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The$Adyton$At$The$Temple$Of$Apollo$At$ Bassae:$ ! ! ! The$Adyton$at$the$Temple$of$Apollo$at$ Bassae:$ Multiple!Cult!Worship!in!the!Adyton.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! By! Nikki!Carter! ! A!thesis!submitted!to!the!Victoria!University!of!Wellington!! in!fulfilment!of!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of!! Master!of!Arts!in!Classical!Studies! 2016.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! To#my#sister#Lauren,# Thank#you.# The Adyton at the Temple of Apollo at Bassae Table of Contents: Acknowledgements: ...................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Cults of Bassae ......................................................................................................................... 12 Apollo ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Apollo Epikourios ................................................................................................................................... 16 Apollo Bassitas ........................................................................................................................................ 26 Hyperborean Apollo .............................................................................................................................. 28 3. The Architecture of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae .................................................. 33 Building Programme ............................................................................................................................. 33 The layout of the Iktinian Temple to Apollo at Bassae .............................................................. 36 Adyton ........................................................................................................................................................ 38 The Archaic Adyton ............................................................................................................................................... 39 The Eastern Doorway ........................................................................................................................................... 40 The Sunlight Phenomenon and Astronomical Factors .......................................................................... 42 Paving: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44 Separation of Adyton and Naos ......................................................................................................... 45 Cult in the Adyton ................................................................................................................................... 49 Paving Patterns ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 The Corinthian Column ....................................................................................................................................... 50 Issues ........................................................................................................................................................................... 53 4. Cultic Spaces in the Adyton: ................................................................................................ 57 The Positions ........................................................................................................................................... 57 The Adyton ................................................................................................................................................................ 57 The South West Corner ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Southern Wall .......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Central North Position ......................................................................................................................................... 63 The Corinthian Column ........................................................................................................................ 65 Other considerations ............................................................................................................................ 68 Cult Statue Debate ................................................................................................................................................. 68 The Naos .................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Absence of an Altar ................................................................................................................................................ 71 Putting It All Together .......................................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................... 75 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 80 Primary: ..................................................................................................................................................... 80 Secondary ................................................................................................................................................. 80 Image List ....................................................................................................................................... 91 1 The Adyton at the Temple of Apollo at Bassae 2 The Adyton at the Temple of Apollo at Bassae Acknowledgements: To my supervisor, Dr Diana Burton, who gave me advice again and again, kept me calm at all times and never once doubted me. Thank you for listening to my ideas, putting up with my over-enthusiasm and contributing in many discussions. Thank you for being a wonderful supervisor, but also being a friend. I also wish to thank the whole Classics department, who supported me all year. Every member of the staff gave support and friendship throughout the year. Special mention to Judy Deuling, Jeff Tatum and Mark Masterson for your continuous support throughout the year. I also wish to single out Hannah Tokona, who gave me friendship and a shoulder when needed. Thanks to my friends and fellow post-grads is the department as well. Biggest thank you to the most important people to me: To my family: Mum, Dad, Aunty Paula, and Lauren, for making me laugh and smile every day. To Tim, for being there for me constantly. Your love and support was so important to me all through the year. Thank you all for never giving up on me. 3 The Adyton at the Temple of Apollo at Bassae Abstract Situated on Mount Kotilion in the Peloponnese, the Temple of Apollo at Bassae sits high in the middle of a mountain range. Upon rediscovery, it became evident that most of the offerings had long since disappeared, and this was in turn paired with a lack of primary literature. Though the temple is mentioned in Pausanias’ work, discussion about the cultic aspects of the temple is severely lacking. This leads to a large gap in the knowledge of the temple’s religious function. It is for this reason that the architecture of Bassae is explored to help understand the cultic aspects of this temple. This thesis shows that multiple cults were celebrated at the temple of Bassae, and that there is a high probability that multiple cult worship occurred in the adyton of the building. The cult at Bassae has been celebrated since geometric times, and worship to Apollo was fairly consistent until the sanctuary’s demise in the third century BCE. Three epikleseis are often associated with this temple: Apollo Epikourios, Apollo Bassitas and Hyperborean Apollo. The epithet of Epikourios comes from Pausanias’ passage, and nowhere else. The original reason for this epithet may be either medicinal or martial, and both are explored within this thesis. Bassitas is another epithet provided. However, this is in the form of a singular archaeological find, a small bronze tablet found in the wider Kotilion sanctuary. The third epithet, Hyperborean, is a tenuous but commonly made connection. This epithet relies heavily on the localised subject matter of the sculptural programme at Bassae. The architecture of the building is also in need of discussion. The temple at Bassae is famed for its odd, and in some cases, unparalleled architectural design. The temple is on a north-south axis, and features not only a northern entranceway, but also an opening in the eastern wall, leading into the adyton. This eastern doorway allows light to enter twice a year, which hits the southern wall. The decorative features
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