Diptera: Chloropidae) — a Gall-Forming Fly in the Common Reed (Phragmites Australis)

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Morphology of preimaginal stages of Lipara pullitarsis Doskoéil & Chvéla, 1971 (Diptera: Chloropidae) — a gall-forming fly in the common reed (Phragmites australis)

Maria Grochowska

Grochowska, M. 2006: Morphology of preimaginal stages ofLipara pullitarsis Doskocil & Chvala, 1971 (Diptera: Chloropidae) — a gall-forming fly in the common reed (Phragmites australis). — Entomol. Fennica 17: 387—393.

All preimaginal stages ofLiparapullitarsis are described and illustrated. The facial mask, cephaloskeleton, spiracles and locomotory structures are considered. This is the first description ofthe first- and second-instar larva. The descriptions ofthe third-instar larva, egg and puparium are expanded. This paper forms a basis for a complete description of the life history of this fly. M. Grochowska, Department ofZoology, Maria Curie—Skiodowska University Akademicka 19, 20—033 Lablin, Poland; E—mail.‘ [email protected]. lublin.pl Received 5 August 2005, accepted 10 November 2005

1. Introduction The imagines fly in reed beds from May to July (Chvala et al. 1974, Pokorny 1981). All develop- The genus Lipara consists of 11 species (Nart— mental stages of L. lacens are known (Ruppolt shuk 1996), five of which ocuur in Europe: L. 1957, Waitzbauer 1969) but for L. pullitarsis, L. lacens Meigen 1830, L. similis Schiner 1854, L. rufitarsis and L. Similis only the egg, third-instar rufitarsis Loew 1858, L. pullitarsis Doskocil & larva and puparium have been documented Chvala 1971, L. baltica Karps 1978 (Chvala et al. (Chvala et al. 1974). 1974, Nartshuk 1984). This paper describes the morphology of the Lipara pullitarsis was described in 1971 previously unknown first— and second-instar (Doskocil & Chvala 1971). In earlier papers, in- larva ofL. pullitarsis and presents previously un- dividuals demonstrating the key features of L. known structural details of the egg, third-instar pullitarsis were not separated from L. rafitarsis. larva and the puparium. Thus, the paper contains Both species were considered under the common a complete description of the morphology of the name L. rafitarsis (Ruppolt 1957, Wendt 1968, preimaginal developmental stages of L. palli— Durska 1970, Doskocil & Chvala 1971). Lipara tarsis. pullitarsis forms galls in the apical part of common reed stems [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.] (Doskocil & Chvala 1971, Chvala et al. 2. Material and methods 1974, Skuhravy 1978, Pokomy 1981). It is a monophagous and univoltine fly that lays eggs on All developmental stages of L. pullitarsis col- the surface ofcommon reed stems. The larvae de- lected from the apical part ofcommon reed stems velop among leafblades above the growing point. were studied. Stems of common reed were col- 388 Groclzowskd *3 ENTOMQL. FENNTCA Vol. l7

lected in reed beds in and around the town of Lublin in mid-“eastern Poland in the years l977——- side l979 and 200lm2004. Fresh stems of reed were collected at random in May and June and only ventral those stems with galls visible in the apical part side -.~ ...... were collected outside of this period. The stems 1-1. ‘3‘ _. were sectioned in the laboratory using a stereo- dorsal scopic microscope; this procedure yielded all lar— val stages and. pupae. Additional firstwinstar larm vae were obtained by breeding eggs collected from stems ofthe common reed in the field or laid by females in the laboratory. imagines were caught in the field using a sweeping net or devel- oped. from larvae and. pupae reared. in the labora- 0.025 mm tory. The flies were reared in Fetri dishes lined b d with filter paper. The study material. comprised of 40 eggs, 20 Fig. 'l. Lipara pullitarsls, egg. —-— a. Dorsal view. —-— b. La— firstwinstar larvae, l5 exuviae of first—instar larva teral view. —-- c. Anterior section. —-- d. Processes on chbrion surface, lateral view. vae, 20 secondninstar larvae, l2 exuviae of second—winstar larvae, 20 thirdwinstar larvae, l5 pus- pae, and 20 imagines. The specimens chosen for detailed study were Thirdninstar larvae and imagines were deter—- macerated in l0% KOl-l for 24 hours at room tern- mined according to Chvala. at al. (l9’74l). The ter— perature, washed in distilled water, cleared in minology used in the morphological descriptions chloral hydrate and chloral phenol, and preserved follows Courtney at oi. (2000). Parts bf body of in glycerol. Drawings were based on. the micro—- larvae :not included in Courtney ct til. (2000) are scopic preparations. named according to Nye 0958) and Nartshulr First—instar larvae were identified during the (l907) rearing bf individual eggs obtained from L. pullitorsis females. Second—instar larvae of L. pallitarsis were identified in a threeustage pro- 3. ' cess. First, all larvae were isolated from stems collected in May and lune. At the second stage, Egg (Fig. l) is l..08——l.30 mm long, 0.l3—-0.l5 only larvae ofLipora were isolated, and only see—- mm wide; length—width ratio 8 : l. Oblong in bnduinstar larvae off. ptlllitarsis were isolated at shape, narrowed and rounded at. both ends (Fig. the third phase. The typing bf second—instar laru la), curving archwlike ventrally (Fig. lb). Dorsal vae ofL. pallttarsts relied on the presence of the side black, ventral. side cream-coloured. Broad following features: 4....5 lobes on the anterior spi— longitudinal furrows on the dorsal side (Fig. la), racle (similar to thirdninstar larvae); numerous, divided by transverse barriers into numerous conspicuous, large, amber—coloured spinules on polygons (Fig. lc). Surface of egg finely punc— the ventral side ofthe anterior part ofthe first the-- tated (approx. 4-00 power) by the apices ofclosely raeie segment. Anterior spiracles with 4—6 lbbes spaced rod-like processes covering the egg (Fig. appear under the cuticle bf typed second—instar ld). larvacjust before eedisis and are also characteris—- First-—instar larva (Fig. 2) is l.33——l.50 mm tic bf the third—instar larvae of these species. Fi-- long, 0.l3—-—-0.l4 nun in diameter. Body milky—- nally, typed larvae were compared to exuviae of white, slender, cylindrical in. crossuseetion, poste- secondwinstar larvae found. inside galls near third- rior end with two stigmofores (Fig. 2a). Abdomi- instar larvae ofL. pullttarsis. All the other larvae nal segments and third thoracic segment equal in isolated from stems in May and June will be den diameter. Facial mask (Fig. 2b) with a pair of scribed in future papers. two—segment antennae and bright amber—col—

ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 17 ° Morphology ofLide pullitarsis 393

A detailed analysis of the morphology of all lar- ual of Palaearctic Diptera 1: 857161. Science Herald, Budapest. 978 pp. val stages of L. pullitarsis has revealed differ- Doskocil, J. & Chvala, M. 1971: A revision of Lipara ences between individual in the structure stages Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae) including the descrip— of frontal ce- 7 antennae, maxillary palpi, palpi, tion of a new species from Europe. Acta Entomol. phaloskeleton, spiracles, and in the type and posi- Bohemos. 68 (2): 1007107. tion of locomotory structures. Durska, B. 1970: Changes in the reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) condition caused by diseases of fungal The first-instar larva of L. pullitarsis has an and animal origin. 7 P01. Arch. Hydrobiol. 17 (30): The diameters of abdominal oblong body. seg- 3737396.

ments and the third thoracic are the 7 segment Naitshuk, E. P. 1984: Family Chloropidae. In: Soos, A. same. Spiracular hair on posterior spiracles are of (ed.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 10: 2227366. equal length and branch in a bush-like manner. Akadémiai Kiado. Budapest. 366 pp. The second-instar larva, like the third-instar Nartshuk, E. P. 1987: (Chlorophid flies: their system, evo— lution and relations with plants). 7 Tr. Zool. in—ta 136: larva, has 4—5 lobes on anterior spiracles and nu- 17279. [In Russian] amber-coloured merous, conspicuous, large, spi- Nartshuk, E. P. 1996: (The plant-phytophage complex: the nules on the ventral, anterior part of the first tho- case of the common reed and its consumers). 7 Zh. racic segment. Obshch Biol. 57 (5): 6287641. [In Russian] E. P. 2002: Additions and corrections to Chloro— Previous descriptions ofthe egg (Chvala et al. Naitshuk, of Poland. 7 Ann. 2001. 52 3197 are now a characterisa- pidae (Diptera) (2): 1974) complemented by 325. tion of the microsculpture of the chorion, and Nye, J. W. B. 1958: The external morphology of some of those of the puparium, with additional details re- the dipterous larvae living in the Gramineae ofBritain. garding the size and microsculpture. 7 Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society A knowledge of the morphology of all stages of London 110: 4117487. Pokorny, V. 1981: Flies of the genus Lipara. 7 In: ofL. pullitarsis is helpful in identifying this spe- Skuhravy, V. (ed.), Invertebrates and vertebrates at— cies at different stages of its natural history and tacking common reed stands (Phragmites communis) provides a basis for a comprehensive description in Czechoslovakia: 2573 8. Studie CSAV 1, Praha. 1 13 of the life-cycle of this fly (Chvala et al. 1974, PP- Pokomy 1981). Ruppolt, W. 1957: Zur Biologic der cecidogenen Diptere Lipara lucens Meigen (Chloropidae). 7 Ztschr. Ernst Moritz Univ. Greifswald, Math—Nat. wissensch. Acknowledgements. I thank Dr Lech Lechowski for sug- Reihe 6 (576): 2797292. gestions and comments on this paper. Special thanks are V. 1978: Invertebrates: of Common due to Prof. Przemyslaw Trojan for his criticism and con- Skuhravy, Destroyers reed. 7 Ecol. Stud. 28: 3767395. structive comments on my work. Tewksbury, L., Casagrande, R., Blossey, B. & Balme, G. 2004: Herbivores on Phragmites in North America. 7 References Available at http://www.uri.edu/cels/pls/biocentrol/ powerpoint/phrag.ppt. J J. H. & V. 1974: W. 1969: Lebensweise und Produktions— Chvala, M., Doskocil, ., Mook, Pokorny, Waitzbauer, The genus Lipara Meigen (Diptera, Chloropidae), biologie der Schilfgallenfliege Lipara lucens Mg.

7 systematics, morphology, behaviour and ecology. 7 (Diptera, Chloropidae). Sber. 0st. Akad. Wiss. Tijdschr. Entomol. 117: 1725. Mathem.-Naturw. Kl., Abt. 1, 178: 1757242. Courtney, G.W., Sinclair, B. & Meier, R. 2000: 1.4. Mor— Wendt, H. 1968: Faunistisch—okologische Untersuch— phology and terminology of Diptera larvae. 7 In: ungen an Halmfliegen der Berliner Umgebung (Dipt. Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (eds), Contributions to a man- Chloropidae). 7Deut. Entomol. Z. 15 (1/3): 497103.