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Kognitiva System I Namngivningen Av Finländska Handelsfartyg 1838–1938

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Kognitiva System I Namngivningen Av Finländska Handelsfartyg 1838–1938 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Anita Schybergson Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finländska handelsfartyg 1838–1938 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Humanistiska fakulteten vid Helsingfors universitet framlägges till offentlig granskning i sal XIV, lördagen den 12 september 2009 kl. 10. _____________________________________________________________ Nordica Institutionen för nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur Helsingfors universitet 2009 Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature (Nordica) Anita Schybergson, 2009. Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finländska handelsfartyg 1838–1938 (Cognitive systems in the name giving of Finnish merchant vessels 1838–1938) Abstract This dissertation is an onomastic study of Finland’s stock of ship names (nautonomasticon) recorded over the period 1838–1938. The primary material investigated consists of 2 066 examples of ship names from the fleets of coastal towns, distributed over five sample years. The material is supplemented with two bodies of comparative data; one that consists of 2 535 examples of boat names from the archipelago area at the corresponding time, and another that comprises 482 examples of eighteenth century Finnish ship names. This study clarifies the categories of names that appear the frequency of the names, formation, morphology, linguistic origin, functions, and semantic qualities. By comparing the material with boat names from previous centuries, and from other countries, the characteristics of Finnish vessel names are further highlighted. Additional clarification is brought to the chronological, regional, and social variations, and to the emergence of various forms of systematic naming. This dissertation builds on older research from other countries, and uses traditional onomastic methods alongside a more modern methodology. The approach is interdisciplinary, meaning that the names are explored using facts not only from nautical history, but also from a range of other historical disciplines such as economics, culture, art, and literature. In addition, the approach is socio-onomastic, i.e. that the variations in names are studied in a societal context. Using a synchronised perspective, cognitive linguistic theories have provided the tools for this exploration into the metaphorical and the prototypical meaning of the names, and the semantic domains that the names create. The quantitative analysis has revealed the overall picture of Finnish boat names. Personal names, names from mythology, and place names, emerge as significant categories, alongside non- proprial names in Swedish and Finnish. The interdisciplinary perspective has made it possible to explain certain trends in the stock of boat names, for example, the predisposition towards names from classical mythology, the breakthrough of names taken from the national epos Kalevala, names in the Finnish language from around the middle of the nineteenth century, and the continuing rise of place names during the latter part of the period 1838–1938. The socio-onomastic perspective has also identified clear differences between those ship names used in towns, and those ship names used in the archipelago, and it has clarified how naming conventions tend to spread from town centres to peripheral areas. The cognitive linguistic methods have revealed that the greater part of the vessel names can be interpreted as metaphors, in particular personifications, and that many names are related in their content and also form semantic networks and cognitive systems. The results indicate that there is a mental nautonomasticon that consists of a standard set of traditional ship names, but they also reveal the existence of conscious or unconscious cognitive systems (rules and conventions) that guide the naming of boats. Keywords: onomastics, ship names, name giving, name semantics, socio-onomastics, cognitive linguistics, linguistic origin, semantic networks, cognitive structures, interdisciplinarity Nordica Helsingiensia 17 Anita Schybergson Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finländska handelsfartyg 1838–1938 _____________________________________________________________ Nordica Institutionen för nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur Helsingfors universitet 2009 © 2009 Anita Schybergson och Nordica, Institutionen för nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur vid Helsingfors universitet Schybergson, Anita 2009. Kognitiva system i namngivningen av finländska handelsfartyg 1838– 1938 Denna bok är nummer 17 i serien Nordica Helsingiensia, en publikationsserie som utges av Nordica, Institutionen för nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur vid Helsingfors universitet. Redaktör för Nordica Helsingiensia 17 är Pirjo Kukkonen. Ansvarig utgivare Nordica, Institutionen för nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur vid Helsingfors universitet. Kontaktinformation Nordica PB 24 (Unionsgatan 40) FI-00014 Helsingfors universitet Webbadress: http://www.helsinki.fi/nordica/publi/nh.htm Pärmen Päivi Talonpoika-Ukkonen, Universitetstryckeriet, Helsingfors Tryckt i Finland av Universitetstryckeriet, Helsingfors Pärmbilden ”Delphin” från Fredrickshamn. Cap. A. G. Hakulin. Tegnet af Arndt Lind i London 1866. I privat ägo. ISSN 1795-4428 ISBN 978-952-10-5691-8 (hft.) ISBN 978-952-10-5692-5 (PDF) Universitetstryckeriet, Helsingfors FÖRORD Idén till detta arbete föddes ur mina studier i semiotik som jag inledde vid min pensionering. Studierna av semiotikens klassiker som Claude Lévi-Strauss och Roland Barthes öppnade mina ögon för det associativa och mytiska tänkandet, för symboliken i bilderna och namnen. Jag tänkte mig att namnen i samhället kunde analyseras som tecken på värderingar, ideologier och strömningar i kulturen och att detta kunde vara ämne för ett forskningsprojekt. När jag sedan sökte mig tillbaka till min gamla studiemiljö Nordica blev jag vänligt mottagen av institutionens prefekt Mirja Saari och professor Marianne Blomqvist som blev min handledare. Marianne lånade generöst ur sitt bibliotek, hjälpte mig att inskränka mina vittfamnande forskningsplaner till fartygsnamn och att lägga upp de inledande forskningarna. Jag är Marianne skyldig ett varmt tack för den hjälp jag fick att komma igång med mina studier, som sedan ledde till en licentiatexamen år 2006. Mitt största stöd hade jag trots allt i det intresse som min man Per visade. Själv till sin sista stund en flitig och hängiven forskare fann han det helt naturligt att också jag forskade på mitt håll och han läste ivrigt mina texter. Ett tack går även till professor emeritus Yrjö Kaukiainen vars sjöhistoriska verk jag stöder mig på och som i olika versioner har läst det jag skrivit om sjöfartens utveckling i Finland. När mitt avhandlingsarbete nu är så gott som avslutat, ser jag tillbaka på en spännande och på många sätt lärorik resa in i forskningens värld. Det är speciellt några personer som varit viktiga inspiratörer och vägledare och som jag vill tacka. Docent Katharina Leibring diskuterade min licentiatavhandling på ett seminarium i Nordicas regi. Det var ett tillfälle då jag tack vare Katharina lärde mig mycket och fick nya idéer för den fortsatta forskningen. Docent Katharina Leibring och docent Paula Sjöblom har fungerat som förhandsgranskare, lagt ned stort arbete på genomgången av mitt manus och kommit med förslag till förbättringar som i avsevärd grad har påverkat den slutliga utformningen av arbetet. Professor Hanna Lehti-Eklund har varit min andra handledare, läst, kommenterat och lånat böcker. Framför allt vill jag tacka min huvudhandledare tf. professor Pirjo Kukkonen som under flera år och i synnerhet i arbetets slutskede lagt ner stor möda på att precisera mina formuleringar och få mig att erövra en ny genre – det vetenskapliga skrivandet. Helsingfors den 14 augusti 2009 Anita Schybergson ”Masten av furu blev rest och fogad i hålet på skeppets mittre bänk, den surrades fast med stag, och det vita seglet hissades upp med välsnodda remmar av läder. Smattrande vind fyllde seglets mitt, den dånande vågen forsade purpurmörk kring stäven som rusade framåt, klyvande böljan lätt på sin snabba färd över havet. Men när det svarta skeppets skot och brassar var fästa tog de kraterer fram och fyllde med vin upp till randen som de till offer göt åt Olympens eviga gudar, särskilt då dottern till Zeus, den uggleögda gudinnan. Natten gick och gryningen kom, och de seglade ständigt.” Odysséen. Andra sången (övers. Ingvar Björkeson) INNEHÅLL 1 INLEDNING 11 1.1 Bakgrund 11 1.2 Problemställning och syfte 12 1.3 Material, urvalskriterier och avgränsningar 14 1.4 Metod 18 1.5 Forskningsläget 20 1.6 Disposition 24 2 TEORETISK BAKGRUND OCH METODOLOGI 27 2.1 Allmänna onomastiska utgångspunkter 27 2.1.1 Teoretiska frågeställningar inom onomastiken 27 2.1.2 Kognitiva synsätt 30 2.1.2.1 Prototyper 30 2.1.2.2 Semantiska nätverk 31 2.1.2.3 De kognitiva områdena 32 2.1.2.4 Symboliska och schematiska enheter 33 2.1.2.5 Språkets metaforiska natur 34 2.2 Namnteoretiska problem 36 2.2.1 Fartygsnamn som egennamnskategori 36 2.2.2 Olika typer av namngivning 40 2.2.3 Namnfunktion 42 2.2.4 Namngivare och namnbrukare – två synvinklar 44 2.2.5 Kategorisering av undersökningsmaterialet 46 2.3 Sammanfattning 50 3 SJÖFARTENS UTVECKLING I FINLAND 1838–1938 51 4 FARTYGSNAMN I HISTORISKT PERSPEKTIV 63 4.1 Allmän historisk bakgrund 63 4.1.1 Fartygsnamn ur antik mytologi, sagovärld och historia 63 4.1.2 Den nordiska namnrenässansen 64 4.1.3 Kalevala som inspirationskälla 65 4.1.4 Personnamn som fartygsnamn
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