species: a review.coleus J Pharm aromati Sci- cusRes 2016; 8(4):227–37. is responsible to fight against cancer, the studies [5] Girish K. Antimicrobial activitiesColeus aromaticus of : a ther- must be performed. One model is not sufficient, but apeutic. J Pharm herb Res with 2016; multiple 10(10):635–64. potentials. J Food Sci [6] Wadikar DD, Patki PE. requiredother studies to verify are also the required results that to confirm P. amboinicus its effects is Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage). Available anas anticancerantitumor agent [42,43]. when The it studiesis used in should combination also be viaTechnol 2016; doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2292-y with the other anticancer drugs. The effect of this [7] plant in the endocrine system and the heart of ani- Plectranthushttps://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119834 amboinicus. Available via https://en. (Accessed 4 March 2020). of P. amboinicus in the diseases associated with the [8] mals is not clear. The studies show a possible benefit Plectranthuswikipedia.org/wiki/Plectranthus_amboinicus amboinicus. Available via some concern about the quality of the existing toxic- (Accessed 4 March 2020). ityCNS studies. [44]. The The lack above of systematic data regarding toxicity P. amboinicus study is of [9] https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract– flora/3/7/3718 (Accessed 4 March 2020). - [10] Fu L, Fu Z. explain that plant may be useful in several diseases, assisted biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and reviewincluding article wound provides healing, comprehensive skin diseases, information and respi their photocatalytic activity. Ceram Int. 2015; ratory disorders, and as an antitumor agent. This 41(2):2492–6. Plectranthus nutritional importance of P. amboinicus essential oil [11] amboinicusHerbs-Medicinal plants usage and Identification Data andon the its botany,various phytochemistry,solvent extracts. pharmacologyThis article allows and https://herbs.indianmedicinalplants.info/index.base Country borage (Parnayavani- researchers to further explore the further poten- ) Medicinal uses Available via tial of this multi-utility herb for various biomedical plectranthus-amboinicus-medicinal-uses-adverse- effects-research-pharmacologyphp/1165-country-borage-parnayavani- 2020). Conclusionapplications [45,46]. (Accessed 4 March [12] andViswanathaswamy antihyperlipidemic AH, activity Koti of BC, Plectranthus Gore A, can be used for the treatment of various diseases. amboinicusThippeswamy on AH, normal Kulkarni and RV. alloxan-induced Antihyperglycemic dia- AsThe the results, plant from was thissuccessfully review, show used thatin traditional this plant Evaluationbetic rats. Indian of Anti-Anxiety J Pharm Sci Activity 2011; 73(2):139.of Plectranthus requirement of more research on this plant to iden- [13] amboinicusTiwari DK, Nagar H, Dwivedi G, Tripathi RK, Jena J. tifysystem its useof medicine so that itfrom can ancientbe used times, therapeutically. there is a (Lour.) on Rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res more effect if given in combination with other extract2012; 5(4):110–3. of Plectranthus amboinicus medicinalOne of the plants.important things about this plant shows [14] Archana CE. Antianxiety effect of alcoholic leaf in mice. AJBPS 2013; 3:49–53. 60 A J Physiol Biochem Pharmacol • 2020 • Vol 10 • Issue 2 A review on Plectranthus amboinicus

effect of essential oil of Plectranthus amboinicus [15] Manjamalai A, Grace VB. The chemotherapeutic [28] ofChiu the YJ, aqueous Huang TH,extract Chiu from CS, LuPlectranthus TC, Chen YW, amboin Peng- icusWH, (Lour.)et al. Analgesic Spreng. andboth antiinflammatory in vitro and in vivo. activities Evid (Lour) on lung metastasis developed by B16F- 10 cell line in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Invest 2013; 31(1):74–82. - AvailableBased Compl viaAlt 2012:11.https://www.organicfacts.net/ [16] nismAragao for GF, anxiolytic Carneiro and LM, antidepressant Junior AP, Vieiraeffects LC,of [29] Amazing Benefits of Indian Borage Mexican Mint.- alpha-Bandeira and PN, beta-amyrin Lemos TL, from et al.Protium A possible heptaphyllum mecha age-mexican-mint.html Plectranthushealth-benefits/herbs-and-spices/indian-bor amboinicus useful tropical plant Available via http://tropical.theferns.info/ (Accessed 4 March 2020). (Aubl.) March. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; [30] 85(4):827–34. 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S, Oukessou Essential M. ialChem properties 2013. of essential oils of the leaves of [33] Norazsida Plectranthus R, Pakeer O, Amboinicus Taher M. The (Lour) antimalar Spreng in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei oil from Archipelago of Comoros. J Essent Oil Bear Malaysian Plants 2012; 15(4):637–44. . Int Med J [20] ofBrandao aqueous EM, extract Brandão of Plectranthus PH, Souza IA, amboinicus Paiva GS, dein Malays 2017; 16(1). C Carvalho M, Lacerda CM. Antineoplasic effect [34] ofManimekalai Plectranthus K, amboinicus Srinivasan P,against Dineshbabu Streptococcus J, Guna pyogenesG, Teepica isolated Priya Darsinifrom pharyngitis D. Anti-biofilm patients. efficacy Asian Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. J Cancer 2013; 4(7): antibacterial573–6. doi:10.7150/jca.6730 activity of methanolic leaf extract of [21] Ashwini S, Girish K. Phytochemical screening and J Pharm Clin Res 2016;Plectranthus 9(4):348–54. amboinicus in the . 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62 A J Physiol Biochem Pharmacol • 2020 • Vol 10 • Issue 2