First Report of Wingless Grass Flies from China (Diptera: Chloropidae) With

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ZOOSYSTEMATICA ROSSICA, 26(2): 329–336 25 DECEMBER 2017

First report of wingless grass flies from China (Diptera: Chloropidae) with a key to the Chinese and Oriental species of Elachiptera Первое сообщение о находке бескрылой злаковой мухи в Китае (Diptera: Chloropidae) с ключом для определения китайских и ориентальных видов Elachiptera

X. LIU, E.P. NARTSHUK* & D. YANG

С. ЛИУ, Э.П. НАРЧУК, Д. ЯНГ

X. Liu, Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. E-mail: [email protected] E.P. Nartshuk, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia. E-mail: chlorops@zin.ru D. Yang, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian Distr., Beijing 100193, China. E-mail: [email protected]

A wingless species Elachiptera viator Nartshuk, 1971 in the family Chloropidae is recorded from China (Beijing) for the first time. A redescription of the species is given with the figures of its characteristics and the genitalia of both sexes. A checklist of seven species of the genus Elachiptera known from China with their distribution and a key to the Chinese and Oriental species of the genus are given. The following new combinations are proposed: Lasiochaeta bengalensis (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., L. longicosta (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., L. luteopilosa (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., and Disciphus indica (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov. Бескрылый вид Elachiptera viator Nartshuk, 1971 из семейства злаковых мух (Chloropidae) впервые найден в Китае (Пекин). Дано переописание вида и иллюстрации признаков, в том числе генитальных структур обоих полов. Приведен список семи видов рода, извест- ных в Китае, с данными об их общем распространении, и составлен ключ для определе- ния китайских и ориентальных видов рода. Предложены следующие новые комбинации: Lasiochaeta bengalensis (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., L. longicosta (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., L. luteopilosa (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., и Disciphus indica (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov. Key words: grass flies, China, Oriental Region, key, redescription, Diptera, Chloropidae, Ela- chiptera, new records, new combinations Ключевые слова: злаковые мухи, Китай, ориентальная область, определительная табли- ца, переописание, Diptera, Chloropidae, Elachiptera, новые находки, новые комбинации

INTRODUCTION patterns in a few species; rarely absent or reduced. Wingless or brachypterous grass Adult Chloropidae, commonly called flies are mainly known within the genera grass flies, are small to medium-sized flies Aphanotrigonum Duda, 1932, Conioscinella (0.5–7.0 mm), rather smooth, black or yel- Duda, 1929, Elachiptera Macquart, 1835, low with black to brown stripes and macu- Tricimba Lioy, 1864 and Lasiosina Becker, lae; the wing is usually hyaline, with dark 1910 (Ismay & Nartshuk, 1998), and also in Alombus Becker, 1914, Chlorops Meigen, 1803 and Diplotoxa Loew, 1863 (Nartshuk * Corresponding author. & Tschirnhaus, 2012).

The genus Elachiptera belongs to the based on the Chinese material. A list of Ela- Elachiptera genus-group in the subfamily chiptera species known from China and a Oscinellinae (Andersson, 1977). It is a fairly key to the known species of Elachiptera from large genus with 81 know n species and is China and the Oriental Region are given, as widespread in most geographical regions well as some new combinations of species (Tschirnhaus, 2017). The majority of the de- previously treated in the genus Elachiptera. scribed species of Elachiptera are Holarctic, with 52 species record ed, namely 26 record- MATERIAL AND METHODS ed from the Nearctic (Sabrosky, 1948, 1965; Sabrosky & Valley, 1987; Wheeler, 2003; Specimens were examined and illustrat- Wheeler & Forrest, 2002), and 26 from ed with a ZEISS Stemi 2000-c stereomicro- the Palaearctic (Kanmiya, 1981; Nartshuk, scope and camera. Preparations of the geni- 1984, 2003, 2009; Beschovski & Krusteva, talia were made by macerating the apical 1998); 10 species are known from the Orien- portion of the abdomen in warm 10% NaOH tal Region (Sabrosky, 1977; Cherian, 1975, for 17–20 minutes. After examination, they 2012, 2014), 16 species from the Neotropi- were transferred to glycerin and stored in a cal (Sabrosky & Paganelli, 1984; Wheeler & microvial pinned below the specimen. The Forrest 2002; Mlynarek & Wheeler, 2008), specimens are deposited at the Entomologi- and 14 species from the Afrotropical Re- cal Museum of China Agricultural Univer- gion (Sabrosky, 1980; Deeming & Al Dha- sity (CAU), in Beijing. fer, 2012). At present, six species are known The following abbreviations are used: from China (Yang & Yang, 1991, 1998*). a pa – anterior postalar seta(e), ap sc – Four species with reduced wings are apical scutellar seta(e), dc – dorsocentral known in the genus Elachiptera including seta(e), npl – notopleural seta(e), oc – ocel- an undescribed species from the Kiliman- lar seta(e), orb – orbital seta(e), poc – post- jaro Mountain in Tanzania (Nartshuk & ocellar seta(e), p pa – posterior postalar Tschirnhaus, 2012). The European species seta(e), vte – outer vertical seta(e), vti – in- E. brevipennis (Meigen, 1830) is character- ner vertical seta(e). ized by polymorphism in the development of the wing; Nartshuk & Tschirnhaus (2012) TAXONOMIC PART published the photographs of two alive in- dividuals. Wheeler (2003) described E. aq- ORDER DIPTERA uila Wheeler, 2003, a brachypterous species FAMILY CHLOROPIDAE from Canada. Only the wingless form of E. viator Nartshuk, 1971 is known. Elachiptera SUBFAMILY OSCINELLINAE species usually occur in wetlands, but also Genus Elachiptera Macquart, 1835 in agricultural fields with cultivated cere- als. The larvae are phytosaprophagous, de- Type species: Chlorops brevipennis Mei- veloping in rotting tissues of plants, usually gen, 1830 damaged by other insects. Diagnosis. Small flies (body length 1.5– A wingless species Elachiptera viator 2.5 mm) with body black or yellow. Wing

Nartshuk, 1971 was originally described transparent with costal vein reaching M1+2, from the Primorie Territory of Russia and or wing reduced. Postpedicel (1st flagel- eastern Mongolia. In this paper, we record lomere) oval or reniform; arista thickened, E. viator for the first time from China, re- strap-like; among orbital setae, one or two describe and illustrate this species in detail long. Ocellar triangle shiny, without dust.

*According to Pont & Xue (2007), Yang & Yang’s “Flies of China” was published in May 1998 (and not in 1996); 1996 means the copyright date only.

Figs 1–2. Elachiptera viator, male. 1, body, dorsal view; 2, body, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Scutellum trapezoidal, flattened, with 1–3 gin of postpedicel black, microtomentose; pairs of scutellar setae on small, medium- postpedicel 1.5 times a s wide as long; arista sized or finger-like tubercles. Notopleural brown with short brown setulae. Proboscis setae 1+1. In the male genitalia, postgonites and palpus yellow with yellow setulae. widened and triangular. Thorax yellow, smooth, shiny. Scutum 0.9 times as long as wide. Thoracic pleura shiny. Postscutellum y ellow. Scutellum yel- Elachiptera viator Nartshuk, 1971 low except for lateral and distal margins (Figs 1–9) yellowish brown, 0.5 times as long as wide; Material. 1 male, 1 female, China, Beijing, trapezoidal, flattened, with two pairs of scu- Yanqing, Sihai, 9.IX.2009, Junchao Wang leg. tellar setae on small tubercles, the apical tu- Description. Male. Body length 2.1 mm. bercles nearly as long as wide; ap sc twice as Head yellow, 0.9 times as long as deep, long as scutellum. Setae and setulae on tho- 1.2 times as wide as thorax; frons 0.8 times rax brown; npl 1+1, distinct; a pa developed, as long as wide, projecting slightly in front as long as npl; p pa hair-like, a pa three times of eye; gena narrow, 0.5 times as wide as as long as p pa; one dc developed, as long as postpedicel (1st flagellomere); parafacialia a pa. Legs yellow except for fore tibia brown indistinct. Ocellar triangle yellow, smooth, with basal portion yellow and fore tarsus shiny, reaching anterior margin of frons, yellowish brown. Hind tibia with short oval with pointed apex; ocellar tubercle light tibial organ. Setulae on legs brown. yellowish brown. Cephalic setae and setu- Wing and halter absent. lae brown; two orb developed; poc slightly Abdomen brown, tergites 1+2 (fused) longer than oc; vti hair-like; vte developed, yellow except for distal portion slightly yel- as long as poc; vte 3 times as long as vti. An- lowish brown; ventral parts of abdomen yel- tenna yellow except for dorsodistal mar- low. Setulae on abdomen brown.

Figs 3–6. Elachiptera viator, male. 3, epandrium, posterior view; 4, epandrium, lateral view; 5, hypandrium and phallic complex, ventral view; 6, hypandrium and phallic complex, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Male genitalia (Figs 3–6). Epandrium not included in the key. Below, we briefly yellow, short tubular; surstylus simple, al- consider these species. Tschirnhaus (2017) most parallel-sided, with a rounded distal provides a review of all species formerly in- apex, in profile shorter than width of ep- cluded in the genus Elachiptera. andrium. Cerci short, separate, gap widely Sabrosky (1977) listed five species of incised ventromedially. Postgonite roughly the genus Elachiptera from the Oriental Re- triangular, with a narrow inner distal apex; gion. He recorded E. brevipennis (Meigen, basiphallus cylindrical, longer than wide. 1830) from Taiwan (“Formosa” in the text), Hypandrium closed dorsally. probably following Hennig (1941). Kan- Female. Similar to male. Body length miya (1983: 74) considered E. brevipennis 2.7 mm. sensu Hennig (1941) to be Togeciphus katoi Female genitalia (Figs 7–9): Tergite 9 Nishijima, 1954 on the basis of the specimen nearly pentagonal, longer than wide, with determined by Th. Becker. Hennig (1941) two long setae; sternite 9 short, apically mentioned Becker as the identifier. Thus, rounded and with long stout setae. Cercus E. brevipennis should be removed from the short and stout, with some long setae. list of Oriental species. Distribution. Eastern Palaearctic: China Elachiptera lividipennis Duda, 1934 de- (Beijing), eastern Mongolia, Russia (Pri- scribed from Sumatra has a long thin arista morie Territory). The species is recorded for and the scutellum lacking tubercles from the first time from China. which the apical setae arise. Duda (1934: 71) believed that this species should be A KEY TO THE CHINESE placed not in Elachiptera but between the AND ORIENTAL SPECIES genera Gaurax Loew, 1863 and Gampsocera OF ELACHIPTERA Schiner, 1862. Cherian (1975) described six new spe- Some Oriental species described or pre- cies of Elachiptera from India and included viously considered in Elachiptera appar- in his key E. indistincta Becker, 1911 de- ently do not belong to this genus and are scribed in the genus Gampsocera. Sabrosky

Figs 7–9. Elachiptera viator, female. 7, abdominal terminalia, dorsal view; 8, abdominal terminalia, lateral view; 9, abdominal terminalia, ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

(1977) has listed this species in the subge- sis Yang et Yang, 1991). Two more Oriental nus Melanochaeta Bezzi, 1906 (now con- species included are described and known sidered a synonym of the genus Oscinella only from India, E. assamensis Cherian, Becker, 1909: see Nartshuk & Tschirnhaus, 1975 from Assam and E. octoseta Cherian, 2012), taking into account that its scutel- 1975 from West Bengal. lum is of the Oscinella-type, without tubercles. The species E. longicosta Cherian, 1. Wing absent ...... E. viator – Wing normally developed ...... 2 1975, E. bengalensis Cherian, 1975 and 2. Scutellum with finger-like projections from E. luteopilosa Cherian, 1975 have the scutel- which the apical setae arise; two apical pro- lum of the same type and possess 1+2 noto- jections equal to one-fourth of scutellum pleural setae. Based on these characters, we length ...... E. octoseta consider that these species belong to the ge- – Scutellum with small tubercles from which nus Lasiochaeta Corti, 1909: L. bengalensis the apical setae arise ...... 3 (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., L. longicosta 3. Scutum entirely black ...... 4 – Scutum yellow, with black stripes broad or (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov., and L. luteopi- narrow; at least humerus (postpronotal lobe) losa (Cherian, 1975), comb. nov. yellow ...... 7 One more of the Cherian’s species, E. in- 4. Ocellar triangle black; thoracic pleura en- dica Cherian, 1975, in our opinion should be tirely black ...... 5 placed in the genus Disciphus Becker, 1911 – Ocellar triangle yellow; thoracic pleura yel- (Disciphus indica (Cherian, 1975), comb. low, with katepimeron black ...... E. popovi nov.) as having a long arista, slender finger- 5. Scutellum with 3 pairs of tubercles, the apical pair well developed, at least twice as long like tubercles on the scutellum and the wing as wide; legs entirely yellow or brownish yel- with dark maculae. These characters are low ...... 6 typical for the genus Disciphus. – Scutellum with 2 pairs of small tubercles; Therefore we do not include all the legs yellow except for hind femur and tibia above-listed species in the key. black ...... E. cornuta The key includes nine species. Seven 6. Scutum dusted. Palpi yellow ...... of them are known from China, including ...... E. tuberculifera one Oriental species (E. popovi Nartshuk, – Scutum shiny, clothed with white pubes- cence. Palpi black ...... E. assamensis 1962), four species known from both the 7. Scutellum yellowish brown, with one pair of Palaearctic and Oriental parts of China, and small tubercles ...... E. xizangensis two species known from Palaearctic China – Scutellum black, with 2–3 pairs of tubercles . (E. viator Nartshuk, 1971 and E. xizangen- ...... 8

8. Scutellum with 3 pairs of tubercles, the api- E. sibirica (Loew, 1858) cal pair well developed, at least twice as long as wide; ap sc slightly shorter than length of Crassiseta sibirica Loew, 1858: 73; Elachiptera scutellum ...... E. sibirica nigroscutellata Becker, 1911: 99; Elachiptera – Scutellum with 2 pairs of small tubercles, sibirica: Duda, 1932: 32. the apical pair nearly as long as wide; ap sc Distribution. Widely Palaearctic and slightly longer than length of scutellum . . . . . Oriental. Asia: China (Beijing, Yunnan, Fu- ...... E. insignis jian, Taiwan), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Tsushima Island), Ka- CHECKLIST OF ELACHIPTERA zakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Asian FROM CHINA parts east of Baikal), Saudi Arabia; Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, E. cornuta (Fallén, 1820) Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Switzer- Oscinis cornuta Fallén, 1820: 6; Chlorops femo- land, Ukraine. ralis Meigen, 1838: 138; Crassiseta annulipes Roser, 1840: 63; Crassiseta flaviventris Roser, E. tuberculifera (Corti, 1909) 1840: 63; Crassiseta fuscipes Roser, 1840: 63; Elachiptera nigripes Strobl, 1894: 199; Ela- Crassiseta tuberculifera Corti, 1909: 132; Ela- chiptera nigromaculata Strobl, 1894: 199; chiptera tuberculifera : Becker, 1916: 425. Elachiptera cornuta var. nuda Duda, 1932: 32. Distribution. Transpalaearctic and Ori- Distribution. Transpalaearctic and Ori- ental. Asia: China (Beijing, Xinjiang, Ning- ental. Asia: China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia; xia, Shaanxi), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Russia (European and Asian parts); Eu- Kazakhstan, Mongolia; Russia (European rope: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and and Asian parts); Europe: Austria, Belarus, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Re- Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bul- public, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Franc e, garia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mol- Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, dova, th e Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Ro- Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, the Neth- mania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, erlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slova- Switzerland, Ukraine. kia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. E. insignis (Thomson, 1869) E. viator Nartshuk, 1971 Oscinis insignis Thomson, 1869: 605; Elachiptera nigroscutellata auctt., nec Becker, 1911; Ela- Elachiptera viator Nartshuk, 1971: 289. chiptera insignis Becker, 1924: 120. Distribution. East Palaearctic. China Distribution. East Palaearctic and Ori- (Beijing), eastern Mongolia, Russia (Far ental. China (Hubei, Sichuan, Fujian, Tai- East: Primorie Territory). wan), Japan (from Hokkaido to Ryukyu [= Nansei] Islands), Russia (Far East: Amur E. xizangensis Yang et Yang, 1991 Province, Khabarovsk and Primorie ter- ritories, Sakhalin, southern Kuril Islands). Elachiptera xizangensis Yang et Yang, 1991: 473. The species is recorded for the first time Distribution. Palaearctic China (Tibet). from the Russian Far East. Note. The coordinates of the locus typi- cus (29°9´N 95°7´E, 3050 m) given in the E. popovi Nartshuk, 1962 original description are wrong: according to Google Earth, this point is deep in inacces- Elachiptera popovi Nartshuk, 1962: 676. sible forests at a much lower altitude, so the Distribution. Oriental China (Yunnan). correct coordinates are about 95 km north-

© 2017 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienсes, Zoosystematica Rossica 26(2): 329–336 X. LIU ET AL. WINGLESS CHLOROPIDAE FROM CHINA AND A KEY TO CHINESE AND ORIENTAL ELACHIPTERA 335 east, at about 29°51´N 95°46´E at a similar Corti E. 1909 (1908). Contributo alla cono- altitude and close to the “Nyingchi Medi- scenza del gruppo delle “Crassisete” in Italia à cine Co. Bomi Drug Store” (Tschirnhaus, (Ditteri). Bollettino della Societ entomologi- pers. comm.). ca Italiana, 40: 121–162. Deeming J.C. & Al Dhafer H.M. 2012. Chlo- ropidae from the Arabian Peninsula (Di- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ptera: Cyclorrhapha). Zoology in the Middle East, 58: 3–88. We are very grateful to Dr. Junchao Wang Duda O. 1932. 61. Chloropidae. In: Lindner E. (Beijing ) for collecting the specimens. The (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. research was funded by the National Natu- 6(1): 1–48. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche ral Science Foundation of China (31301906), Verlagsbuchhandlung. the Specialized Research Fund for the Doc- Duda O. 1934. Fauna sumatrensis. Bijdrage. No. toral Program of Higher Education of China 74, Chloropidae (Dipt.). Tijdschrift voor En- (20130146120035), the Russian State Research tomologie, 77(1–2, 3–4): 55–161. Project АААА-А17-117030310205-9, and the Fall. 1820.én C.FOscinides Sveciæ. Diptera Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant Sveciæ, 2(20): 1–10. Lundæ (= Lund): Lite- no. 15-54-53038). We also greatly appreciate ris Berlingianis. the valuable comments by Dr M. von Tschirn- Hennig W. 1941. Verzeichnis der Dipteren von haus (Bielefeld, Germany) and two unknown Formosa. Entomologische Beihefte (Berlin), reviewers. 8: i–iv, 1–239. Ismay J. & Nartshuk E.P. 2000. Family Chlo- REFERENCES ropidae. In: Papp L. & Darvas B. (Eds.). Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Di- Andersson H. 1977. Taxonomic and phyloge- ptera (with special reference to flies of econo- netic studies on Chloropidae (Diptera) with mic importance). Appendix volume: 387–429. special reference to Old World genera. Ento- Budapest: Science Herald. mologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 8: 1–200. Kanmiya K. 1983. A systematic study of the Becker Th. 1911. Chloropidae. Eine monog- Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera). Memoirs of raphische Studie. III. Teil. Die indo-aus- the entomological Society of Washington, 11: tralische Region. Annales historico-naturales 1–370. Musei nationalis Hungarici, 9: 35–170. Loew H. 1858. Zwanzig neue Dipteren. Wie- Becker Th. 1916. Neue Chloropiden aus dem ner entomologische Monatsschrift, 2: 57–62, Ungarischen National Museum. Annales his- 65–79. torico-naturales Musei nationalis Hungarici, Meigen J.W. 1838. Systematische Beschreibung 14: 429–453. der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen In- Becker Th. 1924. H. Sauter’s Formosa-Aus- sekten. Siebenter Theil oder Supplementband. beute: Chloropidae (Diptera). Entomolo- Hamm: Schulzische Buchhandlung. xii, 434 p. gische Mitteilungen, 13(4–5): 117–124. Mlynarek J.J. & Wheeler T.A. 2008. Revision of Beschovski V.L. & Krusteva C. 1998. Two the Costa Rican species of Elachiptera (Dip- new Elachiptera species from Bulgaria (In- tera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa, 1754: 41–51. secta: Diptera: Chloropidae). Reichenbachia, Nartshuk E.P. 1971. Ergebnisse der zoologisch- 32(50): 329–332. en Forschungen von Dr. K. Kaszab in der Cherian P.T. 1975. Indian species of the Elachip- Mongolei. 252. Chloropidae, part 1. Oscinel- tera (Diptera: Chloropidae). Oriental Insects, linae (Diptera). Annales historico-naturales 9(1): 9–21. Musei nationalis Hungarici, 63: 275–299. Cherian P.T. 2012. The genus Elachiptera Mac- Nartshuk E.P. 1984. Family Chloropidae. In: quart (Diptera: Chloropidae: Oscinellinae: Soós Á. & Papp L. (Eds.). Catalogue of Pa- Elachipterini) from India: a revision and laearctic Diptera, 10, Clusiidae – Chloropi- description of three new species. Hexapoda dae: 232–298. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. (Insecta Indica), 19(2): 1–12. Nartshuk E.P. 2004. Notes on the knowledge Cherian P.T. 2014. Revision of the genus Gamp- of Chloropidae (Diptera, Muscomorpha) of socera Schiner (Diptera: Chloropidae: Os- Spain, including the description of two new cinellinae) from India with descriptions of species. Studia dipterologica, 10(2), 2003: seven new species. Entomon, 39(1): 15–42. 653–664.

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