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Psyllid Ecology and Biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest

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Psyllid Ecology and Biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest PSYLLID ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By CARMEN ISABEL CASTILLO CARRILLO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Entomology MAY 2016 © Copyright by CARMEN ISABEL CASTILLO CARRILLO, 2016 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by CAMEN ISABEL CASTILLO CARRILLO, 2016 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of CARMEN ISABEL CASTILLO CARRILLO find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. _______________________________ William E. Snyder, Ph.D., Chair _______________________________ David W. Crowder, Ph. D. _______________________________ Nilsa A. Bosque Pérez, Ph.D. _______________________________ Jesse L. Brunner, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Dr. William E. Snyder for giving me the opportunity to work in his lab, for his wise and insightful guidance, kind help, and professional, friendly and continuous support throughout my time at WSU. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the members of my committee, Dr. David W. Crowder, Dr. Nilsa A. Bosque Pérez and Dr. Jesse L. Brunner for their helpful, kind and sincere support. Many thanks to the entomology faculty, staff and employees of Washington State University and the University of Idaho who have had the chance to help, interact and give kind advice and support. Special thanks to my laboratory mates and the entomology graduate students for their sweet friendship, all have a special place in my heart. I would like to thank Dr. Andrew Jensen and Dr. Zhen (Daisy) Fu for all their valuable time and important help. My sincere thanks to all the people who are mentioned at the end of each chapter for their time and help. My appreciation to Northwest Potato Research Consortium and the Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, and to the United States Department of Agriculture and National Institute of Food and Agriculture for financially support this research. I thank the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCY) of Ecuador for the scholarship to accomplish this degree. I would like to express my gratitude to the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INIAP) of Ecuador for their kind support and authorization to pursue my doctorate. iii PSYLLID ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST ABSTRACT by Carmen Isabel Castillo Carrillo, Ph. D. Washington State University May 2016 Chair: William E. Snyder Potato is the fourth-most-valuable commodity in Washington State. The emergence of zebra chip disease (“ZC”) has triggered economic losses in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (“PNW”) with a ca. 7% increment in the total cost of potato production, endangering the economic viability of the region. The vector of the ZC pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (“Lso”) is the potato psyllid (“PP”), Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). The overall aim of my research was to study the PP ecology on a non-crop host, bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) (“BN”), and determine presence of Lso. Chapter 1 is an introduction of the importance of ZC. Chapter 2 presents the population dynamics of PPs living BN in Eastern Washington in 2012-2013. A high population and reproduction of PPs was found on BN, higher iv than the numbers usually found in potato fields. Molecular analyses found an apparent absence of Lso in these PPs and plants, while revealing that all PP collected were of the Northwestern COI-haplotype. Other agricultural pests were found living on BN. Chapter 3 describes the predator community found (> 40 species), which could be reducing PP. The dominant taxa were Araneae (> 70% of all predators) and predator mites (Anystidae) (> 15% of all predators found). Observations of predator activity revealed PP egg consumption by the tiny coccinellid Stethorus punctillum Weise and attack of PP nymphs by the parasitoid Tamarixia triozae (Burks). Chapter 4 presents a checklist of the Psylloidea superfamily found in the PNW. To know the diversity of psyllid species in this region I compile the published registers and the specimens housed in PNW entomological museums. The list presents 124 species from 25 genera; 35 species are new reports in the PNW. Chapter 5 contains a scientific note about the thrips species found during my sampling of BN patches; I report these species that could have been living on BN or on the surrounded plants. Overall, my results show a complex community of PP, other agricultural pests, and predators living on BN, alongside the apparent absence of the Lso bacterium in PP and BN. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 14 References Cited ....................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER TWO: POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE POTATO PSYLLID ON A NON- CROP HOST PLANT ................................................................................................................... 41 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 44 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 49 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 51 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... 56 References cited ........................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER THREE: ARTHROPOD PREDATORS ON BITTERSWEET NIGHTSHADE, A NON-CROP HOST OF THE POTATO PSYLLID...................................................................... 71 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 71 vi Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 74 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 84 Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... 90 References cited ........................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER FOUR: REVISED CHECKLIST OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST, U.S.A., PSYLLOIDEA (HEMPITERA) ................................................................................................. 113 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 113 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................ 115 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 116 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 124 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................... 126 Literature cited ........................................................................................................................ 128 CHAPTER FIVE: THRIPS COLLECTED FROM SOLANUM DULCAMARA (SOLANALES: SOLANACEA) IN WASHINGTON AND IDAHO .................................................................. 139 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................... 140 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 141 Resumen .................................................................................................................................. 141 References cited ...................................................................................................................... 142 vii APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................................
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