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OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] ' - ,- M.OF "t'rr ENERGY ENVIRONMENT. FINLAND Final Report LNWT IN ENERGY PRODUCTION IN EAST EUROPE_ CASE STUDIES ON WASTE l\1ANAGEMENT AND COGENERATION By Yehia EIMahgary VTT - Energy, Finland Taunu Kuitunen Wartsila Diesel Jan Teir A VECON, Finland Ionel Rado Hepardimpex, Romania Gheorghe lvnu~ UNIDO Consultant L. Baranayi Hungary Academy of Science Rodolf Stefec NIS, Czech Rep. Keyword: LNWT, Energy Production, Cogcneration, Waste Management PREFACE These case studies were undertaken within the UNIDO Project on Low and Non-W~ Technology (LNWT) in Energy Production jointly fmanced by The Ministry of Environment of Finland, The Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTI' - Energy), UN/DESO, UNEP and UNIDO. The project was executed by VTf - Energy in cooperation with a number of Consulting Agency. The project included a Workshop and Study Tcur held in Jone 1993 in Finland and Case Studies in a number of participating countries. The present Case Studies on Waste Management and Cogeneration in East Europe were undertaken by VIT - Energy in cooperation with WirtsiUi Diesel and A VECON OY in Finland and a number of individual consultants in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. LIST OF CONTENTS I. CASE STUDY ON THE CZECH REPUBLIC A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY I.Development of Energy Economy in the Czech Republic 2. Technology and Environment 2.1 Energy Efficiency Programme 2.2 Energy From Waste B. ACTIONS TAKEN TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION C. PROBLEMS AND BARRIERS D.OTHERPOTENTIALSFORENERGYPRODUCTION 1. Domestic Coal 2. Use of LNWT in Power Production 3. Use of Nuclear Energy 4. Oil & Gas S. Renewable and Secondary Sources of Energy 6. Uranium Mining and Processing 7. Utilization of Energy E. WASTE MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY OF KLADNO DISTRICT 1. Introduction 2. Wast~ Production 3. Waste Collection 4. Recycling S. Ii'inal Neutralization (Disposal) 6. Cost.~ and Expenditures 7. Summ.try of the Major Problems 8. Contents of Generated Waste 9. Suggested Solution II. CASE STUDY ON HUNGARY A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PRF.SENT ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY 1. Present situation in the energy sector 2. The environmental aspects of the current sit-1ation 3. Future plans in the energy sector B. ENERGY DEMAND FORECAST AND STRUCTURE OF THE FUTURE ENERGY PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN HUNGARY C. REVIEW OF EARLIER STUDIF.S FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DECREASING ENVIRONMENTAL ~IONS. D. ACTIONS TAKEN INCLUDING LNWT FOR IMPROVING ENERGY S~ATION AND DECREASING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION. E. THE PRESENT SITUATION CONCERNING MUNICIPAL, SOCIETAL AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL WASTES F. WASTE COMPOSITION, AMOUNTS, LARGE PRODUCERS, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND METHOD OF PAYMENT G. EXISTING TREATMENT PLANTS/LANDFILLS AND THEIR EXPECTED AGE H. CASE STUDY ON CCOGENERATION IN HUNGARY 1. Potential for Cogeneration Diesel Power Plant 2. Description of cogeneration Diesel Power Plant 3. Applications of diesel power plants 4. Environmental aspects S. Performance or a diesel power plant 6. E~onomics of a diesel power plant in a selected case III. CASE STUDY ON ROMANIA A. INfRODUCTION ON THE P~ENT ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SITUATION 1. Installed Capacity 2. Energy Production 3. Energy Economics and Tariff 4. The Environmnet B. REVIEW OF STUDIES ON IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DECREASING ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS 1. Improving Energy Situation 2. Decreasing Emi.uions from Energy Production C. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON OF ENERGY PRODUCflONALTERNATIVF.S D. PLAN OF ACTION FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF LNWT IN ENJ.~RGY PRODUCTION 1. Future investments 2. Other Projects on LNWT in Energy Production E. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS F. CASE STUDY ON MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BUCHAREST 1. Use of Domestic Wastes 2. Waste Management in Bucharest 3. Pilot Plant Suggested 4. Plant Componentc; ANNEX INTRODUCTORY SUMMARY The present repon consists of three case studies of LNWf in Energy Production in the Czech Republic. Hungary and Rumania Each case includes an introductory section on the general infonnation on energy and environment in the country considered. Actions taken to improve the situation plus probam and barriers are considered in rmre details in the case of the Czech Republic than the two other case studies. particularly that of Hungary where no infonnation is still anilable on the PHARE program Other potential sources for Energy Production are then considered briefly, with emphasis on dean sources. This was followed by providing more informatio1. on the specific case study of each .;ountry. In the case of the Czech Republic. this was the waste management study of Kladno District. The present state of waste production. collection and handling. \Vhich includes a cenain degree of recycling was described. together with a summary of the prese11t problems. The solution suggested by A VECON was then given in details. Cost estimation could not be precisely given before undenaking more comprehensive prefeasibility/feasibHity study. The reason for this is that considerable part of the waste management plant cou1d be built in the Czech Republic. which might decrease the total cost of the plant. In the case of Hungary. the case study undenaken by Wartsila Diesel concentrated on cogeneration. This included an estimation for the potential of cogeneration power plant in Hungary, which was found to e~ in small comrmnities, with particular e~is on hospitals, large building complexes, manufacturing industry. etc .. The estimated total potential of cogeneraticn plants in these comm.mities was estimated to be between 500... 700 MW. This was followed by a description of the cogeneration power plant, its applications and environmental aspects. Finally. its performance and economics were given in details. The economic evaluation could be found in Annex I. In the case of Romania. concentration was again made on municipal waste management. A pilot plant was suggested of 60,000 t/y capacity to handle pan of the solid waste of Bucharest. The plant component<; were briefly described, but no costs could be given for the same reason mentioned in the case of the Czech Republic. I. CASE STUDY ON THE CZECH REPUBLIC A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY 1. Development or Energy Economy in the Czech Republic The major negative factors affecting energy sector for the past 45 years were: * the almost exclusive political and economic orientation of the fonner USSR * the acceptan:e of the model of a centralii.ed management of all sectors and of the entire economy * abundant red tape including all levels of management in the fuels and energy sector * environmental data treated as classified material over a number of years. The complete dependence on oil and gas imports from the USSR has been the most important single faccor influencing all concepts and decisions within the energy sector. E'!en though the general situation in what today i.i the Czech Republic has changed dramatically in most sectors of the economy and of everyday life. the change sofar has been less remarkable in the fuels and energy sector. because of its large size and lJec3use of the associated inertia of the systems involved. and also because of the huge financial resources required. The Czech Republic depends on imported oil ar.d domestic coal and natural uranium. Total primary energy supply (TPES) used in the Cze.ch Republic (CR) in 1992 were approximately 1.8 EJ. Industrial and construction activities wer~ reduced, GDP fell dramatically from 1989 to 1993. The Czech economy is not expected to show positive GDP growth in 1993. Following a 7. I % drop in 1992, an additional drop of about 2 % in GDP is expected in 1993. Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) is increasing from its value in 1990. Of the primary sources, consisting of coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuel, hydroelectric power and imports, 67 .7 % were produced by domestic sources.